Patent Application
20220210070
Cloud computing provides on-demand availability of computing resources. Cloud computing can be based on data centers that are available to users over the internet. Cloud computing can provide Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). A virtual network may be created for use by users. However, these virtual networks have limitations that limit their functionality and value. Accordingly, further improvements are desired.
The present disclosure relates to virtualized cloud environments. Techniques are described for providing Layer 2 networking functionality in a virtualized cloud environment. The Layer 2 functionality is provided in addition to and in conjunction with Layer 3 networking functionality provided by the virtualized cloud environment.
Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to providing a Layer 2 virtual local area network (VLAN) in a private network to a customer, such as a virtual cloud network (VCN) of the customer. Different compute instances are connected in the Layer 2 VLAN. The customer is given the perception of an emulated single switch that connects the compute instances. In fact, this emulated switch is implemented as an infinitely scalable distributed switch that includes a collection of local switches. More specifically, each compute instance executes on a host machine connected to a network virtualization device (NVD). For each compute instance on a host connected to an NVD, the NVD hosts a Layer 2 virtual network interface card (VNIC) and a local switch associated with the compute instance. The Layer 2 VNIC represents a port of the compute instance on the Layer 2 VLAN. The local switch connects the VNIC to other VNICs (e.g., other ports) associated with other compute instances of the Layer 2 VLAN. Various Layer 2 network services are supported including, for instance, storm control.
Various embodiments are described herein, including methods, systems, non-transitory computer-readable storage media storing programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors, and the like.
In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of certain embodiments. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs.
The term cloud service is generally used to refer to a service that is made available by a cloud services provider (CSP) to users or customers on demand (e.g., via a subscription model) using systems and infrastructure (cloud infrastructure) provided by the CSP. Typically, the servers and systems that make up the CSP's infrastructure are separate from the customer's own on-premise servers and systems. Customers can thus avail themselves of cloud services provided by the CSP without having to purchase separate hardware and software resources for the services. Cloud services are designed to provide a subscribing customer easy, scalable access to applications and computing resources without the customer having to invest in procuring the infrastructure that is used for providing the services.
There are several cloud service providers that offer various types of cloud services. There are various different types or models of cloud services including Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), and others.
A customer can subscribe to one or more cloud services provided by a CSP. The customer can be any entity such as an individual, an organization, an enterprise, and the like. When a customer subscribes to or registers for a service provided by a CSP, a tenancy or an account is created for that customer. The customer can then, via this account, access the subscribed-to one or more cloud resources associated with the account.
As noted above, infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is one particular type of cloud computing service. In an IaaS model, the CSP provides infrastructure (referred to as cloud services provider infrastructure or CSPI) that can be used by customers to build their own customizable networks and deploy customer resources. The customer's resources and networks are thus hosted in a distributed environment by infrastructure provided by a CSP. This is different from traditional computing, where the customer's resources and networks are hosted by infrastructure provided by the customer.
The CSPI may comprise interconnected high-performance compute resources including various host machines, memory resources, and network resources that form a physical network, which is also referred to as a substrate network or an underlay network. The resources in CSPI may be spread across one or more data centers that may be geographically spread across one or more geographical regions. Virtualization software may be executed by these physical resources to provide a virtualized distributed environment. The virtualization creates an overlay network (also known as a software-based network, a software-defined network, or a virtual network) over the physical network. The CSPI physical network provides the underlying basis for creating one or more overlay or virtual networks on top of the physical network. The virtual or overlay networks can include one or more virtual cloud networks (VCNs). The virtual networks are implemented using software virtualization technologies (e.g., hypervisors, functions performed by network virtualization devices (NVDs) (e.g., smartNlCs), top-of-rack (TOR) switches, smart TORs that implement one or more functions performed by an NVD, and other mechanisms) to create layers of network abstraction that can be run on top of the physical network. Virtual networks can take on many forms, including peer-to-peer networks, IP networks, and others. Virtual networks are typically either Layer-3 IP networks or Layer-2 VLANs. This method of virtual or overlay networking is often referred to as virtual or overlay Layer-3 networking. Examples of protocols developed for virtual networks include IP-in-IP (or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)), Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN—IETF RFC 7348), Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (e.g., MPLS Layer-3 Virtual Private Networks (RFC 4364)), VMware's NSX, GENEVE (Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation), and others.
For IaaS, the infrastructure (CSPI) provided by a CSP can be configured to provide virtualized computing resources over a public network (e.g., the Internet). In an IaaS model, a cloud computing services provider can host the infrastructure components (e.g., servers, storage devices, network nodes (e.g., hardware), deployment software, platform virtualization (e.g., a hypervisor layer), or the like). In some cases, an IaaS provider may also supply a variety of services to accompany those infrastructure components (e.g., billing, monitoring, logging, security, load balancing and clustering, etc.). Thus, as these services may be policy-driven, IaaS users may be able to implement policies to drive load balancing to maintain application availability and performance. CSPI provides infrastructure and a set of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and run a wide range of applications and services in a highly available hosted distributed environment. CSPI offers high-performance compute resources and capabilities and storage capacity in a flexible virtual network that is securely accessible from various networked locations such as from a customer's on-premises network. When a customer subscribes to or registers for an IaaS service provided by a CSP, the tenancy created for that customer is a secure and isolated partition within the CSPI where the customer can create, organize, and administer their cloud resources.
Customers can build their own virtual networks using compute, memory, and networking resources provided by CSPI. One or more customer resources or workloads, such as compute instances, can be deployed on these virtual networks. For example, a customer can use resources provided by CSPI to build one or multiple customizable and private virtual network(s) referred to as virtual cloud networks (VCNs). A customer can deploy one or more customer resources, such as compute instances, on a customer VCN. Compute instances can take the form of virtual machines, bare metal instances, and the like. The CSPI thus provides infrastructure and a set of complementary cloud services that enable customers to build and run a wide range of applications and services in a highly available virtual hosted environment. The customer does not manage or control the underlying physical resources provided by CSPI but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., firewalls).
The CSP may provide a console that enables customers and network administrators to configure, access, and manage resources deployed in the cloud using CSPI resources. In certain embodiments, the console provides a web-based user interface that can be used to access and manage CSPI. In some implementations, the console is a web-based application provided by the CSP.
CSPI may support single-tenancy or multi-tenancy architectures. In a single tenancy architecture, a software (e.g., an application, a database) or a hardware component (e.g., a host machine or a server) serves a single customer or tenant. In a multi-tenancy architecture, a software or a hardware component serves multiple customers or tenants. Thus, in a multi-tenancy architecture, CSPI resources are shared between multiple customers or tenants. In a multi-tenancy situation, precautions are taken and safeguards put in place within CSPI to ensure that each tenant's data is isolated and remains invisible to other tenants.
In a physical network, a network endpoint (“endpoint”) refers to a computing device or system that is connected to a physical network and communicates back and forth with the network to which it is connected. A network endpoint in the physical network may be connected to a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), or other type of physical network. Examples of traditional endpoints in a physical network include modems, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and other networking devices, physical computers (or host machines), and the like. Each physical device in the physical network has a fixed network address that can be used to communicate with the device. This fixed network address can be a Layer-2 address (e.g., a MAC address), a fixed Layer-3 address (e.g., an IP address), and the like. In a virtualized environment or in a virtual network, the endpoints can include various virtual endpoints such as virtual machines that are hosted by components of the physical network (e.g., hosted by physical host machines). These endpoints in the virtual network are addressed by overlay addresses such as overlay Layer-2 addresses (e.g., overlay MAC addresses) and overlay Layer-3 addresses (e.g., overlay IP addresses). Network overlays enable flexibility by allowing network managers to move around the overlay addresses associated with network endpoints using software management (e.g., via software implementing a control plane for the virtual network). Accordingly, unlike in a physical network, in a virtual network, an overlay address (e.g., an overlay IP address) can be moved from one endpoint to another using network management software. Since the virtual network is built on top of a physical network, communications between components in the virtual network involves both the virtual network and the underlying physical network. In order to facilitate such communications, the components of CSPI are configured to learn and store mappings that map overlay addresses in the virtual network to actual physical addresses in the substrate network, and vice versa. These mappings are then used to facilitate the communications. Customer traffic is encapsulated to facilitate routing in the virtual network.
Accordingly, physical addresses (e.g., physical IP addresses) are associated with components in physical networks and overlay addresses (e.g., overlay IP addresses) are associated with entities in virtual networks. Both the physical IP addresses and overlay IP addresses are types of real IP addresses. These are separate from virtual IP addresses, where a virtual IP address maps to multiple real IP addresses. A virtual IP address provides a 1-to-many mapping between the virtual IP address and multiple real IP addresses.
The cloud infrastructure or CSPI is physically hosted in one or more data centers in one or more regions around the world. The CSPI may include components in the physical or substrate network and virtualized components (e.g., virtual networks, compute instances, virtual machines, etc.) that are in an virtual network built on top of the physical network components. In certain embodiments, the CSPI is organized and hosted in realms, regions and availability domains. A region is typically a localized geographic area that contains one or more data centers. Regions are generally independent of each other and can be separated by vast distances, for example, across countries or even continents. For example, a first region may be in Australia, another one in Japan, yet another one in India, and the like. CSPI resources are divided among regions such that each region has its own independent subset of CSPI resources. Each region may provide a set of core infrastructure services and resources, such as, compute resources (e.g., bare metal servers, virtual machine, containers and related infrastructure, etc.); storage resources (e.g., block volume storage, file storage, object storage, archive storage); networking resources (e.g., virtual cloud networks (VCNs), load balancing resources, connections to on-premise networks), database resources; edge networking resources (e.g., DNS); and access management and monitoring resources, and others. Each region generally has multiple paths connecting it to other regions in the realm.
Generally, an application is deployed in a region (i.e., deployed on infrastructure associated with that region) where it is most heavily used, because using nearby resources is faster than using distant resources. Applications can also be deployed in different regions for various reasons, such as redundancy to mitigate the risk of region-wide events such as large weather systems or earthquakes, to meet varying requirements for legal jurisdictions, tax domains, and other business or social criteria, and the like.
The data centers within a region can be further organized and subdivided into availability domains (ADs). An availability domain may correspond to one or more data centers located within a region. A region can be composed of one or more availability domains. In such a distributed environment, CSPI resources are either region-specific, such as a virtual cloud network (VCN), or availability domain-specific, such as a compute instance.
ADs within a region are isolated from each other, fault tolerant, and are configured such that they are very unlikely to fail simultaneously. This is achieved by the ADs not sharing critical infrastructure resources such as networking, physical cables, cable paths, cable entry points, etc., such that a failure at one AD within a region is unlikely to impact the availability of the other ADs within the same region. The ADs within the same region may be connected to each other by a low latency, high bandwidth network, which makes it possible to provide high-availability connectivity to other networks (e.g., the Internet, customers' on-premise networks, etc.) and to build replicated systems in multiple ADs for both high-availability and disaster recovery. Cloud services use multiple ADs to ensure high availability and to protect against resource failure. As the infrastructure provided by the IaaS provider grows, more regions and ADs may be added with additional capacity. Traffic between availability domains is usually encrypted.
In certain embodiments, regions are grouped into realms. A realm is a logical collection of regions. Realms are isolated from each other and do not share any data. Regions in the same realm may communicate with each other, but regions in different realms cannot. A customer's tenancy or account with the CSP exists in a single realm and can be spread across one or more regions that belong to that realm. Typically, when a customer subscribes to an IaaS service, a tenancy or account is created for that customer in the customer-specified region (referred to as the “home” region) within a realm. A customer can extend the customer's tenancy across one or more other regions within the realm. A customer cannot access regions that are not in the realm where the customer's tenancy exists.
An IaaS provider can provide multiple realms, each realm catered to a particular set of customers or users. For example, a commercial realm may be provided for commercial customers. As another example, a realm may be provided for a specific country for customers within that country. As yet another example, a government realm may be provided for a government, and the like. For example, the government realm may be catered for a specific government and may have a heightened level of security than a commercial realm. For example, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) currently offers a realm for commercial regions and two realms (e.g., FedRAMP authorized and IL5 authorized) for government cloud regions.
In certain embodiments, an AD can be subdivided into one or more fault domains. A fault domain is a grouping of infrastructure resources within an AD to provide anti-affinity. Fault domains allow for the distribution of compute instances such that the instances are not on the same physical hardware within a single AD. This is known as anti-affinity. A fault domain refers to a set of hardware components (computers, switches, and more) that share a single point of failure. A compute pool is logically divided up into fault domains. Due to this, a hardware failure or compute hardware maintenance event that affects one fault domain does not affect instances in other fault domains. Depending on the embodiment, the number of fault domains for each AD may vary. For instance, in certain embodiments each AD contains three fault domains. A fault domain acts as a logical data center within an AD.
When a customer subscribes to an IaaS service, resources from CSPI are provisioned for the customer and associated with the customer's tenancy. The customer can use these provisioned resources to build private networks and deploy resources on these networks. The customer networks that are hosted in the cloud by the CSPI are referred to as virtual cloud networks (VCNs). A customer can set up one or more virtual cloud networks (VCNs) using CSPI resources allocated for the customer. A VCN is a virtual or software defined private network. The customer resources that are deployed in the customer's VCN can include compute instances (e.g., virtual machines, bare-metal instances) and other resources. These compute instances may represent various customer workloads such as applications, load balancers, databases, and the like. A compute instance deployed on a VCN can communicate with public accessible endpoints (“public endpoints”) over a public network such as the Internet, with other instances in the same VCN or other VCNs (e.g., the customer's other VCNs, or VCNs not belonging to the customer), with the customer's on-premise data centers or networks, and with service endpoints, and other types of endpoints.
The CSP may provide various services using the CSPI. In some instances, customers of CSPI may themselves act like service providers and provide services using CSPI resources. A service provider may expose a service endpoint, which is characterized by identification information (e.g., an IP Address, a DNS name and port). A customer's resource (e.g., a compute instance) can consume a particular service by accessing a service endpoint exposed by the service for that particular service. These service endpoints are generally endpoints that are publicly accessible by users using public IP addresses associated with the endpoints via a public communication network such as the Internet. Network endpoints that are publicly accessible are also sometimes referred to as public endpoints.
In certain embodiments, a service provider may expose a service via an endpoint (sometimes referred to as a service endpoint) for the service. Customers of the service can then use this service endpoint to access the service. In certain implementations, a service endpoint provided for a service can be accessed by multiple customers that intend to consume that service. In other implementations, a dedicated service endpoint may be provided for a customer such that only that customer can access the service using that dedicated service endpoint.
In certain embodiments, when a VCN is created, it is associated with a private overlay Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) address space, which is a range of private overlay IP addresses that are assigned to the VCN (e.g., 10.0/16). A VCN includes associated subnets, route tables, and gateways. A VCN resides within a single region but can span one or more or all of the region's availability domains. A gateway is a virtual interface that is configured for a VCN and enables communication of traffic to and from the VCN to one or more endpoints outside the VCN. One or more different types of gateways may be configured for a VCN to enable communication to and from different types of endpoints.
A VCN can be subdivided into one or more sub-networks such as one or more subnets. A subnet is thus a unit of configuration or a subdivision that can be created within a VCN. A VCN can have one or multiple subnets. Each subnet within a VCN is associated with a contiguous range of overlay IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.1.0/24) that do not overlap with other subnets in that VCN and which represent an address space subset within the address space of the VCN.
Each compute instance is associated with a virtual network interface card (VNIC), that enables the compute instance to participate in a subnet of a VCN. A VNIC is a logical representation of physical Network Interface Card (NIC). In general. a VNIC is an interface between an entity (e.g., a compute instance, a service) and a virtual network. A VNIC exists in a subnet, has one or more associated IP addresses, and associated security rules or policies. A VNIC is equivalent to a Layer-2 port on a switch. A VNIC is attached to a compute instance and to a subnet within a VCN. A VNIC associated with a compute instance enables the compute instance to be a part of a subnet of a VCN and enables the compute instance to communicate (e.g., send and receive packets) with endpoints that are on the same subnet as the compute instance, with endpoints in different subnets in the VCN, or with endpoints outside the VCN. The VNIC associated with a compute instance thus determines how the compute instance connects with endpoints inside and outside the VCN. A VNIC for a compute instance is created and associated with that compute instance when the compute instance is created and added to a subnet within a VCN. For a subnet comprising a set of compute instances, the subnet contains the VNICs corresponding to the set of compute instances, each VNIC attached to a compute instance within the set of computer instances.
Each compute instance is assigned a private overlay IP address via the VNIC associated with the compute instance. This private overlay IP address is assigned to the VNIC that is associated with the compute instance when the compute instance is created and used for routing traffic to and from the compute instance. All VNICs in a given subnet use the same route table, security lists, and DHCP options. As described above, each subnet within a VCN is associated with a contiguous range of overlay IP addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.1.0/24) that do not overlap with other subnets in that VCN and which represent an address space subset within the address space of the VCN. For a VNIC on a particular subnet of a VCN, the private overlay IP address that is assigned to the VNIC is an address from the contiguous range of overlay IP addresses allocated for the subnet.
In certain embodiments, a compute instance may optionally be assigned additional overlay IP addresses in addition to the private overlay IP address, such as, for example, one or more public IP addresses if in a public subnet. These multiple addresses are assigned either on the same VNIC or over multiple VNICs that are associated with the compute instance. Each instance however has a primary VNIC that is created during instance launch and is associated with the overlay private IP address assigned to the instance—this primary VNIC cannot be removed. Additional VNICs, referred to as secondary VNICs, can be added to an existing instance in the same availability domain as the primary VNIC. All the VNICs are in the same availability domain as the instance. A secondary VNIC can be in a subnet in the same VCN as the primary VNIC, or in a different subnet that is either in the same VCN or a different one.
A compute instance may optionally be assigned a public IP address if it is in a public subnet. A subnet can be designated as either a public subnet or a private subnet at the time the subnet is created. A private subnet means that the resources (e.g., compute instances) and associated VNICs in the subnet cannot have public overlay IP addresses. A public subnet means that the resources and associated VNICs in the subnet can have public IP addresses. A customer can designate a subnet to exist either in a single availability domain or across multiple availability domains in a region or realm.
As described above, a VCN may be subdivided into one or more subnets. In certain embodiments, a Virtual Router (VR) configured for the VCN (referred to as the VCN VR or just VR) enables communications between the subnets of the VCN. For a subnet within a VCN, the VR represents a logical gateway for that subnet that enables the subnet (i.e., the compute instances on that subnet) to communicate with endpoints on other subnets within the VCN, and with other endpoints outside the VCN. The VCN VR is a logical entity that is configured to route traffic between VNICs in the VCN and virtual gateways (“gateways”) associated with the VCN. Gateways are further described below with respect to
In some other embodiments, each subnet within a VCN may have its own associated VR that is addressable by the subnet using a reserved or default IP address associated with the VR. The reserved or default IP address may, for example, be the first IP address from the range of IP addresses associated with that subnet. The VNICs in the subnet can communicate (e.g., send and receive packets) with the VR associated with the subnet using this default or reserved IP address. In such an embodiment, the VR is the ingress/egress point for that subnet. The VR associated with a subnet within the VCN can communicate with other VRs associated with other subnets within the VCN. The VRs can also communicate with gateways associated with the VCN. The VR function for a subnet is running on or executed by one or more NVDs executing VNICs functionality for VNICs in the subnet.
