Patent Application
20220417143
The present disclosure relates generally to techniques for discovering silent hosts in network fabrics by sending unicast messages to the silent hosts rather than broadcast messages.
Computer networks are generally groups of computers or other devices that are communicatively connected, and use common sets of communication protocols, over interconnections for the purposes of exchanging data and/or sharing resources. One of the principal communication protocols is the Internet Protocol (IP) that is used to create IP networks where computers are given unique IP addresses that allow for the computers to send and receive information with each other. However, as IP networks grow, they often experience issues such as network congestion, reduced network performance and speed, reduced network security, administrative burdens, and/or other issues. To help address these issues, IP networks are often divided into two or more IP subnetworks where computers that belong to a same subnet are addressed with the same most-significant bit-group in their IP addresses.
While IP subnets are useful for a variety of purposes, scaling an IP subnet can be challenging due to the amount of broadcast messages sent by each node in the subnet, which causes issues around scalability, security, and operation. For instance, broadcast messages are one of the easiest and most common methods to launch denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, which are major security concerns. Building multiple IP subnets is a solution used to limit the scope of broadcast message, and to improve scalability and security. However, multiple subnets can reduce seamless mobility, and requires additional services such as multicast DNS (mDNS), default gateway nodes, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers, etc., to be deployed and synchronized.
To help scale and secure subnets, techniques have emerged for splitting a subnet into multiple pods that are connected over a layer-3 (e.g., routed) underlay using an overlay network, such as virtual extensible LAN (VxLAN) overlay. Encapsulation protocols, such as VxLAN, are commonly used to stretch layer-2 connections and provide connectivity between data centers, campus networks, and other physical networks. To avoid the same scalability and security issues as in a subnet, these pod solutions rely on the use of nodes on the fabric edge (or “edge nodes”) to discover all of the host addresses in the pod. These edge nodes provide proxy services so that hosts in one pod can locate a peer host or a service in another pod without having to broadcast. However, these proxy services are generally limited to locating hosts that have started sending network traffic to be discovered up front. Thus, these techniques may break down when hosts attempt to reach hosts that have not announced their presence (or “silent hosts”) by sending network traffic or advertisements.
The detailed description is set forth below with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical items. The systems depicted in the accompanying figures are not to scale and components within the figures may be depicted not to scale with each other.
The present disclosure relates generally to discovering silent hosts in network fabrics by sending unicast messages to the silent hosts rather than broadcast messages.
A method described herein includes sending, from a first edge node of a first network fabric, a Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) query message to a host node in the first network fabric. The method may further include receiving, at the first edge node, an MLD report message indicating an Internet Protocol (IP) multicast address associated with the host node, wherein the IP multicast address at least partially corresponds to an IP unicast address of the host node. Additionally, the method may include determining, at the first edge node, that the IP unicast address for the host node is not in a routing table associated with the first edge node, and generating a forged IP unicast address for the host node. Generally, the forged IP unicast address at least partly corresponds to the IP multicast address, such as the three least-significate bits of the two addresses corresponding. The method may additionally include sending the forged IP unicast address to at least one of a second edge node in a second network fabric or a mapping system associated with the first network fabric and the second network fabric.
In some instances, the method may further include receiving a packet from the second edge node in the second network fabric, and identifying a destination address for the packet. Additionally, the method may include determining that the destination address does not have an entry in the routing table, determining that the destination address at least partly corresponds to the forged IP unicast address, and sending the packet to the host node.
Additionally, the techniques of the method and any other techniques described herein, may be performed by a system and/or device having non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, performs the method(s) described above.
