Patent Application
20250098539
This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0123320 under 35 U.S.C. § 119, filed on Sep. 15, 2023, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments relate to a light-emitting device including a heterocyclic compound, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, an electronic device including the light-emitting device, and the heterocyclic compound.
Among self-emissive devices, light-emitting devices have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.
In a light-emitting device, a first electrode may be located on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode may be sequentially arranged on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.
It is to be understood that this background of the technology section is, in part, intended to provide useful background for understanding the technology. However, this background of the technology section may also include ideas, concepts, or recognitions that were not part of what was known or appreciated by those skilled in the pertinent art prior to a corresponding effective filing date of the subject matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments provide a light-emitting device including a heterocyclic compound, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, an electronic device including the light-emitting device, and the heterocyclic compound.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments of the disclosure.
According to embodiments, a light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the emission layer includes a heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1:
In Formula 1,
In an embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode; the second electrode may be a cathode; the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode; the hole transport region may include at least one of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer; and the electron transport region may include at least one of a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.
In an embodiment, a Stokes-shift of the heterocyclic compound may be equal to or less than about 20 nm.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include:
In an embodiment, the third compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.
According to embodiments, an electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device.
In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor may include a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.
According to embodiments, an electronic device may include the light-emitting device.
In an embodiment, the electronic device may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.
According to embodiments, a heterocyclic compound may be represented by Formula 1, which is explained herein.
In an embodiment, X1 and X2 may each independently be O, S, N(R5), or C(R6)(R7); and at least one of X1 and X2 may each independently be N(R5).
In an embodiment, Y may be O, S, N(R5′), or C(R6′)(R7′).
In an embodiment, Ar1 and Ar2 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.
In an embodiment, R1 to R9 and R5′ to R9′ may each independently be:
In an embodiment, R4 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group.
In an embodiment, R5 and R5′ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, or a group represented by one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-9, which are explained below.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may satisfy at least one of Condition A and Condition B, which are explained below.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1, which is explained below.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be one of Compounds 1 to 90, which are explained below
It is to be understood that the embodiments above are described in a generic and explanatory sense only and not for the purposes of limitation, and the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described above.
The above and other aspects and features of the disclosure will be more apparent by describing in detail embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.
In the drawings, the sizes, thicknesses, ratios, and dimensions of the elements may be exaggerated for ease of description and for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
In the specification, it will be understood that when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween. In a similar sense, when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is described as “covering” another element, it can directly cover the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween.
In the specification, when an element is “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. For example, “directly on” may mean that two layers or two elements are disposed without an additional element such as an adhesion element therebetween.
In the specification, the expressions used in the singular such as “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
In the specification, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. For example, “A and/or B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or” may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may be understood to be equivalent to “and/or”.
In the specification and the claims, the term “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “at least one selected from the group consisting of” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “at least one of A, B, and C” may be understood to mean A only, B only, C only, or any combination of two or more of A, B, and C, such as ABC, ACC, BC, or CC. When preceding a list of elements, the term, “at least one of,” modifies the entire list of elements and does not modify the individual elements of the list.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
The spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, or the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relations between one element or component and another element or component as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, in the case where a device illustrated in the drawing is turned over, the device positioned “below” or “beneath” another device may be placed “above” another device. Accordingly, the illustrative term “below” may include both the lower and upper positions. The device may also be oriented in other directions and thus the spatially relative terms may be interpreted differently depending on the orientations.
The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the recited value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the recited quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within +20%, 10%, or ±5% of the stated value.
It should be understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” and the like are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof in the disclosure, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof.
The term “interlayer” as used herein may refer to a single layer and/or all layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of a light-emitting device.
Unless otherwise defined or implied herein, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an ideal or excessively formal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.
Embodiments provide a light-emitting device which may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and
The description of Formula 1 is the same as provided in the specification.
In an embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode,
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be included between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device. For example, in an embodiment, the emission layer may include the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1.
In an embodiment, a Stokes-shift of the heterocyclic compound may be equal to or less than about 20 nm. The Stokes-shift may be a difference between a maximum peak emission wavelength and a peak absorption wavelength. The Stokes-shift may be represented by λemi-λabs.
For example, the Stokes-shift of the heterocyclic compound may be equal to or less than about 20 nm, equal to or less than about 19 nm, equal to or less than about 18 nm, equal to or less than about 17 nm, equal to or less than about 16 nm, equal to or less than about 15 nm, equal to or less than about 14 nm, equal to or less than about 13 nm, equal to or less than about 12 nm, equal to or less than about 11 nm, equal to or less than about 10 nm, equal to or less than about 9 nm; or
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound included in the emission layer may be a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, and the emission layer may emit delayed fluorescence. The emission layer may emit red light, green light, blue light, and/or white light. For example, the emission layer may emit blue light. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 400 nm to about 490 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 420 nm to about 480 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 480 nm. For example, the emission layer may emit green light. The green light may have, for example, a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 490 nm to about 560 nm. The emission layer may further include a host, and an amount of the host may be greater than an amount of the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may include a capping layer located outside the first electrode or outside the second electrode.
In embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside a first electrode and a second capping layer located outside a second electrode, and at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1. Further details on the first capping layer and the second capping layer are the same as described in the specification.
The expression “(an interlayer and/or a capping layer) includes at least one heterocyclic compound” as used herein may include a case in which “(an interlayer and/or a capping layer) includes a same heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1” and a case in which “(an organic layer) includes two or more different heterocyclic compounds each independently represented by Formula 1.”
For example, the interlayer and/or capping layer may include Compound 1 only as the heterocyclic compound. In this regard, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer of the light-emitting device. As another example, the interlayer may include, as the heterocyclic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in a same layer (for example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may both be present in the emission layer), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may be present in the emission layer, and Compound 2 may be present in the electron transport region).
In embodiments, the light-emitting device (for example an emission layer in the light-emitting device) may include:
In Formula 20,
In an embodiment, the emission layer may include the first compound, and include at least one of the second compound and the third compound.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may include the first compound and the fourth compound.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may include the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound.
In an embodiment, when the emission layer includes the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound, based on 100 wt % of the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound,
In an embodiment, the second compound may include a compound represented by Formula 20-1, a compound represented by Formula 20-2, a compound represented by Formula 20-3, a compound represented by Formula 20-4, a compound represented by Formula 20-5, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 20-1 to 20-5,
In an embodiment, the third compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the third compound may include a compound represented by Formula 30:
In Formula 30,
In an embodiment, the fourth compound may include a compound represented by Formula 401:
In Formulae 401 and 402,
In an embodiment, a group represented by
in Formulae 20-1 and 20-2 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), and/or
in Formulae 20-1 and 20-3 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), and/or
in Formulae 20-2 and 20-4 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and/or
in Formulae 20-3 to 20-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or
in Formula 20-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8):
In Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8),
In Formula 30, b51 to b53 respectively indicate numbers of L51(s) to L53(s), and b51 to b53 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. When b51 is 2 or more, two or more of L51(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b52 is 2 or more, two or more of L52(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b53 is 2 or more, two or more of L53(s) may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, b51 to b53 may each independently be 1 or 2.
In embodiments, in Formula 30, L51 to L53 may each independently be:
In an embodiment, in Formula 30, a bond between L51 and R51, a bond between L52 and R52, a bond between L53 and R53, a bond between two or more L51(s), a bond between two or more L52(s), a bond between two or more L53(s), a bond between L51 and carbon between X54 and X55 in Formula 30, a bond between L52 and carbon between X54 and X56 in Formula 30, and a bond between L53 and carbon between X55 and X56 in Formula 30 may each be a carbon-carbon single bond.
In Formula 30, X54 may be N or C(R54), X55 may be N or C(R55), X56 may be N or C(R56), and at least one of X54 to X56 may each be N. R54 to R56 may each be the same as described herein. In an embodiment, two or three of X54 to X56 may each be N.
In the specification, R51 to R56, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), wherein Q1 to Q3 are the same as described in the specification.
For example, R51 to R56, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b in Formulae 20-1 to 20-5 and 30; and R10a may each independently be:
In Formula 91,
For example, in Formula 91,
In an embodiment, R51 to R56, R71 to R74, R81 to R85, R82a, R82b, R83a, R83b, R84a, and R84b in Formulae 20-1 to 20-5 and 30; and R10a may each independently be:
In Formulae 9-1 to 9-39 and 9-44 to 9-61, 10-1 to 10-154, and 10-201 to 10-368, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ph represents a phenyl group, TMS represents a trimethylsilyl group, and TMG represents a trimethylgermyl group.
In Formulae 20-1 to 20-5, a71 to a74 respectively indicate numbers of R71 to R74, and a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20. When a71 is 2 or more, two or more of R71(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a72 is 2 or more, two or more of R72(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a73 is 2 or more, two or more of R73(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a74 is 2 or more, two or more of R74(s) may be identical to or different from each other. In an embodiment, a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.
In an embodiment, in Formula 30, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may each not be a phenyl group.
In an embodiment, in Formula 30, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may be identical to each other.
In an embodiment, in Formula 30, a group represented by *-(L51)b51-R51 and a group represented by *-(L52)b52-R52 may be different from each other.
