Patent Application
20150353187
The present disclosure relates generally to aircraft and, in particular, to control surfaces for aircraft. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for a leading edge assembly for a wing of an aircraft.
The wings of an aircraft are designed to generate lift as the aircraft moves. A standard wing design may require a variety of configurations to maintain efficient lift characteristics at both low and high speeds. Accordingly, control surfaces may be used to change the configuration of an aircraft to augment angle of attack capability. Leading edge devices are commonly used to provide this additional angle of attack capability, and are typically provided as extensions of the front of a wing. These devices alter the airflow over the wing thereby to reduce a stalling speed of the aircraft.
A common type of leading edge device is known as a slat. Slats may be fixed or moveable relative to the main wing structure. A retractable slat, as commonly used in commercial aircraft, may be placed in an extended or deployed position to reduce stalling speed during takeoff and landing. When the aircraft is operating at cruising speed, the slats may be moved to a retracted or stowed position to increase performance. An aircraft may include other types of control surfaces known as trailing devices (such as flaps) to increase lift during takeoff and landing.
Conventional aircraft wing design typically results in an aft-facing step surface located where the leading edge device engages the main wing structure. More specifically, when the leading edge device is in the stowed position, the leading edge device nests over the main wing structure with a rear end of an upper part of the leading edge device located on top of an upper surface of the main wing structure. The step surface is formed at this location and generally consists of the thickness of the rear end of the leading edge device. The presence of the step surface increases drag and therefore decreases the efficiency at which the aircraft may operate. Airflow speed in the area of the step surface is typically quite high, and therefore even relatively small step surfaces can cause a significant increase in drag. Furthermore, modification of the main wing structure profile to accommodate the thickness of the leading edge device rear end creates a forward facing step surface that is exposed and degrades lift when the leading edge device is in the deployed position, and therefore is not a satisfactory solution to decrease drag.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method and apparatus that takes into account one or more of the issues discussed above.
In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus includes a main wing structure having an upper surface, a lower surface, and a fixed leading edge. A leading edge device has an outer surface forward of the main wing structure and an inner surface extending between the outer surface and the main wing structure, the leading edge device being movable between a stowed position, in which at least a portion of the inner surface engages the main wing structure, and a deployed position, in which the inner surface is spaced from the main wing structure. The main wing structure upper surface includes a panel defining a panel outer surface and having a rear edge movable to a retracted position when the leading edge device is in the stowed position such that the leading edge device outer surface and an intermediate portion of the main wing structure upper surface define a first continuous outer mold line shape.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a flight control surface system for an aircraft includes a main wing structure having an upper surface, a lower surface, and a fixed leading edge. A slat has an outer surface forward of the main wing structure and an inner surface extending between the slat outer surface and the main wing structure, the slat movable between a stowed position, in which at least a portion of the inner surface engages the main wing structure, and a deployed position, in which the inner surface is spaced from the main wing structure. The main wing structure upper surface includes a panel defining a panel outer surface and having a front edge rotatably coupled to the to a front portion of the main wing structure upper surface and a rear edge movable to a retracted position when the slat is in the stowed position such that the slat outer surface and an intermediate portion of the main wing structure upper surface define a first continuous outer mold line shape.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of reducing drag on an aircraft includes providing a main wing structure having an upper surface, a lower surface, and a fixed leading edge, providing a slat having a slat outer surface forward of the main wing structure and a slat inner surface extending between the slat outer surface and the main wing structure, the slat movable between a stowed position, in which at least a portion of the inner surface engages the main wing structure, and a deployed position, in which the inner surface is spaced from the main wing structure, and providing a panel in the main wing structure upper surface defining a panel outer surface and having a rear edge movable between a retracted position and an extended position. The method further includes placing the panel in the retracted position when the slat is in the stowed position such that the slat outer surface and an intermediate portion of the main wing structure upper surface define a first continuous outer mold line shape.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, the rear edge of the panel is further movable to an extended position when the leading edge device is in the deployed position such that the panel outer surface and the intermediate portion of the main wing structure upper surface define a second continuous outer mold line shape.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, the panel is configured to move from the extended position to the retracted position when the inner surface of the leading edge device pushes against the panel outer surface when moving to the stowed position.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, a bias component is configured to autonomously return the panel to the extended position from the retracted position when the leading edge device is in the deployed position.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, the bias component comprises a spring.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, the panel includes a front edge rotatably coupled to a front portion of the main wing structure upper surface, the front portion being disposed forward of the intermediate portion.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, a hinge couples the panel front edge to the front portion of the main wing structure upper surface.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, a panel actuator is operably coupled to the panel and configured to actuate the panel to the retracted position.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, a leading edge device actuator is operably coupled to the leading edge device and configured to actuate the leading edge device between stowed and deployed positions, and to remove a mechanical load from the panel as the actuator moves the leading edge device from the stowed position to the deployed position.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, the leading edge device is configured to cause a change in airflow that increases angle of attack capability of an aircraft when the leading edge device is in the deployed position as compared to the stowed position.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure that may be combined with any of the other aspects identified herein, the leading edge device is a slat.
