Patent Application
20240251581
This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0189636 under 35 U.S.C. § 119, filed on Dec. 29, 2022, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments relate to a light-emitting device, an electronic device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the same.
Self-emissive devices (for example, organic light-emitting devices) in light-emitting devices have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.
In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.
It is to be understood that this background of the technology section is, in part, intended to provide useful background for understanding the technology. However, this background of the technology section may also include ideas, concepts, or recognitions that were not part of what was known or appreciated by those skilled in the pertinent art prior to a corresponding effective filing date of the subject matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments include a light-emitting device having a low driving voltage and high power efficiency, an electronic device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the same.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments of the disclosure.
According to embodiments, a light-emitting device may include:
In an embodiment, an emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 600 nm to about 720 nm.
In an embodiment, a full width at half maximum of the first light may be in a range of about 15 nm to about 90 nm.
In an embodiment, the first light may be red light.
In an embodiment, at least one of the Y1-containing ring B1 and the Y5-containing ring B5 may each independently be a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a naphthoquinoline group, or a naphthoisoquinoline group.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may be a heteroleptic complex.
In an embodiment, the third ligand may be the same as the first ligand.
In an embodiment, the third ligand may be different from the first ligand.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may include a fluoro group, deuterium, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer may include the heterocyclic compound.
In an embodiment, the electron transport layer may directly contact the emission layer.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a hole-blocking layer and an electron transport layer, the hole-blocking layer may be disposed between the emission layer and the electron transport layer, the hole-blocking layer may not include the heterocyclic compound, and the electron transport layer may include the heterocyclic compound.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be represented by Formula 8, which is explained below.
In an embodiment, at least one of x1 and x2 may each independently be 2 or more.
In an embodiment, x1 and x2 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, x3 may be 0, 1, or 2, and Ar1 to Ar3 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, or a pyridine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, at least one of Ar1 in the number of x1, at least one of Ar2 in the number of x2, or any combination thereof may each independently be a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, or a pyridine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
According to embodiments, an electronic device may include the light-emitting device.
In an embodiment, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof.
According to embodiments, an electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device.
In an embodiment, the electronic device may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.
It is to be understood that the embodiments above are described in a generic and explanatory sense only and not for the purposes of limitation, and the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described above.
The above and other aspects and features of the disclosure will be more apparent by describing in detail embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
In the drawings, the sizes, thicknesses, ratios, and dimensions of the elements may be exaggerated for ease of description and for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
In the description, it will be understood that when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween. In a similar sense, when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is described as “covering” another element, it can directly cover the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween.
In the description, when an element is “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. For example, “directly on” may mean that two layers or two elements are disposed without an additional element such as an adhesion element therebetween.
As used herein, the expressions used in the singular such as “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. For example, “A and/or B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or” may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may be understood to be equivalent to “and/or”.
In the specification and the claims, the term “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “at least one selected from the group consisting of” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “at least one of A, B, and C” may be understood to mean A only, B only, C only, or any combination of two or more of A, B, and C, such as ABC, ACC, BC, or CC. When preceding a list of elements, the term, “at least one of,” modifies the entire list of elements and does not modify the individual elements of the list.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
The spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, or the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relations between one element or component and another element or component as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, in the case where a device illustrated in the drawing is turned over, the device positioned “below” or “beneath” another device may be placed “above” another device. Accordingly, the illustrative term “below” may include both the lower and upper positions. The device may also be oriented in other directions and thus the spatially relative terms may be interpreted differently depending on the orientations.
The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the recited value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the recited quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within +20%, +10%, or +5% of the stated value.
It should be understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” and the like are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof in the disclosure, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof.
Unless otherwise defined or implied herein, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an ideal or excessively formal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.
Embodiments provide a light-emitting device which may include: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.
The interlayer may include an emission layer and an electron transport region.
The electron transport region may be disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode.
The emission layer may include a first emitter. The first emitter may emit first light having a first emission spectrum.
In an embodiment, an emission peak wavelength of the first light (maximum emission wavelength, or maximum emission peak wavelength) may be in a range of about 600 nm to about 720 nm.
For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 600 nm to about 680 nm. For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 600 nm to about 675 nm. For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 600 nm to about 670 nm. For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 605 nm to about 680 nm. For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 605 nm to about 675 nm. For example, the emission peak wavelength of the first light may be in a range of about 605 nm to about 670 nm.
In an embodiment, a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the first light may be in a range of about 15 nm to about 90 nm.
For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 20 nm to about 90 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 20 nm to about 85 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 20 nm to about 80 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 25 nm to about 90 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 25 nm to about 85 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 25 nm to about 80 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 30 nm to about 90 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 30 nm to about 85 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 30 nm to about 80 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 33 nm to about 90 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 33 nm to about 85 nm. For example, the FWHM of the first light may be in a range of about 33 nm to about 80 nm.
