Patent Application
20250056962
The present application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0103624, filed on Aug. 8, 2023, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a light-emitting device and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.
Light-emitting devices are self-emissive devices that, as compared with devices of the related art, have relatively wide viewing angles, relatively high contrast ratios, relatively short response times, and excellent or suitable characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.
In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is arranged on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially formed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as the holes and the electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce light.
One or more aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are directed toward a light-emitting device with improved efficiency, as compared to light-emitting devices in the related art.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a light-emitting device includes:
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure,
According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure,
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the present disclosure. The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the present disclosure, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided for conciseness. In this regard, the embodiments of the present disclosure may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely described, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As utilized herein, the term “and/or” or “or” may include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expressions such as “at least one of,” “one of,” and “selected from,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. For example, “at least one of a, b or c”, “at least one selected from a, b, and c”, “at least one selected from among a to c”, etc., may indicate only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. The “/” utilized herein may be interpreted as “and” or as “or” depending on the situation.
To improve the characteristics of an organic light-emitting device, a tandem structure, in which a first emission unit and a second emission unit are stacked, has been developed in place of single-stack structures of the related art. In particular, by introducing individual RGB (red, green, and blue) tandem structures, the efficiency and lifespan characteristics of a light-emitting device may be improved. In this regard, optimization of luminescence efficiency and lifespan is necessary to improve the same.
In the related art, emission units of the same color may be stacked, and a charge generation layer may be introduced between the emission units (e.g., adjacent emission units) to bring out the characteristics of each emission unit. To maximize or increase RGB efficiency, optimization of emission layers of each color is necessary. Phosphorescent materials have already been applied in red and green emission layers. In a structure that facilitates efficiency improvement, the utilization of a phosphorescent emitter may not be limited to red and green emission layers but also extend to a blue emission layer to improve device efficiency.
Although RGB tandem has been in development for a long time, a configuration in which the tandem structure extends from red and green to blue has not been provided.
In embodiments of a tandem light-emitting device, because factors affecting efficiency and lifespan are different for each emission unit, emission units may be changed depending on the purpose and/or utilization, rather than applying the same emission layer (hereinafter also referred to as an emission unit), to achieve additional characteristic improvement.
In one or more embodiments, to improve device performance by improving the efficiency of green and blue emission layers, a structure in which a phosphorescent complex is applied to the green and blue emission layers has been developed. In such a structure, a blue phosphorescent/thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emission layer is introduced to at least one of two blue stacks (e.g., at least one selected from among two blue stacks) to improve device efficiency, and a fluorescent or phosphorescent/TADF emission layer is applied to the other one to achieve a lifespan/efficiency balance or efficiency maximization in a light-emitting device.
From a molecular design perspective, a tetracoordinate platinum (Pt) complex facilitates color control and has benefits over an iridium (Ir) complex, particularly for blue light with a short wavelength. Substantial development has been carried out to improve the short device lifespan of blue phosphorescence. For example, efficiency and lifespan may be improved through the utilization of a phosphorescent dopant alone or in combination with a TADF dopant.
One or more aspects of embodiments of the disclosure are directed toward a light-emitting device including:
In the light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments, the second red subpixel, the second green subpixel, and the second blue subpixel of the second emission unit, which respectively include the second red emission layer, the second green emission layer, and the second blue emission layer, may be present at positions respectively corresponding to the first red subpixel, the first green subpixel, and the first blue subpixel of the first emission unit, which respectively include the first red emission layer, the first green emission layer, and the first blue emission layer.
The light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments may be a tandem light-emitting device including two or more emission units, wherein at least one selected from among a first blue emission layer and a second blue emission layer of the two or more emission units may include two types (kinds) of dopants, thereby improving the efficiency of the light-emitting device.
