Patent Application
20250228070
The present application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2024-0001552, filed on Jan. 4, 2024, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments of the present disclosure described herein are related to a light-emitting device and an electronic apparatus and electronic equipment each including the same.
Self-emissive devices (for example, organic light-emitting devices and/or the like) among light-emitting devices have relatively wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.
In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is located on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially arranged on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit (relax) from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light (e.g., to display images).
Aspects according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward a light-emitting device having a low driving voltage, high luminescence efficiency, and long lifespan and an electronic apparatus and electronic equipment each including the light-emitting device.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.
According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite the first electrode (e.g., facing the first electrode), an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,
The first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater for light having a wavelength of about 530 nm; and
According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite the first electrode (e.g., facing the first electrode), an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,
For example, ring CY81 to ring CY83 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, or a phenanthroline group, wherein at least one selected from among ring CY81 to ring CY83 may be a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, or a phenanthroline group.
According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite the first electrode (e.g., facing the first electrode), an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,
For example, the electron-withdrawing group may be
According to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite the first electrode (e.g., facing the first electrode), an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a capping layer,
According to one or more embodiments, an electronic apparatus includes the light-emitting device.
According to one or more embodiments, electronic equipment includes the light-emitting device.
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Reference will now be made in more detail to one or more embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, one or more embodiments are merely described in more detail, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present description. As utilized herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof.
In the present specification, “including A or B”, “A and/or B”, etc., represents A or B, or A and B.
As used herein, the term “substantially,” “about,” and similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. “Substantially” as used herein, is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “substantially” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.
Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.
Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.”
As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
In the present disclosure, when dot, dots, particle, or particles are spherical, “size” or “diameter” indicates a particle diameter or an average particle diameter, and when they are non-spherical, the “size” or “diameter” indicates a major axis length or an average major axis length. The diameter of the particles may be measured utilizing a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer, may be utilized. When the size of the particles is measured utilizing a particle size analyzer, the average particle diameter is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter of particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50 vol % in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% from the smallest particle when the total number of particles is 100% in the distribution curve accumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size.
A light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may include: a first electrode; a second electrode opposite the first electrode (e.g., facing the first electrode); an interlayer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a capping layer.
In one or more embodiments, the first electrode may be an anode, and the second electrode may be a cathode.
The interlayer may include a hole transport region and an emission layer. The hole transport region may be arranged between the first electrode and the emission layer.
The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer, and the first layer may be arranged between the first electrode and the second layer. Accordingly, the light-emitting device may have a structure in which the first electrode, the first layer, the second layer, the emission layer, and the second electrode are sequentially stacked.
The first layer may include a first hole transport material and a p-dopant, and the second layer may include a second hole transport material. The first hole transport material may be a matrix material, and the first hole transport material may be doped with the p-dopant in a substantially uniform or ununiform manner.
In one or more embodiments, an amount of the p-dopant may be about 0.01 parts by weight to about 10 parts by weight, about 0.1 parts by weight to about 8 parts by weight, or about 0.5 parts by weight to about 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the first layer.
The second layer may not include (e.g., may exclude) any p-dopant.
In one or more embodiments, the second layer may include (e.g., consist of) the hole transport material.
A difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material, i.e., the absolute value of the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material may be about 1.50 eV or greater, about 1.50 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 2.80 eV, about 1.50 eV to about 2.60 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 2.80 eV, about 2.00 eV to about 2.60 eV, about 2.20 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.20 eV to about 2.80 eV, about 2.20 eV to about 2.60 eV, about 2.40 eV to about 3.00 eV, about 2.40 eV to about 2.80 eV, or about 2.40 eV to about 2.60 eV.
In one or more embodiments, the triplet energy of the p-dopant may be about 0.05 eV to about 0.30 eV, about 0.10 eV to about 0.27 eV, or about 0.10 eV to about 0.24 eV.
In one or more embodiments, singlet energy of the p-dopant may be about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.10 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.30 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.38 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.38 eV to about 2.29 eV.
In one or more embodiments, a difference between the triplet energy and singlet energy of the p-dopant may be about 0.80 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 0.80 eV to about 2.45 eV, about 0.90 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.00 eV to about 2.50 eV, about 1.19 eV to about 2.50 eV, or about 1.19 eV to about 2.08 eV.
In one or more embodiments, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about −7.80 eV to about −6.30 eV, about −7.59 eV to about −6.30 eV, or about −7.59 eV to about −6.78 eV.
