This invention relates to lenses, particularly but not exclusively to contact lenses. Illustrative embodiments of the teachings of the invention relate to contact lenses that are operable to enhance a wearer's spatial vision. Other implementations of the teachings of the invention could provide an intra-ocular lens (iOL), and as such, references hereafter to “lens” should be construed accordingly.
In accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a lens (preferably a contact lens) comprising at least two regions, a first said region being configured to pass incident light having a wavelength falling within a first band, and a second said region being configured to pass incident light having a wavelength falling within a second band that is different to said first band. In one implementation of the teachings of the invention, the first and second bands may partly overlap. In another implementation, the first and second bands are discrete from one another. In a preferred implementation, the lens is configured so that the first and second regions pass only the first and second wavelength bands, respectively.
In an embodiment, the first region may be configured to filter out shorter wavelengths of incident light, and the second region may be configured to filter out longer wavelengths of incident light. For example, the first region may be configured to pass light of wavelengths above about 490 nm (transmittance increasing from about 0.5 at 490 nm to approaching 1 at higher wavelengths), and the second region may be configured to pass light having a wavelength between about 370 to 480 nm (transmittance increasing from about 0.5 at 400 nm to approaching 1 and reducing again to about 0.5 at roughly 480 nm). In a particularly preferred arrangement, the second region has a transmittance of approximately zero below 370 nm and thus filters out incident ultraviolet light.
In a preferred implementation of the teachings of the invention, the first region is substantially circular and located, at least approximately, centrally of said lens; and the second region is annular and located outside of said first region. Preferably the first and second regions abut against one another. In an envisaged implementation, the first region is roughly 2-3.5 mm in diameter, the second region extending from the first region towards the edge of the lens.
Stated differently, a lens embodying the teachings of the invention comprises a first region that is spectrally selective for light of wavelengths where (only) L and M cones have good spectral responsivity, and a second region that is spectrally selective for light of wavelengths where (only) S cones have good spectral responsivity.
Arrangements embodying the teachings of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Arrangements embodying the teachings of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with specific reference to a contact lens 1 as depicted in
It has transpired that significant improvement in vision (i.e., visual acuity, ability to see fine detail, depth of focus, etc.) can be achieved by selective spectral filtering of the light over the corneal surface before it enters the eye. This document describes a preferred implementation of the teachings of the invention and outlines the advantages of wearing a lens, for example a contact lens, that implements selective spectral filtering. Such a lens 1 is shown schematically in
Advantages associated with embodiments of the present invention will now be justified using known facts about chromatic and monochromatic aberrations in the human eye, the contribution the signals generated in the four classes of photoreceptors in the retina make to our ability to see fine detail and faint objects, and the directional sensitivity of cones. The ability to see red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) colour differences and mesopic/scotopic vision (i.e., ability to maintain useful vision at lower light levels) shall also be considered together with the decreased diffraction effects produced when using spectral absorption techniques to limit the effective pupil size aperture.
As described in detail below, the teachings of the present invention will greatly improve spatial vision without affecting significantly any other aspect of visual performance. In addition, the teachings of the invention provide an improvement in depth of field, particularly in the high mesopic range, with additional benefits to early presbyopes.
A presently preferred illustrative implementation of the teachings of the invention is shown schematically in
The great majority of normal eyes are almost ‘diffraction’ limited for pupil sizes below 2.5-3 mm. Higher order aberrations which limit the spatial resolution of the eye increase rapidly for pupil sizes larger than 3 mm and can be very large when the pupil size exceeds 6 mm—as shown schematically in
Referring now to
The human eye tends to exhibit large amounts of chromatic aberration as the wavelength changes from blue light (just above 400 nm) to red light (below 780 nm). In terms of refractive error this is estimated to exceed 2.5 dioptres. We are somewhat protected against the full chromatic aberration in the eye simply because our high acuity, spatial vision relies only on L and M cone signals.
Referring now to
The peak spectral responsivities of L and M cones are separated only by ˜28 nm (which corresponds to less than 0.3D of chromatic aberration). This value is only fractionally larger than the random fluctuations that drive the accommodation mechanism and can easily be tolerated by the eye.
M-cones do however continue to respond well down to 450 nm and L-cones extend to 660 nm. The corresponding chromatic aberration between these extreme wavelengths can be as large as ˜1.3D and this larger value can have a detrimental effect on the luminance contrast channel and hence our ability to see fine detail in ‘white’ light (
The lens of the preferred embodiment reduces the damaging effects of chromatic aberration on retinal image quality in the luminance contrast channel by reducing the amount of aberrated, short wavelength light that would normally be absorbed by M cones. Light from the sharply defined image formed by ‘yellow’ light that passes through the centre of the pupil is likely to be very effective for L and M cones because of very small Stiles Crawford effect (i.e., maximum directional sensitivity of cones when small pupils are involved) and the reduced chromatic and monochromatic aberrations associated with this small, central region of the pupil.