The present disclosure relates generally to leveraging Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) capabilities at edge nodes (e.g., router, switch, etc.) of network fabrics to receive Solicited-Node multicast addresses (SNMAs) from silent hosts, and creating unicast addresses from the SNMAs for the silent nodes that are used as secondary matches in a network overlay if primary unicast address lookups fail. The edge nodes described herein may act as snoopers of MLD reports in order to identify the SNMAs of the silent hosts. The edge nodes then match the SNMAs that they observe from particular media-access control (MAC) addresses of silent hosts, and forge unicast addresses for the silent hosts that match with at least the least three bytes of the SNMAs. The forged unicast addresses are then presented as unicast MAC/IP mappings in the fabric overlay. In situations where a primary IP address lookup fails (e.g., there is no match in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) tables), the edge nodes (or other look-up device) performs a secondary lookup that searches for a mapped address that has the last three bytes of the IP address. If a mapping is found having the last three bytes of the IP address, the lookup is sent as a unicast message to the matching MAC address in the mapping. In this way, SNMAs for silent hosts can be used to forge unicast addresses that are injected into a network fabric, and those forged unicast addresses can be used to locate the silent hosts without having to send broadcast messages.
Generally, the IPv6 protocol requires that when a host forms an IP version 6 (IPv6) address, the host is required to send an MLD report and also respond to MLD queries for the SNMA that is derived from their IPv6 address. Generally, the SNMA for a host has the last three bytes of the IPv6 address encoded, and operates at the scope of a link (e.g., FF02 with the last three bytes of the IPv6 address). However, there is generally a one-to-one relationship between the SNMA and unicast addresses due to the rarity of collision of the last three octets.
This disclosure leverages this idea in order to create unicast mappings for silent hosts, or hosts that have not announced their IPv6 addresses (e.g., have not sent traffic into the network fabric). Generally, edge nodes in the network fabrics are tasked with discovering all of the host addresses in their fabric, or device pod. However, issues arise when silent hosts have not announced their IP addresses in the fabric for the edge nodes to discover. This disclosure contemplates configuring the edge nodes with MLD capabilities whereby the edge nodes listen or snoop for MLD reports from hosts in order to discover the SNMAs for the hosts. In this invention, the edge nodes match the SNMAs that they observe from a MAC address of a host node and the bindings that the edge node has for that MAC address. However, nodes with SNMAs and no associated bindings indicate silent nodes that have not announced themselves, and no unicast addresses are known for the silent nodes. However, the last three bytes of the SNMAs for the silent nodes will match the last three bytes of the unknown unicast addresses for the silent nodes.
Accordingly, for each SNMA, an edge node may perform a lookup in a matching table to find a matching IPv6 address. However, if no matching IPv6 address is found for an SNMA, the edge node may create a forged unicast address for the node. To create a forged unicast address, the edge node may change the multicast heading into a unicast heading. As an example, the edge node may change “ff02:ab:cdef” into “fc00::ab:cdef” to use for a forged unicast address. Generally, for each forged unicast address, the edge node may, for example, change the heading “0xFF02” into “0xFCXX” where “XX” is well known in the fabric, does not overlap with a unique-local prefix (ULA) in used in the fabric, and defaults to zero. In this way, the SNMAs are used to create forged ULA unicast addresses that are not advertised beyond the layer-2 fabric and do not collide with other addresses.
After generating a forged unicast address for a silent node, the edge node may inject the address into the network fabric, such as by a Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) mapping server (MS) or in ethernet VPN (eVPN) or RIFT fabric. Because the SNMA has been mapped to a forged ULE unicast address, the existing mechanisms in the overlapping mapping system can work according to normal operations, as is.
In the case where a node desires to reach an address owned by a silent node, by definition of a silent node, that address is not known and unavailable in the eVPN control plane. Prior to the techniques described herein, a lookup fails and a broadcast operation would be performed that, as discussed above, increases congestion and opens the fabric to DoS attacks. However, according to the techniques described herein, if the primary lookup fails then the node performing the lookup (e.g., edge switch, edge, router, etc.) may perform a second lookup for the forged unicast address. As a specific example, let “0xabcdef” be the last 3 octets of the address, and the lookup for the forged address may be “fc::ab:cdef.”