The emission peak wavelength (or maximum emission wavelength) and FWHM of the first light described in the specification may be evaluated from the emission spectrum of a film including the first emitter (for example, see Evaluation Example 2). In the specification, the emission peak wavelength refers to the peak wavelength having the maximum emission intensity in the emission spectrum or in the electroluminescence spectrum.
In an embodiment, the first light, for example, the first light having the emission peak wavelength and/or FWHM as described above, may be red light.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may include iridium.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may be an organometallic compound containing iridium. The first emitter may be neutral, may include one iridium, and may not include transition metals other than iridium.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may include, in addition to the iridium, a first ligand, a second ligand, and a third ligand, each of which is bonded (for example, coupled) to the iridium. In this regard, the first ligand may be a bidentate ligand including Y1-containing ring B1 and Y2-containing ring B2, the second ligand may be a bidentate ligand bonded to iridium through each of Y3 and Y4, and the third ligand may be, a bidentate ligand including Y5-containing ring B5 and Y6-containing ring B6, wherein Y1 and Y5 may each be nitrogen (N), Y2 and Y6 may each be carbon (C), Y3 may be oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N), Y4 may be oxygen (O), and at least one of the Y1-containing ring B1 and the Y5-containing ring B5 (for example, both Y1-containing ring B1 and Y5-containing ring B5) may each independently be a polycyclic group in which three or more cyclic groups are condensed with each other.
In an embodiment, at least one of the Y1-containing ring B1 and the Y5-containing ring B5 (for example, both the Y1-containing ring B1 and the Y5-containing ring B5) may each independently be a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a naphthoquinoline group, or a naphthoisoquinoline group.
In an embodiment, the Y2-containing ring B2 and the Y6-containing ring B6 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an indene group, an indole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may be a heteroleptic complex.
In an embodiment, the third ligand may be the same as the first ligand.
In an embodiment, the third ligand may be different from the first ligand.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may include a fluoro group (—F), deuterium, or any combination thereof.
Further details on the first emitter are as described herein.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a heterocyclic compound.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may include:
Formulae 8-1 to 8-4 may be understood by referring to the description thereof which is presented below.
In an embodiment, the first moiety and the second moiety may be linked to each other through a single bond or a first linking group. The description of the first linking group may be the same as provided in connection with *—(Ar3)x3—*′ in Formula 8.
In Formulae 8-1 to 8-4,
Further details on the heterocyclic compound are as described herein.
The light-emitting device includes: an emission layer including the first emitter; and an electron transport region including the heterocyclic compound, and thus, electrons may be efficiently transferred to the emission layer so that the recombination balance of electrons and holes in the emission layer may be increased. As a result, the light-emitting device has a low driving voltage and high power efficiency. Accordingly, the light-emitting device may enable the manufacture of a high-quality electronic device and a high-quality electronic apparatus.
In an embodiment, from among the color coordinates of the light emitted from the light-emitting device, CIEx may be in a range of 0.60 to 0.80. For example, from among the color coordinates of the light emitted from the light-emitting device, CIEx may be in a range of 0.66 to 0.69.
In an embodiment, from among the color coordinates of the light emitted from the light-emitting device, CIEy may be in a range of 0.29 to 0.40. For example, from among the color coordinates of the light emitted from the light-emitting device, CIEy may be in a range of 0.31 to 0.34.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may include at least one fluoro group (—F). In an embodiment, the first emitter may include at least one deuterium.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may include a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group, a deuterated C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, at least one of the first ligand, the second ligand and the third ligand may include at least one fluoro group (—F).
In an embodiment, the first ligand and the third ligand may each independently include at least one fluoro group (—F).
In an embodiment, at least one of the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may each independently include at least one deuterium.
In an embodiment, at least one of the first ligand, the second ligand, and the third ligand may each independently include a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group, a deuterated C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the first emitter may be in a range of about −5.30 eV to about −4.70 eV. For example, a HOMO energy level of the first emitter may be in a range of about −5.22 eV to about −4.86 eV.
In an embodiment, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the first emitter may be in a range of about −2.40 eV to about −1.90 eV. For example, a LUMO energy level of the first emitter may be in a range of about −2.29 eV to about −2.01 eV.
The HOMO and LUMO energy levels may each be evaluated via cyclic voltammetry analysis (for example, Evaluation Example 1) for the organometallic compound.
In an embodiment, a triplet (T1) energy of the first emitter may be in a range of about 1.30 eV to about 2.30 eV. For example, a triplet (T1) energy of the first emitter may be in a range of about 1.59 eV to about 2.10 eV.
As a method of evaluating the triplet energy of the first emitter, reference can be made to, for example, Evaluation Example 1 as described below.
