Patent Application
20220344609
This application claims priority from and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0025969, filed on Feb. 25, 2021, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to display devices, and more particularly, a light-emitting device and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
Light-emitting devices are self-emissive devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed.
Light-emitting devices may include a first electrode on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for understanding of the background of the inventive concepts, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not constitute prior art.
Light-emitting devices and electronic apparatuses constructed according to the principles and illustrative implementations of the invention having improved efficiency. For example, each emission layer may satisfy a specific energy level such that the light-emitting device has high luminescence efficiency.
Additional features of the inventive concepts will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concepts.
According to one aspect of the invention a light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the emission layer includes a first emission layer and a second emission layer contacting each other, the first emission layer includes a first host and a first dopant, the second emission layer includes a second host and a second dopant, the first dopant includes a fluorescent dopant, the second dopant includes a phosphorescent dopant, a triplet energy level of the first host is lower than a triplet energy level of the first dopant, and a triplet energy level of the second host is higher than a triplet energy level of the second dopant.
The difference between a triplet energy level of the first host and a triplet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 0.4 eV.
The singlet energy level of the first host may be higher than a singlet energy level of the first dopant.
The difference between a singlet energy level of the first host and a singlet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 0.05 eV to about 0.4 eV.
The difference between a triplet energy level of the second host and a triplet energy level of the second dopant may be in a range of about 0.05 eV to about 0.3 eV.
The triplet energy level of the first dopant may be higher than a triplet energy level of the second dopant.
The difference between a singlet energy level and a triplet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.2 eV.
The first host and the second host may be substantially identical.
The first host and the second host each, independently from one another, may include a compound of one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-3, as defined herein.
The first dopant may include a fused cyclic compound of Formula 2, as defined herein.
The first dopant may include a fused cyclic compound of Formula 2-1, as defined herein.
The second dopant may include a compound of Formula 301A or Formula 301B, as defined herein.
The first emission layer may be configured to emit a first color light, the second emission layer may be configured to emit a second color light, and the first color light may be different from the second color light.
The maximum emission wavelength of the first color light may be shorter than a maximum emission wavelength of the second color light.
The first color light may be blue light or green light, and the second color light may be green light or red light.
The light-emitting device may be configured to emit a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 540 nm or about 500 nm to about 620 nm.
The first electrode may include an anode, the second electrode may include a cathode, the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination thereof.
An electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device as described above.
The electronic apparatus may further include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a thin-film transistor that may include an active layer, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.
The electronic apparatus may further include a functional layer including a touchscreen layer, a polarization layer, a color filter, a color-conversion layer, or any combination thereof.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are illustrative and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate illustrative embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the inventive concepts.
In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments or implementations of the invention. As used herein “embodiments” and “implementations” are interchangeable words that are non-limiting examples of devices or methods employing one or more of the inventive concepts disclosed herein. It is apparent, however, that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with one or more equivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various embodiments. Further, various embodiments may be different, but do not have to be exclusive. For example, specific shapes, configurations, and characteristics of an embodiment may be used or implemented in another embodiment without departing from the inventive concepts.
Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated embodiments are to be understood as providing illustrative features of varying detail of some ways in which the inventive concepts may be implemented in practice. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the features, components, modules, layers, films, panels, regions, and/or aspects, etc. (hereinafter individually or collectively referred to as “elements”), of the various embodiments may be otherwise combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the inventive concepts.
The use of cross-hatching and/or shading in the accompanying drawings is generally provided to clarify boundaries between adjacent elements. As such, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, dimensions, proportions, commonalities between illustrated elements, and/or any other characteristic, attribute, property, etc., of t he elements, unless specified. Further, in the accompanying drawings, the size and relative sizes of elements may be exaggerated for clarity and/or descriptive purposes. When an embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements, and repetitive explanations are o mitted to avoid redundancy.
When an element, such as a layer, is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an element or layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. To this end, the term “connected” may refer to physical, electrical, and/or fluid connection, with or without intervening elements. Further, the D1-axis, the D2-axis, and the D3-axis are not limited to three axes of a rectangular coordinate system, such as the x, y, and z-axes, and may be interpreted in a broader sense. For example, the D1-axis, the D2-axis, and the D3-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another. For the purposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least one selected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z, such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various types of elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.
Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “under,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” “over,” “higher,” “side” (e.g., as in “sidewall”), and the like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, to describe one elements relationship to another element(s) as illustrated in the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/or manufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It is also noted that, as used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and other similar terms, are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and, as such, are utilized to account for inherent deviations in measured, calculated, and/or provided values that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Various embodiments are described herein with reference to sectional and/or exploded illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments and/or intermediate structures. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments disclosed herein should not necessarily be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapes of regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from, for instance, manufacturing. In this manner, regions illustrated in the drawings may be schematic in nature and the shapes of these regions may not reflect actual shapes of regions of a device and, as such, are not necessarily intended to be limiting.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.
In
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be an indium tin oxide (ITO), an indium zinc oxide (IZO), a tin oxide (SnO2), a zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof may be used as a material for forming the first electrode 110. The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. In some embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a triple-layered structure of an ITO/Ag/ITO.
The interlayer 130 may be on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include or take the form of an emission layer 130 that includes the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132. The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layers 131 and 132 and an electron transport region between the emission layers 131 and 132 and the second electrode 150. The interlayer 130 may further include metal-containing compounds such as organometallic compounds, inorganic materials such as quantum dots, and the like, in addition to various organic materials.
In an embodiment, the first emission layer 131 may be between the first electrode 110 and the second emission layer 132. In one or more embodiments, the first emission layer 131 may be between the second emission layer 132 and the second electrode 150. The first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 may be in direct contact. The light-emitting device 10 may include the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 in contact with each other as emission layers. Thus, the light-emitting device 10 may differ from a tandem light-emitting device including a charge-generation layer between a plurality of emission layers.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device 10 may include at least one light-emitting unit, in addition to a first light-emitting unit including emission layers 131 and 132 that may be in contact with each other, and a charge-generation layer between the at least one light-emitting unit. In this embodiment, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device. In this embodiment, as the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 may be in contact with each other included in the first light-emitting unit, mixed light of light emitted from the first emission layer 131 and light emitted from the second emission layer 132 may be emitted from the first light-emitting unit.