In an embodiment, in Formula 30, b51 and b52 may each independently be 1, 2, or 3, and L51 and L52 may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, in Formula 30, R51 and R52 may each independently be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —C(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), or —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), and
In embodiments, in Formula 30,
In Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26, CY52-1 to CY52-26, and CY53-1 to CY53-27,
In embodiments, in Formulae CY51-1 to CY51-26 and Formulae CY52-1 to 52-26, R51a to R51e and R52a to R52e may each independently be:
In an embodiment, in Formulae 20-1 to 20-5, L81 to L85 may each independently be:
In an embodiment, in Formula 402, X401 may be nitrogen, and X402 may be carbon; or X401 and X402 may each be nitrogen.
In embodiments, in Formula 401, when xc1 is 2 or more, two ring A401(s) in two or more of L401(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T402, which is a linking group, or two ring A402(s) in two or more of L401(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T402 and T403 may each independently be the same as described in connection with T401.
In Formula 401, L402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the second compound may include at least one of Compounds HTH1 to HTH56:
In an embodiment, the third compound may include at least one of Compounds ETH1 to ETH86:
In an embodiment, the fourth compound may include at least one of Compounds PD1 to PD41:
In Compounds HTH1 to HTH56 and ETH1 to ETH86, Ph represents a phenyl group, D5 represents substitution with five deuterium atoms, and D4 represents substitution with four deuterium atoms. For example, a group represented by
may be identical to a group represented by
In embodiments, the light-emitting device may satisfy at least one of Conditions 1 to 4:
Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (eV) of the second compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of the fourth compound
LUMO energy level (eV) of the fourth compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of the third compound
Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level (eV) of the fourth compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of the second compound
HOMO energy level (eV) of the second compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound.
A HOMO energy level and a LUMO energy level of each of the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may each be a negative value, and may be measured according to a method of the related art.
In an embodiment, an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the fourth compound and the LUMO energy level of the third compound may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 1.0 eV, an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the fourth compound and the LUMO energy level of the second compound may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 1.0 eV, an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the fourth compound and the HOMO energy level of the third compound may be equal to or less than about 1.25 eV (for example, in a range of about 0.2 eV to about 1.25 eV), and an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the fourth compound and the HOMO energy level of the second compound may be equal to or less than about 1.25 eV or less (for example, in a range of about 0.2 eV to about 1.25 eV).
When the relationships between LUMO energy levels and HOMO energy levels satisfy the conditions as described above, a balance between holes and electrons injected into the emission layer can be achieved.
The light-emitting device may have a structure of a first embodiment or a second embodiment:
According to a first embodiment, the first compound may be included in an emission layer in an interlayer of a light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host, the first compound may be different from the host, and the emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence from the first compound. For example, according to the first embodiment, the first compound may be a dopant or an emitter. For example, the first compound may be a phosphorescent dopant or a phosphorescence emitter.
The phosphorescence or the fluorescence emitted from the first compound may be green light or blue light.
The emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant. The auxiliary dopant may effectively transfer energy to the first compound, which serves as a dopant or as an emitter, and in this regard, the auxiliary dopant may serve as a sensitizer that improves luminescence efficiency of the first compound.
The auxiliary dopant may be different from the first compound and the host.
In an embodiment, the auxiliary dopant may be a phosphorescent dopant.
According to a second embodiment, the first compound may be included in an emission layer in an interlayer of a light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host and a dopant, the first compound may be different from the host and the dopant, and the emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence (e.g., delayed fluorescence) from the dopant.
In an embodiment, the first compound in the second embodiment may serve as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to a dopant (or to an emitter), but may not serve as a dopant.
In embodiments, the first compound in the second embodiment may serve as an emitter and serve as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to a dopant (or to an emitter).
For example, phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be green phosphorescence, blue phosphorescence, green fluorescence, or blue fluorescence (for example, green or blue delayed fluorescence).
The dopant (or the emitter) of the second embodiment may be a phosphorescent dopant material (for example, an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401) or a fluorescent dopant material (for example, in the specification, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, a compound represented by Formula 501, or any combination thereof).
In the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the blue light may be blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 390 nm to about 500 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 410 nm to about 490 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 480 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 440 nm to about 475 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 455 nm to about 470 nm. The green light may have, for example, a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 490 nm to about 560 nm.
The auxiliary dopant in the first embodiment may include, for example, the fourth compound represented by Formula 401.
The host in the first embodiment and in the second embodiment may be any host material (e.g., a compound represented by Formula 301, a compound represented by 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof).
In embodiments, the host in the first embodiment and in the second embodiment may include the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof.
Embodiments also provide an electronic apparatus which may include the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. Further details on the electronic apparatus may be the same as provided herein.
In an embodiment, a heterocyclic compound may be represented by Formula 1:
In Formula 1, X1 and X2 may each independently be O, S, Se, N(R5), C(═O), C(R6)(R7), or Si(R8)(R9), wherein at least one of X1 and X2 may each independently be N(R5).
