Patent Application
20190253040
This description relates to a circuit configuration of a level-shifting circuit to limit leakage current.
A level-shifting circuit can be configured to convert a low-voltage signal to a high-voltage signal and/or a high-voltage signal to a low-voltage signal. Various components within the level shifting circuit can be susceptible to undesirable leakage currents. For example, during some a mode of operation, a portion of a level shifting circuit associated with a high-supply voltage can have an undesirable level of leakage. During another mode of operation, another portion of the level shifting circuit associated with a low-supply voltage can have an undesirable level of leakage. Thus, a need exists for systems, methods, and apparatus to address the shortfalls of present technology and to provide other new and innovative features.
In one general aspect, a level-shifting circuit includes a first supply terminal configured to receive a first supply voltage, a second supply terminal configured to receive a second supply voltage different from the first supply voltage, an input terminal of the level-shifting circuit configured to receive a voltage having a first voltage level, and an output terminal of the level-shifting circuit. The level-shifting circuit can be configured shift the voltage based on the second supply voltage level to a second voltage level different from the first voltage level. The level-shifting circuit can include a shifting circuit having electrical connections to the input terminal and the output terminal and configured to, in response to a first voltage at a first node, produce a second voltage at a second node. The shifting circuit can include an inverter where the inverter includes a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor and the shifting circuit is used to shift the first voltage level to the second voltage level. The level-shifting circuit can also include a feedback circuit having an electrical connection to the first node and the second node where the feedback circuit is configured to maintain the PMOS transistor of the inverter in an OFF state. The level-shifting circuit can also include a clamping circuit having an electrical connection to the first node where the clamping circuit is configured to limit current at the first node.
In another general aspect, a level-shifting circuit includes an input terminal configured to receive an input voltage having a first voltage level and an output terminal. The level-shifting circuit can also include a first having an electrical connection to the input terminal, and a second shifting circuit having an electrical connection to the output terminal. The level-shifting circuit can also include a first voltage supply terminal configured to receive a first supply voltage for the first shifting circuit and a second voltage terminal configured to receive a second supply voltage, different from the first supply voltage, for the second shifting circuit. The level-shifting circuit can further include a clamping circuit having an electrical connection to the second shifting circuit at a node, the clamping circuit configured to limit current at the node.
In another general aspect, a method includes receiving a first supply voltage at a first voltage supply terminal of a level-shifting circuit. The method also includes receiving a second supply voltage, different from the first supply voltage, at a second voltage supply terminal of the level-shifting circuit. The method further includes receiving a voltage having a first voltage level at an input terminal of the level-shifting circuit. The method further includes shifting the voltage from the first voltage level to a second voltage level within the level-shifting circuit based on the second supply voltage such that the voltage at the second voltage level is at an output terminal of the level-shifting circuit. The method further includes receiving a first voltage at a first node in electrical connection with a shifting circuit included in the level-shifting circuit where the first voltage at the first node is based on the voltage at the first voltage level producing a second voltage at a second node using the shifting circuit and the shifting circuit including a transistor. The method can also include, in response to receiving the first voltage at the first node, maintaining the transistor of the shifting circuit in an OFF state using a feedback circuit such that leakage current is limited at the first node.
The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
The level-shifting circuits described herein include components that limit (e.g., reduce, block) leakage current that can occur during some modes of operation. For example, the level-shifting circuits can include, for example, a clamping circuit and/or a feedback circuit configured to limit leakage current. The level-shifting circuits, because they have decreased leakage current, can be used in a wide variety of applications including low power applications and devices. The implementations described herein are contrasted with conventional level-shifting circuit approaches that are prone to allow undesirable leakage current to flow to ground or within other areas within the circuit.
In some implementations, the level-shifting circuits described herein can include clamping circuit configured to limit current at or from a node within the level-shifting circuit to ground. In some implementations, the level-shifting circuits described herein can include a feedback circuit with electrical connections between nodes that limit current leakage between, for example, ground and a voltage supply that supplies a voltage to the shifting circuit by maintaining a transistor of the shifting circuit in an OFF state.