The first emission layer 131 may include a first host and a first dopant, and the second emission layer 132 may include a second host and a second dopant. The first dopant included in the first emission layer 131 may be a fluorescent dopant, and the second dopant included in the second emission layer 132 may be a phosphorescent dopant. In the first emission layer 131, a triplet energy level of the first host may be lower than a triplet energy level of the first dopant. In an embodiment, a difference between a triplet energy level of the first host and a triplet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 0.1 electron volts (eV) to about 0.4 eV, or for example, about 0.1 eV to about 0.3 eV.
When the triplet energy level of the first host and the triplet energy level of the first dopant are within any of these ranges, due to a narrow triplet energy gap, some of triplet excitons of the first host may be transferred to a triplet state of the first dopant through Dexter energy transfer. After the triplet excitons of the first dopant are converted to a singlet state through reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), delayed fluorescence may be emitted. Accordingly, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved luminescence efficiency.
In some embodiments, the singlet energy level of the first host may be higher than the singlet energy level of the first dopant. Therefore, the singlet energy of the first dopant may not tend to move to a singlet energy level of the first host, and a singlet energy of the first host may be easily transferred to the first dopant having a lower singlet energy level. Thus, the first dopant may be more likely to product singlet excitons, thereby enabling singlet excitons of the first dopant to be used in emission by fluorescence emission mechanism. Accordingly, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved internal quantum efficiency.
In some embodiments, the difference between a singlet energy level of the first host and a singlet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 0.05 eV to about 0.4 eV. In an embodiment, the singlet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 2.5 eV to about 3.0 eV or about 2.0 eV to about 2.4 eV. In an embodiment, the singlet energy level of the first host may be in a range of about 2.6 eV to about 3.1 eV.
In an embodiment, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level difference and/or the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level difference between the first host and the first dopant may be about 0.3 eV or greater. The first emission layer 131 may emit light by charge trapping as the above-described energy condition is satisfied. For example, since the energy level of the first dopant may be more stable than the energy level of the first host, the injected charges may be trapped in a trap level of the first dopant to form excitons and to emit light.
In the second emission layer 132, the triplet energy level of the second host may be lower higher a triplet energy level of the second dopant. In an embodiment, the difference between a triplet energy level of the second host and a triplet energy level of the second dopant may be in a range of about 0.05 eV to about 0.3 eV, or for example, about 0.05 eV to about 0.2 eV.
When the triplet energy level of the second host and the triplet energy level of the second dopant satisfy the above-described conditions, triplet excitons formed in the second host may be energy-transferred to the second dopant, thereby increasing formation of excitons in the second dopant. Accordingly, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved internal quantum efficiency.
In an embodiment, the triplet energy level of the second dopant may be in a range of about 2.0 eV to about 2.5 eV or about 1.3 eV to about 2.0 eV. In an embodiment, some of triplet excitons of the first dopant may be transferred to the second dopant through the triplet energy level of the first host and then used for phosphorescence in the second dopant.
For example, when the triplet energy level of the first dopant is lower than the triplet energy level of the second dopant, back energy transfer may occur from the second dopant to the first dopant, resulting in exciton quenching and reducing efficiency of the light-emitting device. However, in an embodiment, the triplet energy level of the first dopant may be higher than a triplet energy level of the second dopant. When the above-described conditions are satisfied, efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved by preventing or reducing back energy transfer of triplet excitons of the second dopant to the first dopant.
In some embodiments, the difference (ΔEst) between the singlet energy level and the triplet energy level of the first dopant may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.2 eV. Accordingly, the first dopant may be used in light emission due to triplet excitons through a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism. For example, the first dopant may emit thermal activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Accordingly, an internal quantum efficiency of the first emission layer 131 may be greater than about 25 percent (%), which is a maximum internal quantum efficiency.
In an embodiment, the HOMO energy level difference and/or the LUMO energy level difference between the second host and the second dopant may be less than 0.3 eV. When the second emission layer 132 satisfies the above-described energy condition, emission due to energy transfer may be possible. For example, charges injected into the second emission layer 132 may recombine in the second host to produce excitons, and then, energy may be transferred to the second dopant to produce excitons in the dopant and to emit light.
In an embodiment, the first host may be identical to the second host. In this embodiment, Dexter energy transfer from the first host of the first emission layer 131 to the second host of the second emission layer 132 may be facilitated, thus increasing luminescence efficiency of the second emission layer 132.
As described above, the first dopant and the second dopant are included in different emission layers rather than the same emission layer. For example, in a light-emitting device 10 having a dual emission layer (Dual EML) structure, each emission layer may emit light through a different mechanism. For example, the first emission layer 131 may include a first dopant that is a fluorescent dopant, and the first emission layer 131 may satisfy the HOMO and LUMO energy conditions as described above. Thus, light may be emitted by charge trapping at a trap level of the first dopant. The second emission layer 132 may include a second dopant that is a phosphorescent dopant, and the second emission layer 132 may satisfy the HOMO and LUMO energy conditions as described above. Thus, energy of excitons produced in the host may be transferred to the dopant, thereby emitting light. However, an emission mechanism of the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 is not limited thereto.
In addition, in the light-emitting device 10 according to the embodiment, the intensity of light emitted from the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 may proportionally increase or decrease depending on an increase or decrease in a current density. Thus, change in the color of the emitted light may be small, and excellent color purity may be obtained.
In an embodiment, the content of the first dopant in the first emission layer 131 may be in a range of about 0.01 parts to about 30 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the first emission layer 131. In an embodiment, the content of the second dopant in the second emission layer 132 may be in a range of about 0.01 parts to about 30 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the second emission layer 132.