In an embodiment, X1 and X2 may each independently be O, S, N(R5), or C(R6)(R7), wherein at least one of X1 and X2 may each independently be N(R5).
In Formula 1, Y may be O, S, Se, N(R5′), C(═O), C(R6′)(R7′), or Si(R8′)(R9′).
In an embodiment, Y may be O, S, N(R5′), or C(R6′)(R7′).
In Formula 1, Ar1 and Ar2 may each independently be a C5-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a.
In an embodiment, Ar1 and Ar2 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.
In another embodiment, Ar1 and Ar2 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, or a phenanthrene group.
In Formula 1, R1 to R9 and R5′ to R9′ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C2-C60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C3-C60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C6-C60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, —Si(Q1)(Q2)(Q3), —N(Q1)(Q2), —B(Q1)(Q2), —C(═O)(Q1), —S(═O)2(Q1), or —P(═O)(Q1)(Q2), and
In an embodiment, R1 to R9 and R5′ to R9′ may each independently be:
In another embodiment, R1 to R9 and R5′ to R9′ may each independently be:
In an embodiment, R1 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, or a tert-butyl group.
In an embodiment, R2 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a tert-butyl group, a phenyl unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a carbazolyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or —N(Q1)(Q2), wherein R10a, Q1, and Q2 may be the same as described in the specification.
In an embodiment, R3 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a methyl group, an iso-propyl group, a tert-butyl group, a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a carbazolyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a dibenzofuranyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a dibenzothiophenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or —N(Q1)(Q2), wherein R10a, Q1, and Q2 may be the same as described in the specification.
In an embodiment, R4 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, or a cyano group.
In an embodiment, R6, R7, R6′, and R7′ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, or a phenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, and
In an embodiment, R5 and R5′ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, or a group represented by any one of Formulae 5-1 to 5-9:
In Formulae 5-1 to 5-9,
In Formula 1, a1 may be an integer from 0 to 30.
In Formula 1, a2 may be an integer from 0 to 30.
In Formula 1, a3 may be an integer from 0 to 3.
In Formula 1, a4 may be an integer from 0 to 2.
In Formula 1, R10a may be:
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may satisfy at least one of Condition A and Condition B:
In another embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may satisfy both Condition A and Condition B.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be represented by Formula 1-1:
In Formula 1-1,
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be represented by any one of Formulae 1-1(1) to 1-1(3):
In Formulae 1-1(1) to 1-1(3),
The heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may have a fixed substitution position as marked with A, and may have a structure in which at least one of X1 and X2 is each independently N(R5), and R2 and R5 are not bonded to each other:
As the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 has a fixed substitution position (marked with “A”) as described above, and at least one of X1 and X2 is each independently N(R5), by applying the heterocyclic compound to an emission layer of a light-emitting device, emission efficiency and lifespan of the device may be improved.
For example, as the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may include at least one deuterium atom and/or at least one tert-butyl group, structural stability of the heterocyclic compound may be improved. Accordingly, when the heterocyclic compound is employed in a light-emitting device, the light-emitting device may have a low driving voltage and increased emission efficiency and lifespan.
In an embodiment, the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be any one of Compounds 1 to 90. In an embodiment, in the light-emitting device, the first compound may include at least one of Compounds 1 to 90:
Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to
In
The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.
The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.
The first electrode 110 may have a structure consisting of a single layer or a structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.
The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.
The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region located between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.
The interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to various organic materials, a metal-containing compound, an inorganic material such as a quantum dot, or the like.
In embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include two or more emitting units stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and at least one charge generation layer located between adjacent units among the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the two or more emitting units and the at least one charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.
The hole transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the first electrode 110 in its respective stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.
In embodiments, the hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 201 and 202,
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each independently include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
In Formulae CY201 to CY217, R10b and R10c may each independently be the same as described in connection with R10a, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a C3-C20 carbocyclic group or a C1-C20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R10a.
In embodiments, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY201 to ring CY204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each independently include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R201 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R202 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may each independently include at least one of the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.
In embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY217.
In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB (NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from an emission layer to a hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.
[p-Dopant]
The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).
The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
In an embodiment, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be equal to or less than about −3.5 eV.
In embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a quinone derivative may include TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, etc.
Examples of a cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN, and a compound represented by Formula 221:
In Formula 221,
In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); and a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.).
Examples of a metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).
Examples of a non-metal may include oxygen (O) and a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).
Examples of a compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, or a metal iodide), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, or a metalloid iodide), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, etc.), a vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), a molybdenum oxide (MoO, MO2O3, MoO2, MoO3, MO2O5, etc.), and a rhenium oxide (for example, ReO3, etc.).