In one or more embodiments, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about −5.90 eV to about −4.70 eV, about-5.78 eV to about −4.70 eV, or about −5.78 eV to about −4.88 eV.
More details for the p-dopant are as described herein.
The first hole transport material and the second hole transport material may each be an amine-containing compound.
For example, the first hole transport material may be different from the second hole transport material.
In one or more embodiments, the first hole transport material may be a diamine-containing compound, and the second hole transport material may be a monoamine-containing compound.
The second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound including i) a 1,1′: 3′, 1″-terphen-2′-yl group and ii) a cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
In the specification, in “the amine-containing compound including i) a 1,1′: 3′, 1″-terphen-2′-yl group and ii) a cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms”, i) “a 1,1′: 3′, 1″-terphen-2′-yl group” may be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent such as Z23a of Formula 2 described herein (excluding hydrogen), and ii) “a cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms” may be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent Z22 of Formula 2 described herein (excluding hydrogen).
In one or more embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the second hole transport material may be about −5.30 eV to about −4.60 eV, about −5.06 eV to about −4.60 eV, or about −5.06 eV to about −4.94 eV.
In one or more embodiments, the LUMO energy level of the second hole transport material may be about −1.40 eV to about −1.00 eV, about −1.29 eV to about-1.00 eV, or about −1.29 eV to about −1.10 eV.
The first hole transport material may be selected from among compounds which may be included in the hole transport region descried in the specification (for example, a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, and/or the like.)
More details for the second hole transport material may each independently be the same as described in the specification.
The emission layer may be configured to emit a first light, and the capping layer may be arranged in a path of travel of the first light. The first light may have a first emission spectrum, and the first emission spectrum may have an emission peak wavelength (maximum emission wavelength), and/or the like.
The capping layer may be located in a path of travel of the first light and is extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device, thereby increasing the external extraction rate of the first light.
For example, the first electrode may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the capping layer may be arranged outside the first electrode.
In one or more embodiments, the second electrode may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the capping layer may be arranged outside the second electrode.
For example, the first light may be red light, green light, or blue light.
In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength (or, maximum emission wavelength) of the first light may be about 610 nm to about 680 nm.
In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be about 500 nm to about 590 nm.
In one or more embodiments, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be about 400 nm to about 490 nm.
The capping layer may include a first capping material, and the first capping material may satisfy at least one selected from among Conditions 1 to 3:
The first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.70 or greater (for example, about 1.70 to about 2.00 or about 1.80 to about 1.90) for light having a wavelength of about 633 nm;
The first capping material has a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater (for example, about 1.90 to about 2.10 or about 1.95 to about 2.05) for light having a wavelength of about 530 nm; and
The first capping material has a refractive index of 2.10 or greater (for example, about 2.10 to about 2.35 or about 2.20 to about 2.30) for light having a wavelength of about 450 nm.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may satisfy all of Conditions 1 to 3.
In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy Condition 1, the first light may be red light, and the first capping material may have a refractive index of about 1.70 or greater (for example, about 1.70 to about 2.00 or about 1.80 to about 1.90) for the first light.
In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy Condition 2, the first light may be green light, and the first capping material may have a refractive index of about 1.90 or greater (for example, about 1.90 to about 2.10 or about 1.95 to about 2.05) for the first light.
In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may satisfy Condition 3, the first light may be blue light, and the first capping material may have a refractive index of 2.10 or greater (for example, about 2.10 to about 2.35 or about 2.20 to about 2.30) for the first light.
The refractive index of the first capping material may be evaluated by measuring a refractive index of a film including (e.g., consisting of) the first capping material (see, for example, Evaluation Example 2).
The first capping material may be a boron-containing compound.
In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may include a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, a phenanthrooxazole group, or a phenanthrothiazole group.
More details for the first capping material may each independently be the same as described in the specification.
The capping layer of the light-emitting device may be located outside the first electrode and/or outside the second electrode.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside of the first electrode or a second capping layer located outside of the second electrode, wherein at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may include the first capping material described in the specification.
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include:
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include a third capping layer, and the third capping layer may include a compound which is different from the first capping material described in the specification. The third capping layer may be located in a path of travel of the first light emitted from the emission layer travels.
In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 or more (at about 589 nm).
In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
For example, the third capping layer may include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or any combination thereof. Optionally, the carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.