The thickness of each of the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 500 Å, or for example, about 100 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 are within any of these ranges, luminescence characteristics may be improved without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In an embodiment, a first color light may be emitted from the first emission layer 131, and a second color light may be emitted from the second emission layer 132. For example, the first color light may be identical to or different from the second color light. In some embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength of the first color light may be shorter than a maximum emission wavelength of the second color light. In some embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength of the first color light may be longer than a maximum emission wavelength of the second color light.
In an embodiment, the first color light may be blue light or green light, and the second color light may be green light or red light. For example, the first color light may be blue light, and the second color light may be green light, or the first color light may be green light, and the second color light may be red light.
As such, a fluorescent material that may emit a relatively short wavelength, e.g., blue light or green light, may be used as the first dopant, and a phosphorescent material that may emit a relatively long wavelength, e.g., green light or red light, as the second dopant. Thus, the light-emitting device 10 may have a high luminescence efficiency and small luminance deterioration.
As the first emission layer 131 and the second emission layer 132 in the light-emitting device 10 may each emit light, an emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 10 may have at least two peaks. In an embodiment, the internal quantum efficiency of the first color light may be in a range of about 25% to about 35%, and the internal quantum efficiency of the second color light may be in a range of about 65% to about 75%. Thus, the light-emitting device 10 may include a double emission layer structure, and accordingly, the light-emitting device 10 may have an internal quantum efficiency of about 100% in total. In some embodiments, the first emission layer 131, which may be a fluorescent emission layer, may have an internal quantum efficiency in a range of about 25% to about 35%, and the second emission layer 132, which may be a phosphorescent emission layer, may have an internal quantum efficiency in a range of about 65% to about 75%. Thus, singlet excitons and triplet excitons may both be used in emission, thus realizing an increased (e.g., maximized) internal quantum efficiency.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device 10 may have an external quantum efficiency (EQE) in a range of about 15% to about 20%. In an embodiment, light emitted from the light-emitting device 10 may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 540 nm or about 500 nm to about 620 nm.
When the first host and the second host satisfy the above-described energy level, the first host and the second host may not be particularly limited. For example, the first host and the second host may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 301:
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1-R301]xb21 Formula 301
wherein, in Formula 301,
Ar301 and L301 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,
xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,
R301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q301)(Q302)(Q303), —N(Q301)(Q302), —B(Q301)(Q302), —C(═O)(Q301), —S(═O)2(Q301), or —P(═O)(Q301)(Q302),
xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and
Q301 to Q303 may each be understood by referring to the description of Q1 as described herein.
In some embodiments, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, at least two Ar301(s) may be bound via a single bond. In some embodiments, the first host and the second host may each independently include a compound represented by one of Formulae 1-1 to 1-3:
wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-3,
A11 to A14 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group,
R11 to R14 may each independently be a group represented by *-(L13)a13-(Ar13)b13, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2),
c11 to c14 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 8,
L11 to L15 may each independently be a single bond, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
a11 to a15 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,
Ar11 to Ar14 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2),
b11 to b13 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, and
R10a may be understood by referring to the description of R10a as described above,
wherein Q1 to Q3 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br;
—I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C60 alkyl group; a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group; a C1-C60 alkoxy group; a C3-C60 carbocyclic group; or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the first host and the second host may each independently include one of Compounds H1 to H124, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:
When the first host satisfies the above-described energy level, the first host may not be particularly limited. In an embodiment, the first dopant may be a compound that may emit blue light or green light, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The first dopant may include a fluorescent dopant, a delayed fluorescence dopant, or any combination thereof. The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:
wherein, in Formula 501,
Ar501, L501 to L503, R501, and R502 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and
xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
In some embodiments, in Formula 501, Ar501 may include a condensed ring group (e.g., an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which at least three monocyclic groups are condensed.
In some embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.
In some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include one of Compounds FD1 to FD36, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or any combination thereof:
The delayed fluorescence dopant may be any suitable compound that may emit delayed fluorescence according to a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism. In an embodiment, the difference (ΔEst) between the triplet energy level in electron volts (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.3 eV, or for example, about 0 eV to about 0.2 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant is within this range, up-conversion from a triplet state to a singlet state in the delayed fluorescence dopant may effectively occurr, thus improving luminescence efficiency and the like of the light-emitting device 10.
In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescence dopant may include: i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group such as a carbazole group and the like) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, and the like), ii) a material including a C8-C60 polycyclic group including at least two cyclic groups condensed to each other and sharing boron (B), and the like.
In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescence dopant may include a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 2:
wherein, in Formula 2,
A21 to A23 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group,
X21 to X23 may each independently be O, S, N(R24), C(R24)(R25), or Si(R24)(R25),
n2 may be 0 or 1, and when n2 is 0, A21 and A22 may not be bound to each other,
R21 to R25 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2),
c21 to c23 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 6, and
R10a may be understood by referring to the previous description of R10a provided above,
wherein Q1 to Q3 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C60 alkyl group; a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group; a C1-C60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, Ar21 to Ar23 in Formula 2 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, a selenophene group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophenegroup, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluoren-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.
In an embodiment, ΔEst of the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 2 may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.3 eV, or for example, about 0 eV to about 0.2 eV. Thus, the condensed cyclic compound may be used in light emission due to triplet excitons through a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism. Accordingly, an internal quantum efficiency of the first emission layer 131 may be greater than about 25%, which is a maximum internal quantum efficiency.
In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 2 may have a small geometric change. Thus, the full width of half maximum (FWHM) of an emission spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound may be small due to a small Stoke's shift. For example, the emission spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound may have the FWHM in a range of about 5 nm to about 35 nm. The FWHM of the emission spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound may be obtained from the electroluminance (EL) spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound. Accordingly, the light-emitting device 10 may have an improved colorimetric purity by including the condensed cyclic compound.
In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescence dopant may be a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 2-1:
wherein, in Formula 2-1,
X22 and X23 may each independently be O, S, or N(R24),
R21 to R24 may respectively be understood by referring to the descriptions of R21 to R24 in Formula 2,
c21 and c22 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4, and
c231 may be an integer from 1 to 3.