Examples of a metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, and a lanthanide metal halide.
Examples of an alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, and the like.
Examples of an alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2), SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, and BaI2.
Examples of a transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, NbI3, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, TaI3, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF3, CrO3, CrBr3, CrI3, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, ReI2, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, IrI2, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.).
Examples of a post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, etc.), an indium halide (for example, InI3, etc.), and a tin halide (for example, SnI2, etc.).
Examples of a lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3 SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, SmI3, and the like.
Examples of a metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl5 and the like) and the like.
Examples of a metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, Li2Te, Na2Te, K2Te, Rb2Te, Cs2Te, and the like), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, and the like), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe2, ZrTe2, HfTe2, V2Te3, Nb2Te3, Ta2Te3, Cr2Te3, Mo2Te3, W2Te3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, and the like), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, and the like), a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, and the like), and the like.
When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other to emit white light. In embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials may be mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.
In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In an embodiment, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant that promotes energy transfer to a dopant (or emitter), in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter). When the emission layer includes the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant may be different from each other.
An amount of the dopant (or emitter) in the emission layer may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host.
In embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.
In embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may serve as a host or as a dopant in the emission layer.
A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within any of these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
In embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:
[Ar301]xb11-[(L301)xb1-R301]xb21 [Formula 301]
In Formula 301,
In an embodiment, in Formula 301, when xb11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:
In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,
In embodiments, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H128, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:
In an embodiment, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.
The host may have various modifications. For example, the host may include only one kind of compound, or may include two or more different kinds of compounds.
The emission layer may include a phosphorescent dopant.
In embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal. Accordingly, the phosphorescent dopant may correspond to the fourth compound.
The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.
The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.
In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
In Formulae 401 and 402,
In an embodiment, in Formula 402, X401 may be nitrogen, and X402 may be carbon; or X401 and X402 may each be nitrogen.
In an embodiment, in Formula 401, when xc1 is 2 or more, two ring A401(s) among two or more of L401(s) may optionally be bonded to each other via T402, which is a linking group, and two ring A402(s) among two or more of L401(s) may optionally be bonded to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T402 and T403 may each independently be the same as described in connection with T401.
In Formula 401, L402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:
The emission layer may include a fluorescent dopant and/or an auxiliary dopant.
In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant and/or the auxiliary dopant may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 501:
In Formula 501,
In an embodiment, in Formula 501, Ar501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.
In embodiments, in Formula 501, xd4 may be 2.
In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include one of Compounds FD1 to FD37, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or any combination thereof:
The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.
In the specification, a delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.
The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may serve as a host or as a dopant, depending on the types of other materials included in the emission layer.
In embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV. When a difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from a triplet state to a singlet state of the delayed fluorescence material may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
In embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include: a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group); or may include a material including a C8-C60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).
The emission layer may include a quantum dot.
In the specification, a quantum dot may be a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of various emission wavelengths according to a size of the crystal. Quantum dots may emit light of various emission wavelengths by adjusting a ratio of elements in the quantum dots.
A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.
The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.
The wet chemical process is a method that includes mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and growing a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles can be controlled through a process which costs less, and may be more readily performed than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),
A quantum dot may include a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV element or compound, or any combination thereof.
Examples of a Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or any combination thereof.
Examples of a Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AIP, AIAs, AISb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, or the like; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AIPAs, AIPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAIP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, GaAINP, or the like; a quaternary compound, such as GaAINAs, GaAINSb, GaAIPAs, GaAIPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GalnNSb, GaInPAs, GalnPSb, InAINP, InAINAs, InAINSb, InAIPAs, InAIPSb, or the like; or any combination thereof. In embodiments, a Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Examples of a Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, etc.
Examples of a Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3, or InTe; a ternary compound, such as InGaS3, or InGaSes; and any combination thereof.
Examples of a Group I—III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS2, AgInSe2, AgGaS, AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuInSe2, CuGaS2, CuGaSe2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, AgAlO2, etc.; a quaternary compound, such as AgInGaS2, AgInGaSe2, etc.; or any combination thereof.
Examples of a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, or SnPbTe; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, or SnPbSTe; or any combination thereof.
Examples of a Group IV element or compound may include: a single element material, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound, such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof.
Each element included in a multi-element compound, such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, or a quaternary compound, may be present in a particle at a uniform concentration or at a non-uniform concentration. The quantum dot formulae recited above refers to types of elements included in a quantum dot compound, wherein the ratios of elements in the compound may vary. For example, AgInGaS2 may refer to AgInxGa1-xS2 (wherein x is a real number between 0 and 1).
In embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is uniform, or the quantum dot may have a core-shell structure. For example, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other.
The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or may serve as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. An interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element that is present in the shell decreases toward the core.