In an embodiment, a percentage of a triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer state (3MLCT) of a total intramolecular charge transfer of the first emitter may be in a range of about 15% to about 50%. For example, a percentage of a triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer state (3MLCT) of a total intramolecular charge transfer of the first emitter may be in a range of about 26% to about 45%.
The percentage of 3MLCT of the first emitter may be evaluated by quantum chemical calculation (for example, see Evaluation Example 1 as described below).
The emission layer may further include, in addition to the first emitter, a host, an auxiliary dopant, a sensitizer, a delayed fluorescence material, or any combination thereof. The host, the auxiliary dopant, the sensitizer, the delayed fluorescence material, or any combination thereof may each independently include at least one deuterium.
For example, the emission layer may include the first emitter and a host. The host may be different from the first emitter, and the host may include an electron-transporting compound, a hole-transporting compound, a bipolar compound, or any combination thereof. The host may not include metal. The electron-transporting compound, the hole-transporting compound, and the bipolar compound are different from each other.
In an embodiment, the emission layer includes the first emitter and a host, and the host may include an electron-transporting compound and a hole-transporting compound. The electron-transporting compound and the hole-transporting compound may form an exciplex.
For example, the electron-transporting compound may include at least one IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group. For example, the electron-transporting compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the hole-transporting compound may include at least one TT electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, a pyridine group, or a combination thereof, and may not include an electron-transporting group (for example, a IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, a cyano group, a sulfoxide group, and a phosphine oxide group, not a pyridine group).
In an embodiment, CBP and mCBP may be excluded from the hole-transporting compound.
In an embodiment, the electron-transporting compound may include a compound represented by Formula 2-1 or a compound represented by Formula 2-2:
In Formulae 2-1 and 2-2,
In an embodiment, the hole-transporting compound may include a compound represented by Formula 3-1, a compound represented by Formula 3-2, a compound represented by Formula 3-3, a compound represented by Formula 3-4, a compound represented by Formula 3-5, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5,
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a hole-blocking layer, a buffer layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer may include the heterocyclic compound. The electron transport layer may further include a metal-containing material. in addition to the heterocyclic compound. The metal-containing material may be understood by referring to the description provided herein.
In an embodiment, the electron transport layer including the heterocyclic compound may directly contact the emission layer.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a hole-blocking layer and an electron transport layer, the hole-blocking layer may be disposed between the emission layer and the electron transport layer, the hole-blocking layer may not include the heterocyclic compound, and the electron transport layer may include the heterocyclic compound.
The wording “the interlayer (or the electron transport region) includes a first emitter (or includes the heterocyclic compound)” can be interpreted as “the interlayer (or the electron transport region) may include one type of compound belonging to the category of the first emitter or two or more different compounds belonging to the category of the first emitter (or one type of compound belonging to the category of the heterocyclic compound or two or more different compounds belonging to the category of the heterocyclic compound).
The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or all layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
Embodiments provide an electronic device which may include the light-emitting device. The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. Further details on the electronic device may be as described herein.
Embodiments provide an electronic apparatus which may include the light-emitting device. By using the light-emitting device having an emission layer including the first emitter and an electron transport region including the heterocyclic compound as described herein, the display quality, power consumption, and/or durability of the electronic apparatus may be improved.
In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a portable phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.
The first emitter may be, for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be, for example, represented by Formula 8:
In Formula 1,
In Formulae 1-1, 1-2A, 1-2B, 1-3, and 8,
In Formulae 8-1 to 8-4,
In an embodiment, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be a heteroleptic complex.
In embodiments, in Formula 1,
In an embodiment, ring B1 and ring B5 may each independently be a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a naphthoquinoline group, or a naphthoisoquinoline group.
In an embodiment, ring B2 and ring B6 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an indene group, an indole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, or a dibenzothiophene group.
In an embodiment, ring B7 may be a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, or a pyrazine group.
In an embodiment, in Formula 8, Ar to Ar3 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, or a pyridine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.
In Formula 8, x1 to x3 respectively represent the number of Ar1 to the number of Ar3. When x1 is 2 or greater, two or more of Ar1 may be identical to or different from each other; when x2 is 2 or greater, two or more of Ar2 may be identical to or different from each other; and when x3 is 2 or greater, two or more of Ar3 may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, in Formula 8, x1 and x2 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and x3 may be 0, 1 or 2.
In an embodiment, in Formula 8, at least one of x1 and x2 may each independently be 2 or more (for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5).
In an embodiment, in Formula 8, x1 and x2 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, x3 may be 0, 1, or 2, Ar1 to Ar3 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, or a pyridine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, in Formula 8, at least one of Ar1 in number of x1, at least one of Ar2 in number of x2, or a combination thereof may each independently be a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, or a pyridine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, in Formula 8, at least one of Ar1 in number of x1, at least one of Ar2 in number of x2, or a combination thereof may each independently be a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, or a carbazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In Formula 8, Ar13 may be a group represented by any one of Formulae 8-1 to 8-4, and a Z3 that is not hydrogen may be substituted at any position of Ar13.
