Patent Grant
11955130
The present document relates to methods and apparatus for layered audio coding. In particular, the present document relates to methods and apparatus for layered audio coding of frames of compressed Higher-Order Ambisonics (HOA) sound (or sound field) representations. The present document further relates to data structures (e.g., bitstreams) for representing frames of compressed HOA sound (or sound field) representations.
In the current definition of HOA layered coding, side information for the HOA decoding tools Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication (PAR) Decoder is created to enhance a specific HOA representation. Namely, in the current definition of the layered HOA coding the provided data only properly extends the HOA representation of the highest layer (e.g., the highest enhancement layer). For the lower layers including the base layer these tools do not enhance the partially reconstructed HOA representation properly.
The tools Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder are specifically designed for low data rates, where only a few transport signals are available. However, in HOA layered coding proper enhancement of (partially) reconstructed HOA representations is not possible especially for the low bitrate layers, such as the base layer. This clearly is undesirable from the point of view of sound quality at low bitrates.
Additionally, it has been found that the conventional way of treating the encoded V-vector elements for the vector based signals does not result in appropriate decoding if a CodedVVecLength equal to one is signaled in the HOADecoderConfig( ) (i.e., if the vector coding mode is active). In this vector coding mode the V-vector elements are not transmitted for HOA coefficient indices that are included in the set of ContAddHoaCoeff. This set includes all HOA coefficient indices AmbCoeffIdx[i] that have an AmbCoeffTransitionState equal to zero. Conventionally, there is no need to also add a weighted V-vector signal because the original HOA coefficient sequence for these indices are explicitly sent (signaled). Therefore the V-vector element is set to zero for these indices.
However, in the layered coding mode the set of continuous HOA coefficient indices depends on the transport channels that are part of the currently active layer. Additional HOA coefficient indices that are sent in a higher layer may be missing in lower layers. Then the assumption that the vector signal should not contribute to the HOA coefficient sequence is wrong for the HOA coefficient indices that belong to HOA coefficient sequences included in higher layers.
As a consequence, the V-vector in layered HOA coding may not be suitable for decoding of any layers below the highest layer.
Thus, there is need for coding schemes and bitstreams that are adapted to layered coding of compressed HOA representations of a sound or sound field.
The present document addresses the above issues. In particular, methods and encoders/decoders for layered coding of frames of compressed HOA sound or sound field representations as well as data structures for representing frames of compressed HOA sound or sound field representations are described.
According to an aspect, a method of layered encoding of a frame of a compressed Higher-Order Ambisonics, HOA, representation of a sound or sound field is described. The compressed HOA representation conform to the draft MPEG-H 3D Audio standard and any other future adopted or draft standards. The compressed HOA representation may include a plurality of transport signals. The transport signals may relate to monaural signals, e.g., representing either predominant sound signals or coefficient sequences of a HOA representation. The method may include assigning the plurality of transport signals to a plurality of hierarchical layers. For example, the transport signals may be distributed to the plurality of layers. The plurality of layers may include a base layer and one or more hierarchical enhancement layers. The plurality of hierarchical layers may be ordered, from the base layer, through the first enhancement layer, the second enhancement layer, and so forth, up to an overall highest enhancement layer (overall highest layer). The method may further include generating, for each layer, a respective HOA extension payload including side information (e.g., enhancement side information) for parametrically enhancing a reconstructed HOA representation obtainable from the transport signals assigned to the respective layer and any layers lower than the respective layer. The reconstructed HOA representations for the lower layers may be referred to as partially reconstructed HOA representations. The method may further include assigning the generated HOA extension payloads to their respective layers. The method may yet further include signaling the generated HOA extension payloads in an output bitstream. The HOA extension payloads may be signaled in a HOAEnhFrame( ) payload. Thus, the side information may be moved from the HOAFrame( ) to the HOAEnhFrame( ).
Configured as above, the proposed method applies layered coding to a (frame of) compressed HOA representations so as to enable high-quality decoding thereof even at low bitrates. In particular, the proposed method ensures that each layer includes a suitable HOA extension payload (e.g., enhancement side information) for enhancing a (partially) reconstructed sound representation obtained from the transport signals in any layers up to the current layer. Therein the layers up to the current layer are understood to include, for example, the base layer, the first enhancement layer, the second enhancement layer, and so forth, up to the current layer. Therein the layers up to the current layer are understood to include, for example, the base layer, the first enhancement layer, the second enhancement layer, and so forth, up to the current layer. For example, the decoder would be enabled to enhance a (partially) reconstructed sound representation obtained from the base layer, referring to the HOA extension payload assigned to the base layer. In the conventional approach, only the reconstructed HOA representation of the highest enhancement layer could be enhanced by the HOA extension payload. Thus, regardless of an actual highest usable layer (e.g., the layer below the lowest layer that has not been validly received, so that all layers below the highest usable layer and the highest usable layer itself have been validly received), a decoder would be enabled to improve or enhance a reconstructed sound representation, even though the (partially) reconstructed sound representation may be different from the complete (e.g., full) sound representation. In particular, regardless of the actual highest usable layer, it is sufficient for the decoder to decode the HOA extension payload for only a single layer (i.e., for the highest usable layer) to improve or enhance the (partially) reconstructed sound representation that is obtainable on the basis of all transport signals included in layers up to the actual highest usable layer. Decoding the HOA extension payloads of higher or lower layers is not required. On the other hand, the proposed method allows to fully take advantage of the reduction of required bandwidth that may be achieved when applying layered coding.
In embodiments, the method may further include transmitting data payloads for the plurality of layers with respective levels of error protection. The data payloads may include respective HOA extension payloads. The base layer may have highest error protection and the one or more enhancement layers may have successively decreasing error protection. Thereby, it can be ensured that at least a number of lower layers is reliably transmitted, while on the other hand reducing the overall required bandwidth by not applying excessive error protection to higher layers.
