Patent Application
20050181015
The present invention relates to medical articles which are useful for the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents.
Medical articles are frequently used for the delivery of therapeutic agents. For example, an implantable or insertable medical device, such as a stent or a catheter, may be provided with a polymer matrix coating layer that contains a therapeutic agent. Once the medical device is placed at a desired location within a patient, the therapeutic agent is released from the polymer matrix and into the patient, thereby achieving a desired therapeutic outcome.
It is a daunting challenge, however, to qualify a polymer for use in such a polymer matrix. For example, the polymer has to meet a long list of requirements related to its mechanical, chemical, biological characteristics. Moreover, the polymer should be readily formulated with the therapeutic agent. In some cases, the polymer and therapeutic agent are both hydrophobic (or they are both hydrophilic) and they share the same solvent, in which case blending the drug in the polymer matrix is relatively straightforward. However, where the drug is hydrophilic and the polymer is hydrophobic, or vice versa, attempts to blend the drug into the polymer commonly result in unstable formulations with accompanying phase separation.
Layered silicate materials such as smectite clays are well known. The atoms within single layers of these materials are tightly bound together, but the forces between adjacent layers are relatively weak. A typical clay particle can consist of from two to hundreds of such layers or more. The layers have inorganic cations such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and hydrogen on their external and inter-layer surfaces. These cations balance the net negative charges that exist within the layers. As a result, two adjacent negatively charged layers are held together by the presence of the cations that are situated between the layers. This bonding, although strong enough to keep the layers together, is much weaker than the covalent bonds that exist between the atoms within the layers themselves. This weaker bonding between layers, plus the strong attraction of the interlayer cations for water and other polar molecules, allows these molecules to enter into the interlayer space.
One consequence of the above characteristics is that the endogenous inorganic interlayer cations of layered silicate materials can be displaced by other inorganic or organic cations that are present within a surrounding liquid. Thus, if layered silicate particles are suspended in a liquid that contains cations, for example, a molecular species having a cationic charge and a hydrophobic domain, there is commonly an exchange of the endogenous inorganic interlayer cations of the silicate for cations in the surrounding liquid. (Hence, these cations are sometimes referred to as exchangeable cations.) For instance, many layered silicates including synthetic or naturally occurring smectites, are relatively hydrophilic, and the addition of organic cations (such as cationic quaternary ammonium compounds having hydrophobic domains) to replace the inorganic cations occupying the exchange sites has been shown to render the clay more lipophilic.
The present invention is directed to novel release regions for controlling the release of therapeutic agents from medical articles. Upon placement of such a medical article at a position on or within a patient, the release region regulates the rate of release of the therapeutic agent from the medical article to the patient.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a medical article (for instance, a drug delivery patch or an implantable or insertable medical device, among others) is provided, which comprises a release region. The release region, in turn, comprises (a) polymeric carrier comprising a polymer (for instance, a hydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymer) and (b) drug loaded nanoparticles, which are dispersed within the polymeric carrier. The drug loaded nanoparticles, in turn, comprise a layered silicate material (for instance, a synthetic or naturally occurring smectite material) and a therapeutic agent (for instance, a hydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic therapeutic agent).
Another aspect of the present invention is directed to methods of producing such medical articles.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to methods of releasing a therapeutic agent by contacting (e.g., adhering, implanting, inserting, and so forth) the above medical articles with patients.
An advantage of the present invention is that medical articles can be provided, which regulate the release of therapeutic agent from a medical article to a patient.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it allows hydrophobic therapeutic agents to be incorporated into hydrophilic carrier regions, and vice versa.
As an additional benefit, the nanoparticles can improve the mechanical properties of medical articles.
These and other aspects, embodiments and advantages of the present invention will become immediately apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the Detailed Description and claims to follow.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a medical article is provided, which comprises a novel release region. The release region comprises (a) a polymeric carrier, which includes one or more polymers, and (b) drug loaded nanoparticles, which are dispersed within the polymeric carrier. The drug loaded nanoparticles comprise a layered silicate material and a therapeutic agent.
In some embodiments of the invention, the release region constitutes only a portion of the medical article, for example, where the release region constitutes a component of the medical article, or where it is disposed as a layer over all or a portion of a medical article substrate. In other embodiments, the release region constitutes the entirety of the medical article.
As used herein a “layer” of a given material is a region of that material whose thickness is small compared to both its length and width (e.g., the length and width dimensions may both be at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 or more times the thickness dimension in some embodiments). As used herein a layer need not be planar, for example, taking on the contours of an underlying substrate. Layers can be discontinuous (e.g., patterned). Terms such as “film,” “layer” and “coating” may be used interchangeably herein.
Medical articles of the present invention include any medical article for which controlled release of a therapeutic agent is desired. Examples of medical articles include patches for delivery of therapeutic agent to intact skin, broken skin (including wounds), and surgical sites.
Examples of medical articles also include implantable or insertable medical devices, for instance, catheters (e.g., renal or vascular catheters such as balloon catheters), guide wires, balloons, filters (e.g., vena cava filters), stents (including coronary vascular stents, cerebral, urethral, ureteral, biliary, tracheal, gastrointestinal and esophageal stents), stent grafts, cerebral aneurysm filler coils (including Guglilmi detachable coils and metal coils), vascular grafts, myocardial plugs, patches, pacemakers and pacemaker leads, electrodes, heart valves, circulation pumps, biopsy devices, and any other coated substrate (which can comprise, for example, glass, metal, polymer, ceramic and combinations thereof) that is implanted or inserted into the body.