For example, the third capping layer may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the third capping layer may include at least one selected from among the Compounds HT28 to HT33, at least one selected from among Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or any compound thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include:
In this regard, the first light emitted from the emission layer included in the interlayer may be extracted to the outside of the light-emitting device through the second electrode and then the second capping layer (or the second capping layer and the third capping layer), and the second electrode may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.
According to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the difference between the triplet energy of the p-dopant and the triplet energy of the second hole transport material may be 1.50 eV or greater, 2) the second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound including i) a 1,1′: 3′, 1″-terphen-2′-yl group and ii) a cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device may include the capping layer including the first capping material satisfying at least one selected from among Conditions 1 to 3 (for example, a compound represented by Formula 8 or a compound represented by Formula 8-1). Accordingly, both (e.g., simultaneously) internal and external luminescence efficiency may be improved, and the light-emitting device may have a low driving voltage, high luminescence efficiency, and long lifespan.
According to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, 1) in the light-emitting device, the p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1, 2) the second hole transport material may be an amine-containing compound including i) a 1,1′: 3′, 1″-terphen-2′-yl group and ii) a cycloalkane group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and 3) the light-emitting device may include the capping layer including the first capping material satisfying at least one selected from among Conditions 1 to 3 (for example, a compound represented by Formula 8 or a compound represented by Formula 8-1). Accordingly, both (e.g., simultaneously) internal and external luminescence efficiency may be improved, and the light-emitting device may have a low driving voltage, high luminescence efficiency, and long lifespan.
In the specification, the HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, singlet energy, triplet energy, and ΔEST energy may be evaluated by utilizing the density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) (for example, see Evaluation Example 1).
The term “interlayer” as utilized herein refers to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
One or more embodiments provide an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. More details for the electronic apparatus are as described herein.
One or more embodiments provide electronic equipment including the light-emitting device.
For example, the electronic equipment may be one selected from among a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor light and/or light for signal, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, and a signboard.
In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be a compound represented by Formula 1:
Formula 1 may include at least one electron-withdrawing group,
In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group may be:
In one or more embodiments, the electron-withdrawing group may be:
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among Z13 and Z14 may be —F, a fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C10 alkoxy group, or a fluorinated phenyl group.
In one or more embodiments, X17 may be C(Z17a)(Z17b), X18 may be C(Z18a)(Z18b), and Z17a, Z17b, Z18a, and Z18b may each be a cyano group.
In one or more embodiments, X13 may be C-[(L13)a13-(Z13)b13], X14 may be C-[(L14)a14-(Z14)b14], L13 and L14 may each be a single bond or a benzene group, a13 and a14 may each be 1, Z13 and Z14 may each independently be —F, a fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C10 alkoxy group, or a fluorinated phenyl group, and b13 and b14 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5.
The second hole transport material may be a compound represented by Formula 2:
In one or more embodiments, at least one of Ar21 may be a fluorene group, a spirobifluorene group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CA2 may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, or a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of Z23a, Z24a, or Z25a may be a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C60 alkyl group, or any combination thereof.
The first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8:
In one or more embodiments, Ar81 to Ar83 may each independently be a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a naphthooxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, a phenanthrooxazole group, or a phenanthrothiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among Ar81 to Ar83 may each independently be a naphthooxazole group, a naphthothiazole group, a phenanthrooxazole group, or a phenanthrothiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
For example, the first capping material may be a compound represented by Formula 8-1:
In one or more embodiments, ring CY81 to ring CY83 may each independently be: a 6-membered ring; or a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are condensed with each other, and the 6-membered ring may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, or a pyrazine group.
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among ring CY81 to ring CY83 may each independently be a polycyclic group in which two or more 6-membered rings are condensed with each other, and the 6-membered ring may be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, or a pyrazine group.
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among ring CY81 to ring CY83 may be a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, or a phenanthroline group.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY81 to ring CY83 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, or a phenanthroline group, wherein at least one selected from among ring CY81 to ring CY83 may be a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, or a phenanthroline group.
In Formulae 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, L13, L14, L21 to L23, and L81 to L83 may each independently be:
In Formulae 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, a13, a14, a21 to a23, and a81 to a83 may each independently be 1, 2, or 3.
In Formulae 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, Z11 to Z14, Z17a, Z17b, Z17, Z18a, Z18b, Z18, Z22, Z23a to Z23e, Z24a to Z24e, Z25a to Z25c, Z81 to Z83, and R10a may each independently be:
hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group;
a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, or a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, or any combination thereof;
a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spirobifluorenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group (or dibenzothienyl group), or a carbazolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group, a fluorinated C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a deuterated C1-C20 alkoxy group, a fluorinated C1-C20 alkoxy group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a deuterated C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a fluorinated C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a phenyl group, a deuterated phenyl group, a fluorinated phenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a deuterated biphenyl group, a fluorinated biphenyl group, a (C1-C20 alkyl)biphenyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or any combination thereof; or
In Formulae 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, R10a may not be hydrogen.