If the secondary lookup fails, then the edge node may drop the lookup. However, if the secondary lookup succeeds, then the identified unicast address belongs to a silent host and is a forged unicast address. In this case, the edge node forwards the unicast to the silent node, and the unicast may be a neighbor solicitation (NS) for the silent node to verify that the address belongs to it. If the silent node matches, the silent node will answer with a neighbor acknowledgment (NA), and the edge nodes will then learn the actual unicast IP address for the silent node and inject that into the network fabric (e.g., BGP route advertisement).
This invention allows for the discovery of silent nodes, or nodes in a network fabric that have not announced themselves (e.g., have not sent traffic into the fabric that indicates their unicast IP address). Rather than having to send broadcast messages to identify nodes, the techniques described herein include configuring edge nodes (or other nodes that manage mapping tables) to snoop for MLD reports, and/or send out MLD queries, in order to identify multicast addresses of the silent nodes (e.g., SNMAs). The edge nodes can discover that the nodes are silent nodes, created forged unicast addresses using at least the last three bytes in the SNMAs, and inject the forged unicast addresses into the network fabric. The forged unicast IP addresses can then be used to reach a silent node (using a unicast message), confirm that existence, and ultimately determine the actual unicast IP address without having to send a broadcast message.
Certain implementations and embodiments of the disclosure will now be described more fully below with reference to the accompanying figures, in which various aspects are shown. However, the various aspects may be implemented in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the implementations set forth herein. The disclosure encompasses variations of the embodiments, as described herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
As illustrated, the environment 100 includes a network fabric 102 that includes multiple components, devices, and/or nodes that pass data to each other through interconnecting devices, such as switches, routers, etc. The network fabric 102 may be a layer-2 fabric, a layer-3 fabric, and/or a combination thereof. The network fabric 102 may be an Ethernet network fabric including Ethernet switches (e.g., shortest path bridging, transparent Interconnection of lots of links, etc.). In some instances, the network fabric 102 may be an IP fabric which uses boarder gateway protocol (BGP) and Ethernet virtual private networks (eVPNs). The network fabric 102 may be used to interconnect resources or devices, such as different data centers, different networks (e.g., different campus networks), and or other groupings of devices.
As illustrated, the network fabric 102 may interconnect at least a first network domain 104 and a second network domain 106 where the two domains 104/106 include groupings of devices. In this illustrated example, the network fabric 102 may be at least partially a layer-3 fabric where devices are assigned IP addresses to enable all of the devices in the network fabric to communicate with each other. In such examples, the first network domain 104 and the second network domain 106 may each be separate IP subnet, or may each be separate pods within a same subnet. In either instance, the separate domains 104/106 are assigned or allocated separate IP addresses from a given range of IP addresses. For instance, each of the domains 104/106 may be assigned a range of IP addresses from a Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) block assigned to an IP subnet in which the domains 104/106 are included.
As illustrated, the first network domain 104 may include multiple host nodes 108A-108N (where “N” is any integer greater than “0”), such as host node H11 and host node H12. The host nodes may be any type of computer node, physical or virtual, that has joined the first network domain 104. Further, the first network domain 104 may include an edge node 110 (E1), which generally acts as a portal for communications with other nodes in the first network domain 104, and/or for devices that are attempting to reach other domains, such as the second network domain 106. Similarly, the second network domain 106 may include an edge node 112, as well as host nodes 114 (H21) and a silent host node 116 (H22).
Generally, the host nodes 108, 114, and the silent host node 116 may be any type of computing device, such as desktop computers, laptop or other portable computers, tablets, e-reader, smartphone, wearable devices, or other computing devices. In some instances, the client devices 104 may be Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, such as connected appliances, smart home devices, autonomous vehicles or machines, factory devices, sensors, and/or other IoT devices configured to communicate over one or more networks. In various examples, the client devices 104 may be various types of networked devices, such as servers, switches, routers, hubs, bridges, gateways, modems, repeaters, access points, and/or any other type of computing device that may be running any type of software and/or virtualization technology.