In one or more embodiments, the first green emission layer and/or the second green emission layer may each independently include a Pt complex dopant or an Ir complex dopant. For example, in some embodiments, the first green emission layer may include a fluorescent dopant, and the second green emission layer may include a Pt complex dopant. For example, in some embodiments, the second green emission layer may include a fluorescent dopant, and the first green emission layer may include a Pt complex dopant. For example, in some embodiments, the first green emission layer may include a Pt complex dopant, and the second green emission layer may include a Pt complex dopant. The Pt complex dopant of the first green emission layer and the Pt complex dopant of the second green emission layer may be identical to or different from each other. For example, in some embodiments, the first green emission layer may include an Ir complex dopant, and the second green emission layer may include an Ir complex dopant. The Ir complex dopant of the first green emission layer and the Ir complex dopant of the second green emission layer may be identical to or different from each other.
In one or more embodiments, among the two types (kinds) of hosts, one may be a hole-transporting host and the other one may be an electron-transporting host.
The hole-transporting host may be a compound having strong hole properties. The expression “a compound having strong hole properties” refers to a compound that is easy to accept holes, and such properties may be obtained by including a hole-receiving moiety (also referred to as a hole transporting (HT) moiety).
The hole-receiving moiety may include, for example, a π-electron-rich heteroaromatic compound (e.g., a carbazole derivative or an indole derivative), or an aromatic amine compound.
The electron-transporting host may be a compound having strong electron properties. The expression “a compound having strong electron properties” refers to a compound that is easy to accept electrons, and such properties may be obtained by including an electron-receiving moiety (also referred to as an electron transporting (ET) moiety).
The electron-receiving moiety may include, for example, a π electron-deficient heteroaromatic compound. For example, the electron-receiving moiety may include a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compound.
When a compound includes only a HT moiety or only an ET moiety, it is clear whether the nature of the compound has HT properties or ET properties.
In some embodiments, a compound may include both (e.g., simultaneously) a HT moiety and an ET moiety. In this regard, a simple comparison between the total number of the HT moieties and the total number of the ET moieties in the compound may be a criterion for predicting whether the compound is a HT compound or an ET compound, but may not be an absolute criterion. One of the reasons why such a simple comparison may not be an absolute criterion is that one HT moiety and one ET moiety do not respectively have exactly the same ability to attract holes and electrons.
Accordingly, to determine whether a compound of a certain structure is a hole-transporting compound or an electron-transporting compound, a simulation may be made in advance for prediction (e.g., suitable selection), and finally, the compound may be directly implemented in a device to confirm the properties of the compound relatively reliably.
More details on the hosts may be the same as described herein.
In one or more embodiments, among the two types (kinds) of dopants included in at least one selected from among the first blue emission layer and the second blue emission layer, one may be a phosphorescent dopant, and the other one may be a fluorescent dopant.
For example, the phosphorescent dopant may include a Pt complex or an Ir complex.
For example, the fluorescent dopant may include a delayed fluorescence dopant.
In one or more embodiments, the first red emission layer, the first green emission layer, and the first blue emission layer of the first emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant.
In one or more embodiments, the second red emission layer, the second green emission layer, and the second blue emission layer of the second emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the first red emission layer, the first green emission layer, and the first blue emission layer of the first emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant, and the second red emission layer, the second green emission layer, and the second blue emission layer of the second emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the first red emission layer, the first green emission layer, and the first blue emission layer of the first emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant, the second red emission layer and the second green emission layer of the second emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant, and the second blue emission layer of the second emission unit may include a fluorescent dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the first red emission layer and the first green emission layer of the first emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant, the first blue emission layer of the first emission unit may include a fluorescent dopant, and the second red emission layer, the second green emission layer, and the second blue emission layer of the second emission unit may each include a phosphorescent dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the first red emission layer, the first green emission layer, and the first blue emission layer of the first emission unit may each include two types (kinds) of hosts and a phosphorescent dopant, and the second red emission layer, the second green emission layer, and the second blue emission layer of the second emission unit may each include two types (kinds) of hosts and a phosphorescent dopant. In this regard, the first blue emission layer and the second blue emission layer may each further include a fluorescent dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the first red emission layer, the first green emission layer, and the first blue emission layer of the first emission unit may each include two types (kinds) of hosts and a phosphorescent dopant, the second red emission layer and the second green emission layer of the second emission unit may each include two types (kinds) of hosts and a phosphorescent dopant, and the second blue emission layer of the second emission unit may include a single host and a fluorescent dopant. In this regard, the first blue emission layer may further include a fluorescent dopant. The fluorescent dopant may be, for example, a delayed fluorescence dopant.