In embodiments, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool. Additionally or alternatively, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool. Additionally or alternatively, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool.
In embodiments, the HOA extension payloads may have a usacExtElementType of ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER.
In embodiments, the method may further include generating a HOA configuration extension payload including bitstream elements for configuring a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool, a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool, and/or a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool. The HOA configuration extension payload may be included in the HOADecoderEnhConfig( ). The method may further include signaling the HOA configuration extension payload in the output bitstream.
In embodiments, the method may further include generating a HOA decoder configuration payload including information indicative of the assignment of the HOA extension payloads to the plurality of layers. The method may further include signaling the HOA decoder configuration payload in the output bitstream.
In embodiments, the method may further include determining whether a vector coding mode is active. The method may further include, if the vector coding mode is active, determining, for each layer, a set of continuous HOA coefficient indices on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the respective layer. The HOA coefficient indices in the set of continuous HOA coefficient indices may be the HOA coefficient indices included in the set ContAddHOACoeff. The method may further include generating, for each transport signal, a V-vector on the basis of the determined set of continuous HOA coefficient indices for the layer to which the respective transport signal is assigned, such that the generated V-vector includes elements for any transport signals assigned to layers higher than the layer to which the respective transport signal is assigned. The method may further include signaling the generated V-vectors in the output bitstream.
According to another aspect, a method of layered encoding of a frame of a compressed higher-order Ambisonics, HOA, representation of a sound or sound field is described. The compressed HOA representation may include a plurality of transport signals. The transport signals may relate to monaural signals, e.g., representing either predominant sound signals or coefficient sequences of a HOA representation. The method may include assigning the plurality of transport signals to a plurality of hierarchical layers. For example, the transport signals may be distributed to the plurality of layers. The plurality of layers may include a base layer and one or more hierarchical enhancement layers. The method may further include determining whether a vector coding mode is active. The method may further include, if the vector coding mode is active, determining, for each layer, a set of continuous HOA coefficient indices on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the respective layer. The HOA coefficient indices in the set of continuous HOA coefficient indices may be the HOA coefficient indices included in the set ContAddHOACoeff. The method may further include generating, for each transport signal, a V-vector on the basis of the determined set of continuous HOA coefficient indices for the layer to which the respective transport signal is assigned, such that the generated V-vector includes elements for any transport signals assigned to layers higher than the layer to which the respective transport signal is assigned. The method may further include signaling the generated V-vectors in the output bitstream.
Configured as such, the proposed method ensures that in vector coding mode a suitable V-vector is available for every transport signal belonging to layers up to the highest usable layer. In particular, the proposed method excludes the case that elements of a V-vector corresponding to transport signals in higher layers are not explicitly signaled. Accordingly, the information included in the layers up to the highest usable layer is sufficient for decoding any transport signals belonging to layers up to the highest usable layer. Thereby, there is appropriate decompression of respective reconstructed HOA representations for lower layers (low bitrate layers) even if higher layers may not have been validly received by the decoder. On the other hand, the proposed method allows to fully take advantage of the reduction of required bandwidth that may be achieved when applying layered coding.
According to another aspect, a method of decoding a frame of a compressed higher-order Ambisonics, HOA, representation of a sound or sound field, is described. The compressed HOA representation may be encoded in a plurality of hierarchical layers. The plurality of hierarchical layers may include a base layer and one or more hierarchical enhancement layers. The method may include receiving a bitstream relating to the frame of the compressed HOA representation. The method may further include extracting payloads for the plurality of layers. Each payload may include transport signals assigned to a respective layer. The method may further include determining a highest usable layer among the plurality of layers for decoding. The method may further include extracting a HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer. This HOA extension payload may include side information for parametrically enhancing a (partially) reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer. The (partially) reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer may be obtainable on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the highest usable layer and any layers lower than the highest usable layer. The method may further include generating the (partially) reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the highest usable layer and any layers lower than the highest usable layer. The method may yet further include enhancing (e.g., parametrically enhancing) the (partially) reconstructed HOA representation using the side information included in the HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer. As a result, an enhanced reconstructed HOA representation may be obtained.
Configured as such, the proposed method ensures that the final (e.g., enhanced) reconstructed HOA representation has optimum quality, using the available (e.g., validly received) information to the best possible extent.
In embodiments, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool. Additionally or alternatively, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool. Additionally or alternatively, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool.
In embodiments, the HOA extension payloads may have a usacExtElementType of ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER.
In embodiments, the method may further include extracting a HOA configuration extension payload by parsing the bitstream. The HOA configuration extension payload may include bitstream elements for configuring a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool, a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool, and/or a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool.
In embodiments, the method may further include extracting HOA extension payloads respectively assigned to the plurality of layers. Each HOA extension payload may include side information for parametrically enhancing a (partially) reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to its respective assigned layer. The (partially) reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to its respective assigned layer may be obtainable from the transport signals assigned to that layer and any layers lower than that layer. The assignment of HOA extension payloads to respective layers may be known from configuration information included in the bitstream.
In embodiments, determining the highest usable layer may involve determining a set of invalid layer indices indicating layers that have not been validly received. It may further involve determining the highest usable layer as the layer that is one layer below the layer indicated by the smallest (lowest) index in the set of invalid layer indices. The base layer may have the lowest layer index (e.g., a layer index of 1), and the hierarchical enhancement layers may have successively higher layer indices. Thereby, the proposed method ensures that the highest usable layer is chosen in such a manner that all information required for decoding a (partially) reconstructed HOA representation from the highest usable layers and any layers below the highest usable layer is available.
In embodiments, determining the highest usable layer may involve determining a set of invalid layer indices indicating layers that have not been validly received. It may further involve determining a highest usable layer of a previous frame preceding the current frame. It may yet further involve determining the highest usable layer as the lower one of the highest usable layer of the previous frame and the layer that is one layer below the layer indicated by the smallest index in the set of invalid layer indices. Thereby, the highest usable layer for the current frame is chosen in such a manner that all information required for decoding a (partially) reconstructed HOA representation from the highest usable layer and any layers below the highest usable layer is available, even if the current frame has been encoded differentially with respect to the preceding frame.