Route tables, security rules, and DHCP options may be configured for a VCN. Route tables are virtual route tables for the VCN and include rules to route traffic from subnets within the VCN to destinations outside the VCN by way of gateways or specially configured instances. A VCN's route tables can be customized to control how packets are forwarded/routed to and from the VCN. DHCP options refers to configuration information that is automatically provided to the instances when they boot up.
Security rules configured for a VCN represent overlay firewall rules for the VCN. The security rules can include ingress and egress rules, and specify the types of traffic (e.g., based upon protocol and port) that is allowed in and out of the instances within the VCN. The customer can choose whether a given rule is stateful or stateless. For instance, the customer can allow incoming SSH traffic from anywhere to a set of instances by setting up a stateful ingress rule with source CIDR 0.0.0.0/0, and destination TCP port 22. Security rules can be implemented using network security groups or security lists. A network security group consists of a set of security rules that apply only to the resources in that group. A security list, on the other hand, includes rules that apply to all the resources in any subnet that uses the security list. A VCN may be provided with a default security list with default security rules. DHCP options configured for a VCN provide configuration information that is automatically provided to the instances in the VCN when the instances boot up.
In certain embodiments, the configuration information for a VCN is determined and stored by a VCN Control Plane. The configuration information for a VCN may include, for example, information about: the address range associated with the VCN, subnets within the VCN and associated information, one or more VRs associated with the VCN, compute instances in the VCN and associated VNICs, NVDs executing the various virtualization network functions (e.g., VNICs, VRs, gateways) associated with the VCN, state information for the VCN, and other VCN-related information. In certain embodiments, a VCN Distribution Service publishes the configuration information stored by the VCN Control Plane, or portions thereof, to the NVDs. The distributed information may be used to update information (e.g., forwarding tables, routing tables, etc.) stored and used by the NVDs to forward packets to and from the compute instances in the VCN.
In certain embodiments, the creation of VCNs and subnets are handled by a VCN Control Plane (CP) and the launching of compute instances is handled by a Compute Control Plane. The Compute Control Plane is responsible for allocating the physical resources for the compute instance and then calls the VCN Control Plane to create and attach VNICs to the compute instance. The VCN CP also sends VCN data mappings to the VCN data plane that is configured to perform packet forwarding and routing functions. In certain embodiments, the VCN CP provides a distribution service that is responsible for providing updates to the VCN data plane. Examples of a VCN Control Plane are also depicted in
A customer may create one or more VCNs using resources hosted by CSPI. A compute instance deployed on a customer VCN may communicate with different endpoints. These endpoints can include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI and endpoints outside CSPI.
Various different architectures for implementing cloud-based service using CSPI are depicted in
As shown in the example depicted in
In the embodiment depicted in
Multiple compute instances may be deployed on each subnet, where the compute instances can be virtual machine instances, and/or bare metal instances. The compute instances in a subnet may be hosted by one or more host machines within CSPI 101. A compute instance participates in a subnet via a VNIC associated with the compute instance. For example, as shown in
Subnet-2 can have multiple compute instances deployed on it, including virtual machine instances and/or bare metal instances. For example, as shown in
VCN A 104 may also include one or more load balancers. For example, a load balancer may be provided for a subnet and may be configured to load balance traffic across multiple compute instances on the subnet. A load balancer may also be provided to load balance traffic across subnets in the VCN.
A particular compute instance deployed on VCN 104 can communicate with various different endpoints. These endpoints may include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 200 and endpoints outside CSPI 200. Endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 101 may include: an endpoint on the same subnet as the particular compute instance (e.g., communications between two compute instances in Subnet-1); an endpoint on a different subnet but within the same VCN (e.g., communication between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and a compute instance in Subnet-2); an endpoint in a different VCN in the same region (e.g., communications between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and an endpoint in a VCN in the same region 106 or 110, communications between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and an endpoint in service network 110 in the same region); or an endpoint in a VCN in a different region (e.g., communications between a compute instance in Subnet-1 and an endpoint in a VCN in a different region 108). A compute instance in a subnet hosted by CSPI 101 may also communicate with endpoints that are not hosted by CSPI 101 (i.e., are outside CSPI 101). These outside endpoints include endpoints in the customer's on-premise network 116, endpoints within other remote cloud hosted networks 118, public endpoints 114 accessible via a public network such as the Internet, and other endpoints.
Communications between compute instances on the same subnet are facilitated using VNICs associated with the source compute instance and the destination compute instance. For example, compute instance C1 in Subnet-1 may want to send packets to compute instance C2 in Subnet-1. For a packet originating at a source compute instance and whose destination is another compute instance in the same subnet, the packet is first processed by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Processing performed by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance can include determining destination information for the packet from the packet headers, identifying any policies (e.g., security lists) configured for the VNIC associated with the source compute instance, determining a next hop for the packet, performing any packet encapsulation/decapsulation functions as needed, and then forwarding/routing the packet to the next hop with the goal of facilitating communication of the packet to its intended destination. When the destination compute instance is in the same subnet as the source compute instance, the VNIC associated with the source compute instance is configured to identify the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance and forward the packet to that VNIC for processing. The VNIC associated with the destination compute instance is then executed and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance.
For a packet to be communicated from a compute instance in a subnet to an endpoint in a different subnet in the same VCN, the communication is facilitated by the VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances and the VCN VR. For example, if compute instance C1 in Subnet-1 in
For a packet to be communicated from a compute instance in VCN 104 to an endpoint that is outside VCN 104, the communication is facilitated by the VNIC associated with the source compute instance, VCN VR 105, and gateways associated with VCN 104. One or more types of gateways may be associated with VCN 104. A gateway is an interface between a VCN and another endpoint, where the another endpoint is outside the VCN. A gateway is a Layer-3/IP layer concept and enables a VCN to communicate with endpoints outside the VCN. A gateway thus facilitates traffic flow between a VCN and other VCNs or networks. Various different types of gateways may be configured for a VCN to facilitate different types of communications with different types of endpoints. Depending upon the gateway, the communications may be over public networks (e.g., the Internet) or over private networks. Various communication protocols may be used for these communications.
For example, compute instance C1 may want to communicate with an endpoint outside VCN 104. The packet may be first processed by the VNIC associated with source compute instance C1. The VNIC processing determines that the destination for the packet is outside the Subnet-1 of C1. The VNIC associated with C1 may forward the packet to VCN VR 105 for VCN 104. VCN VR 105 then processes the packet and as part of the processing, based upon the destination for the packet, determines a particular gateway associated with VCN 104 as the next hop for the packet. VCN VR 105 may then forward the packet to the particular identified gateway. For example, if the destination is an endpoint within the customer's on-premise network, then the packet may be forwarded by VCN VR 105 to Dynamic Routing Gateway (DRG) gateway 122 configured for VCN 104. The packet may then be forwarded from the gateway to a next hop to facilitate communication of the packet to it final intended destination.
Various different types of gateways may be configured for a VCN. Examples of gateways that may be configured for a VCN are depicted in
In certain embodiments, a Remote Peering Connection (RPC) can be added to a DRG, which allows a customer to peer one VCN with another VCN in a different region. Using such an RPC, customer VCN 104 can use DRG 122 to connect with a VCN 108 in another region. DRG 122 may also be used to communicate with other remote cloud networks 118, not hosted by CSPI 101 such as a Microsoft Azure cloud, Amazon AWS cloud, and others.
As shown in
A Network Address Translation (NAT) gateway 128 can be configured for customer's VCN 104 and enables cloud resources in the customer's VCN, which do not have dedicated public overlay IP addresses, access to the Internet and it does so without exposing those resources to direct incoming Internet connections (e.g., L4-L7 connections). This enables a private subnet within a VCN, such as private Subnet-1 in VCN 104, with private access to public endpoints on the Internet. In NAT gateways, connections can be initiated only from the private subnet to the public Internet and not from the Internet to the private subnet.
In certain embodiments, a Service Gateway (SGW) 126 can be configured for customer VCN 104 and provides a path for private network traffic between VCN 104 and supported services endpoints in a service network 110. In certain embodiments, service network 110 may be provided by the CSP and may provide various services. An example of such a service network is Oracle's Services Network, which provides various services that can be used by customers. For example, a compute instance (e.g., a database system) in a private subnet of customer VCN 104 can back up data to a service endpoint (e.g., Object Storage) without needing public IP addresses or access to the Internet. In certain embodiments, a VCN can have only one SGW, and connections can only be initiated from a subnet within the VCN and not from service network 110. If a VCN is peered with another, resources in the other VCN typically cannot access the SGW. Resources in on-premises networks that are connected to a VCN with FastConnect or VPN Connect can also use the service gateway configured for that VCN.
In certain implementations, SGW 126 uses the concept of a service Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) label, which is a string that represents all the regional public IP address ranges for the service or group of services of interest. The customer uses the service CIDR label when they configure the SGW and related route rules to control traffic to the service. The customer can optionally utilize it when configuring security rules without needing to adjust them if the service's public IP addresses change in the future.
A Local Peering Gateway (LPG) 132 is a gateway that can be added to customer VCN 104 and enables VCN 104 to peer with another VCN in the same region. Peering means that the VCNs communicate using private IP addresses, without the traffic traversing a public network such as the Internet or without routing the traffic through the customer's on-premises network 116. In preferred embodiments, a VCN has a separate LPG for each peering it establishes. Local Peering or VCN Peering is a common practice used to establish network connectivity between different applications or infrastructure management functions.
Service providers, such as providers of services in service network 110, may provide access to services using different access models. According to a public access model, services may be exposed as public endpoints that are publicly accessible by compute instance in a customer VCN via a public network such as the Internet and or may be privately accessible via SGW 126. According to a specific private access model, services are made accessible as private IP endpoints in a private subnet in the customer's VCN. This is referred to as a Private Endpoint (PE) access and enables a service provider to expose their service as an instance in the customer's private network. A Private Endpoint resource represents a service within the customer's VCN. Each PE manifests as a VNIC (referred to as a PE-VNIC, with one or more private IPs) in a subnet chosen by the customer in the customer's VCN. A PE thus provides a way to present a service within a private customer VCN subnet using a VNIC. Since the endpoint is exposed as a VNIC, all the features associates with a VNIC such as routing rules, security lists, etc., are now available for the PE VNIC.
A service provider can register their service to enable access through a PE. The provider can associate policies with the service that restricts the service's visibility to the customer tenancies. A provider can register multiple services under a single virtual IP address (VIP), especially for multi-tenant services. There may be multiple such private endpoints (in multiple VCNs) that represent the same service.
Compute instances in the private subnet can then use the PE VNIC's private IP address or the service DNS name to access the service. Compute instances in the customer VCN can access the service by sending traffic to the private IP address of the PE in the customer VCN. A Private Access Gateway (PAGW) 130 is a gateway resource that can be attached to a service provider VCN (e.g., a VCN in service network 110) that acts as an ingress/egress point for all traffic from/to customer subnet private endpoints. PAGW 130 enables a provider to scale the number of PE connections without utilizing its internal IP address resources. A provider needs only configure one PAGW for any number of services registered in a single VCN. Providers can represent a service as a private endpoint in multiple VCNs of one or more customers. From the customer's perspective, the PE VNIC, which, instead of being attached to a customer's instance, appears attached to the service with which the customer wishes to interact. The traffic destined to the private endpoint is routed via PAGW 130 to the service. These are referred to as customer-to-service private connections (C2S connections).
The PE concept can also be used to extend the private access for the service to customer's on-premises networks and data centers, by allowing the traffic to flow through FastConnect/IPsec links and the private endpoint in the customer VCN. Private access for the service can also be extended to the customer's peered VCNs, by allowing the traffic to flow between LPG 132 and the PE in the customer's VCN.
A customer can control routing in a VCN at the subnet level, so the customer can specify which subnets in the customer's VCN, such as VCN 104, use each gateway. A VCN's route tables are used to decide if traffic is allowed out of a VCN through a particular gateway. For example, in a particular instance, a route table for a public subnet within customer VCN 104 may send non-local traffic through IGW 120. The route table for a private subnet within the same customer VCN 104 may send traffic destined for CSP services through SGW 126. All remaining traffic may be sent via the NAT gateway 128. Route tables only control traffic going out of a VCN.
Security lists associated with a VCN are used to control traffic that comes into a VCN via a gateway via inbound connections. All resources in a subnet use the same route table and security lists. Security lists may be used to control specific types of traffic allowed in and out of instances in a subnet of a VCN. Security list rules may comprise ingress (inbound) and egress (outbound) rules. For example, an ingress rule may specify an allowed source address range, while an egress rule may specify an allowed destination address range. Security rules may specify a particular protocol (e.g., TCP, ICMP), a particular port (e.g., 22 for SSH, 3389 for Windows RDP), etc. In certain implementations, an instance's operating system may enforce its own firewall rules that are aligned with the security list rules. Rules may be stateful (e.g., a connection is tracked and the response is automatically allowed without an explicit security list rule for the response traffic) or stateless.
Access from a customer VCN (i.e., by a resource or compute instance deployed on VCN 104) can be categorized as public access, private access, or dedicated access. Public access refers to an access model where a public IP address or a NAT is used to access a public endpoint. Private access enables customer workloads in VCN 104 with private IP addresses (e.g., resources in a private subnet) to access services without traversing a public network such as the Internet. In certain embodiments, CSPI 101 enables customer VCN workloads with private IP addresses to access the (public service endpoints of) services using a service gateway. A service gateway thus offers a private access model by establishing a virtual link between the customer's VCN and the service's public endpoint residing outside the customer's private network.
Additionally, CSPI may offer dedicated public access using technologies such as FastConnect public peering where customer on-premises instances can access one or more services in a customer VCN using a FastConnect connection and without traversing a public network such as the Internet. CSPI also may also offer dedicated private access using FastConnect private peering where customer on-premises instances with private IP addresses can access the customer's VCN workloads using a FastConnect connection. FastConnect is a network connectivity alternative to using the public Internet to connect a customer's on-premise network to CSPI and its services. FastConnect provides an easy, elastic, and economical way to create a dedicated and private connection with higher bandwidth options and a more reliable and consistent networking experience when compared to Internet-based connections.
In the example embodiment depicted in
The host machines or servers may execute a hypervisor (also referred to as a virtual machine monitor or VMM) that creates and enables a virtualized environment on the host machines. The virtualization or virtualized environment facilitates cloud-based computing. One or more compute instances may be created, executed, and managed on a host machine by a hypervisor on that host machine. The hypervisor on a host machine enables the physical computing resources of the host machine (e.g., compute, memory, and networking resources) to be shared between the various compute instances executed by the host machine.
For example, as depicted in
A compute instance can be a virtual machine instance or a bare metal instance. In
In certain instances, an entire host machine may be provisioned to a single customer, and all of the one or more compute instances (either virtual machines or bare metal instance) hosted by that host machine belong to that same customer. In other instances, a host machine may be shared between multiple customers (i.e., multiple tenants). In such a multi-tenancy scenario, a host machine may host virtual machine compute instances belonging to different customers. These compute instances may be members of different VCNs of different customers. In certain embodiments, a bare metal compute instance is hosted by a bare metal server without a hypervisor. When a bare metal compute instance is provisioned, a single customer or tenant maintains control of the physical CPU, memory, and network interfaces of the host machine hosting the bare metal instance and the host machine is not shared with other customers or tenants.
As previously described, each compute instance that is part of a VCN is associated with a VNIC that enables the compute instance to become a member of a subnet of the VCN. The VNIC associated with a compute instance facilitates the communication of packets or frames to and from the compute instance. A VNIC is associated with a compute instance when the compute instance is created. In certain embodiments, for a compute instance executed by a host machine, the VNIC associated with that compute instance is executed by an NVD connected to the host machine. For example, in
For compute instances hosted by a host machine, an NVD connected to that host machine also executes VCN VRs corresponding to VCNs of which the compute instances are members. For example, in the embodiment depicted in
A host machine may include one or more network interface cards (NIC) that enable the host machine to be connected to other devices. A NIC on a host machine may provide one or more ports (or interfaces) that enable the host machine to be communicatively connected to another device. For example, a host machine may be connected to an NVD using one or more ports (or interfaces) provided on the host machine and on the NVD. A host machine may also be connected to other devices such as another host machine.
For example, in
The NVDs are in turn connected via communication links to top-of-the-rack (TOR) switches, which are connected to physical network 218 (also referred to as the switch fabric). In certain embodiments, the links between a host machine and an NVD, and between an NVD and a TOR switch are Ethernet links. For example, in
Physical network 218 provides a communication fabric that enables TOR switches to communicate with each other. Physical network 218 can be a multi-tiered network. In certain implementations, physical network 218 is a multi-tiered Clos network of switches, with TOR switches 214 and 216 representing the leaf level nodes of the multi-tiered and multi-node physical switching network 218. Different Clos network configurations are possible including but not limited to a 2-tier network, a 3-tier network, a 4-tier network, a 5-tier network, and in general a “n”-tiered network. An example of a Clos network is depicted in
Various different connection configurations are possible between host machines and NVDs such as one-to-one configuration, many-to-one configuration, one-to-many configuration, and others. In a one-to-one configuration implementation, each host machine is connected to its own separate NVD. For example, in
In a one-to-many configuration, one host machine is connected to multiple NVDs.
The arrangement depicted in
In the configuration depicted in
Referring back to
An NVD may be implemented in various different forms. For example, in certain embodiments, an NVD is implemented as an interface card referred to as a smartNlC or an intelligent NIC with an embedded processor onboard. A smartNlC is a separate device from the NICs on the host machines. In
A smartNIC is however just one example of an NVD implementation. Various other implementations are possible. For example, in some other implementations, an NVD or one or more functions performed by the NVD may be incorporated into or performed by one or more host machines, one or more TOR switches, and other components of CSPI 200. For example, an NVD may be embodied in a host machine where the functions performed by an NVD are performed by the host machine. As another example, an NVD may be part of a TOR switch or a TOR switch may be configured to perform functions performed by an NVD that enables the TOR switch to perform various complex packet transformations that are used for a public cloud. A TOR that performs the functions of an NVD is sometimes referred to as a smart TOR. In yet other implementations, where virtual machines (VMs) instances, but not bare metal (BM) instances, are offered to customers, functions performed by an NVD may be implemented inside a hypervisor of the host machine. In some other implementations, some of the functions of the NVD may be offloaded to a centralized service running on a fleet of host machines.
In certain embodiments, such as when implemented as a smartNlC as shown in
An NVD receives packets and frames from a host machine (e.g., packets and frames generated by a compute instance hosted by the host machine) via a host-facing port and, after performing the necessary packet processing, may forward the packets and frames to a TOR switch via a network-facing port of the NVD. An NVD may receive packets and frames from a TOR switch via a network-facing port of the NVD and, after performing the necessary packet processing, may forward the packets and frames to a host machine via a host-facing port of the NVD.
In certain embodiments, there may be multiple ports and associated links between an NVD and a TOR switch. These ports and links may be aggregated to form a link aggregator group of multiple ports or links (referred to as a LAG). Link aggregation allows multiple physical links between two end-points (e.g., between an NVD and a TOR switch) to be treated as a single logical link. All the physical links in a given LAG may operate in full-duplex mode at the same speed. LAGs help increase the bandwidth and reliability of the connection between two endpoints. If one of the physical links in the LAG goes down, traffic is dynamically and transparently reassigned to one of the other physical links in the LAG. The aggregated physical links deliver higher bandwidth than each individual link. The multiple ports associated with a LAG are treated as a single logical port. Traffic can be load-balanced across the multiple physical links of a LAG. One or more LAGs may be configured between two endpoints. The two endpoints may be between an NVD and a TOR switch, between a host machine and an NVD, and the like.