In the specification, R10a may be:
The term “biphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent substituent having a structure in which two benzene groups are connected to each other through a single bond.
Examples of the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group as utilized herein are a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and/or the like.
The term “deuterated” as utilized herein includes the meaning of both (e.g., simultaneously) fully deuterated and partially deuterated.
The term “fluorinated” as utilized herein includes the meaning of both (e.g., simultaneously) fully fluorinated and partially fluorinated.
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1, 2, 8, and 8-1, Z11 to Z14, Z17a, Z17b, Z17, Z18a, Z18b, Z18, Z22, Z23a to Z23e, Z24a to Z24e, Z25a to Z25c, Z81 to Z83, and R10a may each independently be:
an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof:
For example, in Formula 91,
In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 1, 2, 8 and 8-1, Z11 to Z14, Z17a, Z17b, Z17, Z18a, Z18b, Z18, Z22, Z23a to Z23e, Z24a to Z24e, Z25a to Z25c, Z81 to Z83, and R10a may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —CH3, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from among Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from among Formulae 10-1 to 10-246, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described above, and R10a is not hydrogen:
In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may be one (e.g., any one) selected from among Compounds C56, C68, C70, S1, and S44:
In one or more embodiments, the second hole transport material may be one (e.g., any one) selected from among Compounds HT(2)1 to HT(2)9:
In one or more embodiments, the first capping material may be one (e.g., any one) selected from among Compounds CPL1 to CPL4:
Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in more detail with reference to
Referring to
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.
The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure including a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.
The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.
The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.
The interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer located between two neighboring emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes emitting units and a charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.
The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
The hole transport region may include a first layer and a second layer as described herein. Moreover, the hole transport region may further include, in addition to the first layer and the second layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, if (e.g., when) necessary.
For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure of first layer/second layer, first layer/second layer/emission auxiliary layer, or first layer/second layer/electron blocking layer, which are sequentially stacked in this stated order from the first electrode 110.
The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.
For example, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one (or may be any one) selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
R10b and R10c in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be the same as described in connection with R10a, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a C3-C20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.
In one or more embodiments, ring CY201 to ring CY204 in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY204 to CY207.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) a group represented by one selected from among Formulae CY201 to CY217.
For example, the hole transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds HT1 to HT46 (Compound HT45 is the same as Compound 203 described herein), m-MTDATA (the same as Compound 202 descried herein), TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD) (the same as Compound 201 described herein), p-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′, 4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a first layer, a second layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of each of the first layer and the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of each of the second layer and the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the first layer, the second layer, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron-blocking layer may block or reduce the leakage of electrons from an emission layer to a hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron-blocking layer.
p-Dopant
The hole transport region may include the first layer, and the first layer may include the p-dopant as described herein. The p-dopant may generate charges to improve conductivity.
When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant that promotes energy transfer to a dopant (or emitter), in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter). When the emission layer includes the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant are different from each other.
When the emission layer includes the host and the dopant, an amount of the dopant (weight) may be about 0.01 to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.
A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent or suitable light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1- R301]xb21 Formula 301
For example, if (e.g., when) xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar301 may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the host may include one (e.g., any one) selected from among Compounds H1 to H130, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
The host may have one or more suitable modifications. For example, the host may include only one kind of compound, or may include two or more kinds of different compounds.
The emission layer may include as a phosphorescent dopant an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
For example, in Formula 402, i) X401 may be nitrogen, and X402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X401 and X402 may be nitrogen.
In one or more embodiments, if (e.g., when) xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two ring A401 in two or more L401 may optionally be linked to each other via T402, which is a linking group, or two ring A402 in two or more L401 may optionally be linked to each other via T403, which is a linking group. T402 and T403 may each be the same as described herein with respect to T401.
The phosphorescent dopant of the emission layer may be a platinum-containing organometallic compound.
The platinum-containing organometallic compound may further include, in addition to the platinum, a first ligand bonded to the platinum.
For example, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may satisfy at least one selected from among Conditions A to C:
In one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may satisfy all of Conditions A to C.
