Patent Application
20140198487
The present disclosure relates to cinema poster display cases.
Cinema poster display cases, sometimes referred to as display signs, have been in use for many years, and are typically sized to accommodate a standard-sized movie poster. In the U.S., the standard film poster commonly displayed in theaters is known as a “one sheet”, which is 27 inches wide by 40 inches tall. Other countries have their own standard terminologies and sizes.
For a theatrical engagement of a particular movie, a poster arrives in the mail, rolled up in a tube from the respective film distributor. The poster is unrolled and placed in the front of a sign, which usually has a clamping mechanism to hold the poster against the front panel of the sign. At the end of the movie engagement, the poster is removed from the sign.
In a typical cinema sign, the movie poster is illuminated from the back and viewed from the front. These posters usually have a left-right inverted image of the front side printed on the back side, so that when viewed in back-lit illumination, the poster forms a single image with generally high contrast. Such posters may be referred to as “double sided”.
Initially, these movie signs used incandescent lamps as their light sources. In recent years, the incandescent lamps have been replaced by fluorescent lamps. The standard “one sheet”-sized cinema sign has fluorescent tubes extending vertically along the left and right edges of the poster area of the sign. When displayed in the sign, the poster is disposed at the front panel of the sign, and is typically about five inches in front of the back surface of the sign.
In recent years, light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) have emerged as a new technology for illumination and lighting applications. LEDs have potential advantages over fluorescent lamps in that they may be more efficient, may produce less heat, may having longer lifetimes, and may function more efficiently at cold temperatures. For these reasons and others, there has been a recent effort to incorporate LEDs into cinema signs. For example, a known LED-based display device is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,841,733 (Meulenbelt).
An embodiment is a replacement light module. The replacement light module includes a heat sink elongated along a first direction, which can coincide with a vertical direction when the light module is installed in a cinema poster display case. The replacement light module further includes a plurality of LEDs supported by the heat sink. The LEDs are spaced apart in the first direction. Each LED emits light into an angular distribution centered around a respective surface normal. The replacement light module further includes a cylindrical lens elongated along the first direction. The lens receives a central portion of the light emitted from the LEDs and transmits the central portion therethrough. The lens alters the angular path of the transmitted light along a second direction but not along the first direction, the second direction coinciding with a forward direction when the light module is installed in a cinema poster display case. The lens has at least one asymmetric portion that produces an angular asymmetry of the transmitted light in the second direction but not in the first direction. The replacement light module further includes a pair of elongated, inclined surfaces on the heat sink. Each inclined surface is elongated along the first direction and is parallel to the first direction. Each inclined surface extends from a position proximate a lateral edge of the LEDs to a position proximate a lateral edge of the lens. The pair of inclined surfaces open away from the LEDs toward the lens. Each inclined surface receives a peripheral portion of the light emitted by the LEDs and diffusely reflects the peripheral portion toward the lens.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages disclosed herein will be apparent from the following description of particular embodiments disclosed herein, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles disclosed herein.
Because cinema poster display signs are typically mounted on the wall of a theater, and are generally a standard size, such as a “one sheet” in the U.S., it is beneficial to establish a convention for describing the various orientations and directions encountered in this document. Note that the term “vertical” refers to the direction perpendicular to the ground, or “up”. The terms “lateral” and “forward” are used in this document, where “lateral” denotes the “left”-to-“right” direction, which is parallel to the top edge of the sign and parallel to the ground, and “forward” denotes the direction perpendicular to the viewable face of the sign and parallel to the ground. In the drawings, the directions of vertical, forward and lateral are noted by the shorthand labels of X, Y and Z. It is understood that the terms lateral, forward and vertical describe orientations and directions not only when the sign is in use, but may also be used for convenience to describe the relative orientations of elements with respect to each other even when the sign is uninstalled, is inactive on a shelf or is in shipment.
Similarly, the term “generally” is used in this document to denote a typical direction, or a direction that is a combination of an intended direction with a slight misalignment caused by typical manufacturing, alignment or assembly tolerances.
A trend in many lighting or illumination applications is to use light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light sources. Compared with most incandescent and fluorescent light sources, LEDs are more efficient, produce less heat, and have longer lifetimes. In particular, for cold-weather outdoor applications, LEDs operate significantly more efficiently than their incandescent or fluorescent counterparts. At the temperature drops, the efficiency of a typical LED increases, while the efficiency of a comparable fluorescent light decreases.
In keeping with the trend toward LEDs, there is a desire to retrofit existing cinema poster display signs, many of which currently use fluorescent lamps in their interiors, with LED light sources. Such a retrofit is significantly less expensive than a full replacement of the display sign. The LED-based lamps discussed herein are suitable for such a retrofit.