Examples of a shell of a quantum dot may include a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, non-metal oxide, a semiconductor compound, and any combination thereof. Examples of a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, or a non-metal oxide may include: a binary compound, such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, or CoMn2O4; and any combination thereof.
Examples of a semiconductor compound may include: a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; and any combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.
A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum of a quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 45 nm. For example, a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of a quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 40 nm. For example, a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of a quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 30 nm. Within any of these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be increased. Light emitted through a quantum dot may be emitted in all directions, so that a wide viewing angle may be improved.
In embodiments, a quantum dot may be in the form of a spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, or a nanoplate particle.
Since the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling a size of a quantum dot, light having various wavelength bands may be obtained from a quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of various wavelengths may be implemented. In a size of a quantum dot or a ratio of elements in a quantum dot compound may be adjusted so that quantum dots emit red light, green light, and/or blue light. In embodiments, the size of the quantum dots may be configured to emit white light by a combination of light of various colors.
The electron transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from an emission layer in its respective stated order, but the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group.
In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:
[Ar601]xe11-[(L601)xe1-R601]xe21 [Formula 601]
In Formula 601,
In an embodiment, in Formula 601, when xe11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
In embodiments, in Formula 601, Ar601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
In Formula 601-1,
In embodiments, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.
In embodiments, the electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAIq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:
A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 30 Å to about 300 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The electron transport region (for example, an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion; and a metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion.
A ligand coordinated with a metal ion of an alkali metal complex or an alkaline earth-metal complex may each independently include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:
The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.
The electron injection layer may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer including different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.
The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.
Examples of an alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, or K2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, or RbI; or any combination thereof. Examples of an alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSri-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), BaxCa1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), or the like. Examples of a rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, a rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of a lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and Lu2Te3.
The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include: an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a rare earth metal ion; and a ligand bonded to the metal ion (for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof).
The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).
In embodiments, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); or the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, or the like.
When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within any of the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode. When the second electrode 150 is a cathode, a material for the second electrode 150 may include a material having a low-work function, such as a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof.
The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.
The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.
The light-emitting device 10 may include a first capping layer located outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer located outside the second electrode 150. In embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in the stated order.
Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer. Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include a material having a refractive index equal to or greater than about 1.6 (with respect to a wavelength of about 589 nm).
The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.
For example, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or any combination thereof:
The heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in various films. Accordingly, another embodiment provides a film that includes the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control means) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or like), a light-blocking member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, or the like), or a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, or the like).
The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses. For example, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or the like.
The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a color filter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one direction in which light emitted from the light-emitting device travels. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light, green light, or white light. Further details on the light-emitting device may be the same as described herein. In embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot.
The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include subpixels, the color filter may include color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels, and the color conversion layer may include color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels.
A pixel-defining film may be located between the subpixels to define each subpixel.
The color filter may further include color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color conversion areas.
The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In an embodiment, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be a quantum dot as described herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.
In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. The first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. In embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.
The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.
The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, or the like.
The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, or the like.
The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and simultaneously prevents ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate that includes a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer that includes at least one of an organic layer and an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.
Various functional layers may be further included on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of a functional layer may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).
The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above, a biometric information collector.
The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like.
The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic devices.
In an embodiment, an electronic device that includes the light-emitting device may be a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor light, an outdoor light, a signal light, a head-up display, a fully transparent display, a partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet personal computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall including multiple displays tiled together, a theater screen, a stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.
The light-emitting device may have excellent effects in terms of luminescence efficiency and a long lifespan, and thus the electronic device including the light-emitting device may have characteristics such as high luminance, high resolution, and low power consumption.
The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) of
The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be located on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.
A TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.
The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.
A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.
An interlayer insulating film 250 may be located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the drain electrode 270.
The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose a source region and a drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may respectively contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.
The TFT is electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and is covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. A light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.
The first electrode 110 may be located on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may not completely cover the drain electrode 270 and may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270. The first electrode 110 may be connected (for example, electrically connected) to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.
A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed on the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide organic film or a polyacrylic organic film. Although not shown in
A second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be further included on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.
The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or any combination thereof; or any combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.
The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) of
The electronic device 1, which may be a device that displays a moving image or a still image, may be not only a portable electronic device, such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an electronic book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation device, or an ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), but may also be various products, such as a television, a laptop computer, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of things (IOT). The electronic device 1 may be any product as described above or a part thereof.
In an embodiment, the electronic device 1 may be a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type display, or a head mounted display (HMD), or a part of the wearable device. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.
Examples of the electronic device 1 may include a center information display (CID) on an instrument panel, on a center fascia, or on a dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display that may replace a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for a rear seat of a car or a display placed on the back of a front seat, a head-up display (HUD) installed at the front of a vehicle or projected on a front window glass, or a computer generated hologram augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD).