In embodiments, the method may further include deciding not to perform parametric enhancement of the (partially) reconstructed HOA representation using the side information included in the HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer if the highest usable layer of the current frame is lower than the highest usable layer of the previous frame and if the current frame has been coded differentially with respect to the previous frame. Thereby, the reconstructed HOA representation can be decoded without error in cases in which the current frame (including the side information included in the HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer) has been encoded differentially with respect to the preceding frame.
In embodiments, the set of invalid layer indices may be determined by evaluating validity flags of the corresponding HOA extension payloads. A layer index of a given layer may be added to the set of invalid layer indices if the validity flag for the HOA extension payload assigned to the respective layer is not set. Thereby, the set of invalid layer indices can be determined in an efficient manner.
According to another aspect, a data structure (e.g., bitstream) representing a frame of a compressed higher-order Ambisonics, HOA, representation of a sound or sound field is described. The compressed HOA representation may include a plurality of transport signals. The data structure may include a plurality of HOA frame payloads corresponding to respective ones of a plurality of hierarchical layers. The HOA frame payloads may include respective transport signals. The plurality of transport signals may be assigned (e.g., distributed) to the plurality of layers. The plurality of layers may include a base layer and one or more hierarchical enhancement layers. The data structure may further include, for each layer, a respective HOA extension payload including side information for parametrically enhancing a (partially) reconstructed HOA representation obtainable from the transport signals assigned to the respective layer and any layers lower than the respective layer.
In embodiments, the HOA frame payloads and the HOA extension payloads for the plurality of layers may be provided with respective levels of error protection. The base layer may have highest error protection and the one or more enhancement layers may have successively decreasing error protection.
In embodiments, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool. Additionally or alternatively, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool. Additionally or alternatively, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool.
In embodiments, the HOA extension payloads may have a usacExtElementType of ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER.
In embodiments, the data structure may further include a HOA configuration extension payload including bitstream elements for configuring a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool, a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool, and/or a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool.
In embodiments, the data structure may further include a HOA decoder configuration payload including information indicative of the assignment of the HOA extension payloads to the plurality of layers.
In embodiments, methods and apparatuses relate to decoding a compressed Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA) representation of a sound or sound field. The apparatus may be configured for or the method may include receiving a bit stream containing the compressed HOA representation corresponding to a plurality of hierarchical layers that include a base layer and one or more hierarchical enhancement layers, wherein the plurality of layers have assigned thereto components of a basic compressed sound representation of the sound or sound field, the components being assigned to respective layers in respective groups of components, determining a highest usable layer among the plurality of layers for decoding; extracting a HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer, wherein the HOA extension payload includes side information for parametrically enhancing a reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer, wherein the reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer is obtainable on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the highest usable layer and any layers lower than the highest usable layer; decoding the compressed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer based on layer information, the transport signals assigned to the highest usable layer and any layers lower than the highest usable layer; and parametrically enhancing the decoded HOA representation using the side information included in the HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer.
The HOA extension payload may include bit stream elements for a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool. The layer information may indicate a number of active directional signals in a current frame of an enhancement layer.
The layer information may indicate a total number of additional ambient HOA coefficients for an enhancement layer. The layer information may include HOA coefficient indices for each additional ambient HOA coefficient for an enhancement layer. The layer information may include enhancement information that includes at least one of Spatial Signal Prediction, the Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and the Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder. The compressed HOA representation is adapted for a layered coding mode for HOA based content if a CodedVVecLength equal to one is signaled in the HOADecoderConfig( ). Further, v-vector elements may not transmitted for indices that are equal to the indices of additional HOA coefficients included in a set of ContAddHoaCoeff. The set of ContAddHoaCoeff may be separately defined for each of the plurality of hierarchical layers. The layer information includes NumLayers elements, where each element indicates a number of transport signals included in all layers up to an i-th layer. The layer information may include an indicator of all actually used layers for a k-th frame. The layer information may also indicate that all of the coefficients for the predominant vectors are specified. The layer information may indicate that coefficients of the predominant vectors corresponding to the number greater than a MinNumOfCoeffsForAmbHOA are specified. The layer information may indicate that MinNumOfCoeffsForAmbHOA and all elements defined in ContAddHoaCoeff[lay] are not transmitted, where lay is the index of layer containing the vector based signal corresponding to the vector.
According to another aspect, an encoder for layered encoding of a frame of a compressed higher-order Ambisonics, HOA, representation of a sound or sound field is described. The compressed HOA representation may include a plurality of transport signals. The encoder may include a processor configured to perform some or all of the method steps of the methods according to the first-mentioned above aspect and the second-mentioned above aspect.
According to another aspect, a decoder for decoding a frame of a compressed higher-order Ambisonics, HOA, representation of a sound or sound field is described. The compressed HOA representation may be encoded in a plurality of hierarchical layers that include a base layer and one or more hierarchical enhancement layers. The decoder may include a processor configured to perform some or all of the method steps of the methods according to the third-mentioned above aspect.
According to another aspect, a software program is described. The software program may be adapted for execution on a processor and for performing some or all of the method steps outlined in the present document when carried out on a computing device.
According to yet another aspect, a storage medium is described. The storage medium may include a software program adapted for execution on a processor and for performing some or all of the method steps outlined in the present document when carried out on a computing device.
It is to be appreciated that statements made with regard to any of the above aspects or its embodiments also apply to respective other aspects or their embodiments, as the skilled person will appreciate. Repeating these statements for each and every aspect or embodiment has been omitted for reasons of conciseness.