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among the first green emission layer and the second green emission layer may include a Pt complex compound represented by Formula 1:
In Formula 1, when a1 is 2 or more, a plurality of R1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a2 is 2 or more, a plurality of R2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a3 is 2 or more, a plurality of R3(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a4 is 2 or more, a plurality of R4(s) may be identical to or different from each other.
In Formula 1, neighboring substituents selected from among R1 to R7 may be linked to each other to form a ring.
From a molecular design perspective, the tetracoordinate Pt complex of Formula 1 facilitates color control and has benefits over an Ir complex, particularly for green light with a short wavelength.
In one or more embodiments, the Pt complex compound represented by Formula 1 may include one selected from among the following compounds:
In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among the first blue emission layer and the second blue emission layer may include a Pt complex compound represented by Formula 2:
In Formula 2, when a11 is 2 or more, a plurality of R11(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a12 is 2 or more, a plurality of R12(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a13 is 2 or more, a plurality of R13(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a14 is 2 or more, a plurality of R14(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a15 is 2 or more, a plurality of R15(s) may be identical to or different from each other.
In Formula 2, neighboring substituents selected from among R11 to R18 may be linked to each other to form a ring.
For example, in one or more embodiments, in Formula 2, A and B may each independently represent a fused phenyl group, a fused naphthyl group, a fused anthracene group, a fused phenanthrene group, or a fused pyrene group.
From a molecular design perspective, the tetracoordinate Pt complex of Formula 2 facilitates color control and has benefits over an Ir complex, particularly for blue light with a short wavelength.
In one or more embodiments, the Pt complex compound represented by Formula 2 may include one selected from among the following compounds:
More details on the other dopants may be the same as described herein.
To maximize or increase the luminescence efficiency of a light-emitting device, it is very important to configure the light-emitting device that has excellent or suitable charge balance and preserves excitons well in an emission layer of the light-emitting device.
In the light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments, electrons transferred from a cathode side may effectively encounter with holes moving from an anode side in an emission layer to form excitons, and the holes or electrons may be prevented or reduced from flowing into a neighboring layer and generating leakage current. Accordingly, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device may be improved, and a decrease in the luminescence lifespan of the light-emitting device may be prevented or reduced.
According to one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device includes m−1 charge generation layer(s) each arranged between two neighboring emission units among the m emission units.
Referring to
Referring to
In one or more embodiments, among the m−1 charge generation layers, a charge generation layer which is m−1th closest to the first electrode 110 may be referred to as an m−1th charge generation layer.
In one or more embodiments, a hole transport region or an electron transport region may be arranged: between the first electrode 110 and the first emission unit 145(1); between the first emission unit 145(1) and a charge generation layer; between the charge generation layer and the second emission unit 145(2); and/or between the second emission unit 145(2) and a second electrode 150.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron-blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
The hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, and/or the electron-blocking layer may each be a common layer.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole-blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
The electron injection layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the hole-blocking layer may each be a common layer.
In one or more embodiments, the m−1 charge generation layers may each include an n-type or kind charge (e.g., N-charge) generation layer and a p-type or kind charge (e.g., P-charge) generation layer.
In one or more embodiments, the m−1 charge generation layers may each be a common layer.
Referring to
The first emission unit may include: a first red subpixel including a first red emission layer 1st R-EML; a first green subpixel including a first green emission layer 1st G-EML; and a first blue subpixel including a first blue emission layer 1st B-EML, and
The second emission unit may include: a second red subpixel including a second red emission layer 2nd R-EML; a second green subpixel including a second green emission layer 2nd G-EML; and a second blue subpixel including a second blue emission layer 2nd B-EML.