An NVD implements or performs network virtualization functions. These functions are performed by software/firmware executed by the NVD. Examples of network virtualization functions include without limitation: packet encapsulation and de-capsulation functions; functions for creating a VCN network; functions for implementing network policies such as VCN security list (firewall) functionality; functions that facilitate the routing and forwarding of packets to and from compute instances in a VCN; and the like. In certain embodiments, upon receiving a packet, an NVD is configured to execute a packet processing pipeline for processing the packet and determining how the packet is to be forwarded or routed. As part of this packet processing pipeline, the NVD may execute one or more virtual functions associated with the overlay network such as executing VNICs associated with cis in the VCN, executing a Virtual Router (VR) associated with the VCN, the encapsulation and decapsulation of packets to facilitate forwarding or routing in the virtual network, execution of certain gateways (e.g., the Local Peering Gateway), the implementation of Security Lists, Network Security Groups, network address translation (NAT) functionality (e.g., the translation of Public IP to Private IP on a host by host basis), throttling functions, and other functions.
In certain embodiments, the packet processing data path in an NVD may comprise multiple packet pipelines, each composed of a series of packet transformation stages. In certain implementations, upon receiving a packet, the packet is parsed and classified to a single pipeline. The packet is then processed in a linear fashion, one stage after another, until the packet is either dropped or sent out over an interface of the NVD. These stages provide basic functional packet processing building blocks (e.g., validating headers, enforcing throttle, inserting new Layer-2 headers, enforcing L4 firewall, VCN encapsulation/decapsulation, etc.) so that new pipelines can be constructed by composing existing stages, and new functionality can be added by creating new stages and inserting them into existing pipelines.
An NVD may perform both control plane and data plane functions corresponding to a control plane and a data plane of a VCN. Examples of a VCN Control Plane are also depicted in
As indicated above, an NVD executes various virtualization functions including VNICs and VCN VRs. An NVD may execute VNICs associated with the compute instances hosted by one or more host machines connected to the VNIC. For example, as depicted in
An NVD also executes VCN Virtual Routers corresponding to the VCNs of the compute instances. For example, in the embodiment depicted in
In addition to VNICs and VCN VRs, an NVD may execute various software (e.g., daemons) and include one or more hardware components that facilitate the various network virtualization functions performed by the NVD. For purposes of simplicity, these various components are grouped together as “packet processing components” shown in
As described above, a compute instance in a customer VCN may communicate with various different endpoints, where the endpoints can be within the same subnet as the source compute instance, in a different subnet but within the same VCN as the source compute instance, or with an endpoint that is outside the VCN of the source compute instance. These communications are facilitated using VNICs associated with the compute instances, the VCN VRs, and the gateways associated with the VCNs.
For communications between two compute instances on the same subnet in a VCN, the communication is facilitated using VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances. The source and destination compute instances may be hosted by the same host machine or by different host machines. A packet originating from a source compute instance may be forwarded from a host machine hosting the source compute instance to an NVD connected to that host machine. On the NVD, the packet is processed using a packet processing pipeline, which can include execution of the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Since the destination endpoint for the packet is within the same subnet, execution of the VNIC associated with the source compute instance results in the packet being forwarded to an NVD executing the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance, which then processes and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance. The VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances may be executed on the same NVD (e.g., when both the source and destination compute instances are hosted by the same host machine) or on different NVDs (e.g., when the source and destination compute instances are hosted by different host machines connected to different NVDs). The VNICs may use routing/forwarding tables stored by the NVD to determine the next hop for the packet.
For a packet to be communicated from a compute instance in a subnet to an endpoint in a different subnet in the same VCN, the packet originating from the source compute instance is communicated from the host machine hosting the source compute instance to the NVD connected to that host machine. On the NVD, the packet is processed using a packet processing pipeline, which can include execution of one or more VNICs, and the VR associated with the VCN. For example, as part of the packet processing pipeline, the NVD executes or invokes functionality corresponding to the VNIC (also referred to as executes the VNIC) associated with source compute instance. The functionality performed by the VNIC may include looking at the VLAN tag on the packet. Since the packet's destination is outside the subnet, the VCN VR functionality is next invoked and executed by the NVD. The VCN VR then routes the packet to the NVD executing the VNIC associated with the destination compute instance. The VNIC associated with the destination compute instance then processes the packet and forwards the packet to the destination compute instance. The VNICs associated with the source and destination compute instances may be executed on the same NVD (e.g., when both the source and destination compute instances are hosted by the same host machine) or on different NVDs (e.g., when the source and destination compute instances are hosted by different host machines connected to different NVDs).
If the destination for the packet is outside the VCN of the source compute instance, then the packet originating from the source compute instance is communicated from the host machine hosting the source compute instance to the NVD connected to that host machine. The NVD executes the VNIC associated with the source compute instance. Since the destination end point of the packet is outside the VCN, the packet is then processed by the VCN VR for that VCN. The NVD invokes the VCN VR functionality, which may result in the packet being forwarded to an NVD executing the appropriate gateway associated with the VCN. For example, if the destination is an endpoint within the customer's on-premise network, then the packet may be forwarded by the VCN VR to the NVD executing the DRG gateway configured for the VCN. The VCN VR may be executed on the same NVD as the NVD executing the VNIC associated with the source compute instance or by a different NVD. The gateway may be executed by an NVD, which may be a smartNlC, a host machine, or other NVD implementation. The packet is then processed by the gateway and forwarded to a next hop that facilitates communication of the packet to its intended destination endpoint. For example, in the embodiment depicted in
A compute instance deployed on a VCN can communicate with various different endpoints. These endpoints may include endpoints that are hosted by CSPI 200 and endpoints outside CSPI 200. Endpoints hosted by CSPI 200 may include instances in the same VCN or other VCNs, which may be the customer's VCNs, or VCNs not belonging to the customer. Communications between endpoints hosted by CSPI 200 may be performed over physical network 218. A compute instance may also communicate with endpoints that are not hosted by CSPI 200, or are outside CSPI 200. Examples of these endpoints include endpoints within a customer's on-premise network or data center, or public endpoints accessible over a public network such as the Internet. Communications with endpoints outside CSPI 200 may be performed over public networks (e.g., the Internet) (not shown in
The architecture of CSPI 200 depicted in
As shown in
In certain embodiments, each logical NIC is assigned its own VLAN ID. Thus, a specific VLAN ID is assigned to logical NIC A 416 for Tenant #1 and a separate VLAN ID is assigned to logical NIC B 418 for Tenant #2. When a packet is communicated from VM1406, a tag assigned to Tenant #1 is attached to the packet by the hypervisor and the packet is then communicated from host machine 402 to NVD 412 over link 414. In a similar manner, when a packet is communicated from VM2408, a tag assigned to Tenant #2 is attached to the packet by the hypervisor and the packet is then communicated from host machine 402 to NVD 412 over link 414. Accordingly, a packet 424 communicated from host machine 402 to NVD 412 has an associated tag 426 that identifies a specific tenant and associated VM. On the NVD, for a packet 424 received from host machine 402, the tag 426 associated with the packet is used to determine whether the packet is to be processed by VNIC-VM1420 or by VNIC-VM2422. The packet is then processed by the corresponding VNIC. The configuration depicted in
A feature of a Clos network is that the maximum hop count to reach from one Tier-0 switch to another Tier-0 switch (or from an NVD connected to a Tier-0-switch to another NVD connected to a Tier-0 switch) is fixed. For example, in a 3-Tiered Clos network at most seven hops are needed for a packet to reach from one NVD to another NVD, where the source and target NVDs are connected to the leaf tier of the Clos network. Likewise, in a 4-tiered Clos network, at most nine hops are needed for a packet to reach from one NVD to another NVD, where the source and target NVDs are connected to the leaf tier of the Clos network. Thus, a Clos network architecture maintains consistent latency throughout the network, which is important for communication within and between data centers. A Clos topology scales horizontally and is cost effective. The bandwidth/throughput capacity of the network can be easily increased by adding more switches at the various tiers (e.g., more leaf and spine switches) and by increasing the number of links between the switches at adjacent tiers.
In certain embodiments, each resource within CSPI is assigned a unique identifier called a Cloud Identifier (CID). This identifier is included as part of the resource's information and can be used to manage the resource, for example, via a Console or through APIs. An example syntax for a CID is:
ocid1.<RESOURCE TYPE>.<REALM>.[REGION][.FUTURE USE].<UNIQUE ID>
where,
This section describes techniques for providing Layer 2 networking functionality in a virtualized cloud environment. The Layer 2 functionality is provided in addition to and in conjunction with Layer 3 networking functionality provided by the virtualized cloud environment. In certain embodiments, the virtual Layer 2 and Layer 3 functionality is provided by Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) provided Oracle Corporation.
After an introduction of the Layer 2 network functionalities, the section describes the Layer 2 implementation of a VLAN. Thereafter, a description of Layer 2 VLAN services is provided, including storm control.
The number of enterprise customers transitioning their on-premise applications to a cloud environment provided by a cloud services provider (CSP) continues to increase rapidly. However, many of these customers are quickly realizing that the road to transitioning to a cloud environment can be quite bumpy requiring the customers to rearchitect and reengineer their existing applications to make them workable in the cloud environment. This is because applications written for an on-premise environment often depend on features of the physical network for monitoring, availability, and scale. These on-premise applications thus need to be rearchitected and reengineered before they can work in a cloud environment.
There are several reasons why on-premise applications cannot easily transition to the cloud environment. One of the main reasons is that current cloud virtual networks operate at the Layer-3 of the OSI model, for example at the IP layer, and do not provide Layer-2 capabilities, which are needed by the application. Layer-3-based routing or forwarding includes determining where a packet is to be sent (e.g., to which customer instance) based upon information contained in the Layer-3 header of the packet, for example, based upon the destination IP address contained in the Layer-3 header of the packet. To facilitate this, the location of IP addresses in the virtualized cloud network are determined through a centralized control and orchestration system or controller. These may include, for example, IP addresses associated with customer entities or resources in the virtualized cloud environment.
Many customers run applications in their on-premise environments that have strict requirements for Layer-2 networking capabilities which currently are not addressed by current cloud offerings and IaaS service providers. For example, traffic is current cloud offerings is routed using Layer-3 protocols that use Layer-3 headers, and Layer-2 features needed by the applications are not supported. These Layer-2 features may include features such as Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) processing, Medium Access Controls (MAC) address learning, and Layer-2 broadcast capabilities, Layer-2 (MAC based) forwarding, Layer-2 networking constructs, and others. By providing virtualized Layer-2 networking functionality in the virtualized cloud network, as described in this disclosure, customers can now migrate their legacy applications seamlessly to the cloud environment without requiring any substantial rearchitecting or reengineering. For example, the virtualized Layer-2 networking capabilities described herein enable such applications (e.g., VMware vSphere, vCenter, vSAN and NSX-T components) to communicate at Layer-2 as they do in the on-premise environment. These applications are able to run the same versions and configurations in the public cloud, thereby enabling customers to use their legacy on-premise applications including existing knowledge, tools, and processes associated with the legacy applications. Customers are also be able to access native cloud services from their applications (e.g., using VMware Software Defined Data Center (SDDC)).
As another example, there are several legacy on-premise applications (e.g., enterprise clustering software applications, network virtual appliances) that require Layer-2 broadcast support for failover. Example applications include Fortinet FortiGate, IBM QRadar, Palo Alto firewalls, Cisco ASA, Juniper SRX, and Oracle RAC (Real Application Clustering). By providing virtualized Layer-2 networking in the virtualized public cloud as described in this disclosure, these appliances are now able to run in a virtualized public cloud environment unaltered. AS described herein, virtualized Layer-2 networking functionality is provided that is comparable to on-premise. The virtualized Layer-2 networking functionality described in this disclosure supports traditional Layer-2 networking. This includes support of customer-defined VLANs as well as unicast, broadcast, and multicast Layer-2 traffic functions. Layer-2 based routing and forwarding of packets comprises using Layer-2 protocols and using information contained in the Layer-2 header of a packet, for example, based upon the destination MAC address contained in the Layer-2 header to route or forward the packet. Protocols used by enterprise applications (e.g., clustering software applications) such as ARP, Gratuitous Address Resolution Protocol (GARP), and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) can also now work in the cloud environment.
There are several reasons why traditional virtualized cloud infrastructures support virtualized Layer-3 networking and not Layer-2 networking. Layer-2 networks typically do not scale as well as Layer-3 networks. Layer-2 network control protocols do not have the level of sophistication that is desired for scaling. For example, Layer-3 networks do not have to worry about packet looping that Layer-2 networks have to tackle. IP packets (i.e., Layer-3 packets) have the notion of a time to live (TTL), while Layer-2 packets do not. IP addresses, contained inside of Layer-3 packets, have a concept of topology, such as subnets, CIDR ranges, etc., while Layer-2 addresses (e.g., MAC addresses) do not. Layer-3 IP networks have inbuilt tools that facilitate troubleshooting, such as ping, traceroute, etc. for finding path information. Such tools are not available for Layer-2. Layer-3 networks support multi-pathing, which is not available at Layer-2. Because of the lack of sophisticated control protocols (e.g. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)) especially for exchanging information between entities in a network, Layer-2 networks have to rely on broadcasting and multicasting in order to learn about the network, which can adversely impact network performance. As networks change, the learning process for Layer-2 has to be repeated, which is not needed at Layer-3. For these reasons and others, it is more desirable for cloud IaaS service providers to provide infrastructures that operate at Layer-3 rather than at Layer-2.
However, in spite of its multiple shortcomings, Layer-2 functionality is needed by many on-premise applications. For example, assume a virtualized cloud configuration where a customer (Customer 1) has two instances instance A with IP1 and instance B with IP2, in a virtual network “V” where an instance may be a compute instance (e.g. bare metal, virtual machine or container) or a service instance such as a load balancer, nfs mount point, or other service instance. The virtual network V is a distinct address space isolated from other virtual networks and the underlying physical network. For example, this isolation may be achieved using various techniques including packet encapsulation or NAT. For this reason the IP address for an instance in a customer's virtual network is distinct from an address in the physical network where it is hosted. A centralized SDN (Software Defined Networking) control plane is provided that knows the physical IP and virtual interfaces of all virtual IP addresses. When a packet is sent from instance A to a destination of IP2 in the virtual network V, the virtual network SDN stack needs to know where IP2 is located. It has to know this ahead of time so that it can send the packet to the IP in the physical network where virtual IP address IP2 for V is hosted. The location of a virtual IP address can be modified in the cloud thus changing the relationship between a physical IP and virtual IP address. Whenever a virtual IP address is to be moved (e.g., an IP address associated with a virtual machine is to be moved to another virtual machine or a virtual machine is migrated to a new physical host), an API call has to be made to the SDN control plane letting the controller know that the IP is being moved so that it can update all participants in the SDN stack including packet processors (data planes). There are classes of applications however that do not make such API calls. Examples include various on-premise applications, applications provided by various virtualization software vendors such as VMware, and others. The value of facilitating a virtual Layer-2 network in a virtualized cloud environment enables support for such applications that are not programmed to make such API calls or applications that rely on other Layer-2 networking features, such as support for non-IP Layer-3 and MAC learning.
A virtual Layer-2 network creates a broadcast domain wherein learning is performed by members of the broadcast domain. In a virtual Layer-2 domain, there can be any IP on any MAC on any host within this Layer-2 domain and the system will learn using standard Layer-2 networking protocols and the system will virtualize these networking primitives, without having to be explicitly told by a centralized controller as to where MACs and IPs live in that virtual Layer-2 network. This enables applications to be run that need low latency failover, applications that need to support broadcast or multicast protocols to multiple nodes, and legacy applications that do not know how to make API calls to a SDN control plane or to an API endpoint to determine where IP and MAC addresses live. Providing Layer-2 networking capabilities in the virtualized cloud environment is thus needed to be able to support functionality that is not available at the IP Layer-3 level.
Another technical advantage of providing virtual Layer-2 in a virtualized cloud environment is that it enables various different Layer-3 protocols (such as IPV4, IPV6) to be supported, including non-IP protocols. For example, various non-IP protocols can be supported, such as IPX, AppleTalk, and others. Because existing cloud IaaS providers do not provide Layer-2 functionality in their virtualized cloud networks, they cannot support these non-IP protocols. By providing Layer-2 networking functionality as described in this disclosure, support can be provided for protocols at Layer-3 and for applications that need and rely on the availability of Layer-2 level functionality.
Using the techniques described in this disclosure, both Layer-3 and Layer-2 functionality is provided in the virtualized cloud infrastructure. As previously described, Layer-3 based networking provides certain efficiencies, especially well-suited for scaling, that are not provided by Layer-2 networking. Providing Layer-2 functionality in addition to Layer-3 functionality allows such efficiencies provided by Layer-3 to be leveraged (e.g., to provide more scalable solutions) while providing Layer-2 functionality in a more scalable way. For example, virtualized Layer-3 avoids having to use broadcasting for learning purposes. By offering Layer-3 for its efficiencies, and at the same time offering a virtualized Layer-2 for enabling those applications that need it and applications that are not be able to function without having Layer-2 functionality, and for supporting non-IP protocols, etc., complete flexibility in the virtualized cloud environment is offered to customers.
Customers themselves have hybrid environments in which Layer-2 environments exist along with Layer-3 environments, and the virtualized cloud environment can now support both these environments. A customer can have Layer-3 networks such as subnets, and/or Layer-2 networks such as VLANs, and these two environments can talk to each other in the virtualized cloud environment.
The virtualized cloud environment also needs to support multitenancy. Multi-tenancy makes the provisioning of both Layer-3 functionality and Layer-2 functionality in the same virtualized cloud environment technically difficult and complicated. For example, the Layer-2 broadcast domain must be managed across many different customers in the cloud provider's infrastructure. The embodiments describe in this disclosure overcome these technical issues.
For a virtualization provider (e.g. VMware), a virtualized Layer-2 network that emulates a physical Layer-2 network allows workloads to be run unaltered. Applications provided by such a virtualization provider can then run on the virtualized Layer-2 network provided by the cloud infrastructure. For example, such applications may comprise a set of instances that need to run on a Layer-2 network. When a customer wants to lift and shift such an application from their on-premise environment to a virtualized cloud environment, they cannot just take the application and run it in the cloud because those applications rely on an underlying Layer-2 network (e.g., the Layer-2 network features are used to perform migration of virtual machines, or to move where MAC and IP addresses live), which is not provided by current virtualized cloud providers. For these reasons, such applications cannot run natively in a virtualized cloud environment. Using the techniques described herein, a cloud provider, in addition to providing a virtualized Layer-3 network, also provides a virtualized Layer-2 network. Now, such application stacks can run in the cloud environment unaltered and can run a nested virtualization in the cloud environment. Customers can now run their own Layer-2 applications in the cloud and manage them. Application providers do not have to make any changes to their software to facilitate this. Such legacy applications or workloads (e.g., legacy load balancers, legacy applications, KVMs, Openstack, clustering software) can now be run in the virtualized cloud environment unaltered.