In an embodiment, in Formulae 1-1, 1-2A, 1-2B, 1-3, and 8, W1, W2, W31, W32, W33, W5 to W7, and Z1 to Z6 may each independently be:
In this regard, Q1 to Q3 are each the same as described above.
In an embodiment, L2 may be a ligand represented by Formula 1-2A.
In an embodiment, i) in the case where L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1-2A, at least one of W1, W2, W31, W32, W33, W5, and W6, ii) in the case where L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1-2B, at least one of W1, W2, W5, W6 and W7, iii) at least one of Z1 to Z6, or iv) a combination thereof may include at least one deuterium.
In an embodiment, i) in the case where L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1-2A, at least one of W1, W2, W31, W32, W33, W5, and W6, ii) in the case where L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1-2B, at least one of W1, W2, W5, W6 and W7, iii) at least one of Z1 to Z6, or iv) a combination thereof may be a deuterated C1-C20 alkyl group or a deuterated C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
In an embodiment, at least one of W1, W2, W5, and We may each include at least one deuterium.
In an embodiment, at least one of W1, W2, W5, and We may include at least one fluoro group (—F).
In an embodiment, at least one of W1 and W5 may include at least one fluoro group (—F).
In an embodiment, at least one of W1 in the number of b1 and at least one of W5 in the number of b5 may be a fluoro group (—F).
In an embodiment, each of W31 and W32 of Formula 1-2A may include two or more carbons.
In an embodiment, W31 and W32 of Formula 1-2A may not be a methyl group at the same time.
In an embodiment, W31 and W32 of Formula 1-2A may not be a tert-butyl group at the same time.
The term “biphenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent substituent having a structure in which two benzene groups are connected to each other through a single bond.
Examples of a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group as used herein may include a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and the like.
The term “deuterated” as used herein includes the meaning of both fully deuterated and partially deuterated.
The term “fluorinated” as used herein includes the meaning of both fully fluorinated and partially fluorinated.
In Formula 1, b1, b2, b5, b6, and b7 respectively indicate the number of W1, the number of W2, the number of W5, the number of W6, and the number of W7, and b1, b2, b5, b6, and b7 may each independently be, for example, 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. Where b1 is 2 or more, two or more of W1 is the same as or different from each other, when b2 is 2 or more, two or more of W2 is the same as or different from each other, when b5 is 2 or more, two or more of W5 the same as or different from each other, when b6 is 2 or more, two or more of W6 may be the same as or different from each other, and when b7 may be 2 or more, two or more of W7 may be the same as or different from each other.
In Formula 8, y1 to y3 respectively indicate the number of Z1 to the number of Z3, and y1 to y3 may each independently be, for example, an integer from 0 to 5. For example, y1 to y3 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In an embodiment, the first emitter may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1A or an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1B:
In Formulae 1A and 1B,
two or more of W11 to W18 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
two or more of W2 in the number of b2 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and
two or more of W31 to W33 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C5-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
Formulae 1A and 1B may each correspond to an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 in which the third ligand in Formula 1 is the same as the first ligand.
In an embodiment, regarding Formulae 1A and 1B, Y11 may be C(W11), Y12 may be C(W12), Y13 may be C(W13), Y14 may be C(W14), Y15 may be C(W15), Y16 may be C(W16), Y17 may be C(W17), and Y18 may be C(W18). In this regard, at least one of W11 to W18 may i) include a fluoro group (—F), or ii) be a fluoro group (—F).
In an embodiment, regarding Formulae 1A and 1B, Y11 may be C(W11), Y12 may be C(W12), Y13 may be C(W13), Y14 may be C(W14), Y15 may be C(W15), Y16 may be C(W16), Y17 may be C(W17), and Y18 may be C(W18). In this regard, at least one of W11 to W18 may i) include deuterium, or ii) be deuterium.
In an embodiment, a moiety represented by
in Formulae 1-1, 1A, and 1B, and a moiety represented by
in Formula 1-3 may each independently be represented by one of Formulae BC-1 to BC-16:
In Formulae BC-1 to BC-16,
Formulae BC-1 to BC-16 may be substituted or unsubstituted with W2 or W6 as described above, and may be understood with reference to the structures of Formulae 1-1, 1A, 1B, and 1-3.
In an embodiment, when ring B2 in Formula 1A is a naphthalene group, at least one of W31 and W32 may not be a methyl group.
In Formulae 2-1 and 2-2, b51 to b53 respectively indicate numbers of L51 to L53, and b51 to b53 may each be an integer from 1 to 5. When b51 is 2 or more, two or more of L51 may be identical to or different from each other, when b52 is 2 or more, two or more of L52 may be identical to or different from each other, and when b53 is 2 or more, two or more of L53 may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, b51 to b53 may each independently be 1 or 2.