In some implementations, the level-shifting circuit 100 is configured to output a specified voltage at the output terminal 114 in response to receiving a voltage at the input terminal 112. For example, the level shifting circuit 100 is configured to shift a voltage at a first level at the input terminal 112 to a voltage at a second level at the output terminal 112. The voltage at the second level can be higher or lower than the voltage at the first level. As a specific example, in response to receiving a voltage at the input terminal 112, the voltage at the node 122(A) can be equal to a first supply voltage at the first voltage supply terminal 130(1). The voltage at the node 122(B) can be equal to a second supply voltage at the second voltage supply terminal 130(2). The node 122(A) can be an output of the first shifting circuit 120(1) and the node 122(B) can be an output of the second shifting circuit 130(2).
Some level-shifting circuits generate significant and/or undesirable leakage current from a voltage supply to ground, e.g., the higher of the supply voltages supplied to terminals 130(1) and 130(2). The level-shifting circuit 100 is configured to limit leakage current to a desirable level using the feedback circuit 140 and the clamping circuit 150.
In some example implementations, the first shifting circuit 120(1) is configured to receive a voltage having a first voltage level at a node connected to the input terminal 112 and output a voltage having a second voltage level at the node 122(A). In some implementations, the first voltage level is greater than logical low (i.e., ground voltage). In that case, the second voltage level will be equal to a first supply voltage supplied to the first shifting circuit 120(1) by the voltage supply 130(1).
In some example implementations, the second shifting circuit 120(2) is configured to receive a voltage having the second voltage at the node 122(A) and output a signal at the node 122(B) having a third voltage. In some implementations, the third voltage is equal to a second supply voltage supplied to the second shifting circuit 120(2) at the voltage supply terminal 130(2).
In some implementations, the second shifting circuit 120(2) includes an inverter circuit (not shown in
In some implementations, the feedback circuit 140 is electrically connected between node 122(A) and node 122(B) and is configured to increase the voltage at the node 122(A) when the voltage at the node 122(A) is greater than the high threshold voltage of the inverter circuit of the second shifting circuit 120(2). Although not shown in
In some implementations, the clamping circuit 150 is configured to limit current, specifically leakage current, at the node 122(A). As illustrated in
The level-shifting circuit 100 is configured to block leakage current along various paths depending on the relationship between a first supply voltage applied to the voltage supply terminal 130(1) and a second supply voltage applied to the voltage supply terminal 130(2). Various scenarios are described briefly here, but these scenarios are described in more detail in connection with the examples shown in, for example,
In one example, when the first supply voltage at the voltage supply terminal 130(1) is less than the second supply voltage at the voltage supply terminal 130(2) and the first voltage is greater than a threshold (e.g., the high voltage threshold of the second shifting circuit 120(2)), leakage current from the node 122(A) to the voltage supply 130(1) may be limited. In such situations, the leakage current may be limited by the feedback circuit 140, and the limited leakage current is blocked from flowing to the voltage supply terminal 130(1) by the clamping circuit 150.
In another example, when the first supply voltage at the voltage supply terminal 130(1) is greater than the second supply voltage at the voltage supply terminal 130(2), leakage current from the node 122(A) to the voltage supply terminal 130(2) may be limited. In such situations, the leakage current may be limited by the clamping circuit 150, and the limited leakage current is blocked from flowing to the voltage supply terminal 130(2) by the clamping circuit 150.
In yet another example, when the first supply voltage is zero, the voltage at node 122(A) will be lower than the low threshold voltage of the second shifting circuit 120(2), and the leakage current from the node 122(A) to ground may be limited. In such situations, the leakage current may be blocked by the clamping circuit 150 from flowing toward the ground.
The level-shifting circuit 120(2) includes inverters 222 and 224. As shown in
A source S and a gate G of the PMOS transistor P6 have, respectively, electrical connections to the voltage supply rail 130(2) and the node NB, which is the input to the second shifting circuit 120(2). A source S and a gate G of the PMOS transistor M5 have, respectively, electrical connections to ground and the node NB. A drain D of the NMOS transistor P5 has an electrical connection to the drain D of the PMOS transistor P6.
When the voltage at the node NB is less than a low voltage threshold of the inverter circuit 222, the voltage at the node NC will be high. Further, when the voltage at the node NB is greater than a high voltage threshold of the inverter circuit 222, the voltage at the node NC will be low.