The medical articles of the present invention include medical articles that are used for either systemic treatment or for the localized treatment of any mammalian tissue or organ. Examples include tumors; organs including the heart, coronary and peripheral vascular system (referred to overall as “the vasculature”), lungs, trachea, esophagus, brain, liver, kidney, bladder, urethra and ureters, eye, intestines, stomach, pancreas, ovary, and prostate; skeletal muscle; smooth muscle; breast; dermal tissue; cartilage; and bone.
As used herein, “treatment” refers to the prevention of a disease or condition, the reduction or elimination of symptoms associated with a disease or condition, or the substantial or complete elimination a disease or condition. Preferred subjects are mammalian subjects and more preferably human subjects.
Medical articles having sustained releases profiles are beneficial in many cases. By “sustained release profile” is meant a release profile in which less than 25% of the total release from the medical article that occurs over the entire course of administration occurs after 1 day (or in some embodiments, after 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 or even more days) of administration. Conversely, this means that more than 75% of the total release from the medical device will occur after the device has been administered for the same period.
The release characteristics that are ultimately of interest are, of course, the release characteristics within the subject, for example, within a mammalian subject. However, it is well known in the art to test the release characteristics within an experimental system that gives an indication of the actual release characteristics within the subject. For example, an aqueous buffer system, such as Tris buffer or phosphate buffered saline, is commonly used for testing release of therapeutic agents from vascular medical devices.
Specific examples of medical articles for use in conjunction with the present invention include vascular stents that are used to deliver therapeutic agent into the vasculature for the treatment of restenosis. In these embodiments, a release layer in accordance with the present invention is typically provided over all or a portion of a stent substrate.
In this connection,
In some embodiments, a release layer in accordance with the present invention is applied on the surface of a stent. For example,
Layered silicate particles (sometimes referred to as “phyllosilicates”) for the practice of the present invention can be selected from natural or synthetic layered silicate particles and typically have a maximum cross-sectional length (for instance, the diameter in the case of a spherical particle or the width in the case of a plate-shaped particle) between 1 and 1000 nanometers, more typically between 30 to 500 nm. The spacing between the adjacent layers within the silicate particles is typically in the range of 5-20A.
Layered silicate particles for the practice of the present invention can be selected from natural and synthetic versions of following: (a) allophane; (b) apophyllite; (c) bannisterite; (d) carletonite; (e) cavansite; (f) chrysocolla; (g) members of the clay group, including: (i) members of the chlorite group such as baileychlore, chamosite, the mineral chlorite, clinochlore, cookeite, nimite, pennantite, penninite, sudoite, (ii) glauconite, (iii) illite, (iv) kaolinite, (v) montmorillonite, (vi) palygorskite, (vii) pyrophyllite, (viii) sauconite, (ix) talc, and (x) vermiculite; (h) delhayelite; (i) elpidite; (j) fedorite; (k) franklinfurnaceite; (l) franklinphilite; (m) gonyerite; (n) gyrolite; (O) leucosphenite; (p) members of the mica group, including (i) biotite, (ii) lepidolite, (iii) muscovite, (iv) paragonite, (v) phlogopite, and (vi) zinnwaldite; (q) minehillite; (r) nordite; (s) pentagonite; (t) petalite; (u) prehnite; (v) rhodesite; (w) sanbornite; (x) members of the serpentine group, including (i) antigorite, (ii) clinochrysotile, (iii) lizardite, (iv) orthochrysotile and (v) serpentine; (y) wickenburgite; (z) zeophyllite; and mixtures thereof.
Additional layered silicate materials for the practice of the present invention, not necessarily exclusive of those above, can be selected from natural and synthetic versions of following: aliettite, swinefordite, yakhontovite, volkonskoite, stevensite, hectorite, magadiite, kenyaite, ledikite, laponite, saponite, sauconite, montmorillonite, bentonite, nontronite, beidellite, hectorite, other smectite group clays, and mixtures thereof.
Depending on the nature of the therapeutic agent and the nature of the layered silicate particles, the therapeutic agent may be maintained in association with the layered silicate particles by any of a number of mechanisms including, for example, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals bonding, bonding through hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, and so forth. By associating the therapeutic agent with the silicate particles, each silicate particle becomes a miniature depot for the therapeutic agent. Preferably, the therapeutic agent is associated with the silicate particle in a way such that it occupies the spaces between adjacent layers of the silicate particle.
In some embodiments of the invention, for example, where the therapeutic agent and the layered silicate are both of similar hydrophilicity (or are both of similar hydrophobicity), the therapeutic agent can spontaneously associate with the layers of the silicate particles. For instance, as noted above, the interlayer cations commonly exhibit a strong attraction for polar molecules, and thus for therapeutic agents having polar characteristics.
In other embodiments, for example, where the therapeutic agent is relatively hydrophobic and the layered silicate particles are relatively hydrophilic, the layered silicate can be rendered more hydrophobic by exchanging endogenous inorganic cations found within the silicate particles with one or more species having a positive charge and having a hydrophobic domain as is known in the layered silicate art. Examples of such species include alkylammonium ions, for instance, tertiary and quaternary alkylammonium ions, such as trimethyl ammonium ions and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) ions. By replacing the inorganic cations of the layered silicate with these intercalated species, the layered silicate is rendered more hydrophobic, thereby enhancing the association between the relatively hydrophobic therapeutic agent and the layered silicate. In these embodiments, the therapeutic agent is beneficially introduced concurrently with or subsequent to the introduction of the exchangeable cation.