It should be noted that the methods and apparatus including their preferred embodiments as outlined in the present document may be used stand-alone or in combination with the other methods and systems disclosed in this document. Furthermore, all aspects of the methods and apparatus outlined in the present document may be arbitrarily combined. In particular, the features of the claims may be combined with one another in an arbitrary manner.
It should further be noted that method steps and apparatus features may be interchanged in many ways. In particular, the details of the disclosed method can be implemented as an apparatus adapted to execute some or all or the steps of the method, and vice versa, as the skilled person will appreciate.
The invention is explained below in an exemplary manner with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
First, a compressed sound (or sound field) representation to which methods and encoders/decoders according to the present disclosure may be applicable will be described.
For the streaming of a compressed sound (or sound field) representation over a transmission channel with time-varying conditions layered coding is a means to adapt the quality of the received sound representation to the transmission conditions, and in particular to avoid undesired signal dropouts.
For layered coding, the compressed sound (or sound field) representation is usually subdivided into a high priority base layer of a relatively small size and additional enhancement layers with decremental priorities and arbitrary sizes. Each enhancement layer is typically assumed to contain incremental information to complement that of all lower layers in order to improve the quality of the compressed sound (or sound field) representation. The idea is then to control the amount of error protection for the transmission of the individual layers according to their priority. In particular, the base layer is provided with a high error protection, which is reasonable and affordable due to its low size.
It is assumed in the following that the complete compressed sound (or sound field) representation in general consists of the three following components:
One prominent example of such a type of complete compressed sound (or sound field) representation is given by the compressed HOA sound field representation as specified by the preliminary version of the MPEG-H 3D audio standard.
A second example of a compressed representation of a monaural signal with the above-mentioned structure may consist of the following components:
Next, a method for the layered coding of a complete compressed sound (or sound field) representation having the aforementioned structure will be described.
It is assumed that the compression is frame based in the sense that it provides compressed representations (e.g., in the form of data packets or equivalently frame payloads) for successive time intervals, for example time intervals of equal size. These data packets are assumed to contain a validity flag, a value indicating their size as well as the actual compressed representation data. Throughout the following description it will be focused mostly on the treatment of a single frame, and hence the frame index will be omitted.
Each frame payload of the considered complete compressed sound (or sound field) representation 1100 is assumed to contain J data packets, each for one component 1110-1, . . . , 1110-J of a basic compressed sound (or sound field) representation, which are denoted by BSRCj, j=1, . . . J. Further, it is assumed to contain a packet with independent basic side information 1120 denoted by BSII specifying particular components BSRCJ of the basic compressed sound representation independently of other components. Optionally, it is additionally assumed to contain a packet with dependent basic side information denoted by BSID specifying particular components BSRCJ of the basic compressed sound representation in dependence of other components. The information contained within the two data packets BSII and BSID can be optionally grouped into one single data packet BSI.
Eventually, it includes an enhancement side information payload denoted by ESI with a description of how to improve the reconstructed sound (or sound field) from the complete basic compressed representation.
The described scheme for layered coding addresses required steps to enable both, the compression part including the packing of data packets for transmission as well as the receiver and decompression part. Each part will be described in detail in the following.
Next, compression and packing for transmission will be described. In case of layered coding (assuming M layers in total, i.e. one basic layer and M−1 enhancement layers) each component of the complete compressed sound (or sound field) representation 1100 is treated as follows:
Summing up, at the compression stage a frame data packet, denoted by FRAME, has to be provided having the following composition:
FRAME=[BSRC1 . . . BSRCj BSII BSID,1 . . . BSID,M ESI1 . . . ESIM]. (1)
It is understood that the ordering of the individual payloads with the frame data packet is arbitrary in general.
The already described assignment of the individual payloads to the base and enhancement layers is accomplished by a so-called transport layers packer and is schematically illustrated in
Next, receiving and decompression will be described. The corresponding receiver and decompression stage is illustrated in
First, the individual layer packets 1200, 1300-1, . . . , 1300-(M−1) are multiplexed to provide the received frame packet
[BSII BSID,1 . . . BSID,M ESI1 BSRC1 . . . BSRC(J
of the complete compressed sound (or sound field) representation, which is then passed to the decompressor 2100. It is assumed that if the transmission of an individual layer has been error-free, the validity flag of at least the contained enhancement side information payload is set to “true”. In case of an error due to transmission of an individual layer the validity flag within at least the enhancement side information payload in this layer is set to “false”. Hence, the validity of a layer packet can be determined from the validity of the contained enhancement side information payload.
In the decompressor 2100, the received frame packet is first de-multiplexed. For this purpose, the information about the size of each payload may be exploited to avoid unnecessary parsing through the data of the individual payloads.
In a next step, the number NB of the highest layer to be actually used for decompression of the basic sound representation is selected. The highest enhancement layer to be actually used for decompression of the basic sound representation is given by NB−1. Since each layer contains exactly one enhancement side information payload, it is known from each enhancement side information payload if the containing layer is valid or not. Hence, the selection can be accomplished using all enhancement side information payloads ESIm, m=1, . . . , M. Additionally, the index NE of the enhancement side information payload to be used for decompression is determined, which is always either equal to NB or equal to zero. This means that the enhancement is accomplished either always in accordance to the basic sound representation or not at all. A more detailed description of the selection is given further below.
Successively, the payloads of the basic compressed sound representation components BSRC1, . . . , BSRCJ are passed together with all of the basic side information payloads (i.e BSII and BSID,m, m=1, . . . , M) and the value NB to a Basic Representation Decompression processing unit 2200, which reconstructs the basic sound (or sound field) representation using only those basic compressed sound representation components contained within the lowest NB layers (i.e. the base layer and NB−1 enhancement layers). The required information about which components of the basic compressed sound (or sound field) representation are contained in the individual layers is assumed to be known to the decompressor 2100 from a data packet with configuration information, which is assumed to be sent and received before the frame data packets. The actual decoding of each individual dependent basic side information payload BSID,m, m=1, . . . , NB can be split into two parts as follows:
contained in the first NB>m layers, which are more components than assumed for the preliminary decoding. Hence, the correction can be accomplished by discarding obsolete information, which is possible due to the initially assumed property of the dependent basic side information that if certain complementary components are added to the basic compressed sound (or sound field) representation, the dependent basic side information for each individual complementary component becomes a subset of the original one.