In one or more embodiments, the platinum-containing organometallic compound may be, for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 10:
When T11 is a chemical bond, X1 and M may be directly bonded to each other, if (e.g., when) T12 is a chemical bond, X2 and M may be directly bond to each other, if (e.g., when) T13 is a chemical bond, X3 and M may be directly bond to each other, if (e.g., when) T14 is a chemical bond, X4 and M may be directly bond to each other.
Two of the bonds selected from among a bond between X1 or T11 and M, a bond between X2 or T12 and M, a bond between X3 or T13 and M, and a bond between X4 or T14 and M may be coordinate bonds, and the other two bonds may be covalent bonds,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 10,
At least one of ring CY2 or ring CY4 of Formula 10 may be an imidazole group, a benzimidazole group, or a naphthoimidazole group.
R1 to R7, R5a, R5b, R6a, R6b, R7a, R7b, R′, and R″ in Formula 10 may each independently be:
For example, a group represented by
in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from among Formulae CY1(1) to CY1(16):
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from among Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(21):
Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(4) belong to a group represented by
where X2 is nitrogen, and Formulae CY2(5) to CY2(13) belong to a group represented by
where X2 is carbon (for example, carbon of a carbene moiety).
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from among Formulae CY3(1) to CY3(12):
In one or more embodiments, a group represented by
in Formula 10 may be a group represented by one (e.g., any one) selected from among Formulae CY4(1) to CY4(27):
Or, the dopant of the emission layer may be an iridium-containing organometallic compound.
For example, the iridium-containing organometallic compound may include a first ligand bonded to the iridium, a second ligand, and a third ligand. In this regard, the first ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y1-containing ring B1 and Y2-containing ring B2, the second ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y3-containing ring B3 and Y4-containing ring B4, the third ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y5-containing ring B5 and Y6-containing ring B6, Y1, Y3, and Y5 may each be nitrogen (N), and Y2, Y4, and Y6 may each be carbon (C).
For example, the Y2-containing ring B2 and the Y4-containing ring B4 may be different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, the Y2-containing ring B2 may be a polycyclic group. For example, the Y2-containing ring B2 may be a polycyclic group in which three or more monocyclic groups (for example, 3 to 15 monocyclic groups) are condensed with each other. The monocyclic group may be, for example, a furan group, a thiophene group, a selenophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, or a pyridazine group. Or, the Y2-containing ring B2 may be a monocyclic group as described above.
In one or more embodiments, the Y2-containing ring B2 may be a polycyclic group in which one 5-membered monocyclic group (for example, a furan group, a thiophene group, a selenophene group, a pyrrole group, a cyclopentadiene group, a silole group, and/or the like) is condensed with at least two 6-membered monocyclic groups (for example, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and/or the like).
In one or more embodiments, the Y4-containing ring B4 may be a monocyclic group. For example, the Y4-containing ring B4 may be a 6-membered monocyclic group 1 (for example, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, and/or the like).
In one or more embodiments, the Y4-containing ring B4 may be a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
The iridium-containing organometallic compound may be a homoleptic complex. For example, the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may be substantially identical to each other.
Or, the iridium-containing organometallic compound may be a heteroleptic complex.
For example, the third ligand may be substantially identical to the second ligand.
In one or more embodiments, the third ligand may be substantially identical to the first ligand.
In one or more embodiments, the third ligand may be different from each of the first ligand and the second ligand.
For example, the phosphorescent dopant may be one (e.g., any one) selected from among Compounds GD01 to GD25 or R01:
The emission layer may include a fluorescent dopant.
The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:
For example, Ar501 in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.
In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.
For example, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one (or be any one) selected from among Compounds FD1 to FD36; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:
The emission layer may further include a delayed fluorescence material.
In the specification, the delayed fluorescence material may be any one selected from among compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.
The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer.
In one or more embodiments, the difference between the triplet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to 0 eV and less than or equal to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
For example, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group), and ii) a material including a C8-C60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).
Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from among Compounds DF1 to DF14:
The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, the constituting layers of each structure being sequentially stacked from an emission layer.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21 Formula 601
For example, if (e.g., when) xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601 may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
xe611 to xe613 may each be the same as described herein with respect to xe1,
For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
The electron transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds ET1 to ET46, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the electron transport region may be from about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å, for example, about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be from about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å, and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (Liq) or ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.
The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or RbI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal oxide, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), BaxCa1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride are LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and Lu2Te3.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one selected from among metal ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal and ii), as a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).