Additional species other than alkyammonium ions for intercalation between the silicate nanoparticle layers (and hence for varying the interlayer environment) are known, and include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,057,396 and 6,083,559, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. These species include the following: (a) organic compounds comprising an alkyl radical of at least six carbons and a polar functionality, for example, alcohols and polyalcohols, carbonyl compounds (including carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, and salts thereof), aldehydes, ketones, amines, amides, ethers, esters, lactams, lactones, anhydrides, alkyl nitriles, n-alkyl halides and pyridines, and (b) organic compounds having hydroxyl, polyhydroxyl, and/or aromatic functionality, for example, aliphatic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, aryl substituted aliphatic alcohols, alkyl substituted aromatic alcohols, and polyhydric alcohols. As with the alkyammonium ions above, the therapeutic agent is beneficially introduced concurrently with or subsequent to the introduction of the additional species.
In still other embodiments of the invention, the layered silicate particles are surface modified to carry various charges to bind certain drugs. For instance, in some embodiments, the silicate particles are modified to carry cationic charges or anionic charges. Moreover, in some embodiments, the silicate particles are modified to carry certain functional groups. For instance, a number of grafting techniques are known in the silicate art for establishing various functional groups on the surfaces of layered silicate particles, including hydrophobic and ionic functional groups.
Once formed, the drug loaded nanoparticles of the present invention have great flexibility with respect to (a) the range of polymeric carriers into which they can be incorporated, and (b) the techniques by which they can be formulated into the polymeric carriers.
As a result, the polymers for use in the polymeric carriers of the invention may be homopolymers or copolymers (including alternating, random and block copolymers), they may be cyclic, linear or branched (e.g., polymers have star, comb or dendritic architecture), they may be natural or synthetic, they may be thermoplastic or thermosetting, and they may be hydrophobic, hydrophilic or amphiphilic.
Polymers for use in the polymeric carriers may be selected, for example, from the following: polycarboxylic acid polymers and copolymers including polyacrylic acids; acetal polymers and copolymers; acrylate and methacrylate polymers and copolymers (e.g., n-butyl methacrylate); cellulosic polymers and copolymers, including cellulose acetates, cellulose nitrates, cellulose propionates, cellulose acetate butyrates, cellophanes, rayons, rayon triacetates, and cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl celluloses and hydoxyalkyl celluloses; polyoxymethylene polymers and copolymers; polyimide polymers and copolymers such as polyether block imides, polyamidimides, polyesterimides, and polyetherimides; polysulfone polymers and copolymers including polyarylsulfones and polyethersulfones; polyamide polymers and copolymers including nylon 6,6, nylon 12, polycaprolactams and polyacrylamides; resins including alkyd resins, phenolic resins, urea resins, melamine resins, epoxy resins, allyl resins and epoxide resins; polycarbonates; polyacrylonitriles; polyvinylpyrrolidones (cross-linked and otherwise); polymers and copolymers of vinyl monomers including polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl halides such as polyvinyl chlorides, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers (EVA), polyvinylidene chlorides, polyvinyl ethers such as polyvinyl methyl ethers, polystyrenes, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-ethylene-butylene copolymers (e.g., a polystyrene-polyethylene/butylene-polystyrene (SEBS) copolymer, available as Kraton® G series polymers), styrene-isoprene copolymers (e.g., polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene), acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers and styrene-isobutylene copolymers (e.g., polyisobutylene-polystyrene block copolymers such as SIBS), polyvinyl ketones, polyvinylcarbazoles, and polyvinyl esters such as polyvinyl acetates; polybenzimidazoles; polyalkyl oxide polymers and copolymers including polyethylene oxides (PEO); polyesters including polyethylene terephthalates and aliphatic polyesters such as polymers and copolymers of lactide (which includes lactic acid as well as d-,1- and meso lactide), epsilon-caprolactone, glycolide (including glycolic acid), hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, para-dioxanone, trimethylene carbonate (and its alkyl derivatives), 1,4-dioxepan-2-one, 1,5-dioxepan-2-one, and 6,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one (a copolymer of polylactic acid and polycaprolactone is one specific example); polyether polymers and copolymers including polyarylethers such as polyphenylene ethers, polyether ketones, polyether ether ketones; polyphenylene sulfides; polyolefin polymers and copolymers, including polyalkylenes such as polypropylenes, polyethylenes (low and high density, low and high molecular weight), polybutylenes (such as polybut-1-ene and polyisobutylene), EPDM copolymers (e.g., santoprene), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubbers, poly-4-methyl-pen-1-enes, ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers, ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymers and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; fluorinated polymers and copolymers, including polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropene) (FEP), modified ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers (ETFE), and polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDF); silicone polymers and copolymers; polyurethanes; p-xylylene polymers; polyiminocarbonates; copoly(ether-esters) such as polyethylene oxide-polylactic acid copolymers; polyphosphazines; polyalkylene oxalates; polyoxaamides and polyoxaesters (including those containing amines and/or amido groups); polyorthoesters; biopolymers, such as polypeptides, proteins, polysaccharides and fatty acids (and esters thereof), including fibrin, fibrinogen, collagen, elastin, chitosan, gelatin, starch, glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid; as well as blends and copolymers of the above.