Eventually, the reconstructed basic sound (or sound field) representation together with all enhancement side information payloads EST1, . . . , ESIM, the basic side information payloads BSII and BSID,m, m=1, . . . , M, and the value NE is provided to an Enhanced Representation Decompression processing unit 2300, which computes the final enhanced sound (or sound field) representation using only the enhancement side information payload ESIN
Next, layer selection will be described. In the case that all frame data packets may be decompressed independently of each other, both the number NB of the highest layer to be actually used for decompression of the basic sound representation and the index NE of the enhancement side information payload to be used for decompression are set to highest number L of a valid enhancement side information payload, which itself may be determined by evaluating the validity flags within the enhancement side information payloads. By exploiting the knowledge of the size of each enhancement side information payload, a complicated parsing through the actual data of the payloads for the determination of their validity can be avoided.
In case that differential decompression with inter-frame dependencies is employed, the decision from the previous frame has to be additionally considered. With differential decompression, independent frame data packets are transmitted at regular time intervals in order to allow starting the decompression from these time instants, where the determination of the values NB and NE becomes frame independent and is carried out as described above.
To explain the frame dependent decision in detail, we first denote for a k-th frame
Using this notation, the highest layer number to be used for decompression of the basic sound representation by NB(k) is computed according to
NB(k)=min(NB(k−1),L(k)). (3)
By choosing NB(k) not be greater than NB(k−1) and L(k) it is ensured that all information required for differential decompression of the basic sound representation is available.
The number NE(k) of the enhancement side information payload to be used for decompression is determined according to
This means in particular that as long as the highest layer number NB(k) to be used for decompression of the basic sound representation does not change, the same corresponding enhancement layer number is selected. However, in case of a change of NB(k), the enhancement is disabled by setting NE(k) to zero. Due to the assumed differential decompression of the enhancement side information, its change according to NB(k) is not possible since it would require the decompression of the corresponding enhancement side information layer at the previous frame which is assumed to not have been carried out.
Alternatively, if at decompression all of the enhancement side information payloads with numbers up to NE(k) are decompressed in parallel, the selection rule (4) can be replaced by
NE(k)=NB(k). (5)
Finally, it is to be noted that for differential decompression the number of the highest used layer can only increase at independent frame data packets, whereas a decrease is possible at every frame.
Next, embodiments of the disclosure relating to layered coding of a frame of a compressed sound representation and to a data structure (e.g., bitstream) representing a frame of the encoded compressed sound representation will be described for the case of a compressed HOA representation. In particular, proposed changes to the scheme of layered coding of a compressed HOA representation will be described.
As a correction of the Layered Coding Mode for HOA based content, a new usacExtElementType is defined to better adapt the configuration and frame payloads of the HOA decoding tools Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication (PAR) Decoder to the corresponding HOA enhancement layer. If the Layered Coding Mode for HOA based content is activated, which is signaled by SingleLayer==0, it is proposed to move the corresponding bit stream elements of these tools to one additional HOA extension payload of the new type for each layer (including the base layer and one or more enhancement layers).
The extension has to be made because the side information for these tools is created to enhance a specific HOA representation. In the current definition of the layered HOA coding the provided data only properly extends the HOA representation of the highest layer. For the lower layers these tools do not enhance the partially reconstructed HOA representation properly.
Therefore, it would be better to provide the side information of these tools for each layer to better adapt them to the reconstructed HOA representation of the corresponding layer.
Additionally, the tools Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder are specifically designed for low data rates, where only a few transport signals are available. The proposed extension would therefore offer the ability to optimally adapt the side information of these tools to the number of transport signals in the layer. Accordingly, the sound quality of the reconstructed HOA representation for low bit rate layers, e.g., the base layer, can be significantly increased compared to the existing layered approach.
Furthermore, the bit stream syntax for the encoded V-vector elements for the vector based signals has to be adapted for the HOA layered coding if a CodedVVecLength equal to one is signaled in the HOADecoderConfig( ). In this vector coding mode the V-vector elements are not transmitted for HOA coefficient indices that are included in the set of ContAddHoaCoeff. This set includes all HOA coefficient indices AmbCoeffIdx[i] that have an AmbCoeffTransitionState equal to zero. There is no need to also add a weighted V-vector signal because the original HOA coefficient sequence for these indices are explicitly sent. Therefore the V-vector element in the conventional approach is set to zero for these indices.
However, in the layered coding mode the set of continuous HOA coefficient indices depends on the transport channels that are part of the currently active layer. This means that additional HOA coefficient indices sent in a higher layer are missing in lower layers. Then the assumption that the vector signal should not contribute to the HOA coefficient sequence is wrong for the HOA coefficient indices that belong to HOA coefficient sequences included in higher layers. Thus, it is proposed to (explicitly) signal the V-vector elements for these missing coefficient indices.
As a consequence, it is proposed to define the set of ContAddHoaCoeff for each layer and to use the set of the layer where the V-vector signal is added (the transport signal of the V-vector signal belongs to) for the selection of the active V-vector elements. Nevertheless, it is proposed that the V-vector data stays in the HOAFrame( ) and is not moved to the HOAEnhFrame( ).
Next, integration into the MPEG-H bitstream syntax will be described. A corresponding method of encoding (e.g., a method of layered encoding of a frame of a compressed HOA representation of a sound or sound field) according to embodiments of the disclosure will be described with reference to
In the Layered Coding mode the flag SingleLayer in the HOADecoderConfig( ) is inactive (SingleLayer=0) and the number of layers and their corresponding number of assigned HOA transport signals are defined. In general, the compressed HOA representation may comprise a plurality of transport signals.