By offering virtualized Layer-2 functionality as described herein, various Layer-3 protocols, including non-IP protocols, can be now be supported by the virtualized cloud environment. Taking Ethernet as an example, various different EtherTypes (a field in the Layer-2 header that tells what type of Layer-3 packet is being sent; tells what protocol to expect at Layer-3) can be supported, including various non-IP protocols. EtherType is a two-octet field in an Ethernet frame. It is used to indicate which protocol is encapsulated in the payload of the frame and is used at the receiving end by the data link layer to determine how the payload is processed. The EtherType is also used as the basis of 802.1Q VLAN tagging, encapsulating packets from VLANs for transmission multiplexed with other VLAN traffic over an Ethernet trunk. Examples of EtherTypes include IPV4, IPv6, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), AppleTalk, IPX, and others. A cloud network that supports Layer-2 protocols can support any protocol at the Layer-3 layer. In a similar manner, when the cloud infrastructure provides support for a Layer-3 protocol, it can support various protocols at Layer-4 such as TCP, UDP, ICMP, and others. The network can be agnostic to the Layer-4 protocols when virtualization is provided at Layer-3. Similarly, the network can be agnostic to Layer-3 protocols when virtualization is provided at Layer-2. This technology can be extended to support any Layer-2 network type, including FDDI, Infiniband, etc.
Accordingly, many applications written for physical networks, especially ones that work with clusters of computer nodes that share a broadcast domain use Layer-2 features that are not supported by in an L3 virtual network. The following six examples highlight the complications that can result from not providing Layer-2 networking capabilities:
As disclosed herein, a Layer 2 (L2) network can be created within a cloud network. This virtual L2 network includes one or several Layer 2 virtual networks, such as virtualized L2 VLANs which are referred to herein as VLANs. Each VLAN can include a plurality of compute instances, each of which can be associated with at least one L2 virtual network interface (e.g., a L2 VNIC) and an L2 virtual switch. In some embodiments, each pair of L2 virtual network interface and L2 virtual switch is hosted on an NVD. An NVD may host multiple of such pairs, where each pair is associated with a different compute instance. The collection of L2 virtual switches represent an emulated single L2 switch of the VLAN. The L2 virtual network interfaces represent a collection of L2 ports on the emulated single L2 switch. The VLAN can be connected, via a VLAN Switching and Routing Service (VSRS), also referred to herein as, a Real Virtual Router (RVR) or as an L2 VSRS, to other VLANs, Layer 3 (L3) networks, on-premise networks, and/or other networks. An example of this architecture is described herein below.
With reference now to
The VCN 602 can include a plurality of virtual networks. These networks can, each include one or several compute instances which can communicate within their respective networks, between networks, or outside of the VCN 602. One of the virtual networks of the VCN 602 is an L3 subnet 620. The L3 subnet 620 is a unit of configuration or a subdivision created within the VCN 602. The subnet 620 can comprise a virtual Layer 3 network in the virtualized cloud environment of the VCN 602, which VCN 602 is hosted on the underlying physical network of CPSI 601. Although
The subnet 620 includes one or more compute instances, and specifically includes a first compute instance 622-A and a second compute instance 622-B. The compute instances 622-A, 622-B can communicate with each other within the subnet 620, or they can communicate with other instances, devices, and/or networks outside of the subnet 620. Communication outside of the subnet 620 is enabled by a virtual router (VR) 624. The VR 624 enables communications between the subnet 620 and other networks of the VCN 602. For the subnet 620, the VR 624 represents a logical gateway that enables the subnet 620 (e.g., the compute instances 622-A, 622-B) to communicate with endpoints on other networks within the VCN 602, and with other endpoints outside the VCN 602.
The VCN 602 can further include additional networks, and specifically can include one or several L2 VLANs (referred to herein as VLANs), which are examples of a virtual L2 network. These one or several VLANs can each comprise a virtual Layer 2 network that is localized in the cloud environment of the VCN 602 and/or that is hosted by the underlying physical network of the CPSI 601. In the embodiment of
Each of the VLANs can include a VLAN Switching and Routing Service (VSRS), and specifically, the VLAN A 630 includes a VSRS A 634 and the VLAN B 640 includes a VSRS B 644. Each VSRS 634, 644 participates in Layer 2 switching and local learning within a VLAN and also performs all necessary Layer 3 network functions including ARP, NDP, and routing. VSRS performs ARP (which is a Layer 2 protocol) as the VSRS has to map IPs to MACs.
In these cloud-based VLANs, each virtual interface or virtual gateway can be associated with one or more media access control (MAC) addresses, which can be virtual MAC addresses. Within the VLAN, the one or several compute instances 632-A, 632-B, 642-A, 642-B, which can be, for example bare metal, VM, or container, and/or one or several service instances, can directly communicate with each other via a virtual switch. Communication outside of the VLAN, such as with other VLANs or with an L3 network is enabled via the VSRS 634, 644. The VSRS 634, 644 is a distributed service providing the Layer 3 functions, such as IP routing, for a VLAN network. In some embodiments, the VSRS 634, 644 is a horizontally scalable, highly available routing service that can sit at the intersection of IP networks and L2 networks and participate in IP routing and L2 learning within a cloud-based L2 domain.
The VSRS 634, 644 can be distributed across multiple nodes within the infrastructure, and the VSRS 634, 644 function can be scalable, and specifically can be horizontally scalable. In some embodiments, each of the nodes implementing the function of the VSRS 634, 644 share and replicate the function of a router and/or a switch with each other. Further, these nodes can present themselves as a single VSRS 634, 644 to all of the instances in the VLAN 630, 640. The VSRS 634, 644 can be implemented on any virtualization device within the CSPI 601, and specifically within the virtual network. Thus, in some embodiments, the VSRS 634, 644 can be implemented on any of the virtual network virtualization devices including NICs, SmartNICs, switches, Smart switches or general compute hosts.
The VSRS 634, 644 can be a service residing on one or several hardware nodes, such as one or several servers, such as for example, one or several x86 servers, or one or several networking devices, such as one or several NICs and specifically one or several SmartNICs, supporting the cloud network. In some embodiments, the VSRS 634, 644 can be implemented on a server fleet. Thus, the VSRS 634, 644 can be a service distributed across a fleet of nodes, which may be a centrally managed fleet or may be distributed to the edges, of virtual networking enforcers that participates in and shares L2 and L3 learning along with evaluating routing and security policies. In some embodiments each of the VSRS instances can update other VSRS instances with new mapping information as this new mapping information is learned by a VSRS instance. For example, when a VSRS instance learns IP, interface, and/or MAC mapping for one or several CIs in its VLAN, the VSRS instance can provide that updated information to other VSRS instances within the VCN. Via this cross-updating, a VSRS instance associated with a first VLAN can know the mappings, including IP, interface, and/or MAC mappings for CIs in other VLANs, in some embodiments, for CIs in other VLANs within the VCN 602. When the VSRS resides on a server fleet and/or is distributed across a fleet of nodes, these updates can be greatly expedited.
In some embodiments, the VSRS 634, 644 may also host one or several higher level services necessary for networking including, but not limited to: a DHCP relay; a DHCP (hosting); a DHCPv6; a neighbor discovery protocol such as IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol; DNS; a hosting DNSv6; a SLAAC for IPv6; a NTP; a metadata service; and a blockstore mount points. In some embodiments, the VSRS can support one or several Network Address Translation (NAT) functions to translate between network address spaces. In some embodiments, the VSRS can incorporate anti-spoofing, anti-MAC spoofing, ARP-cache poisoning protection for IPv4, IPv6 Route Advertisement (RA) guarding, DHCP guarding, packet filtering using Access Control Lists (ACLs); and/or reverse path forwarding checks. The VSRS can implement functions including, for example, ARP, GARP, Packet Filters (ACLs), DHCP relay, and/or IP routing protocols. The VSRS 634, 644 can, for example, learn MAC addresses, invalidate expired MAC addresses, handle moves of MAC addresses, vet MAC address information, handling flooding of MAC information, handling of storm control, loop prevention, Layer 2 multicast via, for example, protocols such as IGMP in the cloud, statistic gathering including logs, statistics using SNMP, monitoring, and/or gathering and using statistics for broadcast, total traffic, bits, spanning tree packets, or the like.
Within the virtual network, the VSRS 634, 644 can manifest as different instantiations. In some embodiments, each of these instantiations of the VSRS can be associated with a VLAN 630, 640, and in some embodiments each VLAN 630, 640 can have an instantiation of the VSRS 634, 644. In some embodiments, each instantiation of the VSRS 634, 644 can have one or several unique tables corresponding to the VLAN 630, 640 with which the instantiation of the VSRS 634, 644 is associated. Each instantiation of the VSRS 634, 644 can generate and/or curate the unique tables associated with that instantiation of the VSRS 634, 644. Thus, while a single service may provide VSRS 634, 644 functionality for one or several cloud networks, individual instantiations of the VSRS 634, 644 within the cloud network can have unique Layer 2 and Layer 3 forwarding tables, while multiple such customer networks can have over-lapping Layer 2 and Layer 3 forwarding tables.
In some embodiments, the VSRS 634, 644 can support conflicting VLAN and IP spaces across multiple tenants. This can include having multiple tenants on the same VSRS 634, 644. In some embodiments, some or all of these tenants could choose to use some or all of: the same IP address space, the same MAC space, and the same VLAN space. This can provide extreme flexibility for users in choosing addresses. In some embodiments, this multitenancy is supported via providing each tenant with a distinct virtual network, which virtual network is a private network within the cloud network. Each virtual network is given a unique identifier. Similarly, in some embodiments, each host can have a unique identifier, and/or each virtual interface or virtual gateway can have a unique identifier. In some embodiments, these unique identifiers, and specifically the unique identifier of the virtual network for a tenant can be encoded in each communication. By providing each virtual network with a unique identifier and including this within communications, a single instantiation of the VSRS 634, 644 can service multiple tenants having overlapping address and/or name spaces.
The VSRS 634, 644 can perform these switching and/or routing functions to facilitate and/or enable the creation and/or communication with an L2 network within the VLAN 630, 640. This VLAN 630, 640 can be found within a cloud computing environment, and more specifically within a virtual network in that cloud computing environment.
For example, each of VLAN 630, 640 include multiple compute instances 632-A, 632-B, 642-A, 642-B. The VSRS 634, 644 enables communication between a compute instance in one VLAN 630, 640 with a compute instance in another VLAN 630, 640 or in the subnet 620. In some embodiments, the VSRS 634, 644 enables communication between a compute instance in one VLAN 630, 640 with another VCN, another network outside of the VCN including the internet, an on-premise data center, or the like. In such an embodiment, for example, a compute instance, such as compute instance 632-A, can send a communication to an endpoint outside of the VLAN, in this instance, outside of VLAN A 630. The compute instance (632-A) can send a communication to VSRS A 634, which can direct the communication to a router 624, 644 or gateway 604, 608, 610 communicatively coupled with the desired endpoint. The router 624, 644 or gateway 604, 608, 610 communicatively coupled with the desired endpoint can receive the communication from the compute instance (632-A) and can direct the communication to the desired endpoint.
With reference now to
Each of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D is communicatively coupled with other CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D in the VLAN 700 and with VSRS 714. Specifically, each of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D is connected to the other CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D in the VLAN 700 and to the VSRS 714 via an L2 VNIC and a switch. Each CI 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D is associated with a unique L2 VNIC and a switch. The switch can be an L2 virtual switch that is local and uniquely associated with and deployed for the L2 VNIC. Specifically, CI1704-A is associated with L2 VNIC 1708-A and switch 1710-A, CI2704-B is associated with L2 VNIC 2708-B and switch 710-B, CI3704-C is associated with L2 VNIC 3708-C and switch 3710-C, and CI4704-D is associated with L2 VNIC 4708-D and switch 4710-D.
In some embodiments, each L2 VNIC 708 and its associated switch 710 can be instantiated on an NVD 706. This instantiation can be in a one-to-one relationship such that a single L2 VNIC 708 and its associated switch 710 are instantiated on a unique NVD 706, or this instantiation can be in a many-to-one relationship such that multiple L2 VNICs 708 and their associated switches 710 are instantiated on a single, common NVD 706. Specifically, L2 VNIC 1708-A and switch 1710-A are instantiated on NVD 1706-A, L2 VNIC 2708-B and switch 2710-B are instantiated on NVD 2, and both L2 VNIC 3708-C and switch 3710-C, and L2 VNIC 4708-D, and switch 710-D are instantiated on a common NVD, namely, NVD 706-C.
In some embodiments, the VSRS 714 can support conflicting VLAN and IP spaces across multiple tenants. This can include having multiple tenants on the same VSRS 714. In some embodiments, some or all of these tenants could choose to use some or all of: the same IP address space, the same MAC space, and the same VLAN space. This can provide extreme flexibility for users in choosing addresses. In some embodiments, this multitenancy is supported via providing each tenant with a distinct virtual network, which virtual network is a private network within the cloud network. Each virtual network (e.g., each VLAN or VCN) is given a unique identifier, such as a VCN identifier which can be a VLAN identifier. This unique identifier can be selected by, for example, the control plane, and specifically by the control plane of the CSPI. In some embodiments, this unique VLAN identifier can comprise one or several bits that can be included and/or used in packet encapsulation. Similarly, in some embodiments, each host can have a unique identifier, and/or each virtual interface or virtual gateway can have a unique identifier. In some embodiments, these unique identifiers, and specifically the unique identifier of the virtual network for a tenant can be encoded in each communication. By providing each virtual network with a unique identifier and including this within communications, a single instantiation of the VSRS can service multiple tenants having overlapping address and/or name spaces. In some embodiments, a VSRS 714 can determine to which tenant a packet belongs based on the VCN identifier and/or the VLAN identifier associated with a communication, and specifically inside of the VCN header of the communication. In embodiments disclosed herein, a communication leaving or entering a VLAN can have a VCN header which can include a VLAN identifier. Based on the VCN header containing the VLAN identifier, the VSRS 714 can determine tenancy, or in other words, the recipient VSRS candetermine to which VLAN and/or to which tenant to send the communication. In addition, each compute instance that belongs to a VLAN (e.g., an L2 compute instance) is given a unique interface identifier that identifies the L2 VNIC that is associated with the compute instance. The interface identifier can be included in traffic from and/or to the computer instance (e.g., by being included in a header of a frame) and can be used by an NVD to identify the L2 VNIC associated with the compute instance. In other words, the interface identifier can uniquely indicate the compute instance and/or its associated L2 VNIC.
As indicated in
VLAN.
Each of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D can communicate with the others of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D in the VLAN 700 or with the VSRS 714. One of CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D sends a frame to another of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D or to the VSRS 714 by sending the frame to the MAC address and the interface identifier of the recipient one of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D or the VSRS 714. The MAC address and the interface identifier can be included in a header of the frame. As explained herein above, the interface identifier can indicate the L2 VNIC of the recipient one of the CIs 704-A, 704-B, 704-C, 704-D or of the VSRS 714.
In one embodiment, the CI1704-A can be a source CI, the L2 VNIC 708-A can be a source L2 VNIC, and the switch 710-A can be a source L2 virtual switch. In this embodiment, CI3704-C can be the destination CI, and the L2 VNIC 3708-C can be the destination L2 VNIC. The source CI can send a frame with a source MAC address and a destination MAC address. This frame can be intercepted by the NVD 706-A instantiating the source VNIC and the source switch.
The L2 VNICs 708-A, 708-B, 708-C, 708-D can, for the VLAN 700, each learn mapping of MAC addresses to interface identifiers of the L2 VNICs. This mapping can be learned based on frames and/or communications received from within the VLAN 700. Based on this previously determined mapping, the source VNIC can determine the interface identifier of the destination interface associated with the destination CI within the VLAN, and can encapsulate the frame. In some embodiments, this encapsulation can comprise a GENEVE encapsulation, and specifically an L2 GENEVE encapsulation, which encapsulation include the L2 (Ethernet) header of the frame being encapsulated. The encapsulated frame can identify the destination MAC, the destination interface identifier, the source MAC, and the source interface identifier.
The source VNIC can pass the encapsulated frame to the source switch, which can direct the frame to the destination VNIC. Upon receipt of the frame, the destination VNIC can decapsulate the frame and can then provide the frame to the destination CI.
With reference now to
Specifically, VLAN A 802-A can include instance 1804-A connected to L2 VNIC 1806-A and switch 1808-A, instance 2804-B connected to L2 VNIC 2806-B and switch 808-B, and instance 3804-C connected to L2 VNIC 3806-C and switch 3808-C. VLAN B 802-B can include instance 4804-D connected to L2 VNIC 4806-D and switch 4808-D, instance 5804-E connected to L2 VNIC 5806-E and switch 808-E, and instance 6804-F connected to L2 VNIC 6806-F and switch 3808-F. VLAN A 802-A can further include VSRS A 810-A, and VLAN B 802-B can include VSRS B 810-B. Each of the CIs 804-A, 804-B, 804-C of VLAN A 802-A can be communicatively coupled to VSRS A 810-A, and each of the CIS 804-D, 804-E, 804-F of VLAN B 802-B can be communicatively coupled to VSRS B 810-B.
The VLAN A 802-A can be communicatively coupled to the VLAN B 802-B via their respective VSRS 810-A, 810-B. Each VSRS can likewise be coupled to a gateway 812, which can provide access to CIs 804-A, 804-B, 804-C, 804-D, 804-E, 804-F in each VLAN 802-A, 802-B to other networks outside of the VCN in which the VLANs are 802-A, 802-B are located. In some embodiments, these networks can include, for example, one or several on-premise networks, another VCN, a services network, a public network such as the interne, or the like.
Each of the CIs 804-A, 804-B, 804-C in the VLAN A 802-A can communicate with the CIs 804-D, 804-E, 804-F in the VLAN B 802-B via the VSRS 810-A, 810-B of each VLAN 802-A, 802-B. For example, one of CIs 804-A, 804-B, 804-C, 804-D, 804-E, 804-F in one of the VLANs 802-A, 802-B can send a frame to a CI 804-A, 804-B, 804-C, 804-D, 804-E, 804-F in the other of the VLANs 802-A, 802-B. This frame can exit the source VLAN via the VSRS of the source VLAN and can enter the destination VLAN, and be routed to the destination CI via the destination VSRS.
In one embodiment, the CI 1804-A can be a source CI, the VNIC 806-A can be a source VNIC, and a switch 808-A can be a source switch. In this embodiment, the CI 5804-E can be the destination CI, and the L2 VNIC 5806-E can be the destination VNIC. The VSRS A 810-A can be the source VSRS identified as SVSRS, and the VSRS B 810-B can be the destination VSRS, identified as DVSRS.
The source CI can send a frame with a MAC address. This frame can be intercepted by the NVD instantiating source VNIC and the source switch. The source VNIC, encapsulates the frame. In some embodiments, this encapsulation can comprise a GENEVE encapsulation, and specifically an L2 GENEVE encapsulation. The encapsulated frame can identify a destination address of the destination CI. In some embodiments, this destination address can also comprise a destination address of the destination VSRS. The destination address of the destination CI can include a destination IP address, a destination MAC of the destination CI, and/or a destination interface identifier of the destination VNIC associated with the destination CI. The destination address of the destination VSRS can include the IP address of the destination VSRS, an interface identifier of the destination VNIC associated with the destination VSRS, and/or the MAC address of the destination VSRS.