Movie theaters and film distributors in the U.S. have adopted a standard size for the movie posters that are displayed during a film's engagement in the theater. This standard size for the posters in the U.S. is typically known as a “one sheet”, which has dimensions of 27 inches wide by 40 inches tall. The display cases that are designed to accommodate the “one sheet” posters may optionally have a small buffer region of an inch or two along the vertical and/or horizontal dimensions, in order to accommodate slight variations in size from poster to poster.
Because the display signs have a standardized size, there is effectively only one variation of cinema display sign in the U.S. It therefore becomes relatively straightforward to envision a single retrofitting module, which can replace the older fluorescent lamps inside these “one sheet” signs.
Note that other countries have their own standardized sizes, which are generally different from the U.S. “one sheet”. It is contemplated that the designs and configurations contemplated in this document may be modified in a straightforward manner to accommodate the poster size in any particular country or region.
For a retrofit, one would first open a cinema sign to gain access to the interior of the sign. One would then remove the fluorescent lamps from the left edge and/or the right edge of the cinema sign. Typically, these lamps are elongated fluorescent tubes with electrical pins at their ends, which couple to respective pairs of so-called “tombstone” connectors. The fluorescent tubes are removed by first pivoting them about their elongated axes until the pins align with a channel in the connector, then pulling them out of the channels at the “tops” of the “tombstones”. New tubes are engaged with the tombstone connectors by inserting the pins through the tombstone channels, then pivoting the tubes about their elongated axes.
Once the left and/or the right fluorescent lamp have been removed, one may secure a single LED lamp in a pair of existing tombstone connectors at or near the left edge or the right edge of the cinema sign. Once the LED lamp is secured, one may close the cinema sign, energize the LED lamp through the appropriate tombstone connectors, and operate the cinema sign to inform passers-by about the respective movie on the poster.
In addition to having a relatively high efficiency, a relatively low heat output, and a relatively long lifetime, the retrofit LED lamp also simplifies lamp replacement, since it uses only one set of electrical sockets in the cinema sign, as opposed to using both sets for replacement of the fluorescent lamps.
When mounted and operational, the single LED lamp directs its output largely laterally. For instance, if the LED lamp is mounted on the left side of the sign, then its output is directed largely to the right side of the sign. Similarly, if the LED lamp is mounted on the right side of the sign, then its output is directed largely to the left side of the sign.
In addition to the lateral component, the output may be biased to direct more light toward the front of the sign and less light to the rear of the sign. This bias may result from some asymmetry in one or more of the optical elements in the LED lamp. In addition, in order to ensure that light from the LED lamp is biased toward the front of the sign and not the rear of the sign, it may be desirable to put one or more indicia on the lamp, such as an arrow, indicating where the front of the sign should be located when the LED lamp is installed.
In all of the configurations, light leaving the LED lamp at an angle truly parallel to the front face of the display case (along the Z-direction) misses the front face of the display case completely, and may be partially wasted when it strikes a lateral edge of the display case. As a result, all of the LED lamp configurations discussed herein have angular outputs that reduce propagation along the Z-axis by as much as is practical. For a typical design, about 80% of the LED lamp output strikes the front and rear faces, while only about 20% misses the front and rear faces. Three example designs are presented in the figures and are discussed in detail below, although other suitable variants may also be used.
In one of the three configurations shown in the figures and discussed in detail below, the LED lamp light output is directed away from the true lateral (Z) direction, and is split equally between front and rear. Light that would otherwise strike the lateral edge of the display case is diverted toward the front of the display case and toward the rear of the display case, with generally equal amounts of light being directed to the front and rear. This configuration relies on the reflectivity of the rear face of the display case, so that light striking the rear face of the display case may be diffusely reflected toward the front face of the display case.
Such a configuration may be particularly effective if the LED lamp is located halfway between the front and rear face of the display case. For such a symmetric geometry, an LED lamp configuration originally designed to work with a two-sided sign may be used for a symmetric one-sided display case with a reflective rear face.
In the remaining two of the three configurations shown in the figures and discussed in detail below, the LED lamp light output is divided asymmetrically between front and rear, with more light being directed to the front face than to the rear face.
Following a discussion of the geometry involved with a typical movie poster display case, the three configurations for the LED lamp are discussed, along with simulated intensity patterns for each.