The features, functions, and advantages that have been discussed can be achieved independently in various embodiments or may be combined in yet other embodiments further details of which can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.
It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and that the disclosed embodiments are sometimes illustrated schematically. It is to be further appreciated that the following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses thereof. Hence, although the present disclosure is, for convenience of explanation, depicted and described as certain illustrative embodiments, it will be appreciated that it can be implemented in various other types of embodiments and in various other systems and environments.
The following detailed description is of the best currently contemplated modes of carrying out the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims.
Referring more particularly to the drawings, embodiments of the disclosure may be described in the context of aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 as shown in
During production, component and subassembly manufacturing 106 and system integration 108 of the aircraft 200 in
Each of the processes of aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/or an operator. In these examples, the operator may be a customer. For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may include, without limitation, any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include, without limitation, any number of venders, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and so on.
With reference now to
Apparatus and methods embodied herein may be employed during at least one of the stages of the aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 in
In one illustrative example, components or subassemblies produced in component and subassembly manufacturing 106 in
A number, when referring to items, means one or more items. For example, a number of apparatus embodiments is one or more apparatus embodiments. A number of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized while the aircraft 200 is in, for example, without limitation, component and subassembly manufacturing 106, system integration 108, and/or during maintenance and service 114 in
For example, one or more of the different advantageous embodiments may be used to replace current wing structures used on the aircraft 200 with those in accordance with one or more advantageous embodiments. The use of a number of the different advantageous embodiments may substantially expedite the assembly of or reduce the cost of the aircraft 200. Further, the different advantageous embodiments also may reduce the amount of drag acting on the aircraft 200 while in service 112.
The different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account that the upper trailing end of leading edge devices, such as slats, may create a step surface with the upper surface of main wing structures when leading edge devices are in stowed positions. The presence of a step surface may increase the amount of drag acting on the aircraft when the leading edge devices are in stowed positions during cruising speeds of the aircraft. The different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account that this drag may be reduced by changing the design of the main wing structure upper surface to reduce or eliminate the step surface.
Thus, one or more of the advantageous embodiments provide a method and apparatus for a flight control surface system. The apparatus comprises a panel formed in an upper surface of the main wing structure that is movable between extended and retracted positions. The panel has a retracted position when the leading edge device is in the stowed position and an extended position when the leading edge device is in the deployed position. The movable panel may reduce or eliminate the step surface normally present on conventional aircraft thereby to reduce associated drag.
With reference now to
The leading edge device 306 may have an outer surface 314 and an inner surface 316. In these, examples, the leading edge device 306 may have a stowed position 318 and a deployed position 320. In the stowed position 318, the outer surface 314 may be exposed to an airflow 321, and the inner surface 316 may be unexposed to the airflow 321. When the leading edge device 306 is moved into the deployed position 320, the inner surface 316 may be exposed to the airflow 321.
In these illustrative examples, a main wing structure 334 contacts the leading edge device 306 in the stowed position 318. The main wing structure may include a leading edge 340 defining a leading edge surface 345. Upper and lower surfaces 322, 333 extend to the aft of the leading edge surface 345. The panel 308 may form a portion of the upper surface 322 and may be movable between a retracted position 330 and an extended position 332. The panel 308 moves to the retracted position 330 when the leading edge device 306 is in the stowed position 318 such that the leading edge device outer surface 314 and main wing structure upper surface 322 define a first continuous outer mold line shape. The panel 308 moves to the extended position 332 when the leading edge device 306 is in the deployed position 320 such that the panel 308 and main wing structure upper surface 322 define a second continuous outer mold line shape. By providing a continuous outer mold line shape when the leading edge device 306 is in the deployed position, the step surface is eliminated, thereby reducing drag 326 due to airflow 321 over the main wing structure upper surface 322.
Various methods and structure may be employed to actuate the panel 308 between retracted and extended positions 330, 332. For example, an actuator system 310 may include a number of actuators 336. The number of actuators 336 may be, for example, a number of linear actuators, and may include a panel actuator operably coupled to the panel 308 and configured to actuate the panel between retracted and extended positions.
Alternatively, a pressure system 348 may be used to operate the panel 308. The pressure system 348 may be configured to move the panel 308 between the retracted position 330 and the extended position 332. For example, the pressure system 348 may take the form of a bias component such as a spring system, an air pressure system, and/or some other suitable type of pressure system for applying a biasing force to the panel 308. The pressure system 348 may be resilient such that movement of the panel 308 from the extended position 332 to the retracted position 330 is permitted, such as when the leading edge device 306 engages the panel 308 as it moves to the stowed position. The pressure system 348 may apply a mechanical load on the panel 308 in the retracted position 330 that is removed as the leading edge device 306 moves from the stowed 318 position to the deployed position 320.