A hole injection layer HIL and a hole transport layer HTL may be arranged as common layers between the first electrode 110 and the first emission unit, an electron transport layer ETL may be arranged between the first emission unit and the charge generation layer, and an electron transport layer ETL and an electron injection layer EIL may be arranged between the second emission unit and the second electrode 150. The hole injection layer HIL, the hole transport layer HTL, the electron transport layer ETL, and the electron injection layer EIL may each be a common layer.
One or more aspects of embodiments of the disclosure are directed toward an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. More details on the electronic apparatus may be the same as described herein.
The term “interlayer” as utilized herein refers to a single layer and/or all of multiple layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in more detail with reference to
In
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.
The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. For example, in some embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.
The interlayer 130 may be on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 includes an emission layer (hereinafter also referred to as an emission unit).
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include i) two or more emission units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer arranged between the two or more emission units. When the interlayer 130 includes the two or more emission units and the charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device. For example, the charge generation layer may include an n-type or kind charge (e.g., N-charge) generation layer and a p-type or kind charge (e.g., P-charge) generation layer.
The hole transport region may have i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) multiple materials that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers including multiple materials that are different from each other.
The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron-blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, wherein constituent layers of each structure are stacked sequentially from the first electrode 110 in the stated order.
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
For example, in some embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
In one or more embodiments, ring CY201 to ring CY204 in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201 may be one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY207.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include: at least one selected from among Compounds HT1 to HT46; 4,4′,4″-[tris(3-methylphenyl)phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA); 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA); 4,4′,4″-tris[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine (2-TNATA); N,N′-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB(NPD)); β-NPB; N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD); spiro-TPD; spiro-NPB; methylated NPB; 4,4′-cyclohexylidene bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine](TAPC); 4,4′-bis[N,N′-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3′-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD); 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA); polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA); poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS); polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA); polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS); or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole transport layer, an electron-blocking layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region and the hole transport layer are within the ranges described above, satisfactory hole-transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer, and the electron-blocking layer may block or reduce the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron-blocking layer.
p-dopant
In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a charge generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (e.g., in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a charge generation material).
The charge generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
For example, in some embodiments, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of −3.5 eV or less.
In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.
Non-limiting examples of the quinone derivative may be tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the cyano group-containing compound may be dipyrazino[2,3-f: 2′, 3′-h]quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), a compound represented by Formula 221, and/or the like:
In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be metal, metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be non-metal, metalloid, or any combination thereof.
Non-limiting examples of the metal may be: an alkali metal (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); a lanthanide metal (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.); and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the metalloid may be silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the non-metal may be oxygen (O), halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, etc.), and/or the like.
For example, non-limiting examples of the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2 may include metal oxides, metal halides (e.g., metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides, metal iodides, etc.), metalloid halides (e.g., metalloid fluorides, metalloid chlorides, metalloid bromides, metalloid iodides, etc.), metal tellurides, or one mor more combinations thereof.
Non-limiting examples of the metal oxide may be tungsten oxides (e.g., WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, etc.), vanadium oxides (e.g., VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), molybdenum oxides (e.g., MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, etc.), rhenium oxides (e.g., ReO3, etc.), and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the metal halide may be alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides, lanthanide metal halides, and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the alkali metal halide may be LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, Lil, Nal, KI, RbI, Csl, and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may be BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, Bel2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, BaI2, and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the transition metal halide may be titanium halides (e.g., TiF4, TiC4, TiBr4, Til4, etc.), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, etc.), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, etc.), vanadium halides (e.g., VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, etc.), niobium halides (e.g., NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, Nbl3, etc.), tantalum halides (e.g., TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, Tal3, etc.), chromium halides (e.g., CrF3, CrO3, CrBr3, CrI3, etc.), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, etc.), tungsten halides (e.g., WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, etc.), manganese halides (e.g., MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, etc.), technetium halides (e.g., TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, etc.), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, Rel2, etc.), ferrous halides (e.g., FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, etc.), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, etc.), osmium halides (e.g., OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, etc.), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF2, COCl2, CoBr2, C012, etc.), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, etc.), iridium halides (e.g., IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, IrI2, etc.), nickel halides (e.g., NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, etc.), palladium halides (e.g., PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, etc.), platinum halides (e.g., PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, etc.), cuprous halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, Cul, etc.), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, Aul, etc.), and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the post-transition metal halide may be zinc halides (e.g., ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, etc.), indium halides (e.g., InI3, etc.), tin halides (e.g., SnI2, etc.), and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal halide may be YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3, SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, and SmI3.