Note that although the coordinates (X, Y, and Z) and their accompanying descriptions of (vertical, forward, and lateral) describe orientations of the lamp and its elements when installed, they may also be used to describe orientations when the lamp is uninstalled. For instance,
The display case 10 is intended to be non-removably mounted on the wall of a movie theater, with a front face that can be opened to access the interior of the case 10 as needed. The interior may be accessed to change the movie poster, change the movie show times if listed on the case 10, replace a lamp, and so forth. Typically, the front face 12 is hinged along its left side and pivots outward, although the front face 12 may be attached in some other suitable manner. The case 10 has a mechanism for holding a poster against the front face 12, which may include clips to force the posted against a rear side of the front face 12, or a transparent backing surface that forms a pocket in which the poster can rest.
In the case of
For convenience, a longitudinal axis A is established, for each LED in the LED lamp. In practice, these longitudinal axes are all generally coplanar, so that in the top-down view of
For the remaining figures and discussion, it is assumed that the LED lamp 1 is installed in the leftmost set of electrical sockets in the case 10. It is understood that the LED lamp 1 may alternatively be installed in the rightmost set of electrical sockets in the case 10, where the suitable geometry may be reversed left-to-right from the geometry shown in the figures.
For the purposes of terminology, the term “proximal” is used to denote elements that are relatively close to the LED lamp 1, while “distal” is used to denote elements that are relatively far away from the LED lamp 1. In
The front 12 and rear 14 faces of the case 10 are shown in
A particular angular value Q0 describes the angle formed by a ray that extends from the LED lamp 1 to the distalmost lateral edge of the front face 12. This distalmost lateral edge of the front face 12 is intended to represent the location farthest away from the LED lamp 1 at which illumination is required or desired. In other words, the poster generally extends laterally only as far as this distalmost lateral edge, so that light is provided to the front face 12 only to this edge. Any illumination delivered beyond this distalmost lateral edge, corresponding to propagation angles between zero and Q0, may be considered wasted, and may be reduced by as much as is practical at the design phase of the LED lamp 1.
Note that the LED lamp 1 may be installed along either lateral edge of the display case 10. In
In order to prevent such upside-down installation, it may be useful to have one or more identifying marks or indicia on the lamp 1 to identify a desired orientation of the lamp 1.
In the preceding paragraphs, it is assumed that the LED lamp 1 is a direct replacement for one of the fluorescent lamps 13, and uses the same electrical and mechanical connections as the fluorescent lamp 13. As an alternative, the ballast and electrical sockets for the fluorescent lamps may also be removed, and one or more new mounting brackets may be installed for the replacement LED lamp 1. The LED lamp 1 may use a ballast that is built into the lamp 1, or may use an external ballast that is installed along with the new mounting bracket in the display case. In all cases, it is assumed that the fluorescent or incandescent system that is removed uses two or more fluorescent or incandescent lamps, and that the LED system that is installed uses only a single LED lamp 1.
Note that lamp 1 may include an optional cylindrical housing that can protect the optical elements of the lamp from damage and contamination. Alternatively, the housing may expose all or part of a heat sink, which may be used to dissipate heat generated by the LEDs in the lamp 1. It is assumed that a suitable housing configuration is used, and that such a housing will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Whereas
A heat sink 2 is elongated along the vertical (X) direction. Most or all of the additional elements are attached to or are integral with the heat sink 2.
The heat sink 2 supports a series of LEDs 3 that are also distributed along the vertical (X) direction. In some cases the LEDs 3 are evenly distributed. The LEDs 3 emit white light, typically by producing blue or violet light and including a phosphor that absorbs the blue or violet light and emits light in the yellow portion of the spectrum. The combination of the blue or violet source light with the yellow phosphor-emitted light appears white to the human eye.
Each LED 3 typically has a generally square emission face 4, and emits light into an angular distribution that is centered around a longitudinal axis (A). The longitudinal axes (A) of all the LEDs 3 are parallel to each other and are generally parallel to the lateral axis (Z). The angular distribution is typically Lambertian, with an intensity that peaks along the longitudinal axis (A), and falls to zero at ninety degrees from the longitudinal axis (A).
The light emitted from the LEDs 3 is characterized by propagation angle. (Note that this propagation angle discussed in this paragraph is not labeled as Q, but instead is between the LED emission face 4 and the lens 6A. Q is the propagation angle of the entire lamp 1A.)
We define a central portion of the LED light to mean the light propagating along the longitudinal axis (A) and at relatively small propagation angles on either side of the longitudinal axis (A). This central portion leaves the LEDs 3 and directly strikes an incident face 7A of a cylindrical lens 6A.