Elastomeric polymers are particularly beneficial in some embodiments. Among the elastomeric polymers are included (a) polyolefin polymers, for example, butyl containing polymers such as polyisobutylene, (b) polyolefin copolymers, for example, polyolefin-polyvinylaromatic copolymers such as polyisobutylene-polystyrene copolymers, poly(butadiene/butylene)-polystyrene copolymers, poly(ethylene/butylene)-polystyrene copolymers, and polybutadiene-polystyrene copolymers; and (c) silicone polymers and copolymers; as well as blends thereof. Specific examples of polyolefin-polyvinylaromatic copolymers include polyolefin-polyvinylaromatic diblock copolymers and polyvinylaromatic-polyolefin-polyvinylaromatic triblock copolymers, such as a polystyrene-poly(ethylene/butylene)-polystyrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer, available as Kraton®, and polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene (SIBS) triblock copolymers, which are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,331, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,899 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,097, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additional polyolefin-polyvinylaromatic copolymers are set forth in the prior paragraph.
In some embodiments of the invention the medical article contains a hydrophobic polymer, a hydrophilic polymer, or both a hydrophobic polymer and a hydrophilic polymer.
Examples of hydrophobic polymers from which the polymers used in the present invention can be selected include: olefin polymers and copolymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), poly(2-butene), poly(1-pentene), poly(2-pentene), poly(3-methyl-1-pentene-), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), poly(isoprene), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), ethylene-propylene copolymers, ethylene-propylene-hexadiene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; styrene polymers and copolymers such as poly(styrene), poly(2-methylstyrene), styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers having less than about 20 mole-percent acrylonitrile, styrene-2,2,3,3,-tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate copolymers and olefin-styrene copolymers; halogenated hydrocarbon polymers and copolymers such as poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), chlorotrifluoroethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, poly(hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymers, poly(trifluoroethylene), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride); vinyl polymers and copolymers, such as poly(vinyl butyrate), poly(vinyl decanoate), poly(vinyl dodecanoate), poly(vinyl hexadecanoate), poly(vinyl hexanoate), poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl octanoate), poly(heptafluoroisopropoxyethylene), poly(heptafluoroisopropoxypropylene) and poly(methacrylonitrile); polymers and copolymers of acrylic acid esters, such as poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(1-chlorodifluoromethyl)tetrafluoroethyl acrylate, poly di(chlorofluoromethyl)fluoromethyl acrylate, poly(1,1-dihydroheptafluorobutyl acrylate), poly(1,1-dihydropentafluoroisopropyl acrylate), poly(1,1-dihydropentadecafluorooctyl acrylate), poly(heptafluoroisopropyl acrylate), poly 5-(heptafluoroisopropoxy)pentyl acrylate, poly 11-(heptafluoroisopropoxy)undecyl acrylate, poly 2-(heptafluoropropoxy)ethyl acrylate and poly(nonafluoroisobutyl acrylate); polymers and copolymers of methacrylic acid esters, such as poly(benzyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(isobutyl methacrylate), poly(t-butyl methacrylate), poly(t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(dodecyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate), poly(n-hexyl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(n-propyl methacrylate), poly(octadecyl methacrylate), poly(1,1-dihydropentadecafluorooctyl methacrylate), poly(heptafluoroisopropyl methacrylate), poly(heptadecafluorooctyl methacrylate), poly(1-hydrotetrafluoroethyl methacrylate), poly(1,1-dihydrotetrafluoropropyl methacrylate), poly(1-hydrohexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate), and poly(t-nonafluorobutyl methacrylate); polycarbonates; polyimides; polyetheretherkeones; polyamides; polyvinylaceteates; polysulfones, polyethersulfones; polyesters, such a poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate); polyurethanes and siloxane-urethane copolymers; and polyorganosiloxanes (silicones).
Examples of hydrophilic polymers from which the polymers used in the present invention can be selected include: polymers and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid, and alkaline metal and ammonium salts thereof; polymers and copolymers of methacrylamide; polymers and copolymers of methacrylonitrile; polymers and copolymers of unsaturated dibasic acids, such as maleic acid and fumaric acid, and half esters of these unsaturated dibasic acids, as well as alkaline metal or ammonium salts of these dibasic adds or half esters; polymers and copolymers of unsaturated sulfonic acids, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and 2-(meth)acryloylethanesulfonic acid, and alkaline metal and ammonium salts thereof; polymers and copolymers of methacrylate esters with hydrophilic groups such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate, polymers and copolymers of polyvinyl alcohol, which may contain a plurality of hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl, amido, carboxyl, amino, ammonium and sulfonyl (—SO3) groups; polymers and copolymers of polyalkylene glycols and oxides such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide; polymers and copolymers of vinyl compound having polar pendant groups such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl butyrolactam, N-vinyl caprolactam; polymers and copolymers derived from acrylamide; hydrophilic polyurethanes; polymers and copolymers of hydroxy acrylate; polymers and copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone including vinyl actetate/vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers, starches, polysaccharides including gums and cellulosic polymers such as guar, xanthan and other gums, dextrans, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, collagen, gelatin, alginate, and hyaluronic acid.
Regardless of their composition, the polymeric carriers of the present invention will typically meet all of the mechanical, chemical and biological requirements of the medical article, and will typically have good adhesion to any underlying substrate.