The edge nodes 110 and 112 may generally comprise nodes that act as portals for the host nodes to communicate with other devices, and the edge nodes 110 and 112 may include or be gateways, hub, routers, switches, bridges, access points, and/or other types of network communication devices. Generally, the edge nodes 110 and 112 may store and maintain routing tables (or mapping tables) that list the routes to different network destinations. In order for devices in the first network domain 104 and second network domain 106 to communicate with each other, they need to know where to find the devices they would like to reach. That is, the devices in the domain 104 need to know where to send data for a particular IP address, and if that IP address is in the second network domain 104, then a device in the first network domain 104 must be aware of the location of the target device.
Accordingly, the edge nodes 110 and 112 may each maintain and/or store mapping database(s) 120 (e.g., routing tables, mapping tables, etc.) that indicate routes to, and mapped IP addresses for, different network endpoints. To send a packet from one IP address to another IP address, the source device needs to have the route to go to the destination device. The edge nodes 110 and 112 that serve the network domains 104 and 106 will track and advertise the list of addresses in their respective domains 104/106. Thus, the edge nodes 110/112 track what devices are in their respective domains 104/106, and periodically, or intermittently, advertise the list of IP addresses to the other edges nodes that have interconnectivity.
Generally, the IPv6 protocol requires that host nodes that form an IPv6 address send an MLD report to edge nodes (e.g., routers, switches, etc.), and also respond to MLD queries for their SNMAs that are derived from the IPv6 addresses. The SNMA has the last three bytes of the IPv6 encoded, and operates at the scope of a link (e.g., FF02 along with the last three bytes). There is usually a one-to-one relationship between the SNMA and a unicast address of a node due to the rarity of collision of the last three octets in the IP addresses.
When a host node creates an IPv6 address, the node generally sends traffic at some point, and the edge nodes 110/112 use that traffic to identify the unicast addresses for those nodes. However, some nodes do no “announce” themselves after generating IPv6 addresses, or do not send traffic, and are referred to as silent host nodes 116 as described herein. The silent host node 116 is illustrated as a printer in this case, but may be any type of computing device. Accordingly, the edge nodes 110/112 may not have a MAC entry or mapping for the silent host node 116 as the unicast address has not been announced. Thus, when another host node 108 would like to communicate with the silent host node 116, the edge nodes 110/112 do not know the route for the IP address of the silent host node 116 as there is no mapping in their mapping database(s) 120. In such examples, the edge nodes 110/112 may send out broadcast messages to locate the silent host node 116. However, these broadcast messages increase congestion in the network fabric 102, and reduce scalability and security in these deployments.
According to the techniques described herein, the edge nodes 110/112 may be configured to utilized MLD capabilities to receive a SNMA from the silent host node 116, and create a forged unicast addresses from the SNMA for the silent host node 116 that are used as secondary matches in a network overlay if primary unicast address lookups fail. The edge nodes 110/112 described herein may act as snoopers of MLD reports in order to identify the SNMAs of the silent host nodes 116. The edge nodes 110/112 then match the SNMAs that they observe from particular MAC addresses of silent host nodes 116, and forge unicast addresses for the silent host nodes 116 that match with at least the least three bytes of the SNMAs.
For an example, at “1” the edge node 112 may send an MLD report message to the silent host node 116. The MLD report message is used by the edge node 112 to discover multicast listeners, similar to how Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used in IPv4. The MLD report message may be a general query message to learn which multicast addresses have silent host nodes 116 listening on a link, and/or a multicast-address-specific query to learn if a particular multicast address has any listeners on an attached link.
At “2,” the silent host node 116 may send a response to the edge node 112 that indicates a multicast address (e.g., SNMA) on which the silent host node 116 is listening. In this case, the multicast address is “FF02::AA:BBCC” for illustrative purposes. In some instances, the message sent at “2” may simply be the initial MLD report sent by the silent host node 116 when the node 116 forms an IPv6 address and sends the MLD report out. In other instances, the MLD report message may be sent in response to an MLD query for the SNMA that is derived from the IPv6 address. The SNMA sent has the same last three bytes as the IPv6 that was created by the silent host node 116, and the edge node 112 may receive the SNMA for the silent host node 116.