In an embodiment, in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2, L51 to L53 may each independently be:
In Formulae 2-1 and 2-2, X54 may be N or C(R54), X55 may be N or C(R55), X56 may be N or C(R56), and at least one of X54 to X56 may each be N. R54 to R56 are the same as described herein. In an embodiment, two or three of X54 to X56 may each be N.
In the specification, R51 to R57, R57a, R57b, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C7-C60 aryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 heteroaryl alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1) (Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), and Q1 to Q3 may each be the same as described herein.
In an embodiment, W1, W2, W31, W32, W33, W5, W6, W7, W11 to W18, W80, W80a, and W80b in Formulae 1, 1-1, 1-2A, 1-2B, 1-3, 1A, and 1B; R51 to R57, R57a, R57b, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b in Formulae 2-1, 2-2, and 3-1 to 3-5; and R10a may each independently be:
In embodiments, in Formula 91,
In an embodiment, W1, W2, W31, W32, W33, W5, W6, W7, W11 to W18, W80, W80a, and W80b in Formula 1, 1-1, 1-2A, 1-2B, 1-3, 1A, and 1B; R51 to R57, R57a, R57b, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b in Formulae 2-1, 2-2, and 3-1 to 3-5; and R10a may each independently be:
In Formulae 9-1 to 9-19 and 10-1 to 10-246, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, “Ph” represents a phenyl group, and “TMS” represents a trimethylsilyl group.
In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, a71 to a74 respectively indicate numbers of R71 to R74, and a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20.
When a71 is 2 or more, two or more of R71 may be identical to or different from each other, when a72 is 2 or more, two or more of R72 may be identical to or different from each other, when a73 is 2 or more, two or more of R73 may be identical to or different from each other, and when a74 is 2 or more, two or more of R74 may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.
In Formulae 1, 1-1, 1-2A, 1-2B, 1-3, two or more of W1 in the number of b1 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a; two or more of W2 in the number of b2 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a; two or more of W31 to W33 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a; two or more of W5 in the number of b5 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a; two or more of W6 in the number of b6 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a; and two or more of W7 in the number of b7 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In embodiments, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, L81 to L85 may each independently be:
In embodiments, in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2, a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), and/or
in Formulae 3-1 and 3-3, a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), and/or
in Formulae 3-2 and 3-4, a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and/or
in Formulae 3-3 to 3-5, a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or
in Formula 3-5, a group represented by
may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8):
In Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8),
In an embodiment, the first emitter or the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, 1A, or 1B may be one of Compounds D1 to D9:
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be one of Compounds ET-1 to ET-6:
Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to
Referring to
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In an embodiment, when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (AI), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.
The first electrode 110 may have a structure consisting of a single layer or a structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.
The interlayer 130 is arranged on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.
The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.
The interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to various organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, or the like.
In an embodiment, the interlayer 130 may include two or more emitting units stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and at least one charge generation layer between two neighboring emitting units among the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the two or more emitting units and the at least one charge generation layer, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.
The hole transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layer structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the first electrode 110 in its respective stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.
The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 201 and 202,
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each independently include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
In Formulae CY201 to CY217, R10b and R10c may each independently be as defined herein in connection with R10a, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a C3-C20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a as defined herein.
In embodiments, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each independently include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may each independently include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY217.
In embodiments, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.
[p-Dopant]
The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).
The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
In an embodiment, the p-dopant may have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of less than or equal to about −3.5 eV.
In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a quinone derivative may include TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, and the like.
Examples of a cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN, a compound represented by Formula 221, and the like:
In Formula 221,
R221 to R223 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and
at least one of R221 to R223 may each independently be a C5-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each substituted with: a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C1-C20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.
In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.); and the like.
Examples of a metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and the like.
Examples of a non-metal may include oxygen (O), a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.), and the like.
Examples of a compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, a metal iodide, etc.), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, a metalloid iodide, etc.), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W203, WO2, WO3, W205, etc.), a vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), a molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, etc.), a rhenium oxide (for example, ReO3, etc.), and the like.
Examples of a metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide, and the like.
Examples of an alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, Lil, Nal, Kl, Rbl, Csl, and the like.
Examples of an alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2), SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, Bel2, Mgl2, Cal2, Srl2, Bal2, and the like.
Examples of a transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, Til4, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, Zrl4, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF4, HfCI4, HfBr4, Hfl4, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF3, VCl3, VBr3, Vl3, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, Nbl3, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, Tal3, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, Crl3, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF3, MoCl3, MoBrs, Mols, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF3, WCl3, WBr3, Wls, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, Mnl2, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, Tcl2, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, Rel2, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, Fel2, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, Rul2, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, Osl2, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, Col2, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, Rhl2, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, Irl2, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, Nil2, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, Pdl2, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, Ptl2, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, Cul, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCI, AgBr, Agl, etc.), a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCI, AuBr, Aul, etc.), and the like.