As noted above, the drug loaded nanoparticles of the present invention also have great flexibility with respect to the techniques by which they can be formulated into the polymeric carriers of the invention.
For example, where the release region is processed using thermoplastic techniques, the nanoparticles can be dispersed in the carrier polymer(s) while heating the polymer(s) to a melt stage. The nanoparticles are dispersed, for example, by applying shear, while at the same time adjusting viscosity so that the particles are remain suspended, and do not settle or aggregate. Hence, depending on the degree of compatibility between the nanoparticles and the polymer(s), the viscosity of the melt can be increased or decreased, for example, by decreasing or increasing temperature of the melt, respectively. Upon cooling, the nanoparticles become entrapped in the polymer(s).
In other embodiments, for example, where the polymeric carrier is processed using solution-based techniques, the carrier polymer(s) is(are) dissolved in one or more solvents to form a solution, and the nanoparticles are dispersed in the resulting solution. The nanoparticles become entrapped in the carrier polymer(s) upon removal of the solvent(s). Depending on the degree of compatibility between the nanoparticles and the polymer(s), the viscosity of the solution can be increased or decreased by decreasing or increasing the amount of solvent(s), respectively. For example, where a hydrophilic layered silicate is dispersed within a hydrophobic polymeric carrier, it may be desirable to increase the viscosity of the polymer solution to ensure that the nanoparticles are maintained in a substantially dispersed state prior to solvent removal.
In some embodiments of the invention, the nanoparticles are loaded with one or more materials in addition to therapeutic agents. For instance, in some embodiments, the nanoparticles are loaded with polymeric materials, along with the therapeutic agent(s). Polymers for such use can be selected, for example, from the polymers listed above. In these embodiments, drug loading and drug release are influenced by the polymer that is co-loaded with the drug.
As with the drug, in some embodiments, the introduction of polymers into the interlayer regions of the nanoparticles is enhanced using species such as the alkylammonium or other intercalation species described above. In this regard, the polymer to be loaded is beneficially introduced concurrently with, or subsequent to, the introduction of the intercalation species. In other embodiments, the polymer is introduced without such intercalation species. For example, (a) intercalation of PEO into Na-montmorillonite and Li-montmorillonite by heating has been reported, as has the intercalation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) between monoionic montmorillonite clay platelets (Na, K, Ca and Mg) by successive washes with absolute ethanol and PVP/ethanol/water solutions, and the intercalation of polyvinyl alcohols containing residual acetyl groups from solution containing the polymer. For further details see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,396 as well as Richard A. Vaia, et al., “New Polymer Electrolyte Nanocomposites: Melt Intercalation of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) in Mica-Type Silicates”, Adv. Materials, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp, 154-156 (1985); Levy, et al., “Interlayer Adsorption of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Montmorillonite”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 442-450 (March 1975); Greenland, “Adsorption of Polyvinyl Alcohols by Montmorillonite”, Journal of Colloid Sciences, Vol. 18, pp. 647-664 (1963).
As a specific example, a hydrophilic drug such as halofuginone.HBr, a drug used to treat restenosis, is optionally mixed with a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., dextran, hyaluronic acid or polyethylene oxide), and the drug or the drug/polymer mixture is mutually associated with silicate nanoparticles (for instance, such that they occupy the spaces between adjacent layers of the silicate nanoparticles). If desired, the optional hydrophilic polymer can be crosslinked (a) to prevent the polymer from dissolving (although it will still swell) and/or (b) to regulate drug diffusion rate.
As another specific example, nanoparticles are loaded with a hydrophobic drug such as paclitaxel and, optionally, a hydrophobic polymer, for example, by first rendering the silicate nanoparticles more hydrophobic via cation exchange (or via exposure to another intercalation species as discussed above) prior to exposure to the drug or the drug/polymer mixture.
Subsequently, the drug-loaded nanoparticles are blended, for example, into a melt or a solution containing a carrier polymer.
For example, in some embodiments, the drug-loaded nanoparticles are blended into a melt or a solution containing a hydrophobic carrier polymer (e.g., SIBS or a more radiation stable hydrophobic polymer such as SEBS). So long as the viscosity of the melt or solution is kept sufficiently high (e.g., by keeping the melt temperature low or by limiting the amount of solvent in the solution, e.g., toluene), the drug-and-polymer containing nanoparticles are substantially uniformly suspended in the hydrophobic polymer. Alternatively, suspendablility of the nanoparticles is improved by modifying the surface of the drug and polymer loaded nanoparticles to be more hydrophobic, for example, by grafting hydrophobic species onto the surfaces of the nanoparticles.
In other embodiments, the drug-loaded nanoparticles are blended into a melt or solution (e.g., an aqueous solution) containing a hydrophilic carrier polymer (e.g., collagen, hyaluronic acid, heparin, chrondroitin sulfate or phosphorocholine). So long as the viscosity of the melt or solution is kept sufficiently high (e.g., by adjusting the melt temperature or the amount of water in the solvent), the drug containing nanoparticles are substantially uniformly suspended.
The therapeutic agent(s) within the release regions of the present invention need not be restricted to the location of the drug loaded nanoparticles. For example, in addition to being present within the drug loaded nanoparticles, therapeutic agent(s) can also be dissolved or dispersed within the polymeric carrier that surrounds the nanoparticles, as desired.