The feedback circuit 140 is configured to increase (e.g., pull up, raise) the voltage at the NB when the voltage at the NB is greater than the high threshold voltage of the inverter circuit of the second shifting circuit 120(2). Specifically, the feedback circuit 140 increases this voltage to maintain the PMOS transistor P6 in an OFF state. Because the leakage current can be produced when the PMOS transistor P6 is in the ON state (or a linear state), maintaining the PMOS transistor P6 in the OFF state reduces the leakage current through the inverter 222.
The clamping circuit 150 is configured to limit a leakage current that can flow to either of the voltage supply terminals 130(1) and 130(2) and/or a ground. In some implementations, the voltage at the node NB depends on whether the voltage at the input node 152(A) of the clamping circuit is less than the low voltage threshold or greater than the high voltage threshold.
The SBD 310 is reverse-biased with respect to current flow from the node 320(B) (at a source D of the NMOS transistor 340). When the voltage at the node 320(A) is equal to the first supply voltage supplied by a voltage at the gate G, the voltage at the node 320(B) is equal to a difference between the first supply voltage and the forward-biased voltage across the SBD 310.
The native NMOS transistor 340 is configured to be ON and operating in saturation mode when the voltage at the node 320(B) is greater than the voltage at the node 320(A). These conditions permit current to flow through the clamping circuit 150 from the node 320(B) to the node 320(A). In this case, the voltage at the node 320(C) (at a source S of the NMOS transistor 340) is equal to a sum of the first supply voltage and the absolute value of the threshold voltage of the native NMOS resistor 340. Accordingly, the voltage across the SBD 310 is about equal to the absolute value of the threshold voltage of the native NMOS transistor 340. Because the leakage current of the reverse-biased SBD diode 310 changes with the absolute value of the threshold voltage of the native NMOS resistor 340, the smaller the threshold voltage of the native NMOS transistor 340, the smaller the leakage current of the reverse-biased SBD diode 310. In the worst condition, the threshold voltage of the native NMOS resistor 340 can be relatively small (e.g., as small as possible, negligible in some applications) in absolute value.
In some implementations, the above configuration of the SBD diode 310 and the native NMOS resistor 340 as show in
When the voltage at the input terminal 112 of the level-shifting circuit 400(A) is low and 0<V1<V2, the PMOS transistor P7 is in the OFF state and the leakage current is limited along a path 420(A). This may occur, for example, when the voltage at the input terminal 112 is equal to the ground voltage or less than the low voltage threshold of the inverter circuit 222 of the shifting circuit 120(2) defined by the transistors M5 and P6.
When the voltage at the input terminal 112 of the level-shifting circuit 400(A) is high and 0<V1<V2, then the feedback circuit 140 limits leakage current produced by the second shifting circuit 120(2) by maintaining the transistor P6 in the OFF state. This may occur, for example, when the voltage at the input terminal 112 is equal to V1 or greater than the low voltage threshold of the inverter circuit of the shifting circuit 120(2). In this case, the leakage current is limited along the path 420(A) from the node 122(B) to the first supply voltage 130(1) supplying the voltage V1 via the PMOS transistor P2. Nevertheless, the clamping circuit 150(A), which includes the native NMOS transistor M3 that maintains a gate at the voltage V1, limits leakage current from flowing along the path 420(A).
When the voltage at the input terminal 112 of the level-shifting circuit 400(B) is low and V1>V2>0, the NMOS transistor P7 is in the OFF state and the leakage current is limited along a path 420(B). This may occur, for example, when the voltage at the input terminal 112 is equal to the ground voltage or less than the low voltage threshold of the inverter circuit 222 of the shifting circuit 120(2) defined by the transistors M5 and P6.