The source VSRS can receive the frame from the source switch, can look up the VNIC mapping from the destination address of the frame, which destination address can be a destination IP address, and can forward the packet to the destination VSRS. The destination VSRS can receive the frame. Based on the destination address contained in the frame, the destination VSRS can forward the frame to the destination VNIC. The destination VNIC can receive and decapsulate the frame and can then provide the frame to the destination CI.
With reference now to
As seen, this can include a first VLAN, VLAN A 902-A, a second VLAN, VLAN B 902-B, and subnet 930. Each of these VLANs 902-A, 902-B can include one or several CIs, each of which can have an associated L2 VNIC and an associated L2 switch. Further, each of these VLANs 902-A, 902-B can include a VSRS. Likewise, the subnet 930, which can be an L3 subnet, can include one or several CIs, each of which can have an associated L3 VNIC, and the L3 subnet 930 can include a virtual router 916.
Specifically, the VLAN A 902-A can include instance 1904-A connected to L2 VNIC 1906-A and switch 1908-A, instance 2904-B connected to L2 VNIC 2906-B and switch 908-B, and instance 3904-C connected to L2 VNIC 3906-C and switch 3908-C. VLAN B 902-B can include instance 4904-D connected to L2 VNIC 4906-D and switch 4908-D, instance 5904-E connected to L2 VNIC 5906-E and switch 908-E, and instance 6904-F connected to L2 VNIC 6906-F and switch 3908-F. The VLAN A 902-A can further include a VSRS A 910-A, and the VLAN B 902-B can include a VSRS B 910-B. Each of the CIs 904-A, 904-B, 904-C of VLAN A 902-A can be communicatively coupled to the VSRS A 910-A, and each of the CIs 904-D, 904-E, 904-F of VLAN B 902-B can be communicatively coupled to the VSRS B 910-B. The L3 subnet 930 can include one or several CIs, and specifically can include instance 7904-G, which is communicatively coupled to L3 VNIC 7906-G. The L3 subnet 930 can include a virtual router 916.
The VLAN A 902-A can be communicatively coupled to the VLAN B 902-B via their respective VSRS 910-A, 910-B. The L3 subnet 930 can be communicatively coupled with the VLAN A 902-A and VLAN B 902-B via the virtual router 916. Each of the virtual router 916 and VSRS instances 910-A, 910-B can likewise be coupled to a gateway 912, which can provide access for CIs 904-A, 904-B, 904-C, 904-D, 904-E, 904-F, 904-G in each VLAN 902-A, 902-B and in the subnet 930 to other networks outside of the VCN in which the VLANs are 902-A, 902-B and subnet 930 are located. In some embodiments, these networks can include, for example, one or several on-premise networks, another VCN, a services network, a public network such as the internet, or the like.
Each VSRS instance 910-A, 910-B can provide an egress pathway for frames leaving the associated VLAN 902-A, 902-B, and an ingress pathway for frames entering the associated VLAN 902-A, 902-B. From the VSRS instance 910-A, 910-B of a VLAN 902-A, 902-B, frames can be sent to any desired endpoint, including an L2 endpoint such as an L2 CI in another VLAN either on the same VCN or on a different VCN or network, and/or to an L3 endpoint such as an L3 CI in a subnet either on the same VCN or one a different VCN or network.
In one embodiment, the CI 1904-A can be a source CI, the VNIC 906-A can be a source VNIC, and the switch 908-A can be a source switch. In this embodiment, the CI 7904-G can be the destination CI, and the VNIC 7906-G can be the destination VNIC. VSRS A 910-A can be the source VSRS identified as SVSRS, and the virtual router (VR) 916 can be the destination VR.
The source CI can send a frame with a MAC address. This frame can be intercepted by the NVD instantiating the source VNIC and the source switch. The source VNIC, encapsulates the frame. In some embodiments, this encapsulation can comprise a GENEVE encapsulation, and specifically an L2 GENEVE encapsulation. The encapsulated frame can identify a destination address of the destination CI. In some embodiments, this destination address can also comprise a destination address of the VSRS of the VLAN of the source CI. The destination address of the destination CI can include a destination IP address, a destination MAC of the destination CI, and/or a destination interface identifier of the destination VNIC of the destination CI.
The source VSRS can receive the frames from the source switch, can look up the VNIC mapping from the destination address of the frame, which destination address can be a destination IP address, and can forward the frame to the destination VR. The destination VR can receive the frame. Based on the destination address contained in the frame, the destination VR can forward the frame to the destination VNIC. The destination VNIC can receive and decapsulate the frame and can then provide the frame to the destination CI.
Learning by an L2 VNIC and/or an L2 Virtual Switch within a Virtual L2 Network
With reference now to
As seen, the VLAN 1000 includes compute instance 11000-A communicatively coupled with NVD 11001-A which instantiates L2 VNIC 11002-A and L2 switch 11004-A. The VLAN 1000 also include compute instance 21000-B communicatively coupled with NVD 21001-B which instantiates L2 VNIC 21002-B and L2 switch 21004-A. The VLAN 1000 also includes VSRS 1015 running on a server fleet, and which includes VSRS VNIC 1002-C and VSRS switch 1004-C. All of the switches 1004-A, 1004-B, 1004-C together form an L2 distributed switch 1050. The VSRS 1015 is communicatively coupled with an endpoint 1008 which can comprise a gateway, and specifically can comprise L2/L3 router in, for example, the form of another VSRS, or an L3 router in, for example, the form of a virtual router.
A control plane 1010 of a VCN hosting the VLAN 1000 maintains information identifying each L2 VNIC on the VLAN 1000 and network placement of the L2 VNIC. For example, this information can include for an L2 VNIC, the interface identifier associated with the L2 VNIC, and/or the physical IP address of the NVD hosting the L2 VNIC. The control plane 1010 updates (e.g., periodically or on demand) interfaces in the VLAN 1000 with this information. Thus, each L2 VNIC 1002-A, 1002-B, 1002-C in the VLAN 1000 receives the information from the control plane 1010 identifies the interfaces in the VLAN, and populates a table with this information. The table populated by an L2 VNIC can be stored locally to the NVD hosting the L2 VNIC. In the event that a VNIC 1002-A, 1002-B, 1002-C already includes a current table, the VNIC 1002-A, 1002-B, 1002-C can determine any discrepancy between the VNIC's 1002-A, 1002-B, 1002-C current table and the information/table received from the control plane 1010. The VNIC 1002-A, 1002-B, 1002-C can, in some embodiments, update its table to match information received from the control plane 1010.
As seen in
In light of the above network architecture, traffic flows are described herein next. In the interest of clarity of explanation, the traffic flows are described in connection with compute instance 21000-B, L2 VNIC 210002-B, L2 switch 21004-B, and NVD 21001-B. The description equivalently applies to traffic flows to and/or from other compute instances.
As explained herein above, the VLAN is implemented within a VCN as an overlay L2 network on top of an L3 physical network. An L2 compute instance of the VLAN can send or receive an L2 frame that includes overlay MAC addresses (also referred to as virtual MAC addresses) as source and destination MAC addresses. The L2 frame can also encapsulate a packet that includes overlay IP addresses (also referred to as virtual IP addresses) as source and destination IP addresses. The overlay IP address of the compute instance can, in some embodiments, belong to a CIDR range of the VLAN. The other overlay IP address can belong to the CIDR range (in which case, the L2 frame flows within the VLAN) or outside the CIDR range (in which case, the L2 frame is destined to or received from another network). The L2 frame can also include a VLAN tag that uniquely identifies the VLAN and that can be used to distinguish against multiple L2 VNICs on the same NVD. The L2 frame can be received in an encapsulated packet by the NVD via a tunnel from the host machine of the compute instance, from another NVD, or from the server fleet hosting the VSRS. In these different cases, the encapsulated packet can be an L3 packet sent on the physical network, where the source and destination IP addresses are physical IP addresses. Different types of encapsulation are possible, including GENEVE encapsulation. The NVD can decapsulate the received packet to extract the L2 frame. Similarly, to send an L2 frame, the NVD can encapsulate it in an L3 packet and send it on the physical substrate.
For intra-VLAN egress traffic from the instance 21000-B, NVD 21001-B receives a frame from the host machine of instance 21000-B over an Ethernet link. The frame includes an interface identifier that identifies L2 VNIC 21000-B. The frame includes the overlay MAC address of instance 21000-B (e.g., M.2) as the source MAC address and the overlay MAC address of instance 11000-A (e.g., M.1) as the destination MAC address. Given the interface identifier, NVD 21001-B passes the frame to L2 VNIC 21002-B for further processing. L2 VNIC 21002-B forwards the frame to L2 switch 21004-B. Based on L2 forwarding table 1006-B, L2 switch 21004-B determines whether the destination MAC address is known (e.g., matches with an entry in L2 forwarding table 1006-B).
If known, the L2 switch 21004-B determines that the L2 VNIC 11002-A is the relevant tunnel endpoint and forwards the frame to the L2 VNIC 11002-A. The forwarding can include encapsulation of the frame in a packet and decapsulation of the packet (e.g., GENEVE encapsulation and decapsulation), where the packet includes the frame, the physical IP address of NVD 11001-A (e.g., IP.1) as the destination address, and the physical IP address of the NVD 21001-B (e.g., IP.2) as the source address.
If unknown, the L2 switch 21004-B broadcasts the frame to the various VNICs of the VLAN (e.g., including the L2 VNIC 11002-A and any other L2 VNIC of the VLAN), where the broadcasted frames are processed (e.g., encapsulated, sent, decaspulated) between the relevant NVDs. In some embodiments, this broadcast can be performed, or more specifically, emulated, at the physical network, encapsulating the frame separately to each L2 VNIC, including the VSRS in the VLAN. Thus, the broadcast is emulated via a series of replicated unicast packets at the physical network. In turn, each L2 VNIC receives the frame and learns the association between the interface identifier of the L2 VNIC 21002-B and the source MAC address (e.g., M.2) and the source physical IP address (e.g., IP.2).
For intra-VLAN ingress traffic to compute instance 21000-B from compute instance 11000-A, NVD 21001-B receives a packet from NVD 1. The packet has IP.1 as the source address and a frame, where the frame includes M.2 as the destination MAC address and M.1 as the source MAC address. The frame also includes the network identifier of L2 VNIC 11002-A. Upon decapsulation, VNIC 2 receives the frame and learns that this interface identifier is associated with M.1 and/or with IP.1 and stores, if previously unknown, this learned information in L2 forwarding table 1006-B, at switch 2, for subsequent egress traffic. Alternatively, upon decapsulation, the L2 VNIC 21002-B receives the frame and learns that this interface identifier is associated with M.1 and/or with IP.1 and refreshes the expiration time if this information is already known.
For egress traffic sent from instance 21000-B in the VLAN 1000 to an instance in another VLAN, a similar flow as the above egress traffic can exist, except that the VSRS VNIC and VSRS switch are used. In particular, the destination MAC address is not within the L2 broadcast of the VLAN 1000 (it is within the other L2 VLAN). Accordingly, the overlay destination IP address (e.g., IP.A) of the destination instance is used for this egress traffic. For example, L2 VNIC 21002-B determines that IP.A is outside of the CIDR range of the VLAN 1000. Accordingly, L2 VNIC 21002-B sets a destination MAC address to a default gateway MAC address (e.g., M.DG). Based on M.DG, the L2 switch 21004-B sends the egress traffic to the VSRS VNIC (e.g., via a tunnel, with the proper end-to-end encapsulation). The VSRS VNIC forwards the egress traffic to the VSRS switch. In turn, the VSRS switch performs a routing function, where, based on the overlay destination IP address (e.g., IP.A), the VSRS switch of the VLAN 1000 sends the egress traffic to the VSRS switch of the other VLAN (e.g., via the virtual router between these two VLANs, also with the proper end-to-end encapsulation). Next, the VSRS switch of the other VLAN performs a switching function by determining that IP.A is within the CIDR range of this VLAN and performs a look-up of its ARP cache based on IP.A to determine the destination MAC address associated with IP.A. If no match exists in the ARP cache, ARP requests are sent to the different L2 VNICs of the other VLAN to determine the destination MAC address. Otherwise, the VSRS switch sends the egress traffic to the relevant VNIC (e.g., via a tunnel, with the proper encapsulation).
For ingress traffic to an instance in the VLAN 1000 from an instance in another VLAN, the traffic flow is similar to the above, except in the opposite direction. For egress traffic from an instance in the VLAN 1000 to an L3 network, the traffic flow is similar to the above except that the VSRS switch of the VLAN 1000 routes the packet directly to the destination VNIC in the virtual L3 network via the virtual router (e.g., without having to route the packet through another VSRS switch). For ingress traffic to an instance in the VLAN 1000 from a virtual L3 network, the traffic flow is similar to the above except that the packet is received by the VSRS switch of the VLAN 1000 A that sends it within the VLAN as a frame. For traffic (egress or ingress) between the VLAN 1000 and other networks, the VSRS switch is similarly used, where its routing function is used on the egress to send a packet via the proper gateway (e.g., IGW, NGW, DRG, SGW, LPG), and where its switching function is used on the ingress to send a frame within the VLAN 1000.
With reference now to
As described herein above, the VLAN can include “n” compute instances 1102-A, 1102-B, 1102-N, each of which executes on a host machine. As previously discussed, there can be a one-to-one association between a compute instance and a host machine, or a many-to-one association between a plurality of compute instances and a single host machine. Each compute instance 1102-A, 1102-B, 1102-N can be an L2 compute instance, in which case, it is associated with at least one virtual interface (e.g., an L2 VNIC) 1104-A, 1104-B, 1104-N and a switch 1106-A, 1106-B, 1106-N. The switches 1106-A, 1106-B, 1106-N are L2 virtual switches and together form an L2 distributed switch 1107.
The pair of L2 VNIC 1104-A, 1104-B, 1104-N and switch 1106-A, 1106-B, 1106-N associated with a compute instance 1102-A, 1102-B, 1102-N on a host machine is a pair of software modules on a NVD 1108-A, 1108-B, 1108-N connected to the host machine. Each L2 VNIC 1104-A, 1104-B, 1104-N represents an L2 port of the customer's perceived single switch (referred to herein as vswitch). Generally, a host machine “i” executes a compute instance “i” and is connected to an NVD “i”. In turn, the NVD “i” executes an L2 VNIC “i” and a “switch “i”. The L2 VNIC “i” represents an L2 port “i” of the vswitch. “i” is a positive integer between 1 and “n”. Here also, although one-to-one associations are described, other types of associations are possible. For instance, a single NVD can be connected to multiple hosts, each executing one or more compute instances that belong to the VLAN. If so, the NVD hosts multiple pairs of L2 VNIC and switch, each corresponding to one of the compute instances.
The VLAN can include an instance of a VSRS 1110. The VSRS 1110 performs switching and routing functionalities and includes an VSRS VNIC 1112 and an instance of a VSRS switch 1114. The VSRS VNIC 1112 represents a port on the vswitch, where this port connects the vswitch to other networks via a virtual router. As shown, the VSRS 1110 can be instantiated on a server fleet 1116.
A control plane 1118 can track information identifying L2 VNICs 1104-A, 1104-B, 1104-N and their placements in the VLAN. The control plane 1110 can further provide this information to the L2 interfaces 1104-A, 1104-B, 1104-N in the VLAN.
As shown in
Generally, a first L2 compute instance of the VLAN (e.g., compute instance 11102-A) can communicate with a second compute instance of the VLAN (e.g., compute instance 21102-B) using L2 protocols. For instance, a frame can be sent between these two L2 compute instances over the VLAN. Nonetheless, the frame can be encapsulated, tunneled, routed, and/or subject to other processing such that the frame can sent over the underlying physical network 1120.
For example, the compute instance 11102-A sends a frame destined to the compute instance 21102-B. Depending on the network connections between host machine 1 and NVD 1, NVD1 and the physical network 1120, the physical network 1120 NVD 2, and NVD 2 and host machine 2 (e.g., TCP/IP connections, Ethernet connections, tunneling connections, etc.), different types of processing can be applied to the frame. For instance, the frame is received by NVD 1 and encapsulated, and so on and so forth, until the frame reaches the compute instance 2. This processing such that the frame can be sent between the underlying physical resources is assumed and, for the purpose of brevity and clarity, its description is omitted from the description the VLAN and the related L2 operations.
Multiple forms of communication can occur within or with a virtual L2 network. These can include intra-VLAN communications. In such an embodiments, a source compute instance can send a communication to a destination compute instance that is in the same VLAN as the source compute instance (CI). The communication can be also sent to an endpoint outside of the VLAN of the source CI. This can include, for example, a communication between a source CI in a first VLAN to a destination CI in a second VLAN, a communication between a source CI in a first VLAN to a destination CI in a L3 subnet, and/or a communication from a source CI in a first VLAN to a destination CI outside of the VCN containing the VLAN of the source CI. This communication can further include, for example, receiving a communication at a destination CI from a source CI outside of the VLAN of the destination CI. This source CI can be in another VLAN, in a L3 subnet, or outside of the VCN containing the VLAN of the source CI.
Each CI within a VLAN can play an active role in the traffic flow. This includes learning interface identifier-to-MAC address, also referred to herein as interface-to-MAC address, mapping of instances within the VLAN to maintain L2 forwarding tables within the VLAN, and the sending and/or receiving of communications (e.g. frames in case of L2 communications). The VSRS can play an active role in communication within the VLAN and in communication with source or destination CIs outside of the VLAN. The VSRS can maintain a presence in the L2 network and in the L3 network to enable the egress and ingress communication.
With reference now to
In the event that the source CI knows the IP-to-MAC address mapping, the source CI can send the packet directly to the destination CI, and the ARP process need not be performed. In some embodiments, this packet can be intercepted by the source VNIC, which source VNIC in intra-VLAN communication is an L2 VNIC. If the source VNIC knows the interface-to-MAC address mapping for the destination MAC address, then the source VNIC can encapsulate the packet, for example in an L2 encapsulation, and can forward the corresponding frame to the destination VNIC, which destination VNIC in intra-VLAN communication is an L2 VNIC, for the destination MAC address.
If the source VNIC does not know the interface-to-MAC address mapping for the MAC address, then the source VNIC can perform an aspect of an interface-to-MAC address learning process. This can include the source VNIC sending the frame to all interfaces within the VLAN. In some embodiments, this frame can be sent via broadcast to all of the interfaces within the VLAN. In some embodiments, this broadcast can be implemented at the physical network in the form of serial unicast. This frame can include the destination MAC and IP addresses, the interface identifier, and the MAC address and IP address of the source VNIC. Each of the VNICs in the VLAN can receive this frame and can learn the interface-to-MAC address mapping of the source VNIC.
Each of the receiving VNICs can further decapsulate the frame and forward the decapsualted frame (e.g., corresponding packet) to their associated CI. Each CI can include a network interface which can evaluate the forwarded packet. If the network interface determines that the CI having received the forwarded packet does not match the destination MAC and/or IP address, then the packet is dropped. If the network interface determines that the CI having received the forwarded frame matches the destination MAC and/or IP address, then the packet is received by the CI. In some embodiments, the CI having a MAC and/or IP address matching the destination MAC and/or IP address of the packet can send a response to the source CI, whereby the source VNIC can learn the interface-to-MAC address mapping of the destination CI, and whereby the source CI can learn the IP-to-MAC address mapping of the destination CI.