The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display device may implement an image through a two-dimensional array of pixels that are arranged in the display area DA.
The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may surround (for example, entirely surround) the display area DA. A driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged in the display area DA may be arranged in the non-display area NDA. A pad, which is an area to which an electronic element or a printed circuit board may be electrically connected, may be arranged in the non-display area NDA.
In the electronic device 1, a length in the x-axis direction and a length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. For example, as shown in
Referring to
The vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a selected or given direction according to the rotation of at least one wheel. Examples of a vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, and a train running on a track.
The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis that is a portion excluding the body in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed. The exterior of the body of the vehicle 1000 may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a pillar provided at a boundary between doors, and the like. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front and rear wheels, left and right wheels, and the like.
The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display device 2.
The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.
The side window glass 1100 may be installed on a side of the vehicle 1000. In an embodiment, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. Multiple side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In an embodiment, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In an embodiment, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400, and the second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
In an embodiment, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart from each other in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or the −x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x-direction or the −x-direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or the −x direction.
The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.
The side mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In an embodiment, multiple side mirrors 1300 may be provided. One of the side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110, and another of the side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.
The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of a steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge, a turn signal indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, a hodometer, an automatic shift selector indicator light, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and/or a low fuel warning light.
The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and a seat heater are disposed. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on a side of the cluster 1400.
A passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced apart from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In an embodiment, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat (not shown), and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be arranged to correspond to a passenger seat (not shown). In an embodiment, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.
In an embodiment, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In an embodiment, the display device 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one of the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600.
The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, a quantum dot display device, or the like. Hereinafter, an organic light-emitting display device including the light-emitting device according to an embodiment will be described as an example of the display device 2. However, various types of display devices as described above may be used in embodiments.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a selected region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.
When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10−8 torr to about 10−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
The term “C3-C60 carbocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group consisting of carbon atoms as the only ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms. The term “C1-C60 heterocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C3-C60 carbocyclic group and the C1-C60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, a C1-C60 heterocyclic group may have 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.
The term “cyclic group” as used herein may be a C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a C1-C60 heterocyclic group.
The term “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and may not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety. The term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and may include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
In embodiments,
The T1 group may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,
The terms “cyclic group,” “C3-C60 carbocyclic group,” “C1-C60 heterocyclic group,” “π electron-rich C3-C60 cyclic group,” and “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C60 cyclic group” as used herein may each be a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, a “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
Examples of a monovalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a monovalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of a divalent C3-C60 carbocyclic group or a divalent C1-C60 heterocyclic group may include a C3-C10 cycloalkylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C6-C60 arylene group, a C1-C60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
The term “C1-C60 alkyl group” as used herein may be a linear or branched monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C1-C60 alkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C60 alkyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C2-C60 alkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C2-C60 alkenyl group.
The term “C2-C60 alkynyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C2-C60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and the like. The term “C2-C60 alkynylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C2-C60 alkynyl group.
The term “C1-C60 alkoxy group” as used herein may be a monovalent group represented by —O(A101) (wherein A101 may be C1-C60 alkyl group), and examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C3-C10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group.
The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C1-C10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
The term “C6-C60 aryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C6-C60 arylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of a C6-C60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C6-C60 aryl group and the C6-C60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the respective two or more rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “C1-C60 heteroaryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term “C1-C60 heteroarylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Examples of a C1-C60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C1-C60 heteroaryl group and the C1-C60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the respective two or more rings may be condensed with each other.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its molecular structure as a whole. Examples of a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.
The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having no aromaticity in its molecular structure as a whole. Examples of a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphtho silolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.
The term “C6-C60 aryloxy group” as used herein may be a group represented by —O(A102) (wherein A102 may be a C6-C60 aryl group), and the term “C6-C60 arylthio group” as used herein may be a group represented by —S(A103) (wherein A103 may be a C6-C60 aryl group).
The term “C7-C60 arylalkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A104)A105) (wherein A104 may be a C1-C54 alkylene group, and A105 may be a C6-C59 aryl group), and the term C2-C60 heteroarylalkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A106)(A107) (wherein A106 may be a C1-C59 alkylene group, and A107 may be a C1-C59 heteroaryl group).
In the specification, the group “R10a” may be:
In the specification, Q1 to Q3, Q11 to Q13, Q21 to Q23 and Q31 to Q33 may each independently be:
The term “heteroatom” as used herein may be any atom other than a carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. Examples of a heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combination thereof.
The term “third-row transition metal” as used herein may be hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), or the like.
The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the terms “tert-Bu” or “But” as used herein each refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group.