Examples of the delayed fluorescence dopant may include at least one of Compounds DF1 to DF9 and Compound 2D:
When the second host satisfies the above-described energy level, the second host may not be particularly limited. In an embodiment, the second dopant may be a compound that may emit green light or red light, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The second dopant may include at least one transition metal as a center metal. The second dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.
The second dopant may be electrically neutral. In some embodiments, the second dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula 301:
wherein, in Formulae 301 and 302,
M may be a transition metal (e.g., iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),
L301 may be a ligand represented by Formula 302, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, and when xc1 is 2 or greater, at least two L301(s) may be identical to or different from each other,
L302 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer from 0 to 4, and when xc2 is 2 or greater, at least two L302(s) may be identical to or different from each other,
X31 and X32 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,
ring A31 and ring A32 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group,
T31 may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q311)-*′, *—C(Q311)(Q312)-*′, *—C(Q311)=C(Q312)-*′, *—C(Q311)=*′, or *═C═*′,
X33 and X34 may each independently be a chemical bond (e.g., a covalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q313), B(Q313), P(Q313), C(Q313)(Q314), or Si(Q313)(Q314),
Q311 to Q314 may each be understood by referring to the description of Q1 provided herein,
R31 and R32 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C20 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C20 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q301)(Q302)(Q303), —N(Q301)(Q302), —B(Q301)(Q302), —C(═O)(Q301), —S(═O)2(Q301), or —P(═O)(Q301)(Q302),
Q301 to Q303 may each be understood by referring to the description of Q1 provided herein,
c31 and c32 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and
* and *′ in Formula 302 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 301.
In an embodiment, M may be Ir or Pt. In one or more embodiments, in Formula 302, i) X31 may be nitrogen, and X32 may be carbon, or ii) X31 and X32 may both be nitrogen.
In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 302 is 2 or greater, two ring A301(s) of at least two L31(s) may optionally be bound via T32 as a linking group, or two ring A32(s) may optionally be bound via T33 as a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). The variables T32 and T33 may each be understood by referring to the description of T31 provided herein. Accordingly, the second dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula 301B:
In an embodiment, the second dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 301A or Formula 301B:
wherein, in Formulae 301A and 301B3,
xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3,
xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,
X35 and X36 may each independently be a nitrogen or a carbon,
X37 and X38 may each be understood by referring to the description of X33 provided herein,
T32 to T34 may each be understood by referring to the description of T31 described herein,
ring A33 and ring A34 may each be understood by referring to the description of ring A31 described herein,
R33 and R34 may each be understood by referring to the description of R31 described herein,
c33 and c34 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and
M, X31 to X34, ring A31, ring A32, T31, R31, R32, c31, and c32 may respectively be understood by referring to the descriptions of M, X31 to X34, ring A31, ring A32, T31, R31, R32, c31, and c32 described herein.
In Formulae 301A and 301B, L302 may be any suitable organic ligand. For example, L302 may be a halogen group, a diketone group (e.g., an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., a picolinate group), a —C(═O) group, an isonitrile group, a —CN group, or a phosphorus group (e.g., a phosphine group or a phosphite group).
The second dopant may be, for example, one of Compounds PD1 to PD26 or any combination thereof:
The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or a combination thereof. For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure, e.g., a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein layers of each structure are sequentially stacked on the first electrode 110 in each stated order.
The hole transport region may include the compound represented by Formula 201, the compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202,
L201 to L204 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
L205 may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q201)-*′, a C1-C20 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C20 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,
xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,
R201 to R204 and Q201 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
R201 and R202 may optionally be bound to each other via a single bond, a C1-C5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C2-C5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a to form a C8-C60 polycyclic group (e.g., a carbazole group or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a (e.g., Compound HT16 described herein),
R203 and R204 may optionally be bound to each other via a single bond, a C1-C5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C2-C5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a to form a C8-C60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and
na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.
In some embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
herein, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, R10b and R10c may each be understood by referring to the descriptions of R10a, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a C3-C20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.
In some embodiments, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group. In one or more embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203. In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201 may be a group represented by any one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be a group represented by Formulae CY204 to CY207. In one or more embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203. In one or more embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217. In one or more embodiments, Formulae 201 and 202 may each not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.
In some embodiments, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46 and 4,4′,4″-tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 1-N,1-N-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-4-N,4-N-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB or NPD), N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (β-NPB), N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-9,9-spirobifluorene-2,7-diamine (spiro-TPD), N2,N7-di-1-naphthalenyl-N2,N7-diphenyl-9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene]-2,7-diamine (spiro-NPB), N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-2,2′-dimethyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (methylated-NPB), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC), N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3-methylphenyl)-3,3′-dimethylbenzidine (HMTPD), 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphorsulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:
The thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Angstroms (Å) to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, and any combination thereof, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within any of these ranges, excellent hole transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer. The electron blocking layer may prevent leakage of electrons to a hole transport region from the emission layer. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may also be included in an emission auxiliary layer and an electron blocking layer.
p-Dopant
The hole transport region may include a charge generating material as well as the aforementioned materials to improve conductive properties of the hole transport region. The charge generating material may be substantially homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed (for example, as a single layer consisting of charge generating material) in the hole transport region. The charge generating material may include, for example, a p-dopant. In some embodiments, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about −3.5 eV or less.
In some embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a compound containing a cyano group, a compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof. Examples of the quinone derivative may include tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), and the like.
Examples of the compound containing a cyano group include 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), a compound represented by Formula 221, and the like:
wherein, in Formula 221,
R221 to R223 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and
at least one of R221 to R223 may each independently be: a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, substituted with a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof, or any combination thereof.
In the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof. Examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), or the like); an alkaline earth metal (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), or the like); a transition metal (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), or the like); a post-transition metal (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), or the like); a lanthanide metal (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), or the like); and the like.
Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and the like. Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O), a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, and the like), and the like. For example, the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (e.g., a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, a metal iodide, and the like), a metalloid halide (e.g., a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, a metalloid iodide, and the like), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.