When the source CI does not know the IP-to-MAC address mapping, or when the source CI's IP-to-MAC address mapping for the destination CI is stale, then the process 1200 can be performed. Thus, when the IP-to-MAC address mapping is known, then the source CI can send the packet. When the IP-to-MAC address mapping is not known, then the process 1200 can be performed. When the interface-to-MAC address mapping is not known, the interface-to-MAC address learning process outlined above can be performed. When the interface-to-MAC address mapping is known, then the source VNIC can send the corresponding frame to the destination VNIC. The process 1200 begins at block 1202, wherein the source CI determines that the IP-to-MAC address mapping of the destination CI is unknown to the source CI. In some embodiments, this can include the source CI determining a destination IP address for a packet, and determining that the destination IP address is not associated with a MAC address stored in a mapping table of the source CI. Alternatively, the source CI can determine that the IP-to-MAC address mapping for the destination CI is stale. A mapping can be stale, in some embodiments, if the mapping has not been updated and/or verified within some time limit. Upon determining that the IP-to-MAC address mapping of the destination CI is unknown and/or stale to the source CI, the source CI initiates an ARP request for the destination IP address and sends the ARP request for Ethernet broadcast.
At block 1204, the source VNIC, also referred to herein as the source interface, receives the ARP request from the source CI. The source interface identifies all interfaces on the VLAN, and sends the ARP request to all interfaces on the VLAN broadcast domain. As previously mentioned, as the control plane knows all of the interfaces on the VLAN and provides that information to the interfaces with the VLAN, the source interface likewise knows all of the interfaces in the VLAN and is able to send the ARP request to each of the interfaces in the VLAN. To do this, the source interface replicates the ARP request and encapsulates one of the ARP requests for each of the interfaces on the VLAN. Each encapsulated ARP request includes the source CI interface identifier and source CI MAC and IP addresses, the target IP address, and the destination CI interface identifier. The source CI interface replicates an Ethernet broadcast by sending the replicated and encapsulated ARP requests (e.g., ARP messages) as serial unicast, one sent to each interface in the VLAN.
At block 1206, each interface in the VLAN broadcast domain receives and decapsulates an ARP messages. Each of the interfaces in the VLAN broadcast domain that receives the ARP message learns the interface-to-MAC address mapping of the source VNIC of the source CI (e.g., interface identifier of the source interface to MAC address of the source CI) as this message identifies the source CI MAC and IP addresses and the source CI interface identifier. As part of learning the interface-to-MAC address mapping for the source CI, each of the interfaces can update its mapping table (e.g., its L2 forwarding table), and can provide the updated mapping to its associated switch and/or CI. Each recipient interface, except the VSRS, can forward a decapsualted packet to their associated CI. The CI recipient of the forwarded decapsulated packet, and specifically the network interface of that CI, can determine if the target IP address matches the IP address of the CI. If the IP address of the CI associated with that interface does not match the destination CI IP address, then, in some embodiments, the packet is dropped by that CI, and no further action is taken. In the case of the VSRS, the VSRS can determine if the target IP address matches the IP address of the VSRS. If the IP address of the VSRS does not match the target IP address specified in the received packet, then, in some embodiments, the packet is dropped by the VSRS and no further action is taken.
If it is determined that the destination CI IP address specified in the received packet matches the IP address of the CI associated with the recipient interface (destination CI), then, and as indicated in block 1208, the destination CI sends a response, which can be a unicast ARP response to the source interface. This response includes the destination CI MAC address and destination CI IP address, and the source CI IP and MAC addresses. This response is received by the destination interface which encapsulates the unicast ARP response as indicated in block 1210. In some embodiments, this encapsulation can comprise GENEVE encapsulation. The destination interface can forward the encapsulated ARP response via the destination switch to the source interface. This response includes the destination CI MAC and IP addresses and destination CI interface identifier, and the source CI MAC and IP addresses and the source CI interface identifier.
At block 1212, the source interface receives and decapsulates the ARP response. The source interface can further learn the interface-to-MAC address mapping for the destination CI based on information contained in the encapsulation and/or in the encapsulated frame. The source interface can, in some embodiments, forward the ARP response to the source CI.
At block 1214, the source CI receives the ARP response. In some embodiments, the source CI can update a mapping table based on information contained in the ARP response, and specifically update a mapping table to reflect the IP-to-MAC address mapping based on the MAC and IP addresses of the destination CI. Subsequently, the source CI can then send a packet to the destination CI based on this MAC address. This packet can include the MAC address and interface identifier of the source CI as the source MAC address and source interface and the MAC address and interface identifier of the destination CI as the destination MAC address and destination interface.
At block 1216, the source interface can receive the packet from the source CI. The source interface can encapsulate the packet, and in some embodiments, this encapsulation uses a GENEVE encapsulation. The source interface can forward the corresponding frame to the destination CI, and specifically to the destination interface. The encapsulated frame can include the MAC address and interface identifier of the source CI as the source MAC address and source interface identifier and the MAC address and interface identifier of the destination CI as the destination MAC address and destination interface.
At block 1218, the destination interface receives the frame form the source interface. The destination interface can decapsulate the frame, and then can forward the corresponding packet to the destination CI. At block 1220, the destination CI receives the packet from the destination interface.
A physical L2 network can suffer from a frame storm, where end stations can send large volumes of frames in a quick burst of traffic. Such a burst of traffic can get further amplified by the flooding property of a L2 network, where frames with unknown unicast destination addresses, or frames with Broadcast or Multicast destination addresses are replicated. Such a “amplified traffic burst” could quickly bring the entire network to a grinding halt. This is particularly true for cases where the network has a loop—even for a fleetingly brief time period. As such L2 traffic storms can cause network-wide failures. Different techniques exist to prevent L2 traffic storms, including the use of spanning trees. However, such techniques typically prohibit the use of multi-path communications within the physical L2 network.
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for an L2 virtual network that is overlaid on top of a physical network (e.g., an L3 psychical network), as described herein above. The L2 virtual network, such as a virtualized L2 VLAN (referred to herein as VLAN) is implemented with techniques that provide for storm controls while allowing multi-path communications.
In the VLAN, a broadcast or a multicast can be used to send a frame from one compute instance to multiple compute instances that are in the VLAN. If a loop exists between two compute instance, the broadcast or multicast can result in a frame storm. To prevent this storm, different techniques are possible. In example technique, the rate of frame transmission (e.g., frames per second and/or bits per second) is monitored across the different VNICs that represent ports of a customer's switch (referred to herein as a “vswitch” to indicate that it corresponds to a customer's perception of a single, virtual switch). As explained herein above, this vswitch is actually an L2 distributed switch across a plurality of NVDs, where each NVD hosts one or more L2 virtual switches that belong to the L2 distributed switch. The rate is compared to a limiting policy. If the rate violates this policy, a violating VNIC can be shut down or it can drop some of the frames it is handling depending on the type of violation. These and other aspects of storm control are described herein next.
In an example, the input from the customer device 1320 can include various types of information. This information can be specified via a console or API calls and can include an L2 VLAN configuration 1322 and a storm control configuration 1324, among other customer-specified configurations.
The L2 VLAN configuration 1322 can indicate, for instance, the number, type(s), and configuration(s) of L2 compute instances to be included in the L2 VLAN 1314. In addition, the L2 VLAN configuration 1322 can indicate customer-specified names of ports on the customer-perceived vswitch, MAC addresses of compute instances (which can be L2 compute instances), and the associations between the ports and the MAC addresses (or, more generally, the compute instances). For instance, the customer can specify that the L2 VLAN 1314 needs to include two L2 compute instances, the first one having a MAC address M.1 and associated with a first port named P1, the first one having a MAC address M.2 and associated with a second port named P2.
The storm control configuration 1324 can indicate, for instance, a storm control policy that controls the flow of traffic, including of frames, within the L2 VLAN 1314, into the VLAN 1314, and/or out of the VLAN 1314. The storm control policy can indicate a set of actions and a set of traffic flow conditions. When a traffic flow condition is or a violation thereof is detected (e.g., measured), a corresponding action(s) can be initiated or performed. The storm control configuration 1324 can further indicate an escalation policy that further controls the flow of traffic depending on the type of violation of a traffic flow condition. For instance, the escalation policy indicates that if a violation is repeatedly detected within a time duration (e.g., at a particular violation frequency or number of times) or persists for a time length that exceeds a time duration, another set of actions (e.g., escalation actions) can be initiated or performed.
In embodiments, different storm control configuration types are possible and can be used in conjunction or independent of each other. A first storm control configuration type indicates whether the storm control applies to a specific port of the vswitch (or a subset of its ports) or to the full set of ports (e.g., to the entire VLAN). In particular, the customer can specify an allowable transmission rate (e.g., a maximum transmission rate defined in the units of frames per second and/or bits per second) per port, a set of ports, and/or the full set of ports. A second storm control configuration type indicates whether the storm control applies to unicast frames, and/or broadcast frames and/or multicast frames. A third storm control configuration type indicates the type of transmission rate to use for the storm control (e.g., frames per second and/or bits per second). A fourth storm control configuration type indicates an action to be performed on violation of the storm control policy. For example, the customer can specify that frames that exceed the permitted transmission rate should be dropped. Alternatively, the customer can specify a port that violates the permitted transmission rate (e.g., the port receiving and/or transmitting frames that exceed the permitted transmission rate) should be shutdown (e.g., take the link state down). A fifth storm control configuration type can define an escalation policy that includes dropping frames followed by a port shutdown (e.g., if the violation is intermittent, the exceeding frames can be dropped. But if the violation is more persistent over a period of time, the violating port(s) should be shutdown). A sixth storm control configuration type indicates metrics and/or statistics that should be reported, where these metrics and/or statistics can be used for troubleshooting. For example, the customer can request system logs (syslogs), flow logs, specific metrics (e.g., how many frames were transmitted, how many frames were dropped, what port(s) was (were used), how often frames were dropped (e.g., frame drop rate), how often a frame transmission spike (e.g., exceeding the permitted transmission rate by a certain amount) was observed, and the like), watermarks (e.g., the highest transmission spike and its timing), and alerts on violations.
The above input can be received by the control plane, where the customer specifies the parameters of each storm control configuration type using its own customer presentation (e.g., by using its own nomenclature of the ports of the vswitch). The control plane generates storm control information based on the actual network implementation (e.g., the L2 distributed switch) and the L2 VLAN configuration 1322 (e.g., the customer definition of ports). The control plane also distributes the generated storm control information to NVDs and orchestrates the enforcement of the storm control by the NVDs.
As such, the control plane receives the various information to then deploy and manage the different resources of the L2 VLAN 1314, and generate and distribute the relevant storm control configuration to these resources. For instance, the L2 VLAN 1314 is configured according to the L2 VLAN configuration 1322 and includes the requested compute instances hosted on host machines, and L2 VNIC-L2 virtual switch pairs hosted on NVDs. To generate the storm control configuration, the control plane translates the customer definitions from the storm control configuration to the actual topology of the L2 VLAN 1314. For instance, each L2 VNIC emulates a port and the control plane associates the L2 VNIC (e.g., its interface identifier, its MAC address (if not specified), and/or the IP address of the NVD hosting the L2 VNIC) with the port's name (and with the specified MAC address if specified). Rather than using the port names, the storm control configuration indicates the storm control by identifying the relevant L2 VNICs (e.g., their interface identifiers, their MAC addresses, and/or the IP addresses of the NVDs hosting the L2 VNICs). An NVD hosting an L2 VNIC receives and applies the storm control configuration associated with the L2 VNIC so that the NVD can perform traffic-flow enforcement.
As described herein above, the VLAN can include “n” compute instances, each of which executes on a host machine. Although
Input of the customer can be received by a control plane (e.g., a control plane of the VCN that includes the VLAN). The input can be received via API calls and/or a console and can specify different dimensions of the storm control. Orchestration of the storm control can be managed by the control plane, whereas enforcement of the storm control can be carried at the level of the NVDs (the dataplane).
In an example, and as described herein above, an L2 VNIC of an NVD learns interface-to-MAC address mapping based on the ingress traffic. Such a mapping can be sent to the control plane, along with an identifier of the VLAN. The control plane can receive similar mappings from the different NVDs hosting different L2 VNICs and generate a mapping between interface identifiers, MAC addresses, physical IP addresses (e.g., of NVDs), VLAN identifiers, and storm control parameters.
For example, VNIC 1 learns that M.2 (the overlay MAC address of compute instance 2) is associated with ID.2 (the interface identifier of L2 VNIC 2) and with IP.2 (the physical address of NVD 2), and that M.n (the overlay MAC address of compute instance n) is associated with ID.n (the interface identifier of L2 VNIC n) and with IP.n (the physical address of NVD n). Similarly, VNIC 2 learns that M.1 (the overlay MAC address of compute instance 1) is associated with ID.1 (the interface identifier of L2 VNIC 1) and with IP.1 (the physical address of NVD 1). These associations are reported as part of the mappings to the control plane that, in turn, can generate a mapping of: {customer 1; M.1→ID.1, IP.1; VLAN A}, {customer 1, M.2→ID.2, IP.2; VLAN A}, . . . , {customer 1, M.n→ID.n, IP.n; VLAN A}.
The customer input can also specify a storm control configuration 1422, in addition to an L2 VLAN configuration as described in connection with
In another illustration, the customer input can specify a total limit (e.g., 6,000 FPS) allowed within the VLAN, to drop frames upon intermittent violation, and to shut down a violating port upon a persistent violation. The control plane can allocate the total limit across the ports (e.g., the L2 VNICs) to determine an individual limit per port (e.g. per L2 VNIC, such as the total limit divided by “n”). A dynamic multiplier “X” can be associated with each individual limit and adjusted over time depending on observed violations (e.g., the dynamic multiplier “X” for L2 VNIC 1 is set to “2” initially and increased if a violation is observed and decreased if no violation is observed within a time period). Further, the control plane can define that frames are to be dropped upon violation based on the FPS and that a violating port is to be shutdown based on its total number of frames exceeding a threshold value within a time period. For example, for L2 VNIC 1, the control plane generates the following individual storm control information: {limit:(6,000/3)*X; X=2; action: drop frames; escalation: if total number of frames within one hour exceeds 10,000,000 frames, shutdown}. The control plane generate similar individual storm information for the remaining L2 VNICs and each of such information can be included in the overal storm control information 1411 of the entire VLAN (e.g., {customer 1, M.1→ID.1, IP.1; VLAN A; limit:(6,000/3)*X; X=2; action: drop frames; escalation: if total number of frames within one hour exceeds 10,000,000 frames, shutdown}).
Based on the association between the customer definition of its VLAN and the actual implementation (e.g., L2 VNIC 1 corresponds to port 1) and on the mapping (e.g., customer 1, M.1→ID.1; IP.1; VLAN A), the control plane can distribute the relevant individual storm control portions to the NVDs for local enforcement of the storm control. For example, individual storm control information 1414(1) applicable to L2 VNIC 1 is sent to NVD 1 that hosts L2 VNIC 1. For illustrative purposes, this individual storm control information 1414(1) can include {VNIC 1→limit: 1,000 FPS; action: drop} or {VNIC 1→limit:(6,000/3)*X; X=2; action: drop frames; escalation: if total number of frames within one hour exceeds 10,000,000 frames, shutdown} as applicable, is sent to NVD 1). Similarly, individual storm control information 1414(2) applicable to L2 VNIC 2 is sent to NVD 2 which hosts L2 VNIC 2. The customer may also not request storm control for a set of ports (e.g., port n). Accordingly, no individual storm control information may be generated and sent to the relevant NVD (e.g., no individual storm control information is defined for L2 VNIC n and sent to NVD n).
Enforcement of the storm control can be performed by NVDs on the ingress traffic and/or egress traffic. For ingress enforcement and referring to NVD 1 for illustrative purposes, NVD 1 monitors the traffic flow to L2 VNIC 1 (e.g., transmission rate, such as FPS and/or BPS of frames sent to L2 VNIC 1 and/or the total amount of transmission, such as the total number of frames or bits within one hour sent to L2 VNIC 1) for comparison to the applicable traffic flow condition (e.g., the FPS and/or BPS limits of the storm control policy and/or escalation policy). If a violation is detected, NVD 1 performs the applicable action (e.g., frames sent to L2 VNIC 1 are dropped, or L2 VNIC 1 is linked down). In comparison, for egress enforcement and referring also to NVD 1 for illustrative purposes, NVD 1 received the individual storm control information of the remaining NVDs and uses this information for the egress enforcement from L2 VNIC 1. For example, NVD 1 receives, from the control plane, the applicable limits set for NVD 2. If the transmission rate (e.g., FPS and/or BPS) of frames sent by L2 VNIC 1 to L2 VNIC 2 exceeds the FPS limit and/or BPS limit, such frames are dropped by NVD 1, rather than being sent to NVD 2 to then be dropped thereat. If the total amount of transmission of such frames exceeds the permitted hourly limit, L2 VNIC 1 is linked down.
The different NVDs can report information about the frame transmission and frame drops to the control plane. This information can include transmission rates, total amount of transmission (e.g., total number of transmitted frames, and/or total number of transmitted bits), drop rates, total amount of drops (e.g., total number of dropped frames, and/or total number of dropped bits), actions performed (e.g., drop, shutdown, escalation), and the like. The information sent from an NVD can be annotated with metadata about the related L2 VNIC(s) and/or VLAN (e.g., the metadata can identify the related L2 VNIC(s) and can include the VLAN ID).
In turn, the control plane can collect the information from the different NVDs and generate the metrics and/or statistics requested by the customer. Alerts can be pushed. Other types of metrics and/or statistics can be pushed or presented upon request of the customer.
In the case where a dynamic multiplier “X” is used in the configuration information of the storm control, the control plane can compare how the transmission rates and/or total transmissions compare to the set limit(s). Depending on the comparison, the dynamic multiplier “X” can be increased or decreased for each VNIC.
As further described herein above, the VLAN of the customer can include an instance of an VSRS (not illustrated in
As illustrated, the sequence diagram can storm with the customer device 1510 sending an input of a customer to the control plane 1520. The input indicates a storm control configuration, among other information (e.g., a VLAN configuration). The storm control configuration can be specific to a port, a set of ports, or the full set of ports of a customer perceived vswitch. In turn, the control plane 1520 generates storm control information based on the storm control configuration. The storm control information can include global storm control information that applies to the VLAN and/or can individual storm control information per L2 VNIC. Generally, the control plane 1520 translates the storm control configuration from the customer definition of ports to the L2 VNIC implementations and can include the storm control policy, escalation policy, or modifications thereto (e.g., by adjusting a transmission limit based on a dynamic multiplier “X”) in the storm control information. The control plane 1520 also determines the set of NVDs 130 that are to receive the storm control information. Generally, if the customer specifies a port for which a storm control is to apply, the control plane 1520 determines the corresponding L2 VNIC and the NVD 1530 that hosts this L2 VNIC 1530. Individual storm control information defined for the L2 VNIC (and corresponding to the storm control configuration defined by the customer for the port) is sent to the NVD 1530.