In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include: i) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly (e.g., substantially uniformly) or non-uniformly (e.g., substantially non-uniformly) dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as the material for the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low-work function, may be utilized.
The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure including a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers.
The second capping layer 170 may include the first capping material as described in the specification. The detailed description of the first capping material is the same as described in the specification.
The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.
The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one direction in which light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light. For details on the light-emitting device, related description provided above may be referred to. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot.
The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas.
A pixel-defining film may be located among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.
The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color conversion areas.
The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include a first area configured to emit a first color light, a second area configured to emit a second color light, and/or a third area configured to emit a third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In particular, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) a quantum dot. For details on the quantum dot, related descriptions provided herein may be referred to. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each include a scatter.
For example, the light-emitting device may be configured to emit a first light, the first area may be configured to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may be configured to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may be configured to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In particular, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.
The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein any one selected from among the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one selected from among the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.
The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.
The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.
Various functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the utilize of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and/or the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by utilizing biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, and/or the like).
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.
The electronic apparatus may be applied to one or more suitable displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.
The light-emitting apparatus of
The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be located on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.
A TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an activation layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.
The activation layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.
A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the activation layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the activation layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.
An interlayer insulating film 250 may be located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270, to insulate from one another.
The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220.
The TFT is electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and is covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. A light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.
The first electrode 110 may be located on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be located to expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, not fully covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be located to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.
A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a certain region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. In one or more embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 to be located in the form of a common layer.
A second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a second capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.
The sealing portion 300 may be located on the second capping layer 170. The sealing portion 300 may be located on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. The sealing portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx) (e.g., Si3N4),silicon oxide (SiOx) (e.g., SiO2), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic-based resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and/or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), and/or the like), or any combination thereof; or any combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.
The light-emitting apparatus of
The electronic equipment 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display device may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.
The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely be around (e.g., surround) the display area DA. On the non-display area NDA, a driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged on the display area DA may be arranged. On the non-display area NDA, a pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printing circuit board may be electrically connected, may be arranged.
In the electronic equipment 1, a length in the x-axis direction and a length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, as shown in
Referring to
The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a set or predetermined direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, and a train running on a track.
The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the body. The exterior of the vehicle body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a pillar provided at a boundary between doors, and/or the like. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, and/or the like.
The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display device 2.
The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.
The side window glass 1100 may be installed on the side of the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In one or more embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In one or more embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from each other in the x direction or the −x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or the −x direction.
The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.
The side mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one selected from among the plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. The other one selected from among the plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.
The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning lamp, a seat belt warning lamp, an odometer, a hodometer, an automatic shift selector indicator lamp, a door open warning lamp, an engine oil warning lamp, and/or a low fuel warning light.
The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a heater of a seat are arranged. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on one side of the cluster 1400.
A passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced and/or apart (e.g., spaced apart or separated) from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be arranged to correspond to a passenger seat. In one or more embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.
In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one selected from among the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, a quantum dot display device, and/or the like. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments of the disclosure, an organic light-emitting display device including the light-emitting device according to the disclosure will be described as an example, but one or more suitable types (kinds) of display devices as described above may be utilized in embodiments of the disclosure.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods selected from among vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group including carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group including one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the C1-C60 heterocyclic group has 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.
The term “cyclic group” as utilized herein may include both (e.g., simultaneously) the C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
For example, the C3-C60 carbocyclic group may be i) Group T1 or ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more Groups T1 are condensed with each other (for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group),
the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be i) Group T2, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more Groups T2 are condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T2 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like),
the π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group may be i) Group T1, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more Groups T1 are condensed with each other, iii) Group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more Groups T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T3 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, the C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, and/or the like),
the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be i) Group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more Groups T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4, at least one Group T1, and at least one Group T3 are condensed with one another (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like),
Group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,
Group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group,
Group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and
Group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.