Non-limiting examples of the metalloid halide may be antimony halides (e.g., SbCl5, etc.) and/or the like.
Non-limiting examples of the metal telluride are alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li2Te, Na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, etc.), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, etc.), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe, etc.), lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.), and/or the like.
When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from among a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from among a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light).
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant.
An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host.
A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within the ranges described above, excellent or suitable luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The single host and the two types (kinds) of hosts described above may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 301:
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1-R301]xb21, Formula 301
In one or more embodiments, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, the single host and the two types (kinds) of hosts described above may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the single host and the two types (kinds) of hosts may each independently include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the hosts may include a Be complex (e.g., Compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the single host and the two types (kinds) of hosts may each independently include: at least one selected from among Compounds H1 to H133; 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN); 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN); 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN); 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP); 1,3,5-tri carbazol-9-yl) benzene (TCP); or any combination thereof:
The emission layer may include two types (kinds) of hosts, and the two types (kinds) of hosts may include a hole-transporting host and an electron-transporting host. For example, the hole-transporting host and the electron-transporting host may be included at a weight ratio in a range of about 1:9 to about 9:1. For example, the weight ratio of the hole-transporting host to the electron-transporting host may be in a range of about 4:5 to about 5:5.
In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.
The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.
The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
For example, in some embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X401 may be nitrogen and X402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X401 and X402 may be nitrogen.
In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two ring A401 (s) among two or more of L401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T402, which is a linking group, and/or two ring A402(s) among two or more of L401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T402 and T403 may each independently be the same as described with respect to T401.
In Formula 401, L402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L402 may include a halogen, a diketone group (e.g., an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (e.g., a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (e.g., a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the first red emission layer, the second red emission layer, the first green emission layer, the second green emission layer, the first blue emission layer, and/or the second blue emission layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 401, and in these embodiments, M may be Ir.
In a ligand of the organometallic compound, neighboring substituents may optionally be bonded to each other to form a ring.
In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one selected from among Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
For example, in some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:
In one or more embodiments, Ar501 in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (e.g., an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, etc.) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.
In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.
In one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one selected from among Compounds FD1 to FD37; 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi); 4,4′-bis[4-(N,N-diphenylamino)styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); or any combination thereof:
In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence dopant.
The delayed fluorescence dopant described herein may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.
The delayed fluorescence dopant included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type or kind of other materials included in the emission layer.
In one or more embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant may be at least 0 eV but not more than 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence dopant satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence dopants may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence dopant may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group, etc.) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, etc.), ii) a material including a C8-C60 polycyclic group including at least two cyclic groups condensed to each other while sharing boron (B), and/or iii) the like.
Non-limiting examples of the delayed fluorescence dopant may include at least one selected from among Compounds DF1 to DF15:
The electron transport region may have i) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layer structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) multiple materials that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers including multiple materials that are different from each other.
The electron transport region may include a hole-blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (e.g., the hole-blocking layer or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group.
For example, in some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21, Formula 601
In one or more embodiments, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In one or more embodiments, Ar601 in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
For example, in some embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include: at least one selected from among Compounds ET1 to ET47; 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen); tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3); bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,08)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq); 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ); 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ); or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å, for example, about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a hole-blocking layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole-blocking layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å, and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole-blocking layer and/or the electron transport layer are within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron-transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
For example, in some embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:
In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.