Examples of the metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (e.g., WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, and the like), a vanadium oxide (e.g., VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, and the like), a molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, and the like), a rhenium oxide (e.g., ReO3 and the like), and the like. Examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide, and the like.
Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, and the like. Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2), SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, BaI2, and the like. Examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (e.g., TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, and the like), a zirconium halide (e.g., ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, and the like), a hafnium halide (e.g., HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, and the like), a vanadium halide (e.g., VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, and the like), a niobium halide (e.g., NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, NbI3, and the like), a tantalum halide (e.g., TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, TaI3, and the like), a chromium halide (e.g., CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3, and the like), a molybdenum halide (e.g., MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, and the like), a tungsten halide (e.g., WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, and the like), a manganese halide (e.g., MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, and the like), a technetium halide (e.g., TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, and the like), a rhenium halide (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, ReI2, and the like), an iron halide (e.g., FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, and the like), a ruthenium halide (e.g., RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, and the like), an osmium halide (e.g., OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, and the like), a cobalt halide (e.g., CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, and the like), a rhodium halide (e.g., RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, and the like), an iridium halide (e.g., IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, IrI2, and the like), a nickel halide (e.g., NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, and the like), a palladium halide (e.g., PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, and the like), a platinum halide (e.g., PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, and the like), a copper halide (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, and the like), silver halide (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, and the like), a gold halide (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, and the like), and the like.
Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (e.g., ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, and the like), an indium halide (e.g., InI3 and the like), a tin halide (e.g., SnI2 and the like), and the like. Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3, SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, SmI3, and the like. Examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (e.g., SbCl5 and the like) and the like.
Examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (e.g., Li2Te, Na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, and the like), an alkaline earth metal telluride (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, and the like), a transition metal telluride (e.g., TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, and the like), a post-transition metal telluride (e.g., ZnTe and the like), a lanthanide metal telluride (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, and the like), and the like.
The light-emitting device 10 may include quantum dots. For example, the quantum dots may be included in a color-conversion layer. In some embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may further include a third emission layer, and the third emission layer may be a quantum dot emission layer including quantum dots. The diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nanometer (nm) to about 10 nm.
Quantum dots may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, an organic metal chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any similar process. The wet chemical process is a method of growing a quantum dot particle crystal by mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent may naturally serve as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and control the growth of the crystal. Thus, the wet chemical method may be easier to perform than the vapor deposition process such a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process. Further, the growth of quantum dot particles may be controlled with a lower manufacturing cost.
The quantum dot may include a semiconductor compound of Groups II-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-V; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups I, III, and VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups IV-VI; an element or a compound of Group IV; or any combination thereof.
Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups II-VI may include a binary compound such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; a quaternary compound such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or any combination thereof.
Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups III-V may include a binary compound such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; a ternary compound such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, or InPSb; a quaternary compound such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiconductor compound of Groups III-V may further include a group II element. Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups III-V further including the group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, and the like.
Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI may include a binary compound such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3, InTe, and the like; a ternary compound such as InGaS3, InGaSe3, and the like; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups I, III, and VI may include a ternary compound such as AgInS, AgInS2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, AgAlO2, or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups IV-VI may include a binary compound such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; a ternary compound such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, or SnPbTe; a quaternary compound such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, or SnPbSTe; or any combination thereof.
The element or compound of Group IV may be a single element material such as Si or Ge; a binary compound such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof. Individual elements included in the multi-element compound, such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, and a quaternary compound, may be present in a particle thereof at a uniform or non-uniform concentration. The quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element included in the quantum dot is uniform or a core-shell double structure. In some embodiments, materials included in the core may be different from materials included in the shell.
The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a protective layer for preventing chemical denaturation of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics and/or as a charging layer for imparting electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a monolayer or a multilayer. An interface between a core and a shell may have a concentration gradient where a concentration of elements present in the shell decreases toward the core.
Examples of the shell of the quantum dot include a metal, a metalloid, or a nonmetal oxide, a semiconductor compound, or a combination thereof. Examples of the metal oxide, metalloid, or nonmetal oxide may include: a binary compound such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, or NiO; a ternary compound such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, or CoMn2O4; and any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include a semiconductor compound of Groups II-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-V; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups I, III, and VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups IV-VI; or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiconductor compound may be CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.
The quantum dot may have the full width of half maximum (FWHM) of a spectrum of an emission wavelength of about 45 nm or less, about 40 nm or less, or about 30 nm or less. When the FWHM of the quantum dot is within this range, color purity or color reproducibility may be improved. In addition, because light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, an optical viewing angle may be improved. In addition, the quantum dot may be specifically, a generally spherical nanoparticle, a generally pyramidal nanoparticle, a generally multi-armed nanoparticle, or a generally cubic nanoparticle; or a generally nanotube-shaped particle, a generally nanowire-shaped particle, a generally nanofiber-shaped particle, or a generally nanoplate-shaped particle.
By adjusting the size of the quantum dot, the energy band gap may also be adjusted, thereby obtaining light of various wavelengths in the quantum dot-containing layer (e.g., a color-conversion layer or a quantum dot emission layer). By using quantum dots of various sizes, a light-emitting device that may emit light of various wavelengths may be realized. In some embodiments, the size of the quantum dot may be selected such that the quantum dot may emit red, green, and/or blue light. In addition, the size of the quantum dot may be selected such that the quantum dot may emit white light by combining various light colors.
The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials. The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or an electron injection layer.
In some embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein layers of each structure are sequentially stacked on the emission layers 131 and 132 in each stated order. The electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group.