The terms “the cyclic group, the C3-C60 carbocyclic group, the C1-C60 heterocyclic group, the π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, or the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein may refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group that is condensed with an another cyclic group (e.g., a benzo group, a naphto group, and/or the like), a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, and/or the like) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is utilized. For example, the “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
Examples of the monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group are a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C1-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group are a C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof are a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof are an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is the C1-C60 alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof are a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and specific examples are a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and specific examples thereof are a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C6-C60 aryl group are a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, 1 in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group are a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group are an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group are a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphtho silolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as utilized herein indicates —OA102 (wherein A102 is the C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as utilized herein indicates —SA103 (wherein A103 is the C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 aryl alkyl group” utilized herein refers to -A104A105 (where A104 may be a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 may be a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group” utilized herein refers to -A106A107 (where A106 may be a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 may be a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
The term “R10a” as utilized herein refers to:
deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;
a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, or a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q11)(Q12)(Q13), —N(Q11)(Q12), —B(Q11)(Q12), —C(═O)(Q11), —S(═O)2(Q11), —P(═O)(Q11)(Q12), or any combination thereof;
a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group, or a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q21)(Q22)(Q23), —N(Q21)(Q22), —B(Q21)(Q22), —C(═O)(Q21), —S(═O)2(Q21), —P(═O)(Q21)(Q22), or any combination thereof; or
—Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), or —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32).
Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23, and Q31 to Q33 in the specification may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.
The term “heteroatom” as utilized herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom are O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combinations thereof.
The term “transition metal” as utilized herein includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and/or the like.
The term “Ph” as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as utilized herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as utilized herein refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “But” as utilized herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as utilized herein refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” For example, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. For example, the “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
*, *′, and *″ as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.
Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following synthesis examples and examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples refers to that a substantially identical molar equivalent of B was utilized in place of A.
Tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (about 10 g, about 0.021 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid (about 17.7 g, about 0.077 mol), potassium carbonate (about 17.28 g, about 0.125 mol), and catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (about 1.16 g, about 0.001 mol) were added to about 150 mL of toluene, about 40 mL of ethanol, and about 20 mL of H2O and then stirred and reacted at about 90° C. for about 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was performed thereon, and the resultant product was purified by column chromatography to obtain about 10.4 g of Compound CPL1 (yield: about 62.5%).
1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 8.23 (s, 3H), 8.12 (s, 3H), 8.06 (d, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 6H), 7.94 (d, J=7.4, 1.5 Hz, 6H), 7.84 (d, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 6H), 7.48 (dd, J=7.5, 1.5 Hz, 6H)
ESI-MS: m/z=791.2[M]+
Tris(4-bromophenyl)boron (about 10 g, about 0.021 mol), phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid (about 12.24 g, about 0.044 mol), potassium carbonate (about 28.86 g, about 0.209 mol), and catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (about 2.41 g, about 0.002 mol) were added to about 250 mL of toluene, about 70 mL of ethanol, and about 60 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at about 90° C. for about 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was performed thereon, and the resultant product was purified by column chromatography to obtain about 10.3 g of Compound 2-1 (yield: about 62.3%).
Compound 2-1 (about 10 g, about 0.013 mol), naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-ylboronic acid (about 3.25 g, about 0.015 mol), potassium carbonate (about 17.55 g, 1 about 0.127 mol), and catalyst Pd(PPh3)4 (about 1.47 g, about 0.001 mol) were added to about 200 mL of toluene, about 50 mL of ethanol, and about 25 mL of H2O, and then stirred and reacted at about 90° C. for about 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, an extraction process was performed thereon, and the resultant product was purified by column chromatography to obtain about 11.2 g of Compound CPL2 (yield: about 60.9%).
1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.32 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (m, 10H), 7.77 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 8.12-8.32 (m, 10H), 8.88 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 4H)
ESI-MS: m/z=875.22[M]+
Compound 3-1 was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 2-1 in Synthesis Example 2, except that naphtho[2,3-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid was utilized instead of phenanthro[9,10-d]thiazol-2-ylboronic acid.
About 7.45 g of Compound CPL3 was synthesized (yield: about 78.3%) in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound CPL2 in Synthesis Example 2, except that Compound 3-1 and (6-phenylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)boronic acid were utilized instead of Compound 2-1 and naphtho[2,3-d]oxazol-2-ylboronic acid, respectively.
1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.37˜7.6 (m, 7H), 7.65 (dd, J=7.4, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.80-7.95 (m, 12H), 8.04-8.15 (m, 8H), 8.33 (s, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (s, 1H)
ESI-MS: m/z=817.2[M]+
About 6.9 g of Compound CPL4 was synthesized (yield: about 76.4%) in substantially the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound CPL2 in Synthesis Example 2, except that Compound 3-1 was utilized instead of Compound 2-1.