Moreover, in embodiments where a therapeutic agent (or agents) is provided within the polymeric carrier, this therapeutic agent (or agents) can be same as or different from the therapeutic agent (or agents) associated with the nanoparticles. Where they are the same, the therapeutic agent(s) within the polymeric carrier will generally be released first. For example, a therapeutic agent provided in the polymeric carrier may be used to create a burst of the therapeutic agent, followed by a release of the same therapeutic agent from the layered silicate nanoparticles at a slower rate, thereby achieving a sustained release profile.
In accordance with some embodiments, the medical articles of the present invention are provided with a barrier layer that is disposed over the release layer. For example,
In addition to the agents discussed above, still other optional agents can be added to either the nanoparticles or to the polymeric carrier surrounding the same. Examples of such additional optional agents include radioisotopes for purposes of emitting radiation, as well as contrast agents, for instance, paramagnetic chelates such as gadolinium-DTPA complexes to make the composition MRI visible.
As indicated above, various techniques are available for forming the release regions of the present invention (and any optional barrier layer as well), including solution processing techniques and thermoplastic processing techniques.
Preferred solution processing techniques include solvent casting techniques, spin coating techniques, web coating techniques, solvent spraying techniques, dipping techniques, techniques involving coating via mechanical suspension, including air suspension coating (e.g., fluidized coating), transferring coating, inkjet/solenoid type coating techniques and electrostatic techniques. If desired, charge may be introduced to the nanoparticles as discussed above.
In many embodiments, a release-region-forming fluid, containing (a) solvent species, (b) polymer and (c) drug loaded nanoparticles, is applied to a medical article substrate, or to another template such as a mold or other release surface, and dried, thereby forming a release region. In other embodiments, for example, fiber forming techniques, a release region is formed without the aid of a substrate or other template.
Examples of solvent species for use in conjunction with the release-region-forming fluids include water and organic solvents such as hexane, heptane, toluene, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, cyclohexanone, ethanol, methanol, and chloroform, as well as combinations of the same.
If desired, the release-region-forming fluids can further comprise optional species, including additional therapeutic agents (which may be the same as or different from the therapeutic agents that are loaded onto and/or into the nanoparticles), contrast agents, radioisotopes, and so forth, as discussed above.
Where appropriate, techniques such as those listed above can be repeated or combined to build up a release regions to a desired thickness. The thickness of the release regions can be varied in other ways as well. For example, where the release region is formed by spraying, thickness can be increased by modification of coating process parameters, including increasing spray flow rate, slowing the movement between the substrate to be coated and the spray nozzle, providing repeated passes and so forth.
Where the release region is created using solution processing techniques, the solvent is removed after application, for example, by drying at room or elevated (e.g., 50° C.) temperature, while under ambient pressure or under vacuum.
Thermoplastic processing techniques for forming the release regions of the present invention include molding techniques (for example, injection molding, rotational molding, and so forth), extrusion techniques (for example, extrusion, co-extrusion, multi-layer extrusion, multi-lumen extrusion, and so forth) and casting.
Thermoplastic processing in accordance with the present invention typically comprises mixing or compounding, in one or more stages, the carrier polymer species, the drug loaded nanoparticles, and one or more of the following optional agents: additional therapeutic agents, contrast agents, radioisotopes, and so forth. The resulting mixture is then shaped into a medical article or a portion thereof For example, a polymer melt may be formed by heating the carrier polymer species to a melt, which can then be mixed with the drug loaded nanoparticles as well as other optional agents. A common way of doing so is to apply mechanical shear using devices which are well known in the thermoplastic processing art, such as single screw extruders, twin screw extruders, banbury mixers, high-speed mixers, ross kettles, and so forth.
The carrier polymer and the nanoparticles are applied independently in some embodiments. For example, in some instances, a layer containing the carrier polymer species as well as any optional agents (e.g., additional therapeutic agents, contrast agents, radioisotopes, etc.) is applied to a substrate, for example, using one of the above-described thermoplastic or solvent-based techniques. Subsequently, nanoparticles are applied over the layer. Then, another layer containing the carrier polymer species (as well as any optional agents) is applied over the nanoparticles, thereby encapsulating the nanoparticles within the polymeric carrier and thus completing the formation of the release region.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the optional therapeutic agent is dissolved in a solvent and applied to a pre-existing release region, which can be formed using a variety of techniques including solution processing and thermoplastic processing techniques such as those discussed above, whereupon the optional therapeutic agent is imbibed into the release region.
“Therapeutic agents”, “pharmaceutically active agents”, “pharmaceutically active materials”, “drugs” and other related terms may be used interchangeably herein and include genetic therapeutic agents, non-genetic therapeutic agents and cells. Therapeutic agents may be used singly or in combination. The therapeutic agent can be selected from suitable members of the lists of therapeutic agents to follow.