Examples of a post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, Znl2, etc.), an indium halide (for example, Inl3, etc.), a tin halide (for example, Snl2, etc.), and the like.
Examples of a lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCI, YbCl2, YbCl3 SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, Ybl, Ybl2, Ybl3, Sml3, and the like.
Examples of a metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl5, etc.) and the like.
Examples of a metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, LizTe, NazTe, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, etc.), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe2, ZrTez, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Tes, Cr2Te3, MozTe3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, CuzTe, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, etc.), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), and a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).
When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In an embodiment, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other to emit white light. In embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may further include a host, an auxiliary dopant, a sensitizer, a delayed fluorescence material, or any combination thereof, in addition to the first emitter as described in the specification.
When the emission layer further includes a host in addition to the first emitter, an amount of the first emitter may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host.
A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The host in the emission layer may include an electron-transporting compound as described herein (for example, refer to compounds represented by Formula 2-1 or Formula 2-2), a hole-transporting compound described herein (for example, refer to compounds represented by one of Formulae 3-1 to 3-5), or a combination thereof.
In embodiments, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H130, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:
In an embodiment, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
The host may have various modifications. For example, the host may include only one kind of compound, or may include two or more kinds of different compounds.
The emission layer may include, as a phosphorescent dopant, the first emitter as described herein.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may further include, in addition to the first emitter as described in the specification, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
In Formulae 401 and 402,
In an embodiment, in Formula 402, X401 may be nitrogen and X402 may be carbon, or X401 and X402 may each be nitrogen.
In embodiments, in Formula 401, when xc1 is 2 or more, two ring A401 in two or more of L401 may be optionally linked to each other via T402, which is a linking group, or two ring A402 may be optionally linked to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T402 and T403 may each independently be the same as defined in connection with T401.
In Formula 401, L402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, a —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
The emission layer may further include a fluorescent dopant, in addition to the first emitter as described in the specification.
The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound, a styrylamine compound, a boron-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:
In Formula 501,
In an embodiment, in Formula 501, Ar501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, etc.) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.
In an embodiment, in Formula 501, xd4 may be 2.
In embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: one of Compounds FD1 to FD36; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:
The emission layer may further include a delayed fluorescence material. in the specification, a delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.
The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may serve as a host or as a dopant, depending on the types of other materials included in the emission layer.
In an embodiment, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV. When a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the range above, up-conversion from a triplet state to a singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved luminescence efficiency.
In embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include: a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group and the like, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a Ir electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group, and the like); or a material including a C8-C60 polycyclic group including at least two cyclic groups condensed to each other while sharing boron (B); or the like.
Examples of a delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of Compounds DF1 to DF14:
The electron transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the emission layer in its respective stated order, but the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto.
The electron transport region may include a heterocyclic compound (for example, a compound represented by Formula 8, etc.) as described in the specification.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may have a structure in which an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer are sequentially stacked, and the electron transport layer may include the heterocyclic compound described in the specification.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may have a structure in which a hole-blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer are sequentially stacked, and the electron transport layer may include the heterocyclic compound described in the specification.
The electron transport region (for example, a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the heterocyclic compound described herein, a metal-free compound including at least one IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may further include a compound represented by Formula 601, in addition to the heterocyclic compound described in the specification:
In Formula 601,
In an embodiment, in Formula 601, when xe11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601 may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In an embodiment, in Formula 601, Ar601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may further include a compound represented by Formula 601-1, in addition to the heterocyclic compound described in the specification.
In Formula 601-1,
In an embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may further include, in addition to the heterocyclic compound described in the specification, one of Compounds ET1 to ET46, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 5,000 A. For example, the thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 30 Å to about 300 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region (for example, an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion.
A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may each independently include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.
The electron injection layer may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, etc.), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound may include: an alkali metal oxide, such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O; an alkali metal halide, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, Lil, Nal, Csl, Kl, or Rbl; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), BaxCa1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), and the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, Ybl3, Scl3, Tbl3, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of a lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Tes, Ce2Tes, Pr2Tes, Nd2Tes, Pm2Tes, Sm2Tes, Eu2Tes, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Tes, Er2Tes, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, Lu2Te3, and the like.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include: an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a rare earth metal ion; and a ligand bonded to the metal ion (for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof).
In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).
In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, alkali metal halide); or the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, alkali metal halide), and an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a Kl:Yb co-deposited layer, an Rbl:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 150 may be arranged on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and a material for forming the second electrode 150 may be a material having a low work function, such as a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof.