Next, an NVD 1530 receives and stores the relevant storm control information. Ingress traffic to an L2 VNIC that is hosted by the NVD 1530 and for which individual storm control information is stored is controlled by the NVD. Similarly, egress traffic from the L2 VNIC to another L2 VNIC (which may be hosted on a different NVD) can be controlled by the NVD using this storm control information and/or the storm control information of the other L2 VNIC. The control can include determining whether a traffic flow condition or violation thereof is detected and/or the type of violation to enforce a storm control policy and/or an escalation policy.
Further, an NVD 1530 can collect metrics and/or about the ingress and/or egress traffic flow of an L2 VNIC. Such metrics and/or statistics are reported to the control plane 1520 using a push mechanism (e.g., periodically) or a pull mechanism (e.g., on demand from the control plane 1520). The control plane 1520 can send, to the customer device 1510, the metrics/statistics received from the NVD 1530 and/or can generate and send, to the customer device 1510, new metrics and/or statistics based on an aggregation or combination of metrics and/or statistics reported from multiple NVDs 1530. In addition, the control plane 1520 can generate updates to the storm control information based on metrics and/or statistics reported from one or more of the NVDs 1530. For instance, and referring to an FPS limit set for an L2 VNIC, where this limit is defined using in part a multiplier “X,” this multiplier can be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) depending on the metrics and/or statistics indicating the amount of ingress and/or egress traffic to the L2 VNIC and/or violation type(s) of a storm control policy and/or escalation policy defined for the L2 VNIC. An update to an individual storm control information associated with an NVD 1530 can be sent (e.g., in a push mechanism) to the NVD 1530. Additionally or alternatively, the entire updated storm control information can be sent to this NVD 1530.
The process 1600 begins at block 1602, where the control plane stores a network configuration of a customer, where this configuration indicates definitions of ports. In some embodiments, input of the customer is received from a customer device via API calls and/or a console and indicates an L2 virtual network configuration (e.g., an L2 VLAN configuration as described in connection with
At block 1604, the control plane stores mapping information that associates addresses of the L2 virtual network and addresses of a physical network that hosts the L2 virtual network. For instance, the L2 virtual network includes compute instances and, per compute instance, a pair of an L2 VNIC and an L2 virtual switch. The physical network includes host machines that execute the compute instances and NVDs that execute the L2 VNIC-L2 virtual switch pairs. Addresses of the compute instances (e.g., IP addresses) and/or addresses of the L2 VNICs (e.g., MAC addresses and interface identifiers) can be mapped to addresses of host machines and NVDs (e.g., IP addresses).
At block 1606, the control plane receives customer input indicating a storm control configuration. In some embodiments, the customer input is received from the customer device via API calls and/or a console to indicate the storm control configuration (e.g., a storm control configuration as described in connection with
At block 1608, the control plane determines a set of NVDs that are to receive storm control information. In some embodiments, the storm control configuration is specified for a port of the vswitch. Based on the network configuration, the control plane determines a correspondence between the port and an L2 VNIC of the L2 virtual network. Based on the mapping information, the control plane determines an association between the L2 VNIC and an NVD of the physical network, where this NVD hosts the L2 VNIC. Accordingly, the control plane determines that control information is to be defined for the L2 VNIC and sent to the NVD. Similar determinations can be made for a set of L2 VNICs hosted on a set of NVDs or for all L2 VNICs hosted on a plurality of NVDs depending on whether the customer's input indicates that the storm control configuration applies to a set of ports or the full set of ports.
At block 1610, the control plane generates storm control information based on the mapping information and the network configuration. In some embodiments, the control plane translates the customer-specified port(s) to an L2 VNIC based on the network configuration and determines the associated NVD based on the mapping information. The control plane can also determine, from the storm control configuration, a storm control policy, an escalation policy, and/or a modification thereto for inclusion in the storm control information defined for the L2 VNIC and to be deployed to the NVD, as described in connection with
At block 1612, the control plane sends the storm control information to the set of NVDs. In some embodiments, individual storm control information is generated for an L2 VNIC, as applicable. This individual storm control information is sent to the NVD that hosts the L2 VNIC.
The process 1700 begins at block 1702, where the control plane indicates type(s) of metrics/statistics to collect to a set of NVDs. In some embodiments, an NVD hosts an L2 VNIC. The types of metrics/statistics can relate to ingress traffic flow and/or egress traffic flow of the L2 VNIC (e.g., FPS, BPS of the ingress and/or egress flows, number of violations, violation rates, persistence of time length of a violation, etc.). This L2 VNIC can correspond to a port that the customer has identified in their input for metrics/statistics monitoring. The types of metrics/statistics can be specified by the customer in the input. Additionally or alternatively, the control plane can define the type of metrics/statistics to monitor such that updates to a storm control policy and/or escalation policy can be made. The types of metrics/statistics can be defined and included in the storm control information sent to the NVD or in separate information sent thereto.
At block 1704, the control plane receives, from the set of NVDs, metric and/or statistics about the traffic flow within the L2 virtual network. In some embodiments, the NVD that received the above information can collect the metrics and/or statistics per the indicated type(s) and can report them to the control plane. In turn, the control plane can collect such metrics and/or statistics from multiple NVDs over time.
At block 1706, the control plane determines an update to flow control information. In some embodiments, the flow control information is global flow control information that applies to multiple L2 VNICs. In this case, an update can be to change a control parameter (e.g., a limit, a multiplier) or an action (e.g., instead of dropping, perform a linking down) for the relevant NVDs depending on the metrics and/or statistics related to the multiple L2 VNICs. In other embodiments, the flow control information is individual flow control information that applies to a particular L2 VNIC. In this case, an update can be to change a control parameter (e.g., a limit, a multiplier), or an action (e.g., instead of dropping, perform a linking down) for the NVD that hosts the L2 VNIC depending on the metrics and/or statistics specific to that L2 VNIC or to multiple L2 VNICs.
At block 1708, the control plane determines a set of NVDs to receive the update. In some embodiments, the update is to the global storm control information. In this case, the NVDs that received this information are identified. In some embodiments, the update is to individual storm control information of an L2 VNIC hosted on an NVD. In this case, this NVD is identified.
At block 1710, the control plane sends the update or updated storm control information to the set of NVDs. In some embodiments, a push mechanism is used.
The process 1800 begins at block 1802, where the NVD hosts the L2 VNIC and the L2 virtual switch, and receives and stores storm control information associated with the L2 VNIC. In some embodiments, this storm control information is individual storm control information defined for the L2 VNIC and is received from the control plane. In some embodiments, this storm control information is global storm control information defined for multiple L2 VNICs hosted by multiple NVDs and is sent by the control plane to the multiple NVDs.
At block 1804, the NVD monitors traffic flow to and/or from the L2 VNIC. In some embodiments, the monitoring is for ingress traffic to the L2 VNIC and is performed based on a storm control policy and/or escalation policy indicated by the storm control information. For instance, the storm control information indicates a limit on FPS of ingress frames and/or BPS of ingress bits to the L2 VNIC. Accordingly, the FPS and/or BPS of traffic to the L2 VNIC are monitored over time. In other embodiments, the monitoring is for egress traffic from the L2 VNIC and is performed based on a storm control policy and/or escalation policy indicated by the storm control information defined for the L2 VNIC or another L2 VNIC. For instance, the storm control information indicates a limit on FPS of egress frames and/or BPS of egress bits to the L2 VNIC. Accordingly, the FPS and/or BPS of traffic from the L2 VNIC are monitored over time.
At block 1806, the NVD determines whether a storm control policy violation is detected. In some embodiments, the storm control information indicates a storm control policy that specified a traffic flow condition. The monitored traffic flow is compared to the traffic flow condition to determine whether a violation occurs or not. For instance, if an FPS/BPS limit is defined by the storm control policy and if the monitored FPS/BPS exceeds this limit (e.g., a maximum transmission rate), the violation is detected. If the storm control policy violation is detected, block 1810 follows block 1806. Otherwise, block 1820 follows block 1806.
At block 1810, the NVD determines the type of violation. In some embodiments, the storm control policy indicates a time duration. If the time length of the violation exceeds the time duration, an unacceptable persistent violation is detected. Otherwise, the violation is determined to be non-persistent. In other embodiments, the storm control policy indicates a violation rate (e.g., number of violations within a unit of time). If the detected number of the violation per the unit of time exceeds the violation rate, an unacceptable frequent violation is detected. Otherwise, the violation is determined to be infrequent.
At block 1812, the NVD initiate action based on type of violation. In some embodiments, the storm control policy indicate the action to be performed when the violation is not-persistent and/or infrequent. Otherwise, the storm control policy refers an escalation policy that indicates the action (e.g., an escalated action when the performed when the violation is persistent and/or frequent). The NVD performs the action (e.g., drops frames, links down the L2 VNIC, etc.)
At block 1820, the NVD sends frame(s) to and/or from the L2 VNIC. In particular, no violation is detected. Hence, no storm controls need to be applied and ingress and/or egress traffic is not altered.
At block 1822, the NVD collects and sends metrics and/or statistics to the control plane. The type of metrics and/or statistics can be previously indicated by the control plane to the NVD as described herein above. The NVD can report the collected metrics and/or statistics in a push or pull mechanism.
As noted above, infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is one particular type of cloud computing. IaaS can be configured to provide virtualized computing resources over a public network (e.g., the Internet). In an IaaS model, a cloud computing provider can host the infrastructure components (e.g., servers, storage devices, network nodes (e.g., hardware), deployment software, platform virtualization (e.g., a hypervisor layer), or the like). In some cases, an IaaS provider may also supply a variety of services to accompany those infrastructure components (e.g., billing, monitoring, logging, security, load balancing and clustering, etc.). Thus, as these services may be policy-driven, IaaS users may be able to implement policies to drive load balancing to maintain application availability and performance.
In some instances, IaaS customers may access resources and services through a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, and can use the cloud provider's services to install the remaining elements of an application stack. For example, the user can log in to the IaaS platform to create virtual machines (VMs), install operating systems (OSs) on each VM, deploy middleware such as databases, create storage buckets for workloads and backups, and even install enterprise software into that VM. Customers can then use the provider's services to perform various functions, including balancing network traffic, troubleshooting application issues, monitoring performance, managing disaster recovery, etc.
In most cases, a cloud computing model will require the participation of a cloud provider. The cloud provider may, but need not be, a third-party service that specializes in providing (e.g., offering, renting, selling) IaaS. An entity might also opt to deploy a private cloud, becoming its own provider of infrastructure services.
In some examples, IaaS deployment is the process of putting a new application, or a new version of an application, onto a prepared application server or the like. It may also include the process of preparing the server (e.g., installing libraries, daemons, etc.). This is often managed by the cloud provider, below the hypervisor layer (e.g., the servers, storage, network hardware, and virtualization). Thus, the customer may be responsible for handling (OS), middleware, and/or application deployment (e.g., on self-service virtual machines (e.g., that can be spun up on demand) or the like.
In some examples, IaaS provisioning may refer to acquiring computers or virtual hosts for use, and even installing needed libraries or services on them. In most cases, deployment does not include provisioning, and the provisioning may need to be performed first.
In some cases, there are two different challenges for IaaS provisioning. First, there is the initial challenge of provisioning the initial set of infrastructure before anything is running. Second, there is the challenge of evolving the existing infrastructure (e.g., adding new services, changing services, removing services, etc.) once everything has been provisioned. In some cases, these two challenges may be addressed by enabling the configuration of the infrastructure to be defined declaratively. In other words, the infrastructure (e.g., what components are needed and how they interact) can be defined by one or more configuration files. Thus, the overall topology of the infrastructure (e.g., what resources depend on which, and how they each work together) can be described declaratively. In some instances, once the topology is defined, a workflow can be generated that creates and/or manages the different components described in the configuration files.
In some examples, an infrastructure may have many interconnected elements. For example, there may be one or more virtual private clouds (VPCs) (e.g., a potentially on-demand pool of configurable and/or shared computing resources), also known as a core network. In some examples, there may also be one or more security group rules provisioned to define how the security of the network will be set up and one or more virtual machines (VMs). Other infrastructure elements may also be provisioned, such as a load balancer, a database, or the like. As more and more infrastructure elements are desired and/or added, the infrastructure may incrementally evolve.
In some instances, continuous deployment techniques may be employed to enable deployment of infrastructure code across various virtual computing environments. Additionally, the described techniques can enable infrastructure management within these environments. In some examples, service teams can write code that is desired to be deployed to one or more, but often many, different production environments (e.g., across various different geographic locations, sometimes spanning the entire world). However, in some examples, the infrastructure on which the code will be deployed must first be set up. In some instances, the provisioning can be done manually, a provisioning tool may be utilized to provision the resources, and/or deployment tools may be utilized to deploy the code once the infrastructure is provisioned.
The VCN 1906 can include a local peering gateway (LPG) 1910 that can be communicatively coupled to a secure shell (SSH) VCN 1912 via an LPG 1910 contained in the SSH VCN 1912. The SSH VCN 1912 can include an SSH subnet 1914, and the SSH VCN 1912 can be communicatively coupled to a control plane VCN 1916 via the LPG 1910 contained in the control plane VCN 1916. Also, the SSH VCN 1912 can be communicatively coupled to a data plane VCN 1918 via an LPG 1910. The control plane VCN 1916 and the data plane VCN 1918 can be contained in a service tenancy 1919 that can be owned and/or operated by the IaaS provider.
The control plane VCN 1916 can include a control plane demilitarized zone (DMZ) tier 1920 that acts as a perimeter network (e.g., portions of a corporate network between the corporate intranet and external networks). The DMZ-based servers may have restricted responsibilities and help keep security breaches contained. Additionally, the DMZ tier 1920 can include one or more load balancer (LB) subnet(s) 1922, a control plane app tier 1924 that can include app subnet(s) 1926, a control plane data tier 1928 that can include database (DB) subnet(s) 1930 (e.g., frontend DB subnet(s) and/or backend DB subnet(s)). The LB subnet(s) 1922 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1920 can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1926 contained in the control plane app tier 1924 and an Internet gateway 1934 that can be contained in the control plane VCN 1916, and the app subnet(s) 1926 can be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 1930 contained in the control plane data tier 1928 and a service gateway 1936 and a network address translation (NAT) gateway 1938. The control plane VCN 1916 can include the service gateway 1936 and the NAT gateway 1938.
The control plane VCN 1916 can include a data plane mirror app tier 1940 that can include app subnet(s) 1926. The app subnet(s) 1926 contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1940 can include a virtual network interface controller (VNIC) 1942 that can execute a compute instance 1944. The compute instance 1944 can communicatively couple the app subnet(s) 1926 of the data plane mirror app tier 1940 to app subnet(s) 1926 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 1946.
The data plane VCN 1918 can include the data plane app tier 1946, a data plane DMZ tier 1948, and a data plane data tier 1950. The data plane DMZ tier 1948 can include LB subnet(s) 1922 that can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1926 of the data plane app tier 1946 and the Internet gateway 1934 of the data plane VCN 1918. The app subnet(s) 1926 can be communicatively coupled to the service gateway 1936 of the data plane VCN 1918 and the NAT gateway 1938 of the data plane VCN 1918. The data plane data tier 1950 can also include the DB subnet(s) 1930 that can be communicatively coupled to the app subnet(s) 1926 of the data plane app tier 1946.
The Internet gateway 1934 of the control plane VCN 1916 and of the data plane VCN 1918 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management service 1952 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 1954. Public Internet 1954 can be communicatively coupled to the NAT gateway 1938 of the control plane VCN 1916 and of the data plane VCN 1918. The service gateway 1936 of the control plane VCN 1916 and of the data plane VCN 1918 can be communicatively coupled to cloud services 1956.
In some examples, the service gateway 1936 of the control plane VCN 1916 or of the data plane VCN 1918 can make application programming interface (API) calls to cloud services 1956 without going through public Internet 1954. The API calls to cloud services 1956 from the service gateway 1936 can be one-way: the service gateway 1936 can make API calls to cloud services 1956, and cloud services 1956 can send requested data to the service gateway 1936. However, cloud services 1956 may not initiate API calls to the service gateway 1936.
In some examples, the secure host tenancy 1904 can be directly connected to the service tenancy 1919, which may be otherwise isolated. The secure host subnet 1908 can communicate with the SSH subnet 1914 through an LPG 1910 that may enable two-way communication over an otherwise isolated system. Connecting the secure host subnet 1908 to the SSH subnet 1914 may give the secure host subnet 1908 access to other entities within the service tenancy 1919.
The control plane VCN 1916 may allow users of the service tenancy 1919 to set up or otherwise provision desired resources. Desired resources provisioned in the control plane VCN 1916 may be deployed or otherwise used in the data plane VCN 1918. In some examples, the control plane VCN 1916 can be isolated from the data plane VCN 1918, and the data plane mirror app tier 1940 of the control plane VCN 1916 can communicate with the data plane app tier 1946 of the data plane VCN 1918 via VNICs 1942 that can be contained in the data plane mirror app tier 1940 and the data plane app tier 1946.
In some examples, users of the system, or customers, can make requests, for example create, read, update, or delete (CRUD) operations, through public Internet 1954 that can communicate the requests to the metadata management service 1952. The metadata management service 1952 can communicate the request to the control plane VCN 1916 through the Internet gateway 1934. The request can be received by the LB subnet(s) 1922 contained in the control plane DMZ tier 1920. The LB subnet(s) 1922 may determine that the request is valid, and in response to this determination, the LB subnet(s) 1922 can transmit the request to app subnet(s) 1926 contained in the control plane app tier 1924. If the request is validated and requires a call to public Internet 1954, the call to public Internet 1954 may be transmitted to the NAT gateway 1938 that can make the call to public Internet 1954. Memory that may be desired to be stored by the request can be stored in the DB subnet(s) 1930.
In some examples, the data plane mirror app tier 1940 can facilitate direct communication between the control plane VCN 1916 and the data plane VCN 1918. For example, changes, updates, or other suitable modifications to configuration may be desired to be applied to the resources contained in the data plane VCN 1918. Via a VNIC 1942, the control plane VCN 1916 can directly communicate with, and can thereby execute the changes, updates, or other suitable modifications to configuration to, resources contained in the data plane VCN 1918.
In some embodiments, the control plane VCN 1916 and the data plane VCN 1918 can be contained in the service tenancy 1919. In this case, the user, or the customer, of the system may not own or operate either the control plane VCN 1916 or the data plane VCN 1918. Instead, the IaaS provider may own or operate the control plane VCN 1916 and the data plane VCN 1918, both of which may be contained in the service tenancy 1919. This embodiment can enable isolation of networks that may prevent users or customers from interacting with other users', or other customers', resources. Also, this embodiment may allow users or customers of the system to store databases privately without needing to rely on public Internet 1954, which may not have a desired level of security, for storage.
In other embodiments, the LB subnet(s) 1922 contained in the control plane VCN 1916 can be configured to receive a signal from the service gateway 1936. In this embodiment, the control plane VCN 1916 and the data plane VCN 1918 may be configured to be called by a customer of the IaaS provider without calling public Internet 1954. Customers of the IaaS provider may desire this embodiment since database(s) that the customers use may be controlled by the IaaS provider and may be stored on the service tenancy 1919, which may be isolated from public Internet 1954.