As noted above, silent host nodes 116 have SNMAs, but no associated bindings as they have not announced themselves and no unicast addresses are known for the silent host nodes 116. However, the last three bytes of the SNMAs for the silent host nodes 116 will match the last three bytes of the unknown unicast addresses for the silent host nodes 116. Accordingly, for the received SNMA, the edge node 112 may perform a lookup in a matching table of the mapping database(s) 120 to find a matching IPv6 address.
However, if no matching IPv6 address is found for the SNMA, the edge node 112 may create a forged unicast address for the silent host node 116. To create a forged unicast address, the edge node 112 may change the multicast heading into a unicast heading. As an example, the edge node 112 may change “ff02:ab:cdef” into “fc00::ab:cdef” to use for a forged unicast address. Generally, for each forged unicast address, the edge node 112 may, for example, change the heading “0xFF02” into “0xFCXX” where “XX” is well known in the fabric 102, does not overlap with a unique-local prefix (ULA) in used in the fabric 102, and defaults to zero. In this way, the SNMA is used to create forged ULA unicast addresses that are not advertised beyond the layer-2 fabric and do not collide with other addresses.
After generating a forged unicast address for a silent host node 116, the edge node 112 may, at “3”, inject the address into the network fabric 102, such as by a LISP MS 118 or in ethernet VPN (eVPN) fabric. Because the SNMA has been mapped to a forged ULE unicast address, the existing mechanisms in the overlapping mapping system can work according to normal operations, as is. As illustrated, there may be a mapping between the MAC address and the multicast address (SNMA) of the silent host node 116 that indicates that the silent host node 116 is reachable through the edge node 112 (E2).
At “4,” the host node 108N may send a request to the edge node 110 to lookup the address for the silent host node 116 (H22). However, in this case where the host node 108N node desires to reach an address owned by the silent host node 116, by definition of a silent node, that address is not known and unavailable in the eVPN control plane. As shown, at “5,” the edge node 110 may perform a lookup (e.g., primary lookup) for the unicast address of the silent host node 116 that was provided by the host node 108N, but the primary lookup fails in this instance.
Prior to the techniques described herein, when the primary lookup fails, a broadcast operation would be performed that increases congestion and opens the fabric to DoS attacks. However, according to the techniques described herein, if the primary lookup fails then the edge node 110 may perform a secondary lookup look up for the forged unicast address. As a specific example, let “0xabcdef” be the last 3 octets of the address, and the lookup for the forged address may be “fc::ab:cdef” If the secondary lookup fails, then the edge node 110 may drop the lookup.
However, if the secondary lookup succeeds, then the identified unicast address may belong to the silent host node 116 and is a forged unicast address. In this case, the edge node 110 forwards the unicast to the silent host node 116 at “6,” and the unicast may be a neighbor solicitation (NS) message for the silent host node 116 to verify that the address belongs to it. If the silent host node 116 matches, the silent host node 116 will answer with a neighbor acknowledgment (NA), and the edge nodes 110/112 will then learn the actual unicast IP address for the silent host node 116 and inject that into the network fabric 102 (e.g., BGP route advertisement).
Thus, this invention allows for the discovery of silent host nodes 116, or nodes in a network fabric that have not announced themselves (e.g., have not sent traffic into the fabric that indicates their unicast IP address). Rather than having to send broadcast messages to identify silent host nodes 116, the techniques described herein include configuring edge nodes 110/112 (or other nodes that manage mapping tables 120) to snoop for MLD reports, and/or send out MLD queries, in order to identify multicast addresses of the silent host nodes 116 (e.g., SNMAs). The edge nodes 110/112 can discover that the nodes are silent host nodes 116, created forged unicast addresses using at least the last three bytes in the SNMAs, and inject the forged unicast addresses into the network fabric 102. The forged unicast IP addresses can then be used to reach a silent host node 116 (using a unicast message), confirm that existence, and ultimately determine the actual unicast IP address without having to send a broadcast message.