The actuator system 310 may also operate the leading edge device 306 between stowed and deployed positions 318, 320. For example, the number of actuators 336 may include a leading edge device actuator operably coupled to the leading edge device 306, and the actuator system 310 may include a slide system 338. The slide system 338 is configured to guide the leading edge device 306 during movement between the stowed position 318 and the deployed position 320. For example, without limitation, the slide system 338 may comprise a number of rails that move along rollers. In this manner, these and/or other suitable components within the actuator system 310 are configured to move the leading edge device 306 between the deployed position 320 and the stowed position 318.
In these illustrative examples, the panel 308 may be comprised of materials selected from at least one of a shape memory alloy, a nickel-titanium alloy, nitinol, aluminum, titanium, steel, a plastic, a synthetic composite, a polyurethane, a metal, a metal alloy, and/or other suitable materials.
Also, in some advantageous embodiments, the panel 308 also may include a coating 346. The coating 346 may be a coating used to reduce friction that may occur when the panel 308 is pushed against the leading edge surface 345 of the structure 334. In these illustrative examples, the coating 346 may be, for example, a layer of Teflon® and/or any other suitable material that may reduce rubbing or friction.
In the different advantageous embodiments, the flight control surface system 304 may be installed during the manufacturing and assembly of new aircraft. Further, the flight control surface system 304 may be installed during maintenance or refurbishment of aircraft. For example, the panel 308 may be used to replace portions of currently existing main wing structure upper surfaces 322. This replacement may occur without a need to change other structures in the flight control surface system 304. For example, the current actuator system, track system, and/or other components may be used with few or no modifications.
The illustration of the surface control environment 300 in
With reference now to
In these illustrative examples, the surface control environment 300 in
Turning to
With reference now to
In this illustrative example, the main wing structure 500 has a fixed leading edge 501 defining a leading edge surface 502, an upper surface 503, and a lower surface 504. A flight control surface system 508 is shown in this partial view as including a main wing structure 500, a leading edge device 510, and a panel 512. The flight control surface system 508 is an example of one implementation for the flight control surface system 304 in
As can be seen in this illustrative example, the panel 512 includes a front edge 520 pivotably coupled to the main wing structure 500, such as by a hinge 522, and a rear edge 524 positioned adjacent an intermediate portion 526 of the main wing structure upper surface 503. The panel 512 is rotated clockwise (as shown by arrow 528 in
Turning now to
Turning now to
In this example, the main wing 700 has a fixed leading edge 710 defining a leading edge surface 712, an upper surface 714, and a lower surface 716. The panel 718 is disposed between the leading edge surface 712 and an intermediate portion 720 of main wing upper surface 714. The panel 718 includes a front edge 722 pivotably coupled to the main wing 700, such as by a hinge 724, and a rear edge 726 disposed adjacent the intermediate portion 720 of the main wing upper surface 714.
In this example, a biasing component is coupled to panel 718 to apply a force biasing the panel 718 to the extended position. Biasing component may include a spring system 728. The force of biasing component may be overcome as the leading edge device 704 moves to the stowed position as shown in
Turning now to
In this view, the panel 718 has moved from the retracted position to the extended position. This movement of the panel 718 occurs in this example because the mechanical force against the panel 718 provided by the leading edge device 702 is no longer present. As a result, the spring system 728 autonomously returns the panel 718 to the extended position from the retracted position when the leading edge device is in the deployed position. With the panel 718 in the extended position, the panel outer surface 727 and the intermediate portion 720 of the main wing structure upper surface 714 define a second continuous outer mold line shape that reduces drag.
The above-described embodiments depict a panel movable between extended and retracted positions according to the position of a leading edge device. In the retracted position when the leading edge device is stowed, the panel accommodates a thickness of the rear end of the leading edge device to avoid creating of a rearward-facing step surface that would increase drag during cruising. In the extended position when the leading edge device is deployed, the panel occupies the space in which was previously disposed the rear end of the leading edge device, thereby to avoid creating a forward-facing step surface that would negatively impact lift during take-off or landing. The panel may have one or more dedicated actuators to move the panel between positions, or may employ a biasing component or other passive system that permits movement under the force of existing actuators for other aircraft systems.
The description of the different advantageous embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and it is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, different advantageous embodiments may provide different advantages as compared to other advantageous embodiments.
Although the different advantageous embodiments have been described with respect to aircraft, the different advantageous embodiments may be applied to other types of platforms. For example, without limitation, other advantageous embodiments may be applied to a submarine, a personnel carrier, a spacecraft, a surface ship, and/or some other suitable object.
The embodiment or embodiments selected are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