Exemplary non-genetic therapeutic agents for use in connection with the present invention include: (a) anti-thrombotic agents such as heparin, heparin derivatives, urokinase, and PPack (dextrophenylalanine proline arginine chloromethylketone); (b) anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, corticosterone, budesonide, estrogen, sulfasalazine and mesalamine; (c) anti-neoplastic/antiproliferative/anti-miotic agents such as paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, epothilones, endostatin, angiostatin, angiopeptin, monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking smooth muscle cell proliferation, and thymidine kinase inhibitors; (d) anesthetic agents such as lidocaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine; (e) anti-coagulants such as D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl ketone, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, hirudin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, anti-thrombin antibodies, anti-platelet receptor antibodies, aspirin, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors and tick antiplatelet peptides; (f) vascular cell growth promoters such as growth factors, transcriptional activators, and translational promotors; (g) vascular cell growth inhibitors such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional repressors, translational repressors, replication inhibitors, inhibitory antibodies, antibodies directed against growth factors, bifunctional molecules consisting of a growth factor and a cytotoxin, bifunctional molecules consisting of an antibody and a cytotoxin; (h) protein kinase and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., tyrphostins, genistein, quinoxalines); (i) prostacyclin analogs; (j) cholesterol-lowering agents; (k) angiopoietins; (l) antimicrobial agents such as triclosan, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and nitrofurantoin; (m) cytotoxic agents, cytostatic agents and cell proliferation affectors; (n) vasodilating agents; (O) agents that interfere with endogenous vasoactive mechanisms; (p) inhibitors of leukocyte recruitment, such as monoclonal antibodies; (q) cytokines and (r) hormones.
Some exemplary non-genetic therapeutic agents include paclitaxel, sirolimus, everolimus, tacrolimus, cladribine, dexamethasone, estradiol, ABT-578 (Abbott Laboratories), trapidil, liprostin, Actinomcin D, Resten-NG, Ap-17, abciximab, clopidogrel and Ridogrel.
Exemplary genetic therapeutic agents for use in connection with the present invention include anti-sense DNA and RNA as well as DNA coding for: (a) anti-sense RNA, (b) tRNA or rRNA to replace defective or deficient endogenous molecules, (c) angiogenic factors including growth factors such as acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor α and β, platelet-derived endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor α, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, (d) cell cycle inhibitors including CD inhibitors, and (e) thymidine kinase (“TK”) and other agents useful for interfering with cell proliferation. Also of interest is DNA encoding for the family of bone morphogenic proteins (“BMP's”), including BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 (Vgr-1), BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8, BMP-9, BMP-10, BMP-11, BMP-12, BMP-13, BMP-14, BMP-15, and BMP-16. Currently preferred BMP's are any of BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 and BMP-7. These dimeric proteins can be provided as homodimers, heterodimers, or combinations thereof, alone or together with other molecules. Alternatively, or in addition, molecules capable of inducing an upstream or downstream effect of a BMP can be provided. Such molecules include any of the “hedgehog” proteins, or the DNA's encoding them.
Vectors for delivery of genetic therapeutic agents include viral vectors such as adenoviruses, gutted adenoviruses, adeno-associated virus, retroviruses, alpha virus (Semliki Forest, Sindbis, etc.), lentiviruses, herpes simplex virus, replication competent viruses (e.g., ONYX-015) and hybrid vectors; and non-viral vectors such as artificial chromosomes and mini-chromosomes, plasmid DNA vectors (e.g., pCOR), cationic polymers (e.g., polyethyleneimine, polyethyleneimine (PEI)), graft copolymers (e.g., polyether-PEI and polyethylene oxide-PEI), neutral polymers PVP, SP1017 (SUPRATEK), lipids such as cationic lipids, liposomes, lipoplexes, nanoparticles, or microparticles, with and without targeting sequences such as the protein transduction domain (PTD).
Cells for use in connection with the present invention include cells of human origin (autologous or allogeneic), including whole bone marrow, bone marrow derived mono-nuclear cells, progenitor cells (e.g., endothelial progenitor cells), stem cells (e.g., mesenchymal, hematopoietic, neuronal), pluripotent stem cells, fibroblasts, myoblasts, satellite cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, skeletal myocytes or macrophage, or from an animal, bacterial or fungal source (xenogeneic), which can be genetically engineered, if desired, to deliver proteins of interest.
Numerous therapeutic agents, not necessarily exclusive of those listed above, have been identified as candidates for vascular treatment regimens, for example, as agents targeting restenosis. Such agents include one or more of the following: (a) Ca-channel blockers including benzothiazapines such as diltiazem and clentiazem, dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, amlodipine and nicardapine, and phenylalkylamines such as verapamil, (b) serotonin pathway modulators including: 5-HT antagonists such as ketanserin and naftidrofuryl, as well as 5-HT uptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, (c) cyclic nucleotide pathway agents including phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as cilostazole and dipyridamole, adenylate/Guanylate cyclase stimulants such as forskolin, as well as adenosine analogs, (d) catecholamine modulators including α-antagonists such as prazosin and bunazosine, β-antagonists such as propranolol and α/β-antagonists such as labetalol and carvedilol, (e) endothelin receptor antagonists, (f) nitric oxide donors/releasing molecules including organic nitrates/nitrites such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate and amyl nitrite, inorganic nitroso compounds such as sodium nitroprusside, sydnonimines such as molsidomine and linsidomine, nonoates such as diazenium diolates and NO adducts of alkanediamines, S-nitroso compounds including low molecular weight compounds (e.g., S-nitroso derivatives of captopril, glutathione and N-acetyl penicillamine) and high molecular weight compounds (e.g., S-nitroso derivatives of proteins, peptides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides), as well as C-nitroso-compounds, O-nitroso-compounds, N-nitroso-compounds and L-arginine, (g) ACE inhibitors such as cilazapril, fosinopril and