Generally, the network fabric 102 may include and/or be comprised of devices housed or located in one or more data centers connected by various networks. The network fabric 102 may include one or more networks implemented by any viable communication technology, such as wired and/or wireless modalities and/or technologies. The network fabric 102 may include any combination of Personal Area Networks (PANs), Local Area Networks (LANs), Campus Area Networks (CANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), extranets, intranets, the Internet, short-range wireless communication networks (e.g., ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc.) Wide Area Networks (WANs)—both centralized and/or distributed—and/or any combination, permutation, and/or aggregation thereof. The network fabric 102 may include devices, virtual resources, or other nodes that relay packets from one network segment to another by nodes in the computer network. The network fabric 102 may include multiple devices that utilize the network layer (and/or session layer, transport layer, etc.) in the OSI model for packet forwarding, and/or other layers. The network fabric 102 may include various hardware devices, such as routers, switches, gateways, smart NICs, NICs, ASICs, FPGAs, servers, and/or any other type of device. Further, the network fabric 102 may include virtual resources, such as VMs, containers, and/or other virtual resources.
In some instances, network fabric 102 may include one or more data centers. The one or more data centers may be physical facilities or buildings located across geographic areas that designated to store networked devices that are part of the network fabric 102. The data centers may include various networking devices, as well as redundant or backup components and infrastructure for power supply, data communications connections, environmental controls, and various security devices. In some examples, the data centers may include one or more virtual data centers which are a pool or collection of cloud infrastructure resources specifically designed for enterprise needs, and/or for cloud-based service provider needs. Generally, the data centers (physical and/or virtual) may provide basic resources such as processor (CPU), memory (RAM), storage (disk), and networking (bandwidth). However, in some examples the devices in the network fabric 102 may not be located in explicitly defined data centers, but may be located in other locations or buildings.
The implementation of the various components described herein is a matter of choice dependent on the performance and other requirements of the computing system. Accordingly, the logical operations described herein are referred to variously as operations, structural devices, acts, or modules. These operations, structural devices, acts, and modules can be implemented in software, in firmware, in special purpose digital logic, and any combination thereof. It should also be appreciated that more or fewer operations might be performed than shown in the
In some instances, the steps of methods 200 and 300 may be performed by a device and/or a system of devices that includes one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations of methods 200 and 300.
At 202, the edge node 112 may send a multicast listener discovery (MLD) query message to a host node in the first network fabric. For instance, the edge node 112 may send an MLD query message to the silent host node 116 in the network domain 106, where the MLD query message includes a request for a multicast address on which the silent host node 116 is listening (e.g., SNMA).
At 204, the edge node 112 may receive an MLD report (as a response) message indicating an IP multicast address associated with the host node. For instance, the edge node 112 may receive, from the silent host node 116, an SNMA for the silent host node 116. The SNMA may at least partially corresponds to an IP unicast address of the silent host node 116. For instance, the last three bytes of the SNMA may match the last three bytes of the IP unicast address of the silent host node 116.
At 206, the edge node 112 may determine that the IP unicast address for the host node is not in a routing table associated with the first edge node. For instance, the edge node 112 may determine that a routing table in the mapping databases 120 does not include a binding for a unicast IP address of the silent host node 116, which indicates that the silent host node 116 has not announced itself.
At 208, the edge node 112 may generate a forged IP unicast address to the host node. For instance, the edge node 112 may generate a forged IP unicast address for the silent host node 116 where the forged IP unicast address at least partly corresponds to the IP multicast of the silent host node 116. For instance, the forged IP unicast address may have the same last three bytes (or a different number than three) of the SNMA of the silent host device 116.