In some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21 Formula 601
wherein, in Formula 601,
Ar601 and L601 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,
xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
R601 may be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q601)(Q602)(Q603), —C(═O)(Q601), —S(═O)2(Q601), or —P(═O)(Q601)(Q602),
Q601 to Q603 may each be understood by referring to the description of Q1 provided herein,
xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and
at least one of Ar601, L601, and R601 may each independently be a n electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In some embodiments, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater, at least two Ar601(s) may be bound via a single bond. In some embodiments, in Formula 601, Ar601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group. In some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
wherein, in Formula 601-1,
wherein, in Formula 601-1,
X614 may be N or C(R614), X615 may be N or C(R615), X616 may be N or C(R616), at least one selected from X614 to X616 may be N,
L611 to L613 may each be understood by referring to the description of L601 provided herein,
xe611 to xe613 may each be understood by referring to the description of xe1 described herein,
R611 to R613 may each be understood by referring to the description of R601 described herein, and
R614 to R616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
For example, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
The electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), 2, 4, 6-Tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T2T), 2-[3,5-bis(1-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-1-phenylbenzimidazole (TPBi), or any combination thereof.
The thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Angstroms (Å) to about 5,000 Å, for example, about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å, and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport layer are each within these ranges, excellent electron transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage. The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a lithium (Li) ion, a sodium (Na) ion, a potassium (K) ion, a rubidium (Rb) ion, or a cesium (Cs) ion. A metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a beryllium (Be) ion, a magnesium (Mg) ion, a calcium (Ca) ion, a strontium (Sr) ion, or a barium (Ba) ion. Each ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex and the alkaline earth metal complex may independently be a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, e.g., Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may be Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may be Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may be Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof. The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may respectively be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), tellurides, or any combination thereof of each of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal.
The alkali metal-containing compound may be alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O, alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth-metal-containing compound may include alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSri.xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), or BaxCa1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1). The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, Lu2Te3, and the like.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include: i) one of ions of the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal described above and ii) a ligand bond to the metal ion, e.g., a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In some embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 601).
In some embodiments, the electron injection layer may consist of i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposition layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposition layer, and the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
The thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and in some embodiments, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within any of these ranges, excellent electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 150 may be on the interlayer 130. In an embodiment, the second electrode 150 may be a cathode that is an electron injection electrode. In this embodiment, the material for forming the second electrode 150 may be a material having a low work function, for example, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof.
The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), an ITO, an IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode. The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.
A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the second electrode 150. In some embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order.
In the light-emitting device 10, light emitted from the emission layers 131 and 132 in the interlayer 130 may pass through the first electrode 110 (which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode) and through the first capping layer to the outside. In the light-emitting device 10, light emitted from the emission layers 131 and 132 in the interlayer 130 may pass through the second electrode 150 (which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode) and through the second capping layer to the outside.
Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the first capping layer and the second capping layer may improve the external luminescence efficiency based on the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the optical extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, thus improving the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 or higher (at 589 nm). The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be a capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may optionally be substituted with a substituent of O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound. In some embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include the compound represented by Formula 201, the compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (β-NPB), or any combination thereof:
According to one or more embodiments, an electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device 10. In some embodiments, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device 10 may be an emission apparatus or an authentication apparatus.
The electronic apparatus (e.g., an emission apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device 10, i) a color filter, ii) a color-conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color-conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color-conversion layer may be disposed on at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device 10. For example, light emitted from the light-emitting device 10 may be blue light or white light. The light-emitting device 10 may be understood by referring to the descriptions provided herein. In some embodiments, the color-conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dot may be, for example, the quantum dot described herein.
The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel areas, and the color-conversion layer may include a plurality of color-conversion areas respectively corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel areas. A pixel-defining film may be located between the plurality of sub-pixel areas to define each sub-pixel area.
The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-blocking patterns between the plurality of color filter areas, and the color-conversion layer may further include a plurality of color-conversion areas and light-blocking patterns between the plurality of color-conversion areas.
The plurality of color filter areas (or a plurality of color-conversion areas) may include: a first area emitting first color light; a second area emitting second color light; and/or a third area emitting third color light, and the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In some embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In some embodiments, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color-conversion areas) may each include quantum dots. In some embodiments, the first area may include red quantum dots, the second area may include green quantum dots, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be understood by referring to the description of the quantum dot described herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.
In some embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may emit a first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit 1-1 color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit 2-1 color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit 3-1 color light. In this embodiment, the 1-1 color light, the 2-1 color light, and the 3-1 color light may each have a different maximum emission wavelength. In some embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the 1-1 color light may be red light, the 2-1 color light may be green light, and the 3-1 light may be blue light.
The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device 10. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to one of the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150 of the light-emitting device 10.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, or the like. The active layer may include a crystalline silicon, an amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, and an oxide semiconductor.
The electronic apparatus may further include an encapsulation unit for sealing the light-emitting device 10. The encapsulation unit may be located between the color filter and/or the color-conversion layer and the light-emitting device 10. The encapsulation unit may allow light to pass to the outside from the light-emitting device 10 and prevent the air and moisture to permeate to the light-emitting device 10 at the same time. The encapsulation unit may be a sealing substrate including transparent glass or a plastic substrate. The encapsulation unit may be a thin-film encapsulating layer including at least one of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the encapsulation unit is a thin-film encapsulating layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.
In addition to the color filter and/or the color-conversion layer, various functional layers may be disposed on the encapsulation unit depending on the use of an electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layer may include a touch screen layer, a polarization layer, or the like. The touch screen layer may be a resistive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared beam touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that identifies an individual according to biometric information (e.g., a fingertip, a pupil, or the like). The authentication apparatus may further include a biometric information collecting unit, in addition to the light-emitting device 10 described above.
The electronic apparatus may take the form of or be applicable to various displays, an optical source, lighting, a personal computer (e.g., a mobile personal computer), a cellphone, a digital camera, an electronic note, an electronic dictionary, an electronic game console, a medical device (e.g., an electronic thermometer, a blood pressure meter, a glucometer, a pulse measuring device, a pulse wave measuring device, an electrocardiograph recorder, an ultrasonic diagnosis device, or an endoscope display device), a fish finder, various measurement devices, gauges (e.g., gauges of an automobile, an airplane, or a ship), and a projector.
An emission apparatus 180 in
The thin-film transistor 200 may be on the buffer layer 210. The thin-film transistor 200 may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270. The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as a silicon or a polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor and include a source area, a drain area, and a channel area.
A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 and the gate electrode 240 may be on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be on the gate insulating film 230. An interlayer insulating film 250 may be on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to provide insulation therebetween.