The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) multiple layers that are different from each other, or iii) a multi-layered structure including multiple layers including multiple materials that are different from each other.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, K2O, and/or the like; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, Lil, Nal, Csl, KI, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include alkaline earth metal compounds, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), BaxCa1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may be LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, Lu2Te3, and/or the like.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of metal ions of the alkali metal, one of metal ions of the alkaline earth metal, and one of metal ions of the rare earth metal, respectively, and ii) a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 601).
In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be substantially uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 150 may be on the interlayer 130 as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as a material for forming the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low-work function, may be utilized.
The second electrode 150 may include Li, Ag, Mg, Al, Al—Li, Ca, Mg—In, Mg—Ag, Yb, Ag—Yb, ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.
A first capping layer may be arranged outside (e.g., on) the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be arranged outside (e.g., on) the second electrode 150. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.
In one or more embodiments, light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110 which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. In one or more embodiments, light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150 which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of 1.6 or more (e.g., at 589 nm).
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may each optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include an amine group-containing compound.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include: at least one selected from among Compounds HT28 to HT33; at least one selected from among Compounds CP1 to CP6; β-NPB; or any combination thereof:
The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus (e.g., a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be arranged in at least one travel direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, in some embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light. Details on the light-emitting device may be the same as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot in the related art.
The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixel areas.
A pixel-defining film may be arranged among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas.
The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns arranged among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns arranged among the color conversion areas.
The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include a first area configured to emit first color light, a second area configured to emit second color light, and/or a third area configured to emit third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In particular, the first area may include a red quantum dot to emit red light, the second area may include a green quantum dot to emit green light, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) any quantum dot. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatter. In present disclosure, “not include a or any ‘component’”, “exclude a or any ‘component’”, “‘component’-free”, and/or the like refers to that the “component” not being added, selected or utilized as a component in the composition, but the “component” of less than a suitable amount may still be included due to other impurities and/or external factors.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be to emit first light, the first area may be to absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may be to absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may be to absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In some embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein one selected from among the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.
The activation layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.
In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be arranged between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.
Various functional layers may be additionally arranged on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the utilization of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and/or the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer.
The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by utilizing biometric information of a living body (e.g., fingertips, pupils, etc.). The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.
The electronic apparatus may be applied to one or more of displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (e.g., a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (e.g., electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, one or more suitable measuring instruments, meters (e.g., meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.
The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic equipment.
For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may be at least one selected from among a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for indoor or outdoor lighting and/or signaling, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a microdisplay, a 3D display, a virtual or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, and a signboard.
The light-emitting device may have excellent or suitable luminescence efficiency and long lifespan, and thus, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may have characteristics such as high luminance, high resolution, and low power consumption.
The electronic apparatus of
The thin-film transistor may include an activation layer, a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode, and a first electrode 110 of the light-emitting device 10 may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.
The light-emitting device 10 may include a first electrode 110, a second electrode 150, and an interlayer 130 for each subpixel.
The interlayer 130 may include two or more emission units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and a charge generation layer arranged between the two or more emission units.
Although
The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region may each be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, and/or the like.
When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature in a range of about 100° C. to about 500° C., at a vacuum degree in a range of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and at a deposition speed in a range of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating speed in a range of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature in a range of about 80° C. to about 200° C. by taking into account a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having 3 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) one (e.g., only one) ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be from 3 to 61.
The “cyclic group” as utilized herein may include both (e.g., simultaneously) the C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
For example,
The term “cyclic group,” “C3-C60 carbocyclic group,” “C1-C60 heterocyclic group,” “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group,” or “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as utilized herein may refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is utilized. For example, the “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
Depending on context, in the present disclosure, a divalent group may refer or be a polyvalent group (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., and not just divalent) per, e.g., the structure of a formula in connection with which of the terms are utilized.