At 210, the edge node 112 may send the forged IP unicast address to at least one of a second edge node in a second network fabric or a mapping system associated with the first network fabric and the second network fabric. As an example, the edge node 112 may advertise, such as through a BGP advertisement, updated routing tables for that includes a binding for the MAC address of the silent host node 116 and the forged IP unicast address. The updated routing table may indicate that the silent host node 116 is reachable through a routing path sent to the edge node 112. As another example, the edge node 112 may send updated routing information to a controller associated with the network fabric 102 in instances where a software-defined network (SDN) controller performs various control-plane operations for the network fabric 102. For instance, a map resolver-map server 118 may maintain and distribute updated mapping databases 120 based on information received from the various edge nodes in the network fabric 102 (e.g., updated mapping databases holding routing/mapping tables). Ultimately, the updated routing tables or information is accessible by other edge nodes, such as the edge node 110.
At 302, a first edge node 110 may receive a packet from a second edge node in a second network fabric. For instance, the edge node 112 may receive a NS message from the edge node 110. At 304, the second edge node may identify a destination address for the packet. For instance, the edge node 112 may identify a unicast IP address for the packet from a header of the packet.
At 306, the edge node 112 may determine that the destination address does not have an entry in the routing table. For example, the edge node 112 may determine that there is no binding for MAC addresses that correspond to the unicast IP address. In such examples, the edge node 112 may then perform a second look up to determine if the destination device is a silent host node 116.
At 308, the edge node 112 may determine that the destination address at least partly corresponds to the forged IP unicast address. For instance, the edge node 112 may determine that the last three bytes of the destination address corresponds to the forged IP unicast address for the silent host node 116. At 310, the edge node 112 may send the packet to the silent host node 116.
The computer 400 includes a baseboard 402, or “motherboard,” which is a printed circuit board to which a multitude of components or devices can be connected by way of a system bus or other electrical communication paths. In one illustrative configuration, one or more central processing units (“CPUs”) 404 operate in conjunction with a chipset 406. The CPUs 404 can be standard programmable processors that perform arithmetic and logical operations necessary for the operation of the computer 400.
The CPUs 404 perform operations by transitioning from one discrete, physical state to the next through the manipulation of switching elements that differentiate between and change these states. Switching elements generally include electronic circuits that maintain one of two binary states, such as flip-flops, and electronic circuits that provide an output state based on the logical combination of the states of one or more other switching elements, such as logic gates. These basic switching elements can be combined to create more complex logic circuits, including registers, adders-subtractors, arithmetic logic units, floating-point units, and the like.
The chipset 406 provides an interface between the CPUs 404 and the remainder of the components and devices on the baseboard 402. The chipset 406 can provide an interface to a RAM 408, used as the main memory in the computer 400. The chipset 406 can further provide an interface to a computer-readable storage medium such as a read-only memory (“ROM”) 410 or non-volatile RAM (“NVRAM”) for storing basic routines that help to startup the computer 400 and to transfer information between the various components and devices. The ROM 410 or NVRAM can also store other software components necessary for the operation of the computer 400 in accordance with the configurations described herein.
The computer 400 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to remote computing devices and computer systems through a network, such as the network 424. The chipset 406 can include functionality for providing network connectivity through a NIC 412, such as a gigabit Ethernet adapter. The NIC 412 is capable of connecting the computer 400 to other computing devices over the network 424. It should be appreciated that multiple NICs 412 can be present in the computer 400, connecting the computer to other types of networks and remote computer systems.
The computer 400 can be connected to a storage device 418 that provides non-volatile storage for the computer. The storage device 418 can store an operating system 420, programs 422, and data, which have been described in greater detail herein. The storage device 418 can be connected to the computer 400 through a storage controller 414 connected to the chipset 406. The storage device 418 can consist of one or more physical storage units. The storage controller 414 can interface with the physical storage units through a serial attached SCSI (“SAS”) interface, a serial advanced technology attachment (“SATA”) interface, a fiber channel (“FC”) interface, or other type of interface for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and physical storage units.
The computer 400 can store data on the storage device 418 by transforming the physical state of the physical storage units to reflect the information being stored. The specific transformation of physical state can depend on various factors, in different embodiments of this description. Examples of such factors can include, but are not limited to, the technology used to implement the physical storage units, whether the storage device 418 is characterized as primary or secondary storage, and the like.