The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
The light-emitting device 10 may include a first capping layer arranged outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer arranged outside the second electrode 150. For example, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order.
Light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer. Light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include a material having a refractive index greater than or equal to about 1.6 (with respect to a wavelength of about 589 nm).
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.
In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include: one of Compounds HT28 to HT33; one of Compounds CP1 to CP6; β-NPB; or any combination thereof:
The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic devices. For example, an electronic device including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting electronic device, an authentication apparatus, and the like.
The electronic device (for example, a light-emitting electronic device) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a color filter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be arranged in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light. Further details on the light-emitting device may be as described herein. In an embodiment, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot.
The electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include subpixels, the color filter may include color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels, and the color conversion layer may include color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels.
A pixel-defining film may be arranged between the subpixels to define each subpixel.
The color filter may further include color filter areas and light-shielding patterns arranged between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns arranged between the color conversion areas.
The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. Further details on the quantum dot may be as described herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. The first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.
The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and the like.
The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and the like.
The electronic device may further include a sealing portion that seals the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be arranged between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and simultaneously prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.
Various functional layers may be further included on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic device. Examples of a functional layer may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.
The electronic device may be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like.
The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses.
For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.
The light-emitting device may have excellent effects in terms of luminescence efficiency and long lifespan, and thus the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may have characteristics such as high luminance, high resolution, and low power consumption.
The light-emitting electronic device of
The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be arranged on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.
A TFT may be arranged on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.
The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.
A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be arranged on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be arranged on the gate insulating film 230.
An interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the drain electrode 270.
The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be arranged on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose a source region and a drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may respectively contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.
The TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. A light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150.
The first electrode 110 may be arranged on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may not completely cover the drain electrode 270 and may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270. The first electrode 110 may be electrically connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.
A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be arranged on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic-based organic film. Although not shown in
A second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a second capping layer 170 may be further included on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.
The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the second capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be arranged on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or any combination thereof; or any combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.
The light-emitting electronic device of
The electronic apparatus 1 may be, as an apparatus that displays a moving image or still image, a portable electronic apparatus, such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an electronic book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, or an ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), as well as various products, such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of things (IOT). The electronic apparatus 1 may be such a product as described above or a part thereof.
In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type display, or a head mounted display (HMD), or may be a part of a wearable device. However, embodiments of the disclosure are not limited thereto.
For example, the electronic apparatus 1 may be a dashboard of a vehicle, a center fascia of a vehicle, a center information display arranged on a dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display replacing a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for a rear seat of a vehicle, a display arranged on the back of a front seat, a head up display (HUD) installed at the front of a vehicle or projected on a front window glass, or a computer generated hologram augmented reality head up display (CGH AR HUD).
The electronic apparatus 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display device may implement an image through a two-dimensional array of pixels that are arranged in the display area DA.
The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may surround the display area DA. A driver for providing electrical signals or power to display elements disposed in the display area DA may be arranged in the non-display area NDA. A pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printing circuit board may be electrically connected, may be arranged in the non-display area NDA.
In the electronic apparatus 1, a length in the x-axis direction and a length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. In an embodiment, as shown in
Referring to
The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a given direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. Examples of the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover apparatus, a bicycle, and a train running on a track.
The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis that is a portion excluding the body in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a pillar provided at a boundary between doors, and the like. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front, rear, left, and right wheels, and the like.
The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display device 2.
The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.
The side window glass 1100 may be installed on a side of the vehicle 1000. In an embodiment, the side window glass 1100 may be installed in a door of the vehicle 1000. Multiple side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In an embodiment, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In an embodiment, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400, and the second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
In an embodiment, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart from each other in an x-direction or in a −x-direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or in the −x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-direction or in the −x-direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or in the −x direction.
The front window glass 1200 may be installed on the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.
The side mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the body. In an embodiment, multiple side mirrors 1300 may be provided. One of the side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. Another of the side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.
The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge, a turn signal indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, an automatic transmission selector indicator light, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and/or a low fuel warning light.
The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a seat heater are disposed. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on a side of the cluster 1400.
A passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced apart from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In an embodiment, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat (not shown), and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be disposed to correspond to a passenger seat (not shown). In an embodiment, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.
In an embodiment, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In an embodiment, the display device 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged in at least one of the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic EL display device, a quantum dot display device, and the like. Hereinafter, an organic light-emitting display device including the light-emitting device according to an embodiment will be described as an example of the display device 2. However, various types of display devices as described herein may be used as embodiments.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a selected region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, and the like.
When respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/see to about 100 Å/see, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group consisting of carbon as the only ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further includes, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may have 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.