When the voltage at the input terminal 112 of the level-shifting circuit 400(B) is high and V1>V2>0, then the clamping circuit 150(B) limits leakage current along the path 420(B). Also, the leakage current of the second shifting circuit 120(2) is limited by maintaining the PMOS transistor P6 in the OFF state. Since V1>V2, for the PMOS transistor P6 to be in the OFF state, the voltage at the node NB should be greater than V2. In this situation, the PMOS transistor M7 is in the ON state, not the OFF state. The feedback circuit 140, which includes PMOS transistor M7, limits leakage current produced by the second shifting circuit 120(2) by maintaining the transistor P6 in the OFF state. This may occur, for example, when the voltage at the input terminal 112 is equal to V1 or greater than the high voltage threshold of the inverter circuit of the shifting circuit 120(1). In this case, leakage current may be limited along the path 420(B). Accordingly, the clamping circuit 150(B), which includes the native NMOS transistor M8 having a gate held at the voltage V2, limits leakage current from flowing along the path 420(B).
The gate of the native NMOS transistor M4 is maintained at ground to maintain the native NMOS transistor M4, as the source of M4 is held at the voltage V1. Accordingly, the native NMOS transistor M4 of the clamping circuit 150(C) is ON and pulls down the voltage at the node 122(B) to reduce that voltage to less than the low voltage threshold of the inverter circuit of the shifting circuit 120(2) defined by the transistors M5 and P6. By pulling the voltage at node 122(B) lower than the low voltage threshold, leakage current that could flow to ground is limited.
At 504, the level-shifting circuit receives a voltage having a first voltage level at an input terminal and shifts the voltage from the first voltage level to a second voltage level within the level-shifting circuit based on the second supply voltage such that the voltage at the second voltage level is at an output terminal. The input terminal may be, in some implementations, the input terminal 112 of the level-shifting circuit. The output terminal may be, in some implementations, the output terminal 114 of the level-shifting circuit.
At 506, the level-shifting circuit receives a first voltage at a first node having an electrical connection with a shifting circuit, the first voltage at the first node being based on the voltage at the first voltage level. In some implementations, the first node is the node 122(A). In some implementations, the shifting circuit is the shifting circuit 120(2) included in the level-shifting circuit.
At 508, the level-shifting circuit produces a second voltage at a second node using the shifting circuit. The shifting circuit includes a transistor, e.g., PMOS P6. In some implementations, the second node is the node 122(B).
At 510, the level-shifting circuit, in response to receiving the first voltage at the first node, maintains the transistor of the shifting circuit in an OFF state using a feedback circuit such that leakage current is limited at the first node. In some implementations, the feedback circuit is the feedback circuit 140.
A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the specification.
It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being on, connected to, electrically connected to, coupled to, or electrically coupled to another element, it may be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being directly on, directly connected to or directly coupled to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Although the terms directly on, directly connected to, or directly coupled to may not be used throughout the detailed description, elements that are shown as being directly on, directly connected or directly coupled can be referred to as such. The claims of the application may be amended to recite exemplary relationships described in the specification or shown in the figures.
The various apparatus and techniques described herein may be implemented using various semiconductor processing and/or packaging techniques. Some embodiments may be implemented using various types of semiconductor processing technologies associated with semiconductor substrates including, but not limited to, for example, Silicon (Si), Galium Arsenide (GaAs), Silicon Carbide (SiC), and/or so forth.
It will also be understood that when an element, such as a layer, a region, or a substrate, is referred to as being on, connected to, electrically connected to, coupled to, or electrically coupled to another element, it may be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being directly on, directly connected to or directly coupled to another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present.
Although the terms directly on, directly connected to, or directly coupled to may not be used throughout the detailed description, elements that are shown as being directly on, directly connected or directly coupled can be referred to as such. The claims of the application may be amended to recite exemplary relationships described in the specification or shown in the figures.
As used in this specification, a singular form may, unless definitely indicating a particular case in terms of the context, include a plural form. Spatially relative terms (e.g., over, above, upper, under, beneath, below, lower, and so forth) are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. In some implementations, the relative terms above and below can, respectively, include vertically above and vertically below. In some implementations, the term adjacent can include laterally adjacent to or horizontally adjacent to.
While certain features of the described implementations have been illustrated as described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes and equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the scope of the implementations. It should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, not limitation, and various changes in form and details may be made. Any portion of the apparatus and/or methods described herein may be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive combinations. The implementations described herein can include various combinations and/or sub-combinations of the functions, components and/or features of the different implementations described.
In addition, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