Accordingly, at S3010 in
It is proposed to add an additional HOA configuration extension payload and HOA frame extension payload with a newly defined usacExtElementType ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER into the MPEG-H bitstream to transmit one payload of Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and PAR Decoder data for each HOA enhancement layer (including the base layer). These extra payloads will directly follow the payload of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA in the mpegh3daExtElementConfig( ) and correspondingly in the mpegh3daFrame( ).
Therefore it is proposed to move, in the case of SingleLayer==0, the configuration elements for the Spatial Signal Prediction, the Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and the PAR Decoder from the HOADecoderConfig( ) to a newly defined HOADecoderEnhConfig( ) and the correspondingly the HOAPredictionInfo( ) the HOADirectionalPredictionInfo( ) and the HOAParinfo( ) from the HOAFrame( ) to the newly defined HOAEnhFrame( ).
Accordingly, at S3020, a respective HOA extension payload is generated for each layer. The generated HOA extension payload may include side information for parametrically enhancing a reconstructed HOA representation obtainable from the transport signals assigned to (e.g., included in) the respective layer and any layers lower than the respective layer. As indicated above, the HOA extension payloads may include bit stream elements for one or more of a HOA spatial signal prediction decoding tool, a HOA sub-band directional signal synthesis decoding tool, and a HOA parametric ambience replication decoding tool. Further, the HOA extension payloads may have a usacExtElementType of ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER.
At S3030, the generated HOA extension payloads are assigned to their respective layers.
Further (not shown in
Further (not shown in
Next, transmission of the layered bitstream (e.g., MPEG-H bitstream) will be described. As all extension payloads of the MPEG-H bitstream are byte-aligned and their sizes are explicitly signaled, were an elementLengthPresent flag equal to one is assumed, a de-packer can parse the MPEG-H bitstream and extract the payloads for layers higher than one and transmit them separately over different transmission channels. The base layer comprises (e.g., consists of) the MPEG-H bitstream excluding data for higher layers. The missing extension payloads are signaled as empty or inactive. For payloads of type ID_USAC_SCE, ID_USAC_CPE and ID_USAC_LFE an empty payload is signaled by an elementLength of zero, where the elementLengthPresent needs to be set to one. The empty payload of type ID_USAC_EXT can be signaled by setting the usacExtElementPresent flag to zero (false).
Accordingly, at S3040, the generated HOA extension payloads are signaled (e.g., transmitted, or output) in an output bitstream. In general, the plurality of layers and the payloads assigned thereto are signaled (e.g., transmitted, or output) in the output bitstream. Further, the HOA decoder configuration payload and/or the HOA configuration extension payload may be signaled (e.g., transmitted, or output) in the output bitstream.
It is assumed that the HOA base layer (layer index equal to one) is transmitted with the highest error protection and has a relatively small bitrate. The error protection for the following layers (one or more HOA enhancement layers) is steadily reduced in accordance with the increasing bit rate of the enhancement layers. Due to bad transmission conditions and lower error protection, the transmission of higher layers might fail and in the worst case only the base layer is correctly transmitted. It is assumed that a combined error protection for all payloads of one layer is applied. Thus if the transmission of a layer fails, all payloads of the corresponding layer are missing.
In other words, the data payloads for the plurality of layers may be transmitted with respective levels of error protection, wherein the base layer has highest error protection and the one or more enhancement layers have successively decreasing error protection.
Unless steps require certain other steps as prerequisites, the aforementioned steps may be performed in any order and the exemplary order illustrated in
As indicated above, the bit stream syntax for the encoded V-vector elements for the vector based signals has to be adapted for the HOA layered coding if a CodedVVecLength equal to one is signaled in the HOADecoderConfig( ). A corresponding method of encoding (e.g., a method of layered encoding of a frame of a compressed HOA representation of a sound or sound field) according to embodiments of the disclosure will be described with reference to
At S4010 in
At S4020, it is determined whether a vector coding mode is active. This may involve determining whether or not CodedVVecLength==1.
As indicated above, in the conventional approach in the vector coding mode the V-vector elements are not transmitted for HOA coefficient indices that are included in the set of ContAddHoaCoeff. This set includes all HOA coefficient indices AmbCoeffIdx[i] that have an AmbCoeffTransitionState equal to zero. There is no need to also add a weighted V-vector signal because the original HOA coefficient sequence for these indices are explicitly sent. Therefore the V-vector element in the conventional approach is set to zero for these indices.
However, in the layered coding mode the set of continuous HOA coefficient indices depends on the transport channels that are part of the currently active layer. This means that additional HOA coefficient indices sent in a higher layer are missing in lower layers. Then the assumption that the vector signal should not contribute to the HOA coefficient sequence is wrong for the HOA coefficient indices that belong to HOA coefficient sequences included in higher layers.
Thus, if the vector coding mode is active, at S4030 a set of continuous HOA coefficient indices (e.g., ContAddHoaCoeff) is determined (e.g., defined) for each layer on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the respective layer.
If the vector coding mode is active, at S4040, for each transport signal, a V-vector is generated on the basis of the determined set of continuous HOA coefficient indices for the layer to which the respective transport signal is assigned. Each generated V-vector may include elements for any transport signals assigned to layers higher than the layer to which the respective transport signal is assigned. This step may involve using the set of continuous HOA coefficient indices that has been determined for the layer where the V-vector signal is added (the layer that the transport signal of the V-vector signal belongs to) for the selection of the active V-vector elements. Nevertheless, it is proposed that the V-vector data stays in the HOAFrame( ) and is not moved to the HOAEnhFrame( ).
Then, at S4050 the generated V-vectors (V-vector signals) are signaled in the output bitstream. This may involve (explicitly) signaling the V-vector elements for the aforementioned missing coefficient indices.