The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source area and the drain area of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be adjacent to the exposed source area and the exposed drain area of the active layer 220.
Such a thin-film transistor 200 may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device 10 to drive the light-emitting device 10 and may be protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. The light-emitting device 10 may be on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device 10 may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.
The first electrode 110 may be on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may not fully cover the drain electrode 270 and expose a specific area of the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be disposed to connect to the exposed area of the drain electrode 270.
A pixel-defining film 290 may be on the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining film 290 may expose a specific area of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed area. The pixel-defining film 290 may be a polyimide or a polyacryl organic film. At least some higher layers of the interlayer 130 may extend to the upper portion of the pixel-defining film 290 and may be disposed in the form of a common layer.
The second electrode 150 may be on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.
The encapsulation unit 300 may be on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation unit 300 may be on the light-emitting device 10 to protect a light-emitting device 10 from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation unit 300 may include: an inorganic film including a silicon nitride (SiNx), a silicon oxide (SiOx), an indium tin oxide, an indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof, an organic film including a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyethylene naphthalate, a polycarbonate, a polyimide, a polyethylene sulfonate, a polyoxy methylene, a poly aryllate, a hexamethyl disiloxane, an acrylic resin (e.g., a polymethyl methacrylate, a polyacrylic acid, and the like), an epoxy resin (e.g., an aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE) and the like), or any combination thereof, or a combination of the inorganic film and the organic film.
The emission apparatus 190 shown in
The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layers 131 and 132, and the layers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a specific region by using one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layers 131 and 132, and layers constituting the electron transport region are each independently formed by vacuum-deposition, the vacuum-deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature in a range of about 100° C. to about 500° C., at a vacuum degree in a range of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and at a deposition rate in a range of about 0.01 Angstroms per second (Å/sec) to about 100 Å/sec, depending on the material to be included in each layer and the structure of each layer to be formed.
The term “quantum dot” as used herein refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound and may include any suitable material capable of emitting emission wavelengths of various lengths according to the size of the crystal.
The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of all layers located between a first electrode and a second electrode in a light-emitting device.
As used herein, the “Dexter energy transfer” may refer to short-range, collisional, or exchange energy transfer that is a non-radiative process with electron exchange.
As used herein, the term “atom” may mean an element or its corresponding radical bonded to one or more other atoms.
The terms “hydrogen” and “deuterium” refer to their respective atoms and corresponding radicals with the deuterium radical abbreviated “-D”, and the terms “—F, —Cl, —Br, and —I” are radicals of, respectively, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
As used herein, a substituent for a monovalent group, e.g., alkyl, may also be, independently, a substituent for a corresponding divalent group, e.g., alkylene.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group consisting of carbon atoms only and having 3 to 60 carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms. The term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms in addition to a heteroatom as ring-forming atoms other than carbon atoms. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which at least two rings are fused. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms in the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be in a range of 3 to 61.
The term “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “n electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and not including *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety. The term “R electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
In some embodiments, the C3-C60 carbocyclic group may be i) a T1G group or ii) a group in which at least two T1G groups are fused, for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group.
The C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be i) a T2G group, ii) a group in which at least two T2G groups are fused, or iii) a group in which at least one T2G group is fused with at least one T1G group, for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonapthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and the like.
The π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group may be i) a T1G group, ii) a fused group in which at least two T1G groups are fused, iii) a T3G group, iv) a fused group in which at least two T3G groups are fused, or v) a fused group in which at least one T3G group is fused with at least one T1G group, for example, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonapthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, and the like.
The π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group may be i) a T4G group, ii) a group in which at least two T4G groups are fused, iii) a group in which at least one T4G group is fused with at least one T1G group, iv) a group in which at least one T4G group is fused with at least one T3G group, or v) a group in which at least one T4G group, at least one T1G group, and at least one T3G group are fused, for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and the like.
The T1G group may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group.
The T2G group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group,
The T3G group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group.
The T4G group may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.
The term “cyclic group”, “C3-C60 carbocyclic group”, “C1-C60 heterocyclic group”, “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group”, or “n electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a group fused with any suitable cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group, a quadvalent group, or the like), depending on the structure of the formula to which the term is applied. For example, a “benzene group” may be a benzene ring, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, and this may be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, depending on the structure of the formula including the “benzene group”.
Examples of the monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the divalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an iso-nonyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group. Examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group. Examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is a C1-C1 alkyl group). Examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group including 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group as used herein include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantyl group, a norbornyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl) group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, or a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group including at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms as a ring-forming atom and having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring, and is not aromatic. Examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group including at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in its ring. Examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C6-C60 arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C6-C60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system further including at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system further including at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused and only carbon atoms (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, wherein the molecular structure as a whole is non-aromatic. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indenoanthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused and carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) and at least one heteroatom as ring-forming atoms, wherein the molecular structure as a whole is non-aromatic. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group may include a 9,9-dihydroacridinyl group and a 9H-xanthenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA102 (wherein A102 is a C6-C60 aryl group), and a C6-C60 arylthio group as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —SA103 (wherein A103 is a C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 aryl alkyl group” used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by -A104A105 (where A104 may be a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 may be a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term “C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group” used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by -A106A107 (where A106 may be a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 may be a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
The term “R10a” as used herein may be:
deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;
a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, or a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q11)(Q12)(Q13), —N(Q11)(Q12), —B(Q11)(Q12), —C(═O)(Q11), —S(═O)2(Q11), —P(═O)(Q11)(Q12), or any combination thereof;
a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group, or a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 is alkoxy group, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q21)(Q22)(Q23), —N(Q21)(Q22), —B(Q21)(Q22), —C(═O)(Q21), —S(═O)2(Q21), —P(═O)(Q21)(Q22), or any combination thereof, or
—Si(Q31)(Q32)(Q33), —N(Q31)(Q32), —B(Q31)(Q32), —C(═O)(Q31), —S(═O)2(Q31), or —P(═O)(Q31)(Q32).