The term “cyclic group” as used herein may be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and may not include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and may include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
In embodiments,
The terms “cyclic group,” “C3-C60 carbocyclic group,” “C1-C60 heterocyclic group,” “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group,” or “IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may each be a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, a “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
Examples of a monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C5-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of a divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a divalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C5-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as used herein may be a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and the like. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and the like. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as used herein may be a monovalent group represented by —O(A101) (wherein A101 may be a C1-C60 alkyl group), and examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and the like.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and the like. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and the like. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C5-C10 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and the like. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and the like. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of a C6-C60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and the like. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Examples of a C1-C60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indeno anthracenyl group, and the like. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphtho indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as used herein may be a group represented by —O(A102) (wherein A102 may be a C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as used herein may be a group represented by —S(A103) (wherein A103 may be a C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 arylalkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by —(A104) (A105) (wherein A104 may be a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 may be a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term “C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A106) (A107) (wherein A106 may be a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 may be a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
In the specification, the group “R10a” may be:
In the specification, Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23, and Q31 to Q33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C5-C60 carbocyclic group, or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
The term “heteroatom” as used herein may be any atom other than a carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. Examples of a heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.
In the specification, examples of a third-row transition metal may include hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and the like.
The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the terms “ter-Bu” or “But” as used herein each refer to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” For example, a “biphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group.” For example, a “terphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
The symbols * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.
Hereinafter, a light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the Examples.
The HOMO energy level, LUMO energy level, T1 (triplet) energy, and percentage of 3MLCT of each of Compounds D1 to D9, PD1 and PD2 were evaluated according to the method in Table 1. Results thereof are shown in Table 2.
PMMA and Compound D1 (4 wt % compared to PMMA) were mixed in CH2Cl2 solution, and the resultant obtained therefrom was coated on a quartz substrate using a spin coater, and heat treated in an oven at 80° C., followed by cooling to room temperature to manufacture a film D1 having a thickness of 40 nm. Films D2 to D9, PD1, and PD2 were prepared using the same method as used to manufacture film D1, except that each of Compounds D2 to D9, PD1, and PD2 was used instead of Compound D1.
The emission spectrum of each of the films D1 to D9, PD1, and PD2 was measured by using the Quantaurus-QY absolute PL quantum yield spectrometer of Hamamatsu Inc. (equipped with a xenon light source, a monochromator, a photonic multichannel analyzer, and an integrating sphere, and using PLQY measurement software (Hamamatsu Photonics, Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan)). During measurement, the excitation wavelength was scanned from 320 nm to 380 nm at 10 nm intervals, and the spectrum measured at the excitation wavelength of 340 nm was used to obtain the maximum emission wavelength (emission peak wavelength) and FWHM of the compound included in each film. Results thereof are shown in Table 3.
The HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level of each of Compounds ET-1 to ET-6 and PET-1 to PET-5 were evaluated according to the method shown in Table 1, and results thereof are shown in Table 4.
The hole mobility and electron mobility of each of Compounds ET-1 to ET-6 and PET-1 to PET-5 were evaluated using the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) described in “Hole mobility of N,N′-bis(naphtanlen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine investigated by using space-charge-limited currents, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 203512 (2007)”, and results obtained therefrom are shown in Table 4.
As an anode, a glass substrate (product of Corning Inc.) with a 15 Ω/cm2 (1,200 Å) ITO formed thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated by using isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, washed by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes, and mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.
Compound HT3 was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and Compound HT40 was vacuum-deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission auxiliary layer having a thickness of 250 Å.
Compound H125, Compound H126, and Compound D1 (first emitter) were vacuum-deposited on the emission auxiliary layer at the weight ratio of 45:45:10 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å.
Compound ET37 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole-blocking layer with a thickness of 50 Å, and ET-1 and LiQ were vacuum-deposited at a weight ratio of 5:5 on the hole-blocking layer to form an electron transport layer with a thickness of 310 A. Yb was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer with a thickness of 15 Å, and Ag and Mg were vacuum-deposited to form a cathode with a thickness of 100 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.
The organic light-emitting devices of Examples 2 to 24 and Comparative Examples 1 to 36 listed in Table 5 were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 5 were used instead of D1 in the emission layer and/or ET-1 in the electron transport layer.
The driving voltage (V, at 1,000 cd/m2), and maximum power efficiency (cd/W) of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 and 24 and Comparative Example 1 to 36 were measured using Keithley MU 236 and luminance meter PR650. Results thereof are shown in Tables 5 to 8.
From Tables 5 to 8, it can be seen that the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 and 24 have smaller driving voltage and higher maximum power efficiency than the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Comparative Examples 1 to 36.
According to embodiments, a light-emitting device may have a low driving voltage and high power efficiency. Accordingly, the light-emitting device may enable the manufacture of a high-quality electronic device and a high-quality electronic apparatus.
Embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purposes of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent by one of ordinary skill in the art, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with an embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2022-0189636 | Dec 2022 | KR | national |