We also define a peripheral portion of the LED light to mean the light propagating at relative large propagation angles with respect to the longitudinal axis (A). This peripheral portion leaves the LEDs 3 and directly strikes one of two inclined surfaces 5, which diffusely reflects the light toward the incident face 7A of the cylindrical lens 6A. The inclined surfaces 5 are either integral with the heat sink 2 or are made separately and are attached to the heat sink 2.
The inclined surfaces 5 are generally flat, to within reasonable manufacturing tolerances. Alternatively, the inclined surfaces 5 may be convex, concave, or a combination of convex and concave.
The inclined surfaces 5 are diffuse reflectors. As such, the surfaces 5 are rough enough to produce diffuse reflections, rather than specular reflection. For the purposes of this document, a “diffuse” reflection is taken to mean a “non-specular” reflection. For a specular reflector, light striking the specular reflector at a single angle of incidence is reflected into a single angle of reflection. In contrast, for a diffuse reflector, light striking the diffuse reflector at a single angle of incidence is reflected into a range of reflected angles. The inclined surfaces 5 may be formed with the surface roughness being integral with a molding process, or may alternatively be formed as smooth surfaces that are roughened afterward. One of ordinary skill in the art will be readily familiar with the amount of surface roughening that produces a fully diffuse reflector (light scatters into an angular distribution centered around a surface normal, regardless of the angle of incidence) or a partially diffuse reflector (light scatters into an angular distribution centered around the angle of reflection of a specular reflection).
The orientation of the inclined surfaces 5 are described as being parallel to a vertical direction (X), and extending from a position at or near a lateral edge of the LEDs 3 to a position at or near a lateral edge of the cylindrical lens 6A. The inclined surfaces 5 open outward from the LEDs 3 to the lens 6A. The lens 6A may be mechanically supported by the heat sink 2.
The light passing through the cylindrical lens 6A is a combination of central light, which leaves the LEDs 3 and directly strikes the incident face 7A of the lens 6A, and peripheral light, which leaves the LEDs 3 and reflects diffusely off the inclined surfaces 5. Most or all of this light transmits through the incident face 7A and the exiting face 8A of the lens 6A.
The cylindrical lens 6A has optical power in the forward direction (Y) but not in the vertical direction (X). In other words, the cylindrical lens 6A alters the angular path of the transmitted light along the forward direction (Y) but not along the vertical direction (X). In the exemplary configuration shown in the figures, the cylindrical lens 6A is plano-convex, with a generally flat incident side 7A. In other configurations, the cylindrical lens 6A may be bi-convex or meniscus.
In the specific configuration shown in the figures, the convex exiting side 8A of the lens 6A is convex across the full surface. In some configurations, the convex exiting side 8A of the lens 6A is flat at the intersection with the longitudinal axis (A). In some other configurations, there may be a slight concave dimple at the intersection with the longitudinal axis (A).
Simulations were performed with ASAP, which is computer aided designing software that is well suited for lighting design tasks. ASAP is commercially available from Breault Research Organization, Inc. in Tucson, Ariz. It is understood that any suitable ray-tracing software may also be used for the simulation of performance, and the adjustment of various system parameters to optimize performance.
Note that the example LED lamp 1A of
It may be convenient to have a simple formula that predicts the shape of the decay of the curve of
I(Q)=I(Q0)*(sin Q0)̂E/(sin Q)̂E
where I is the intensity in candelas, Q is the angle of propagation, Q0 is the propagation angle at which the distribution peaks (about four degrees in the present example), and E is a dimensionless exponent that is found to have a value between 1.5 and 3. For the special case of a single LED and no reflective elements inside the lamp 1, E is found to have a value of 3. For the example design of
In contrast with the symmetric design of
Compared with the symmetric lens 6A of
An explanation of the effect of such a protrusion is presently provided. Such a protrusion makes the exiting face 8B of the lens 6B look “flatter”, or more planar, to the incident light. Because the exiting face 8B appears flatter, or less curved, the exiting face 8B may appear to have less optical power, so that light passing through the protrusion is bent less by the exiting face 8B. Therefore, light traveling downward (+Y) from the LED 3 and passing through the protrusion in the exiting face 8B continues its downward (+Y) trajectory moreso than if the protrusion were absent. As a result, the asymmetric lens 6B produces more light traveling downward (+Y, Q>0), toward the front face 12 of the display case 10, than rearward (−Y, Q<0), toward the rear face 14 of the display case 10.
In addition to including a protrusion on the exiting face 8B of the lens 6B, as shown in
There are other LED lamp designs similar to those in
The description of the invention and its applications as set forth herein is illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein are possible, and practical alternatives to and equivalents of the various elements of the embodiments would be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art upon study of this patent document. These and other variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
GLOSSARY: a non-limiting summary of above reference numerals