The variables Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23 and Q31 to Q33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C60 alkyl group; a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group; a C1-C60 alkoxy group; a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group; or a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group.
The term “heteroatom” as used herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.
A third-row transition metal as used herein may include hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au).
As used herein, “Ph” represents a phenyl group, “Me” represents a methyl group, “Et” represents an ethyl group, “ter-Bu” or “But” represents a tert-butyl group, and “OMe” represents a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. The “biphenyl group” belongs to a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group. The “terphenyl group” belongs to “a substituted phenyl group” having a “C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group” as a substituent.
The symbols * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, refer to a binding site to an adjacent atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.
Hereinafter, a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.
The S1 and T1 energy levels of Compounds TPD, CBP, DABNA-2 and Compound 2D and the T1 energy level of Compounds PD13 and PD14 were measured according to the following method. The results thereof are shown in Table 1.
The S1 energy level was obtained by measuring the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum at room temperature after depositing each compound at a thickness of 200 Å on a quartz substrate.
The T1 energy level was obtained by measuring the PL spectrum under vacuum at a temperature of 77 Kelvins (K) after depositing each compound at a thickness of 200 Å on a quartz substrate.
An ITO glass substrate was cut to a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.5 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 10 minutes in each solvent, and cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 10 minutes. Then, the glass substrate was mounted to a vacuum-deposition apparatus. The compound HAT-CN was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a hole injection layer to a thickness of 100 Å, and then, the compound α-NPD was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a hole transport layer to a thickness of 300 Å. Subsequently, the compound TAPC was vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to a thickness of 50 Å to form electron blocking layer. The compounds CBP (as a host) and DABNA-2 (as a dopant) were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 97:3 on the electron blocking layer to a thickness of 300 Å to form an emission layer.
The compound T2T was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer to a thickness of 50 Å. The compounds TPBi and lithium quinolate (LiQ) were vacuum-deposited at a weight ratio of 1:1 to form an electron transport layer to a thickness of 300 Å. Subsequently, and the compound lithium fluoride (LiF) was deposited thereon to form an electron injection layer to a thickness of 8 Å, and the element Al was deposited thereon to form a cathode to a thickness of 1,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that the compound PD13 was used instead of the compound DABNA-2 as a dopant.
An ITO glass substrate was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 10 minutes in each solvent, and cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 10 minutes. Then, the glass substrate was mounted to a vacuum-deposition apparatus. The compound HAT-CN was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a hole injection layer to a thickness of 100 Å, and then, the compound α-NPD was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a hole transport layer to a thickness of 300 Å. Subsequently, the compound TAPC was vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to a thickness of 50 Å to form electron blocking layer. The compounds TPD (as a host) and DABNA-2 (as a dopant) were co-deposited on the electron blocking layer at a weight ratio of 97:3 to a thickness of 150 Å to form a first emission layer. The compounds TPD (as a host) and PD13 (as a dopant) were co-deposited on the first emission layer at a weight ratio of 94:6 to a thickness of 150 Å to form a second emission layer.
The compound T2T was vacuum-deposited on the second emission layer to form a hole blocking layer to a thickness of 50 Å. The compounds TPBi and LiQ were vacuum-deposited at a weight ratio of 1:1 to form an electron transport layer to a thickness of 300 Å. Subsequently, and the compound LiF was deposited thereon to form an electron injection layer to a thickness of 8 Å, and the element Al was deposited thereon to form a cathode to a thickness of 1,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that Compound 2D was used instead of the compound DABNA-2 to form a first emission layer.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the compound CBP was used instead of the compound TPD as a host to form a first emission layer and a second emission layer.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the compound CBP was used instead of the compound TPD as a host to form a first emission layer and a second emission layer, and the compound PD14 was used instead of the compound PD13 as a dopant to form a second emission layer.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the compound PD14 was used instead of the compound PD13 to form a second emission layer.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that Compound 2D was used instead of the compound DABNA-2 as a dopant to form a first emission layer, and the compound PD14 was used instead of the compound PD13 as a dopant to form a second emission layer.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the compound CBP was used instead of the compound TPD as a host to form a first emission layer and a second emission layer, and Compound 2D was used instead of the compound DABNA-2 as a dopant to form a first emission layer.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the compound CBP was used instead of the compound TPD as a host to form a first emission layer and a second emission layer, Compound 2D was used instead of the compound DABNA-2 as a dopant to form a first emission layer, and the compound PD14 was used instead of the compound PD13 as a dopant to form a second emission layer.
Schematic energy diagrams of hosts and dopants used in Comparative Examples 1 to 6 and Examples 1 to 4 are shown in
The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of blue light and green light and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 6 and Examples 1 to 4 were measured. The IQE and EQE in percent (%) were measured using the quantum efficiency measurement device sold under the trade designation C9920-2-12 by Hamamatsu Photonics Inc., of Hamamatsu-city, Japan. The results thereof are shown in Table 2.
As shown in Table 2, the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 including a single blue or green emission layer may have the highest external quantum efficiency. However, the light-emitting device of Comparative Example 5 including a double emission layer of the same materials with Comparative Examples 1 and 2 may have a significantly deteriorated external quantum efficiency.
Referring to Table 2, the light-emitting device of Example 1 were significantly and unexpectedly found to exhibit 25% and 75% of internal quantum efficiency of blue light emission and green light emission, respectively, thus realizing 100% of internal quantum efficiency in total. Further, the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 4 that may satisfy the triplet energy relationship between the first emission layer and the second emission layer were found to have significantly and unexpectedly improved internal quantum efficiency of blue light and green light and external quantum efficiency of the light-emitting devices, as compared with the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 3 to 6.
Light-emitting devices constructed according to the principles and one or more embodiments of the invention have excellent external quantum efficiency. Furthermore, as apparent from the foregoing description, such light-emitting devices may include a double emission layer, and each emission layer may satisfy a specific energy level. Thus, such light-emitting devices may have a high luminescence efficiency.
Although certain embodiments and implementations have been described herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparent from this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are not limited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the appended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2021-0025969 | Feb 2021 | KR | national |
