Patent Application
20100313543
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to isolators, and in particular, to high voltage ion propellant isolators.
2. Related Art
High power ion propulsion systems or thrusters produce thrust by accelerating a beam of positive ions through an electrostatic field to high velocities, positive ions are produced by electron bombardment of neutral propellant atoms in a discharge chamber. The discharge chamber is typically a cylindrical anode, with a centrally located axial hollow cathode. Typically, the cathode is heated to enable thermionic emission of electrons. Once cathode emission is established, a low current, low voltage discharge between the cathode and anode accelerates electrons into the discharge chamber. A magnetic field is applied to the discharge chamber which increases the electron path length and residence time in the chamber, and thus collision probability.
Propellant atoms (typically noble gases, such as Xenon) are injected into the chamber and collide with energetic electrons. These collisions remove additional electrons from the atoms, resulting in positive ions. A series of two or three perforated electrodes (called grids) attract the positive ions, accelerate them, and focus them into an ion beam. Finally, a neutralizer emits exactly the same number of electrons into the beam as there are ions, which prevents a large negative potential from building up.
Ion engine propellants are chosen for a combination of low ionization potential, high atomic weight, handling, and storage properties. However, lighter noble gases, such as krypton and argon, result in poor discharge chamber performance, increased erosion rates, and increased power required for a given thrust. Using xenon, on the other hand, allows major simplifications in the design of the thruster, its power processing unit, and its propellant feed system, but at a higher cost. Thus, krypton and argon are lower-cost alternatives, but result in lower performance and engine life relative to xenon.
Currently, xenon ion thrusters are desirable for use in spacecraft, such as satellites. One reason is the electrostatic acceleration process in ion propulsion is almost 100% efficient. In practice, the acceleration efficiency is typically 99.7%. This nearly lossless acceleration mechanism enables the development of ion engines which can process megawatts of input power while maintaining reasonable engine component temperatures without active cooling. Xenon ion thrusters are also capable of processing input powers from tens of kilowatts on up at impulses of thousands of seconds.
As the gas moves between ground and a high potential, ionization occurs, which can lead to uncontrolled current conduction through the gas, current flow is minimized by providing an electrical isolator between the two widely different potentials, such as between the gas source and the ion source. The current generation of isolator used for xenon delivery systems is based on utilizing segmented isolation, in which each segment consists of a metal screen separated with a ceramic washer. Isolators for current xenon thrusters utilize a stack of these segments, e.g., 8 to 13, to achieve the necessary voltage standoff.
However, as xenon ion thruster technology moves toward higher powers and accelerating voltages, the need for greater electrical isolation between system components increases. Next generation thrusters will require much higher voltage standoff, which may necessitate three to five times the number of segments of current designs. Consequently, isolators of current designs meeting the higher voltage standoff requirements would be larger, heavier, and more complex to assemble than present day isolators, such as shown in
Accordingly, there is a need for a propellant isolator that is capable of higher electrical isolation without greatly increasing the size of the isolator.
According to one aspect of the present invention, an propellant isolator includes segments that divert the flow of ions or gas in a non-linear path through the isolator. Extending the actual path length within the isolator without increasing the size of the isolator allows increased electrical standoff capability between ion thruster components without increasing the size of the thruster.
In one embodiment, the isolator includes a plurality of first isolator rings, a plurality of second isolator rings, and mesh screens adjacent to each of the first and second isolator rings, where the first and second isolator rings are each located alternately along the path of the gas flow. The first isolator rings, in this embodiment, are made of ceramic and are circular with a hole in the center through which the gas passes. The second isolator rings, in this embodiment, are also made of ceramic and circular, except that there is no center hole but there are four curved openings equally spaced along the circular portion. The gas flows through the curved openings. A mesh screen is located between each first isolator ring and second isolator ring, where the second isolator ring is “downstream” from the first isolator ring. Gas enters the isolator through a first isolator ring, passes through a second isolator ring, and flows through alternating first and second isolator rings until it exits the isolator through a final first isolator ring. Thus, with this embodiment, there are N first isolator rings and N-1 second isolator rings.
Gas passes through the center hole of the first isolator ring, through the mesh screen, where it is then forced outward along the surface of the second isolator ring until the gas passes out through the four outer openings of the second ring. The gas travels laterally along the four outer openings until it reaches the next first isolator ring. At that point, the gas is forced inward along the surface of the first isolator ring and through the center opening. The gas travels along this tortuous path until reaching the last first isolator ring, where it then passes out of the isolator and to the next component.
Thus, instead of having the gas (e.g., xenon) flow through segments along a fairly straight path, the present invention incorporates a unique set of offset segments (the second isolator rings) to provide a tortuous path for the xenon to flow, resulting in a longer effective path length, and thus higher standoff capability without increasing the length of the isolator. At these higher voltage isolation requirements for the next generation thrusters, the size and weight savings will be significant.
This invention will be more fully understood in conjunction with the following detailed description taken together with the following drawings.
Embodiments of the present invention and their advantages are best understood by referring to the detailed description that follows. It should be appreciated that like reference numerals are used to identify like elements illustrated in one or more of the figures.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a propellant isolator includes two different types of isolator rings, with the first and second types alternating along the gas flow path. The two different types are such that gas flows through the center of the first isolator ring and is then diverted outward by the second isolator ring to flow through outer portions of the second isolator. The gas is subsequently diverted by the next first isolator ring through the center of the ring. The gas flows in this manner until it exits the isolator. This tortuous path, which increases the effective path length of the gas, allows a larger voltage standoff capability without increasing the length of the isolator ring.
Isolator 200 includes mesh screens 212 at the input of isolator 200 between input conduit 216 and isolator ring 2081 and at the output of isolator 200 between output conduit 218 and isolator ring 208N. Within housing assembly 206, isolator rings 208 and 210 are arranged alternately, with a mesh screen 212 between each two adjacent isolator rings. The two types of isolator rings 208 and 210 are designed such that they direct the gas first through a center portion of ring 208, along an outer portion of ring 210, and back through a center portion of a next one of ring 208. This continues until the gas flow exists through isolator ring 208N. This increases the effective path that gas travels through the isolator, as compared with conventional isolators of
With the embodiment of
Thus, instead of having the gas flow through one segment to another along a fairly straight path through the isolator, the present invention interrupts the flow from one segment going to another. This staggered lateral flow increases the flow length and adds a tortuous directional flow path which increases the electrical isolation capability from current designs, since the effective path length for the gas (e.g., xenon) is proportional to the voltage standoff capability of the isolator.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely meant to be illustrative and not limiting. It will thus be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. For example, the isolator rings (or segments) can be many different shapes, such that the gas flow through the isolator is tortuous instead of linear to provide advantages of the present invention. Although the above description discloses two or more passages associated with the second segment or isolator ring, the second isolator ring can be designed such that the gas is diverted through a single passage (such as a single off-center through-hole), but offset from the through-hole of the first isolator rings. Therefore, the appended claims encompass all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10894142 | Jul 2004 | US |
| Child | 12851382 | US |