Non-limiting examples of the monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Non-limiting examples of the divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the divalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may be a C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may be a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, and/or the like. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may be an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C2-C60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may be an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and/or the like. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA101 (wherein A101 is a C1-C60 alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof may be a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and/or the like.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may be a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and/or the like. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may be a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof may be a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group may be a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C6-C60 aryl group may be a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and/or the like. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C1-C60 heteroaryl group may be a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, and/or the like. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may be an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indeno anthracenyl group, and/or the like. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as utilized herein refers to —OA102 (wherein A102 is a C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as utilized herein refers to —SA103 (wherein A103 is a C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 arylalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to —A104A105 (wherein A104 is a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 is a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term “C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group” as utilized herein refers to —A106A107 (wherein A106 is a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 is a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
The term “R10a” as utilized herein may be:
Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23, and Q31 to Q33 utilized herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-C60 alkyl group; a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group; a C1-C60 alkoxy group; or a C3-C60 carbocyclic group, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, a C7-C60 arylalkyl group, or a C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
The term “heteroatom” as utilized herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Non-limiting examples of the heteroatom may be O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combination thereof.
The term “the third-row transition metal” utilized herein includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), etc.
“Ph” as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group, “Me” as utilized herein refers to a methyl group, “Et” as utilized herein refers to an ethyl group, “tert-Bu” or “But” as utilized herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and “OMe” as utilized herein refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” In some embodiments, the “biphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as utilized herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group.” In some embodiments, the “terphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
The number of carbon atoms in the substituent definition is an example. For example, in the C1-C60 alkyl group, the number of carbon atoms, 60, is an example, and the definition for the alkyl group is equally applied to the C1-C20 alkyl group. The same applies to other cases.
Any hydrogen in a compound structure described herein may optionally be substituted with deuterium.
* and *′ as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.
Hereinafter, a compound and light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Examples.
A 15 Ω/cm2 ITO/Ag/ITO (120 Å/500 Å/120 Å) glass substrate (a product of Corning Inc.) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 15 minutes, and then loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.
HT3:F4-TCNQ (3 wt %) was deposited on the ITO/Ag/ITO anode of the glass substrate to a thickness of 10 nm to form a hole injection layer as a common layer, and HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to a thickness of 30 nm to form a hole transport layer as a common layer.
Then, individual RGB emission layers were formed for each subpixel to form a first emission unit. The weight percentage of each component in each emission layer is based on a total weight of each emission layer, and host material(s) balances the total percentage of each emission layer.
ET46 was deposited on the RGB emission layers to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer. Subsequently, ET46:Li (5 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form an n-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer, and then, HT5:F4-TCNQ (10 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form a p-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer.
After individual RGB emission layers were stacked again on the p-type or kind charge generation layer in substantially the same manner as in forming the first emission unit, ET47 was deposited thereon to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer, Yb was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 Å, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited thereon at a weight ratio of 9:1 to a thickness of 100 Å to form a cathode, and CPL was deposited thereon to a thickness of 700 Å to form a capping layer, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
A 15 Ω/cm2 ITO/Ag/ITO (120 Å/500 Å/120 Å) glass substrate (a product of Corning Inc.) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 15 minutes, and then loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.
HT3:F4-TCNQ (3 wt %) was deposited on the ITO/Ag/ITO anode of the glass substrate to a thickness of 10 nm to form a hole injection layer as a common layer, and HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to a thickness of 30 nm to form a hole transport layer as a common layer.
Then, individual RGB emission layers were formed for each subpixel to form a first emission unit.
ET46 was deposited on the RGB emission layers to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer. Subsequently, ET46:Li (5 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form an n-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer, and then, HT5:F4-TCNQ (10 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form a p-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer.
After individual RGB emission layers were stacked again on the p-type or kind charge generation layer in substantially the same manner as in forming the first emission unit, ET47 was deposited thereon to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer, Yb was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 Å, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited thereon at a weight ratio of 9:1 to a thickness of 100 Å to form a cathode, and CPL was deposited thereon to a thickness of 700 Å to form a capping layer, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
A 15 Ω/cm2 ITO/Ag/ITO (120 Å/500 Å/120 Å) glass substrate (a product of Corning Inc.) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 15 minutes, and then loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.