The control plane VCN 2016 can include a control plane DMZ tier 2020 (e.g., the control plane DMZ tier 1920 of
The control plane VCN 2016 can include a data plane mirror app tier 2040 (e.g., the data plane mirror app tier 1940 of
The Internet gateway 2034 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management service 2052 (e.g., the metadata management service 1952 of
In some examples, the data plane VCN 2018 can be contained in the customer tenancy 2021. In this case, the IaaS provider may provide the control plane VCN 2016 for each customer, and the IaaS provider may, for each customer, set up a unique compute instance 2044 that is contained in the service tenancy 2019. Each compute instance 2044 may allow communication between the control plane VCN 2016, contained in the service tenancy 2019, and the data plane VCN 2018 that is contained in the customer tenancy 2021. The compute instance 2044 may allow resources that are provisioned in the control plane VCN 2016 that is contained in the service tenancy 2019, to be deployed or otherwise used in the data plane VCN 2018 that is contained in the customer tenancy 2021.
In other examples, the customer of the IaaS provider may have databases that live in the customer tenancy 2021. In this example, the control plane VCN 2016 can include the data plane mirror app tier 2040 that can include app subnet(s) 2026. The data plane mirror app tier 2040 can reside in the data plane VCN 2018, but the data plane mirror app tier 2040 may not live in the data plane VCN 2018. That is, the data plane mirror app tier 2040 may have access to the customer tenancy 2021, but the data plane mirror app tier 2040 may not exist in the data plane VCN 2018 or be owned or operated by the customer of the IaaS provider. The data plane mirror app tier 2040 may be configured to make calls to the data plane VCN 2018 but may not be configured to make calls to any entity contained in the control plane VCN 2016. The customer may desire to deploy or otherwise use resources in the data plane VCN 2018 that are provisioned in the control plane VCN 2016, and the data plane mirror app tier 2040 can facilitate the desired deployment, or other usage of resources, of the customer.
In some embodiments, the customer of the IaaS provider can apply filters to the data plane VCN 2018. In this embodiment, the customer can determine what the data plane VCN 2018 can access, and the customer may restrict access to public Internet 2054 from the data plane VCN 2018. The IaaS provider may not be able to apply filters or otherwise control access of the data plane VCN 2018 to any outside networks or databases. Applying filters and controls by the customer onto the data plane VCN 2018, contained in the customer tenancy 2021, can help isolate the data plane VCN 2018 from other customers and from public Internet 2054.
In some embodiments, cloud services 2056 can be called by the service gateway 2036 to access services that may not exist on public Internet 2054, on the control plane VCN 2016, or on the data plane VCN 2018. The connection between cloud services 2056 and the control plane VCN 2016 or the data plane VCN 2018 may not be live or continuous. Cloud services 2056 may exist on a different network owned or operated by the IaaS provider. Cloud services 2056 may be configured to receive calls from the service gateway 2036 and may be configured to not receive calls from public Internet 2054. Some cloud services 2056 may be isolated from other cloud services 2056, and the control plane VCN 2016 may be isolated from cloud services 2056 that may not be in the same region as the control plane VCN 2016. For example, the control plane VCN 2016 may be located in “Region 1,” and cloud service “Deployment 19” may be located in Region 1 and in “Region 2.” If a call to Deployment 19 is made by the service gateway 2036 contained in the control plane VCN 2016 located in Region 1, the call may be transmitted to Deployment 19 in Region 1. In this example, the control plane VCN 2016, or Deployment 19 in Region 1, may not be communicatively coupled to, or otherwise in communication with, Deployment 19 in Region 2.
The control plane VCN 2116 can include a control plane DMZ tier 2120 (e.g., the control plane DMZ tier 1920 of
The data plane VCN 2118 can include a data plane app tier 2146 (e.g., the data plane app tier 1946 of
The untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 can include one or more primary VNICs 2164(1)-(N) that can be communicatively coupled to tenant virtual machines (VMs) 2166(1)-(N). Each tenant VM 2166(1)-(N) can be communicatively coupled to a respective app subnet 2167(1)-(N) that can be contained in respective container egress VCNs 2168(1)-(N) that can be contained in respective customer tenancies 2170(1)-(N). Respective secondary VNICs 2172(1)-(N) can facilitate communication between the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 contained in the data plane VCN 2118 and the app subnet contained in the container egress VCNs 2168(1)-(N). Each container egress VCNs 2168(1)-(N) can include a NAT gateway 2138 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2154 (e.g., public Internet 1954 of
The Internet gateway 2134 contained in the control plane VCN 2116 and contained in the data plane VCN 2118 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management service 2152 (e.g., the metadata management system 1952 of
In some embodiments, the data plane VCN 2118 can be integrated with customer tenancies 2170. This integration can be useful or desirable for customers of the IaaS provider in some cases such as a case in which support may be desired when executing code. The customer may provide code to run that may be destructive, may communicate with other customer resources, or may otherwise cause undesirable effects. In response to this, the IaaS provider may determine whether to run code given to the IaaS provider by the customer.
In some examples, the customer of the IaaS provider may grant temporary network access to the IaaS provider and request a function to be attached to the data plane tier app 2146. Code to run the function may be executed in the VMs 2166(1)-(N), and the code may not be configured to run anywhere else on the data plane VCN 2118. Each VM 2166(1)-(N) may be connected to one customer tenancy 2170. Respective containers 2171(1)-(N) contained in the VMs 2166(1)-(N) may be configured to run the code. In this case, there can be a dual isolation (e.g., the containers 2171(1)-(N) running code, where the containers 2171(1)-(N) may be contained in at least the VMs 2166(1)-(N) that are contained in the untrusted app subnet(s) 2162), which may help prevent incorrect or otherwise undesirable code from damaging the network of the IaaS provider or from damaging a network of a different customer. The containers 2171(1)-(N) may be communicatively coupled to the customer tenancy 2170 and may be configured to transmit or receive data from the customer tenancy 2170. The containers 2171(1)-(N) may not be configured to transmit or receive data from any other entity in the data plane VCN 2118. Upon completion of running the code, the IaaS provider may kill or otherwise dispose of the containers 2171(1)-(N).
In some embodiments, the trusted app subnet(s) 2160 may run code that may be owned or operated by the IaaS provider. In this embodiment, the trusted app subnet(s) 2160 may be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2130 and be configured to execute CRUD operations in the DB subnet(s) 2130. The untrusted app subnet(s) 2162 may be communicatively coupled to the DB subnet(s) 2130, but in this embodiment, the untrusted app subnet(s) may be configured to execute read operations in the DB subnet(s) 2130. The containers 2171(1)-(N) that can be contained in the VM 2166(1)-(N) of each customer and that may run code from the customer may not be communicatively coupled with the DB subnet(s) 2130.
In other embodiments, the control plane VCN 2116 and the data plane VCN 2118 may not be directly communicatively coupled. In this embodiment, there may be no direct communication between the control plane VCN 2116 and the data plane VCN 2118. However, communication can occur indirectly through at least one method. An LPG 2110 may be established by the IaaS provider that can facilitate communication between the control plane VCN 2116 and the data plane VCN 2118. In another example, the control plane VCN 2116 or the data plane VCN 2118 can make a call to cloud services 2156 via the service gateway 2136. For example, a call to cloud services 2156 from the control plane VCN 2116 can include a request for a service that can communicate with the data plane VCN 2118.
The control plane VCN 2216 can include a control plane DMZ tier 2220 (e.g., the control plane DMZ tier 1920 of
The data plane VCN 2218 can include a data plane app tier 2246 (e.g., the data plane app tier 1946 of
The untrusted app subnet(s) 2262 can include primary VNICs 2264(1)-(N) that can be communicatively coupled to tenant virtual machines (VMs) 2266(1)-(N) residing within the untrusted app subnet(s) 2262. Each tenant VM 2266(1)-(N) can run code in a respective container 2267(1)-(N), and be communicatively coupled to an app subnet 2226 that can be contained in a data plane app tier 2246 that can be contained in a container egress VCN 2268. Respective secondary VNICs 2272(1)-(N) can facilitate communication between the untrusted app subnet(s) 2262 contained in the data plane VCN 2218 and the app subnet contained in the container egress VCN 2268. The container egress VCN can include a NAT gateway 2238 that can be communicatively coupled to public Internet 2254 (e.g., public Internet 1954 of
The Internet gateway 2234 contained in the control plane VCN 2216 and contained in the data plane VCN 2218 can be communicatively coupled to a metadata management service 2252 (e.g., the metadata management system 1952 of
In some examples, the pattern illustrated by the architecture of block diagram 2200 of
In other examples, the customer can use the containers 2267(1)-(N) to call cloud services 2256. In this example, the customer may run code in the containers 2267(1)-(N) that requests a service from cloud services 2256. The containers 2267(1)-(N) can transmit this request to the secondary VNICs 2272(1)-(N) that can transmit the request to the NAT gateway that can transmit the request to public Internet 2254. Public Internet 2254 can transmit the request to LB subnet(s) 2222 contained in the control plane VCN 2216 via the Internet gateway 2234. In response to determining the request is valid, the LB subnet(s) can transmit the request to app subnet(s) 2226 that can transmit the request to cloud services 2256 via the service gateway 2236.
It should be appreciated that IaaS architectures 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200 depicted in the figures may have other components than those depicted. Further, the embodiments shown in the figures are only some examples of a cloud infrastructure system that may incorporate an embodiment of the disclosure. In some other embodiments, the IaaS systems may have more or fewer components than shown in the figures, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of components.
In certain embodiments, the IaaS systems described herein may include a suite of applications, middleware, and database service offerings that are delivered to a customer in a self-service, subscription-based, elastically scalable, reliable, highly available, and secure manner. An example of such an IaaS system is the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) provided by the present assignee.
Bus subsystem 2302 provides a mechanism for letting the various components and subsystems of computer system 2300 communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem 2302 is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple buses. Bus subsystem 2302 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. For example, such architectures may include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, which can be implemented as a Mezzanine bus manufactured to the IEEE P1386.1 standard.
Processing unit 2304, which can be implemented as one or more integrated circuits (e.g., a conventional microprocessor or microcontroller), controls the operation of computer system 2300. One or more processors may be included in processing unit 2304. These processors may include single core or multicore processors. In certain embodiments, processing unit 2304 may be implemented as one or more independent processing units 2332 and/or 2334 with single or multicore processors included in each processing unit. In other embodiments, processing unit 2304 may also be implemented as a quad-core processing unit formed by integrating two dual-core processors into a single chip.
In various embodiments, processing unit 2304 can execute a variety of programs in response to program code and can maintain multiple concurrently executing programs or processes. At any given time, some or all of the program code to be executed can be resident in processor(s) 2304 and/or in storage subsystem 2318. Through suitable programming, processor(s) 2304 can provide various functionalities described above. Computer system 2300 may additionally include a processing acceleration unit 2306, which can include a digital signal processor (DSP), a special-purpose processor, and/or the like.
I/O subsystem 2308 may include user interface input devices and user interface output devices. User interface input devices may include a keyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball, a touchpad or touch screen incorporated into a display, a scroll wheel, a click wheel, a dial, a button, a switch, a keypad, audio input devices with voice command recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. User interface input devices may include, for example, motion sensing and/or gesture recognition devices such as the Microsoft Kinect® motion sensor that enables users to control and interact with an input device, such as the Microsoft Xbox® 360 game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and spoken commands. User interface input devices may also include eye gesture recognition devices such as the Google Glass® blink detector that detects eye activity (e.g., ‘blinking’ while taking pictures and/or making a menu selection) from users and transforms the eye gestures as input into an input device (e.g., Google Glass®). Additionally, user interface input devices may include voice recognition sensing devices that enable users to interact with voice recognition systems (e.g., Siri® navigator), through voice commands.
User interface input devices may also include, without limitation, three dimensional (3D) mice, joysticks or pointing sticks, gamepads and graphic tablets, and audio/visual devices such as speakers, digital cameras, digital camcorders, portable media players, webcams, image scanners, fingerprint scanners, barcode reader 3D scanners, 3D printers, laser rangefinders, and eye gaze tracking devices. Additionally, user interface input devices may include, for example, medical imaging input devices such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, or medical ultrasonography devices. User interface input devices may also include, for example, audio input devices such as MIDI keyboards, digital musical instruments and the like.
User interface output devices may include a display subsystem, indicator lights, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. The display subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device, such as that using a liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display, a projection device, a touch screen, and the like. In general, use of the term “output device” is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for outputting information from computer system 2300 to a user or other computer. For example, user interface output devices may include, without limitation, a variety of display devices that visually convey text, graphics and audio/video information such as monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, automotive navigation systems, plotters, voice output devices, and modems.
Computer system 2300 may comprise a storage subsystem 2318 that comprises software elements, shown as being currently located within a system memory 2310. System memory 2310 may store program instructions that are loadable and executable on processing unit 2304, as well as data generated during the execution of these programs.
Depending on the configuration and type of computer system 2300, system memory 2310 may be volatile (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile (such as read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.). The RAM typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated and executed by processing unit 2304. In some implementations, system memory 2310 may include multiple different types of memory, such as static random access memory (SRAM) or dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In some implementations, a basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer system 2300, such as during start-up, may typically be stored in the ROM. By way of example, and not limitation, system memory 2310 also illustrates application programs 2312, which may include client applications, Web browsers, mid-tier applications, relational database management systems (RDBMS), etc., program data 2314, and an operating system 2316. By way of example, operating system 2316 may include various versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems, a variety of commercially available UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems (including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operating systems, the Google Chrome® OS, and the like) and/or mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows® Phone, Android® OS, BlackBerry® 23 OS, and Palm® OS operating systems.
Storage subsystem 2318 may also provide a tangible computer-readable storage medium for storing the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of some embodiments. Software (programs, code modules, instructions) that, when executed by a processor, provides the functionality described above may be stored in storage subsystem 2318. These software modules or instructions may be executed by processing unit 2304. Storage subsystem 2318 may also provide a repository for storing data used in accordance with the present disclosure.
Storage subsystem 2300 may also include a computer-readable storage media reader 2320 that can further be connected to computer-readable storage media 2322. Together and, optionally, in combination with system memory 2310, computer-readable storage media 2322 may comprehensively represent remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing, storing, transmitting, and retrieving computer-readable information.
Computer-readable storage media 2322 containing code, or portions of code, can also include any appropriate media known or used in the art, including storage media and communication media, such as, but not limited to, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmission of information. This can include tangible computer-readable storage media such as RAM, ROM, electronically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible computer readable media. This can also include nontangible computer-readable media, such as data signals, data transmissions, or any other medium which can be used to transmit the desired information and which can be accessed by computing system 2300.
By way of example, computer-readable storage media 2322 may include a hard disk drive that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk such as a CD ROM, DVD, and Blu-Ray® disk, or other optical media. Computer-readable storage media 2322 may include, but is not limited to, Zip® drives, flash memory cards, universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, secure digital (SD) cards, DVD disks, digital video tape, and the like. Computer-readable storage media 2322 may also include solid-state drives (SSD) based on non-volatile memory such as flash-memory based SSDs, enterprise flash drives, solid state ROM, and the like, SSDs based on volatile memory such as solid state RAM, dynamic RAM, static RAM, DRAM-based SSDs, magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) SSDs, and hybrid SSDs that use a combination of DRAM and flash memory based SSDs. The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media may provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer system 2300.
Communications subsystem 2324 provides an interface to other computer systems and networks. Communications subsystem 2324 serves as an interface for receiving data from and transmitting data to other systems from computer system 2300. For example, communications subsystem 2324 may enable computer system 2300 to connect to one or more devices via the Internet. In some embodiments communications subsystem 2324 can include radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessing wireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephone technology, advanced data network technology, such as 3G, 4G or EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution), WiFi (IEEE 802.11 family standards, or other mobile communication technologies, or any combination thereof), global positioning system (GPS) receiver components, and/or other components. In some embodiments communications subsystem 2324 can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet) in addition to or instead of a wireless interface.
In some embodiments, communications subsystem 2324 may also receive input communication in the form of structured and/or unstructured data feeds 2326, event streams 2328, event updates 2330, and the like on behalf of one or more users who may use computer system 2300.
By way of example, communications subsystem 2324 may be configured to receive data feeds 2326 in real-time from users of social networks and/or other communication services such as Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates, web feeds such as Rich Site Summary (RSS) feeds, and/or real-time updates from one or more third party information sources.
Additionally, communications subsystem 2324 may also be configured to receive data in the form of continuous data streams, which may include event streams 2328 of real-time events and/or event updates 2330, that may be continuous or unbounded in nature with no explicit end. Examples of applications that generate continuous data may include, for example, sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performance measuring tools (e.g., network monitoring and traffic management applications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile traffic monitoring, and the like.
Communications subsystem 2324 may also be configured to output the structured and/or unstructured data feeds 2326, event streams 2328, event updates 2330, and the like to one or more databases that may be in communication with one or more streaming data source computers coupled to computer system 2300.
Computer system 2300 can be one of various types, including a handheld portable device (e.g., an iPhone® cellular phone, an iPad® computing tablet, a PDA), a wearable device (e.g., a Google Glass® head-mounted display), a PC, a workstation, a mainframe, a kiosk, a server rack, or any other data processing system.
In the foregoing description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of examples of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent that various examples may be practiced without these specific details. The ensuing description provides examples only and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the examples will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an example. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive. Circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the examples in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the examples. The teachings disclosed herein can also be applied to various types of applications such as mobile applications, non-mobile applications, desktop applications, web applications, enterprise applications, and the like. Further, the teachings of this disclosure are not restricted to a particular operating environment (e.g., operating systems, devices, platforms, and the like), but instead can be applied to multiple different operating environments.
Also, it is noted that individual examples may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but the process could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, and so on. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.
The words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs.
The term “machine-readable storage medium” or “computer-readable storage medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A machine-readable storage medium or computer-readable storage medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data may be stored and which does not include carrier waves and/or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), flash memory, or memory or memory devices. A computer-program product may include code and/or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, and so forth may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, and so forth.
Furthermore, examples may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a machine-readable medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks. Systems depicted in some of the figures may be provided in various configurations. In some examples, the systems may be configured as a distributed system where one or more components of the system are distributed across one or more networks in a cloud computing system. Where components are described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration may be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming or controlling electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.
Although specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described, various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, and equivalents are also encompassed within the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure are not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments, but are free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although embodiments of the present disclosure have been described using a particular series of transactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the described series of transactions and steps. Various features and aspects of the above-described embodiments may be used individually or jointly.
Further, while embodiments of the present disclosure have been described using a particular combination of hardware and software, it should be recognized that other combinations of hardware and software are also within the scope of the present disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented only in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. Accordingly, where components or modules are described as being configured to perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, e.g., by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof. Processes can communicate using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, conventional techniques for inter-process communication, and different pairs of processes may use different techniques, or the same pair of processes may use different techniques at different times.
The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope as set forth in the claims. Thus, although specific disclosure embodiments have been described, these are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the following claims.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosed embodiments (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected” is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure.
Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, or Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is intended to be understood within the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present.
Preferred embodiments of this disclosure are described herein, including the best mode known for carrying out the disclosure. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Those of ordinary skill should be able to employ such variations as appropriate and the disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein.
All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
In the foregoing specification, aspects of the disclosure are described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above-described disclosure may be used individually or jointly. Further, embodiments can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
The present application claims the benefit and priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Application No. 63/132,377, filed on Dec. 30, 2020, entitled “LAYER-2 NETWORKING IN A VIRTUALIZED CLOUD ENVIRONMENT,” the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63132377 | Dec 2020 | US |