Steps S4020 to S4050 in
Unless steps require certain other steps as prerequisites, the aforementioned steps may be performed in any order and the exemplary order illustrated in
At the receiver side an MPEG-H bitstream packer can reinsert the correctly received payloads into the base layer MPEG-H bitstream and pass it to an MPEG-H 3D audio decoder.
Next, HOA Decoding Initialization (configuration) will be described. The HOA configuration payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA and ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER with their corresponding sizes in byte are input to the HOA Decoder for its initialization. The HOA coding tools are configured according to the bitstream elements defined in the HOAConfig( ), which is parsed from the payload of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA. Further, this payload contains the usage of the Layered Coding Mode, the number of layers and the corresponding number of transport signals per layer. Then, if the layered coding is activated (SingleLayer==0), the HOAEnhConfig( )s are parsed from the payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER to configure the corresponding Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder of each layer.
The element LayerIdx from the HOAEnhConfig( ) together with the order of the HOA enhancement layer configuration payloads in the mpegh3daExtElementConfig( ) indicate the order of the HOA enhancement layers. The order of the HOA enhancement layer frame payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER in the mpegh3daFrame( ) is identical to the order of the configuration payloads in the mpegh3daExtElementConfig( ) to clearly assign the frame payloads to the corresponding layers.
In the case of SingleLayer==1 (single layer coding) the payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER are ignored and the Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder use the corresponding data from the HOADecoderConfig( ) for their configuration.
Next, HOA frame decoding in layered mode will be described. A corresponding method of decoding (e.g., a method of decoding a frame of a compressed HOA representation of a sound or sound field) according to embodiments of the disclosure will be described with reference to
At S5010 in
The 3D audio core decoder decodes the correctly transmitted HOA transport signals and creates transport signals with all samples equal to zero for the corresponding invalid payloads. The decoded transport signals together with the usacExtElementPresent flags, the data and sizes of the HOA payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA and ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER are input to the HOA Decoder. Extension payloads from type ID_USAC_EXT with a usacExtElementPresent flag set to false have to be signaled as missing payloads to the HOA decoder to guarantee the assignment of the payloads to the corresponding layers.
At S5020, payloads for the plurality of layers are extracted. Each payload may include transport signals assigned to a respective layer.
At this step, the HOA Decoder may parse the HOAFrame( ) from the payload of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA.
Subsequently the valid payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER and the invalid payloads of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER are determined by evaluating the corresponding usacExtElementPresent flag of the payloads, where an invalid payload is indicated by an usacExtElementPresent flag equal to false and the assignment of the HOA enhancement payloads to the enhancement layer indices is known from the HOA Decoder configuration.
At S5030, a highest usable layer among the plurality of layers for decoding is determined.
As the layers are dependent from each other in terms of the transport signals, the HOA decoder can only decode a layer when all layers with a lower index are correctly received. The highest usable layer may be selected at this step so that all layers up to the highest usable layer have been correctly received. Details of this step will be described below.
At S5040, a HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer is extracted. As indicated above, the HOA extension payload may include side information for parametrically enhancing a reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer. Therein, the reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer may be obtainable on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the highest usable layer and any layers lower than the highest usable layer.
Additionally, HOA extension payloads respectively assigned to the remaining ones of the plurality of layers may be extracted. Each HOA extension payload may include side information for parametrically enhancing a reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to its respective assigned layer. The reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to its respective assigned layer may be obtainable from the transport signals assigned to that layer and any layers lower than that layer.
Further (not shown in
At S5050, the (partially) reconstructed HOA representation corresponding to the highest usable layer is generated on the basis of the transport signals assigned to the highest usable layer and any layers lower than the highest usable layer.
The number of actually used transport signals IADD,LAY(k) is set in accordance to (the index MLAY(k) of) the highest usable layer and a first preliminary HOA representation is decoded from the HOAFrame( ) and from the corresponding transport signals of the layer and any lower layers.
Then, at S5060 the reconstructed HOA representation is enhanced (e.g., parametrically enhanced) using the side information included in the HOA extension payload assigned to the highest usable layer.
That is, the HOA representation obtained in S5050 is then enhanced by the Spatial Signal Prediction, the Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and the Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder using the HOAEnhFrame( ) data parsed from the HOA enhancement layer extension payload of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER of the currently active layer MLAY(k), i.e., the highest usable layer.
The information used at steps S5020-S5060 may be known as layer information.
Unless steps require certain other steps as prerequisites, the aforementioned steps may be performed in any order and the exemplary order illustrated in
Next, details of the determination (e.g., selection) of the highest usable layer in S5030 will be described.
As indicated above, the HOA decoder can only decode a layer when all layers with a lower index are correctly received, as the layers are dependent from each other in terms of the transport signals.
For the selection of the highest decodable layer the HOA Decoder can create a set of invalid layer indices, where the smallest index from this set minus one results in the index MLAY of the highest decodable enhancement layer. The set of invalid layer indices may be determined by evaluating validity flags of the corresponding HOA extension payloads.
In other words, determining the highest usable layer may involve determining a set of invalid layer indices indicating layers that have not been validly received. It may further involve determining the highest usable layer as the layer that is one layer below the layer indicated by the smallest index in the set of invalid layer indices. Thereby, it is ensured that all layers below the highest usable layer have been validly received.
In case of differential encoding of frames, the index of the highest usable layer of the previous (e.g., immediately preceding) frame will have to be taken into account. First, a situation will be described in which the index of the highest usable layer of the previous (e.g., preceding) frame is kept.
If the index of the highest usable layer (e.g., highest decodable layer) for the current frame is equal to the layer index of the previous frame MLAY(k−1), the layer index of the current frame MLAY(k) is set to MLAY(k−1).