There are four spectrally tuned photosensitive pigments in cone and rod photoreceptors in the retina. Each photoreceptor contains a photosensitive pigment which responds best to light of different wavelengths as shown in
The wavelengths of peak spectral responsivity are S (442), R (505), M (542) and L (570) nm. The photopic luminance channel sums up signals from L and M cones (
Rod photoreceptors tend to have high sensitivity to light, but very poor spatial resolution and low spatial contrast sensitivity. They form the ‘scotopic’ luminance channel. Rod vision relies mostly on short-wavelength (blue) light and is tolerant of poor retinal image quality. The lens of the preferred embodiment improves the output of the luminance contrast channel by providing improved image quality in ‘yellow’ light without affecting significantly either YB or rod mediated vision.
In the human eye, rays derived from the outer regions of the pupil (after passing through the cornea and the lens) tend to be more aberrated than the paraxial rays that pass through the centre of the pupil. Spherical aberration (SA) affects the quality of the image formed on the retina, both centrally as well as in the more distant regions away from the point of regard (the latter corresponds to the region that yields the highest spatial vision, the foveola). Wavefront spherical aberration increases with the forth power of ray height and can have devastating effects on image quality for very large pupils in eyes with large amounts of SA. When only cone vision is involved the directional sensitivity of cones offer some protection since cones are less sensitive to rays that enter the eye through the more peripheral regions of the pupil, but this protection is not sufficient in eyes with large pupils and hence SA. Coma is the next important aberration which increases with the third power of ray height. A measure of the expected effect of aberrations in the eye as a function of the size of the pupil is the RMS wavefront aberration. This parameter has been measured in a number of subjects in many studies as a function of pupil size and the results are similar to those shown in
The important conclusions to draw from these results is that many eyes are almost ‘diffraction’ limited for pupil sizes ˜2.5 to 3 mm and that the higher order aberrations increase rapidly afterwards with increasing pupil size. One way of reducing the effect of higher order aberrations on retinal image quality is to use only the central 2 to 3 mm of the pupil, although the use of small artificial pupils causes an increase in diffraction, which in turn can reduce image quality.
Referring to
The presently preferred implementation of the teachings of the invention reduces increased diffraction through selective absorption of unwanted photons before these pass through the lens. The preferred implementation also reduces monochromatic and chromatic ocular aberrations to negligible levels and increases the depth of field. The preferred implementation may turn out to be particularly useful in early presbyopia by reducing the effect of residual defocus. Colour vision is unlikely to be affected significantly since the ‘white balance’ is maintained by allowing short wavelength light to pass through the outer regions of the lens. Typical functions of an illustrative implementation are illustrated schematically in
An additional advantage of the preferred embodiment is the increased safety that is achieved by decreasing the amount of short wavelength light that reaches the retina. It has been claimed that long term use of ‘blue’ filtering IOLs protects the retina against blue light damage. Reducing much of the short wavelength light may however alter YB chromatic sensitivity, affect normal pupil responses to light as well as circadian rhythms which rely mostly on short wavelength light. The preferred embodiment offers an excellent compromise by limiting the amount of short wavelength light reaching the retina without affecting significantly either colour vision or circadian rhythms.
In summary, embodiments described herein provide reduced diffraction (as compared with the levels of diffraction that would occur with a small pupil) due to photons being absorbed instead of scattered. In addition, the relatively small size of the first zone reduces monochromatic aberrations as one would expect for a small pupil. In addition, chromatic aberration is reduced because red and green light (passed by the first zone) are narrowly spaced in the electromagnetic spectrum. Lastly, the so-called ‘pinhole’ effect associated with the small first zone improves image quality and increases depth of field. One direct application of this last effect is that persons with presbyopia are likely to see better at shorter distances than they would without lenses. It is also anticipated that a lens embodying the teachings of the invention will be of benefit to patients with keratoconus, who exhibit much greater spherical aberration with increasing pupil size.
The aforementioned benefits accrue without significantly affecting yellow/blue vision, without significantly affecting red/green vision, without appreciably affecting circadian rhythm (and potentially rod/melanopsin related control of pupil size), and with only a small reduction in retinal illuminance.
It will be appreciated that whilst various aspects and embodiments of the present invention have heretofore been described, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the particular arrangements set out herein and instead extends to encompass all arrangements, and modifications and alterations thereto, which fall within the scope of the appended claims.
It should also be noted that whilst particular combinations of features have been described herein, the scope of the present invention is not limited to those combinations but instead extends to encompass any combination of features herein disclosed.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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1811317.5 | Jul 2018 | GB | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2019/068556 | 7/10/2019 | WO | 00 |