enalapril, (h) ATII-receptor antagonists such as saralasin and losartin, (i) platelet adhesion inhibitors such as albumin and polyethylene oxide, (j) platelet aggregation inhibitors including aspirin and thienopyridine (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) and GP IIb/IIa inhibitors such as abciximab, epitifibatide and tirofiban, (k) coagulation pathway modulators including heparinoids such as heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dextran sulfate and β-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate, thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin, hirulog, PPACK(D-phe-L-propyl-L-arg-chloromethylketone) and argatroban, FXa inhibitors such as antistatin and TAP (tick anticoagulant peptide), Vitamin K inhibitors such as warfarin, as well as activated protein C, (l) cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitors such as aspirin, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, indomethacin and sulfinpyrazone, (m) natural and synthetic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, methprednisolone and hydrocortisone, (n) lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors such as nordihydroguairetic acid and caffeic acid, (O) leukotriene receptor antagonists, (p) antagonists of E- and P-selectins, (q) inhibitors of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 interactions, (r) prostaglandins and analogs thereof including prostaglandins such as PGE 1 and PGI2 and prostacyclin analogs such as ciprostene, epoprostenol, carbacyclin, iloprost and beraprost, (s) macrophage activation preventers including bisphosphonates, (t) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as lovastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin and cerivastatin, (u) fish oils and omega-3-fatty acids, (v) free-radical scavengers/antioxidants such as probucol, vitamins C and E, ebselen, trans-retinoic acid and SOD mimics, (w) agents affecting various growth factors including FGF pathway agents such as bFGF antibodies and chimeric fusion proteins, PDGF receptor antagonists such as trapidil, IGF pathway agents including somatostatin analogs such as angiopeptin and ocreotide, TGF-β pathway agents such as polyanionic agents (heparin, fucoidin), decorin, and TGF-β antibodies, EGF pathway agents such as EGF antibodies, receptor antagonists and chimeric fusion proteins, TNF-α pathway agents such as thalidomide and analogs thereof, Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) pathway modulators such as sulotroban, vapiprost, dazoxiben and ridogrel, as well as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as tyrphostin, genistein and quinoxaline derivatives, (x) MMP pathway inhibitors such as marimastat, ilomastat and metastat, (y) cell motility inhibitors such as cytochalasin B, (z) antiproliferative/antineoplastic agents including antimetabolites such as purine analogs (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine or cladribine, which is a chlorinated purine nucleoside analog), pyrimidine analogs (e.g., cytarabine and 5-fluorouracil) and methotrexate, nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates, ethylenimines, antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin), nitrosoureas, cisplatin, agents affecting microtubule dynamics (e.g., vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, paclitaxel and epothilone), caspase activators, proteasome inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., endostatin, angiostatin and squalamine), rapamycin, cerivastatin, flavopiridol and suramin, (aa) matrix deposition/organization pathway inhibitors such as halofuginone or other quinazolinone derivatives and tranilast, (bb) endothelialization facilitators such as VEGF and RGD peptide, and (cc) blood rheology modulators such as pentoxifylline.
Numerous additional therapeutic agents are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,925 assigned to NeoRx Corporation, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
In some embodiments of the invention, the medical article contains a hydrophobic therapeutic agent, a hydrophilic therapeutic agent, or both a hydrophobic therapeutic agent and a hydrophilic therapeutic agent. Specific examples of hydrophilic therapeutic agents include halofuginone.HBr and aqueous emulsions of therapeutic agents, among many others. Specific examples of hydrophobic therapeutic agents include paclitaxel and sirolimus, among many others. A wide range of therapeutic agent loadings can be used in connection with the release regions of the present invention, with the therapeutically effective amount being readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art and ultimately depending, for example, upon the condition to be treated, the age, sex and condition of the patient, the nature of the therapeutic agent, the nature of the release regions, the nature of the medical article, and so forth.
Drug loading can be varied, for example, (a) by varying the concentration of the therapeutic agent within the layered silicate nanoparticles, (b) by varying the concentration of the layered silicate nanoparticles within the release region, and (c) by varying the concentration of therapeutic agent, if any, in the polymeric carrier.
In other aspects of the present invention, carbon nanotubes are used instead of, or in addition to, the layered silicate nanoparticles as described above.
A drug loaded nanoparticle is provided by adding 25 mg halofuginone.HBr (a hydrophilic drug) to an aqueous polymer solution containing 25 mg hyaluronic acid (a hydrophilic polymer) in 200 mg water. 50 mg nanoclay, for example, montmorillonite clay from Nanocor, Arlington Heights, Ill., patents Grade PGW, is then added into the solution and thoroughly mixed. The nanoclay is then dried, for example, by freeze-drying, and ground as needed to provide a fine nanoparticle powder. The nanoclay is not exfoliated into individual platelets prior to freeze-drying and grinding.
100 mg of SIBS (a hydrophobic polymer), which is made in accordance with the procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,331, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,899 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,097, is dissolved in 150 μl of toluene to obtain a uniform clear SIBS solution. 80 mg of drug loaded nanoparticles from the prior paragraph is added into the SIBS solution. The nanoparticles suspended in the SIBS solution are stable and ready for coating.
A stent is coated using a fluidized bed process like that described in U.S. Patent Appln. No. 2001/0022988 entitled “Device and method for protecting medical devices during a coating process”. Various thickness of coating can be obtained ranging from 5 to 50 microns.
Although various embodiments are specifically illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present invention are covered by the above teachings and are within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention.