Then the number of actually used transport signals JADD,LAY (k) is set in accordance to MLAY(k) and a first preliminary HOA representation is decoded from the HOAFrame( ) and from the corresponding transport signals of the layer and any lower layers, as indicated above. This HOA representation is then enhanced by the Spatial Signal Prediction, the Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and the Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder using the HOAEnhFrame( ) data parsed from the HOA enhancement layer extension payload of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER of the currently active layer MLAY(k), as indicated above.
Next, a situation will be described in which it is switched to an index lower than the index of the highest usable layer of the previous (e.g., preceding) frame. Namely, in the case where the index of the highest decodable layer for the current frame is smaller than the index of the layer of the previous frame MLAY(k−1), the HOA decoder sets MLAY(k) to the index of the highest decodable layer for the current frame. The decoding of the payloads for the Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder for the new layer can only start at the next HOA Frame with a hoaIndependencyFlag equal to one. Until such a HOAFrame( ) has been received, the HOA representation of the layer of index MLAY(k) is reconstructed without performing the Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience is Replication Decoder. This means that the number of actually used transport signals IADD,LAY (k) is set in accordance to MLAY(k) and only the first preliminary HOA representation is decoded from the HOAFrame( ) and from the corresponding transport signals of the layer and any lower layers. Then, if a HOAFrame( ) with a hoaIndependencyFlag equal to one has been received, the payloads for the Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder are parsed and decoded to enhance the preliminary HOA representation, so that the full quality of the currently active layer is provided for this frame.
Thus, the proposed method may comprise (not shown in
In general, determining the highest usable layer for the current frame may involve determining a set of invalid layer indices indicating layers that have not been validly received for the current frame. It may further comprise determining a highest usable layer of a previous frame preceding the current frame. It may yet further comprise determining the highest usable layer as the lower one of the highest usable layer of the previous frame and the layer that is one layer below the layer indicated by the smallest index in the set of invalid layer indices (if the current frame has been coded differentially with respect to the previous frame).
An alternative solution may always parse all valid enhancement layer payloads (e.g., HOA extension payloads) in parallel even if they are currently inactive. This would enable a direct switching to a layer with a lower index with full quality, where the Spatial Signal Prediction, Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and Parametric Ambience Replication (PAR) Decoder can be applied directly at the switched frame.
Next, a situation will be described in which it is switched to an index higher than the index of the highest usable layer of the previous (e.g., preceding) frame. This switching to a layer with a higher index can only be applied if the mpegh3daFrame( ) has a usacIndependencyFlag equal to one (e.g., if the frame is an independent frame) because all the corresponding payloads or decoding states of previous frames are missing. Thus the HOA decoder keeps the HOA layer index MLAY(k) equal to MLAY(k−1) until an mpegh3daFrame( ) with a usacIndependencyFlag equal to one (e.g., an independent frame) has been received that contains valid data for a higher decodable layer. Then MLAY(k) is set to the highest decodable layer index for the current frame and accordingly the number of actually used transport signals IADD,LAY (k) is determined. The preliminary HOA representation of that layer is decoded from the HOAFrame( ) and the corresponding transport signals and is enhanced by the Spatial Signal Prediction, the Sub-band Directional Signal Synthesis and the Parametric Ambience Replication Decoder using the HOAEnhFrame( ) parsed from the HOA enhancement layer extension payload of type ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER of the currently active layer MLAY(k).
It is understood that the proposed method of layered encoding of a compressed sound representation may be implemented by an encoder for layered encoding of a compressed sound representation. Such encoder may comprise respective units adapted to carry out respective steps described above. An example of such encoder 6000 is schematically illustrated in
It is further understood that the proposed method of decoding a compressed sound representation that is encoded in a plurality of hierarchical layers may be implemented by a decoder for decoding a compressed sound representation that is encoded in a plurality of hierarchical layers. Such decoder may comprise respective units adapted to carry out respective steps described above. An example of such decoder 7000 is schematically illustrated in
Next, a data structure (e.g., bitstream) for accommodating (e.g., representing) the compressed HOA representation in layered coding mode will be described. Such a data structure may arise from employing the proposed encoding methods and may be decoded (e.g., decompressed) by using the proposed decoding method.
The data structure may comprise a plurality of HOA frame payloads corresponding to respective ones of a plurality of hierarchical layers. The plurality of transport signals may be assigned to (e.g., may belong to) respective ones of to the plurality of layers. The data structure may comprise a respective HOA extension payload including side information for parametrically enhancing a reconstructed HOA representation obtainable from the transport signals assigned to the respective layer and any layers lower than the respective layer. The HOA frame payloads and the HOA extension payloads for the plurality of layers may be provided with respective levels of error protection, as indicated above. Further, the HOA extension payloads may comprise the bit stream elements indicated above and may have a usacExtElementType of ID_EXT_ELE_HOA_ENH_LAYER. The data structure may yet further comprise a HOA configuration extension payload and/or a HOA decoder configuration payload including the bitstream elements indicated above.
It should be noted that the description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the proposed methods and apparatus. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the proposed methods and apparatus and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof.
The methods and apparatus described in the present document may be implemented as software, firmware and/or hardware. Certain components may e.g. be implemented as software running on a digital signal processor or microprocessor. Other components may e.g. be implemented as hardware and or as application specific integrated circuits. The signals encountered in the described methods and apparatus may be stored on media such as random access memory or optical storage media. They may be transferred via networks, such as radio networks, satellite networks, wireless networks or wireline networks, e.g. the Internet.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15306591 | Oct 2015 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/925,336, filed Jul. 10, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,373,661, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/763,830, filed on Mar. 27, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,714,099, which is the U.S. National Stage of PCT/EP2016/073971, filed on Oct. 7, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/361,863, filed Jul. 13, 2016 and European Patent Application No. 15306591.7 filed on Oct. 8, 2015, each of which is by reference in its entirety.
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| 20220284907 A1 | Sep 2022 | US |
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| Parent | 15763830 | US | |
| Child | 16925336 | US |
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| Parent | 16925336 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Child | 17749007 | US |