1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm, 7.46˜7.52 (m, 6H), 7.77 (s, 2H), 7.82-7.92 (m, 6H), 8.03 (m, 14H), 8.52 (s, 2H)
ESI-MS: m/z=775.2[M]+
The HOMO energy level and the LUMO energy level of Compound 101 were evaluated through optimization of molecular structure in the ground state according to DFT at B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) level by utilizing Gaussian 09 program, and after performing the molecular structure calculation in the ground state, the singlet energy (S1) and the triplet energy (T1) of Compound 101 were evaluated through TD-DFT for the excited state. Then a calculation of a difference between S1 and T1 of Compound 101, the ΔEST energy of Compound 101 was obtained, and the HOMO energy level, the LUMO energy level, the S1 energy, the T1 energy, and the ΔEST energy of Compound 101 are shown in Table 1. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the results thereof are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
After Film CPL1 having a thickness of about 1,500 nm was manufactured by depositing Compound CPL1 on a glass substrate, the manufactured film was utilized to evaluate the refractive index of Compound CPL1 for each of light having a wavelength of about 633 nm, light having a wavelength of about 530 nm, and light having a wavelength of about 450 nm according to Cauchy Film Model by utilizing Ellipsometer M-2000 (J. A. Woollam) at a temperature of about 25° C. and relative humidity of about 50%. The results thereof are shown in Table 3. The same process was repeated for each of the compounds shown in Table 3, and the results thereof are shown in Table 3.
A glass substrate (product of Corning Inc.) with an anode including Ag having a thickness of about 1,000 Å and ITO (about 15 Ω/cm2) having a thickness of about 1,200 Å was cut to a size of about 50 mm×about 50 mm×about 0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for about 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for about 30 minutes. Then, the glass substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition apparatus.
A p-dopant (Compound C56) and a first hole transport material (Compound 201) were vacuum-deposited on the anode at a weight ratio of about 3:97 to form a first layer having a thickness of about 100 Å, and a second hole transport material (Compound HT(2)1) was vacuum-deposited on the first layer to form a second layer having a thickness of about 1,250 Å.
A host (Compounds H125 and H126) and a dopant (Compound R01) were vacuum-deposited on the second layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of about 200 Å. The weight ratio of Compound H125 and Compound H126 was about 5:5, and the amount of the dopant was about 10 wt % based on the total weight (100 wt %) of the emission layer.
Compound ET37 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of about 50 Å, and Compound ET46 and Liq were vacuum-deposited on the hole blocking layer at a weight ratio of about 5:5 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of about 310 Å. Subsequently, Yb was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of about 15 Å, and Ag and Mg were vacuum-deposited thereon at a weight ratio of about 9:1 to form a cathode having a thickness of about 80 Å.
Next, a capping material (Compound CPL1) was vacuum-deposited on the cathode to form a capping layer having a thickness of about 700 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Tables 4 to 8 were each utilized as the p-dopant, the second hole transport material, and the capping material.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that, if (e.g., when) forming the first layer, the p-dopant was not utilized, and the compounds shown in Table 8 were each utilized as the second hole transport material and the capping material.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 8 were each utilized as the p-dopant and the second hole transport material, and the capping layer was not formed.
Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that, if (e.g., when) forming the first layer, the p-dopant was not utilized, the compounds shown in Table 8 were each utilized as the second hole transport material, and the capping layer was not formed.
The driving voltage (V) and the luminescence efficiency (cd/A) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 180 and Comparative Examples 1 to 27 were each evaluated by utilizing Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter (Minolta Cs-1000A), and the results thereof are shown as relative values (%) with respect to Comparative Example 27 in Tables 4 to 8.
Then, the lifespan at about 1,000 cd/m2, i.e., time taken for the initial luminance to decrease to about 95% thereof (Hr) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 180 and Comparative Examples 1 to 27 were measured and evaluated, and the results thereof are shown as relative values (%) with respect to Comparative Example 27 in Tables 4 to 8.
In Tables 4 to 8, ΔT1 represents a difference between T1 energy of the p-dopant and T1 energy of the second hole transport material (i.e., absolute value of the difference between the T1 energy of the p-dopant and the T1 energy of the second hole transport material).
From Tables 4 to 8, it was confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices of Example 1 to 180 had excellent or desired driving voltage, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan characteristics, compared to the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 27.
As the light-emitting device described above has a low driving voltage, high luminescence efficiency, and long lifespan, by utilizing the light-emitting device, a high-quality electronic apparatus and electronic equipment may be manufactured.
The light-emitting device, the display device, the electronic apparatus, the electronic equipment, or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in one or more embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2024-0001552 | Jan 2024 | KR | national |