HT3:F4-TCNQ (3 wt %) was deposited on the ITO/Ag/ITO anode of the glass substrate to a thickness of 10 nm to form a hole injection layer as a common layer, and HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to a thickness of 30 nm to form a hole transport layer as a common layer.
Then, individual RGB emission layers were formed for each subpixel to form a first emission unit.
ET46 was deposited on the RGB emission layers to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer. Subsequently, ET46:Li (5 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form an n-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer, and then, HT5:F4-TCNQ (10 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form a p-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer.
After individual RGB emission layers were stacked again on the p-type or kind charge generation layer in substantially the same manner as in forming the first emission unit, ET47 was deposited thereon to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer, Yb was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 Å, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited thereon at a weight ratio of 9:1 to a thickness of 100 Å to form a cathode, and CPL was deposited thereon to a thickness of 700 Å to form a capping layer, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
A 15 Ω/cm2 ITO/Ag/ITO (120 Å/500 Å/120 Å) glass substrate (a product of Corning Inc.) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 15 minutes, and then loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.
HT3:F4-TCNQ (3 wt %) was deposited on the ITO/Ag/ITO anode of the glass substrate to a thickness of 10 nm to form a hole injection layer as a common layer, and HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to a thickness of 30 nm to form a hole transport layer as a common layer.
Then, individual RGB emission layers were formed for each subpixel to form a first emission unit.
ET46 was deposited on the RGB emission layers to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer. Subsequently, ET46:Li (5 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form an n-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer, and then, HT5:F4-TCNQ (10 wt %) was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 nm to form a p-type or kind charge generation layer as a common layer.
On the p-type or kind charge generation layer, individual RGB emission layers were formed again for each subpixel to form a second emission unit.
Then, after ET47 was deposited on the RGB emission layers to a thickness of 30 nm to form an electron transport layer as a common layer, Yb was deposited thereon to a thickness of 10 Å, and Ag and Mg were co-deposited thereon at a weight ratio of 9:1 to a thickness of 100 Å to form a cathode, and CPL was deposited thereon to a thickness of 700 Å to form a capping layer, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that each RGB emission layer of the first emission unit and the second emission unit was formed for each subpixel as follows.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that each RGB emission layer of the first emission unit and the second emission unit was formed for each subpixel as follows.
A light-emitting device was manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that each RGB emission layer of the first emission unit and the second emission unit was formed for each subpixel as follows.
The results of the light-emitting devices are shown in Table 1.
The efficiency and lifespan of the light-emitting devices were measured by utilizing measurement device C9920-2-12 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Inc. The efficiency and lifespan of each of the light-emitting devices were respectively calculated by reference to the efficiency and lifespan of Comparative Example 1.
Referring to Table 1, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devices of Examples each had higher efficiency than the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples.
As described above, according to one or more embodiments, a light-emitting device may exhibit improved results in terms of efficiency and lifespan, as compared with devices in the related art.
In the present disclosure, it will be understood that the term “comprise(s),” “include(s),” or “have/has” specifies the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Throughout the present disclosure, when a component such as a layer, a film, a region, or a plate is mentioned to be placed “on” another component, it will be understood that it may be directly on another component or that another component may be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, “directly on” may refer to that there are no additional layers, films, regions, plates, etc., between a layer, a film, a region, a plate, etc. and the other part. For example, “directly on” may refer to two layers or two members are disposed without utilizing an additional member such as an adhesive member therebetween.
In the present disclosure, although the terms “first,” “second,” etc., may be utilized herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and/or layers, these elements, components, regions, and/or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only utilized to distinguish one component from another component.
As utilized herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “one,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure”.
As utilized herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” or similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. “About” as used herein, is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.
Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in the present disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend the disclosure, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.
The light-emitting device, the light-emitting apparatus, the electronic apparatus, the electronic equipment, or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2023-0103624 | Aug 2023 | KR | national |