For example, the computer 400 can store information to the storage device 418 by issuing instructions through the storage controller 414 to alter the magnetic characteristics of a particular location within a magnetic disk drive unit, the reflective or refractive characteristics of a particular location in an optical storage unit, or the electrical characteristics of a particular capacitor, transistor, or other discrete component in a solid-state storage unit. Other transformations of physical media are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the present description, with the foregoing examples provided only to facilitate this description. The computer 400 can further read information from the storage device 418 by detecting the physical states or characteristics of one or more particular locations within the physical storage units.
In addition to the mass storage device 418 described above, the computer 400 can have access to other computer-readable storage media to store and retrieve information, such as program modules, data structures, or other data. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that computer-readable storage media is any available media that provides for the non-transitory storage of data and that can be accessed by the computer 400. In some examples, the operations performed by the edge node 110, edge node 112, host nodes 108, silent host node 116, MSMR server 118, and/or any other device described herein, may be supported by one or more devices similar to computer 400. Stated otherwise, some or all of the operations performed by the edge node 110, edge node 112, host nodes 108, silent host node 116, MSMR server 118, and/or any other device described herein, may be performed by one or more computer devices 400.
By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology. Computer-readable storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, erasable programmable ROM (“EPROM”), electrically-erasable programmable ROM (“EEPROM”), flash memory or other solid-state memory technology, compact disc ROM (“CD-ROM”), digital versatile disk (“DVD”), high definition DVD (“HD-DVD”), BLU-RAY, or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store the desired information in a non-transitory fashion.
As mentioned briefly above, the storage device 418 can store an operating system 420 utilized to control the operation of the computer 400. According to one embodiment, the operating system comprises the LINUX operating system. According to another embodiment, the operating system comprises the WINDOWS® SERVER operating system from MICROSOFT Corporation of Redmond, Wash. According to further embodiments, the operating system can comprise the UNIX operating system or one of its variants. It should be appreciated that other operating systems can also be utilized. The storage device 418 can store other system or application programs and data utilized by the computer 400.
In one embodiment, the storage device 418 or other computer-readable storage media is encoded with computer-executable instructions which, when loaded into the computer 400, transform the computer from a general-purpose computing system into a special-purpose computer capable of implementing the embodiments described herein. These computer-executable instructions transform the computer 400 by specifying how the CPUs 404 transition between states, as described above. According to one embodiment, the computer 400 has access to computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the computer 400, perform the various processes described above with regard to
The computer 400 can also include one or more input/output controllers 416 for receiving and processing input from a number of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touchpad, a touch screen, an electronic stylus, or other type of input device. Similarly, an input/output controller 416 can provide output to a display, such as a computer monitor, a flat-panel display, a digital projector, a printer, or other type of output device.
As described herein, the computer 400 may comprise one or more of an edge node 110, edge node 112, host nodes 108, silent host node 116, MSMR server 118, and/or any other device described herein. The computer 400 may include one or more hardware processors 404 (processors) configured to execute one or more stored instructions. The processor(s) 404 may comprise one or more cores. Further, the computer 400 may include one or more network interfaces configured to provide communications between the computer 400 and other devices, such as the communications described herein as being performed by the edge node 110, edge node 112, host nodes 108, silent host node 116, MSMR server 118, and/or any other device described herein. The network interfaces may include devices configured to couple to personal area networks (PANs), wired and wireless local area networks (LANs), wired and wireless wide area networks (WANs), and so forth. For example, the network interfaces may include devices compatible with Ethernet, Wi-Fi™, and so forth. The programs 422 may comprise any type of programs or processes to perform the techniques described in this disclosure.
While the invention is described with respect to the specific examples, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to these specific examples. Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention.
Although the application describes embodiments having specific structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the claims are not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are merely illustrative some embodiments that fall within the scope of the claims of the application.
This application claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/214,163, filed on Mar. 26, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17214163 | Mar 2021 | US |
| Child | 17902158 | US |