The term “biphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” For example, a “biphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having a C6-C60 aryl group as a substituent.
The term “terphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. For example, a “terphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C6-C60 aryl group substituted with a C6-C60 aryl group.
The symbols * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.
In the specification, the terms “x-axis,” “y-axis,” and “z-axis” are not limited to three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system (for example, a Cartesian coordinate system), and may be interpreted in a broader sense than the aforementioned three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may describe axes that are orthogonal to each other, or may describe axes that are in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.
Hereinafter, compounds according to embodiments and light-emitting devices according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the following Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an identical molar equivalent of B was used in place of A.
3,6-di-tert-butyl-9-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-9H-carbazole (1 eq), aniline (2 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (1.5 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 100° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-1. (Yield: 85%)
Intermediate I-1 (1 eq), 1-bromo-3-(tert-butyl)benzene (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-2. (Yield: 52%)
Intermediate I-2 (1 eq), 2-bromodibenzo[b,d]furan (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-3. (Yield: 67%)
Intermediate I-3 (1 eq) was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene and cooled to 0° C., and BBr3 (3 eq) was slowly injected thereto in a nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of dropwise addition, the temperature was raised to 180° C., followed by stirring for 48 hours. After cooling, triethylamine was slowly added dropwise into the flask containing the reactant to terminate reaction, and ethyl alcohol was added into the reactant to cause precipitation, thereby obtaining a reaction product. The obtained solid was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Compound 30. (Yield: 38%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C60H54BN3O cal. 843.44, found 843.45
1-(tert-butyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzene (1 eq), [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine (2 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (1.5 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 100° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-4. (Yield: 80%)
Intermediate I-4 (1 eq), 3-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-5. (Yield: 52%)
Intermediate I-5 (1 eq), 9-([1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-bromo-9H-carbazole (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-6. (Yield: 42%)
Intermediate I-6 (1 eq) was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene and cooled to 0° C., and BBr3 (3 eq) was slowly injected thereto in a nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of dropwise addition, the temperature was raised to 180° C., followed by stirring for 48 hours. After cooling, triethylamine was slowly added dropwise into the flask containing the reactant to terminate reaction, and ethyl alcohol was added into the reactant to cause precipitation, thereby obtaining a reaction product. The obtained solid was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Compound 46. (Yield: 16%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C82H61BN4 cal. 1112.50, found 1112.51
Intermediate I-4 (1 eq), 9-(3-bromophenyl-2,4,5,6-d4)-9H-carbazole-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-d8 (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-7. (Yield: 70%)
Intermediate I-7 (1 eq), 3-bromo-9,9′-spirobi[fluorene](1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-8. (Yield: 65%)
Intermediate I-8 (1 eq) was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene and cooled to 0° C., and BBr3 (3 eq) was slowly injected thereto in a nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of dropwise addition, the temperature was raised to 180° C. followed by stirring for 48 hours. After cooling, triethylamine was slowly added dropwise into the flask containing the reactant to terminate reaction, and ethyl alcohol was added into the reactant to cause precipitation, thereby obtaining a reaction product. The obtained solid was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Compound 55. (Yield: 13%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C77H43D11BN3 cal. 1042.51, found 1041.52
Compound 65 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 46, except that 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine was used instead of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine, 1-bromo-3-(tert-butyl)benzene was used instead of 3-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline, and 3-bromo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole was used instead of 9-([1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-bromo-9H-carbazole in the synthesis of Compound 46. (Yield: 15%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C82H76BN3 cal. 1113.61, found 1113.60
Compound 70 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 46, except that 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)dibenzo[b,d]furan was used instead of 1-(tert-butyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzene, 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine was used instead of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine, 1-bromo-3-(tert-butyl)benzene was used instead of 3-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline, and 3-bromo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole was used instead of 9-([1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-bromo-9H-carbazole in the synthesis of Compound 46. (Yield: 22%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C90H74BN3O cal. 1223.59, found 1223.60
Compound 72 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 46, except that 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine was used instead of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine, 9-(3-bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole was used instead of 3-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline, and 2-bromodibenzo[b,d]furan was used instead of 9-([1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-bromo-9H-carbazole in the synthesis of Compound 46. (Yield: 17%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C84H70BN3O cal. 1147.56, found 1147.55
Compound 79 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 46, except that 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine was used instead of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine, 9-(3-bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole was used instead of 3-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline, and 3-bromo-9-(4,4″-di-tert-butyl-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-9H-carbazole was used instead of 9-([1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-bromo-9H-carbazole in the synthesis of Compound 46. (Yield: 16%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C110H99BN4 cal. 1486.80, found 1486.81
Compound 87 was obtained in the same manner as in the synthesis of Compound 46, except that 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine was used instead of [1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amine, 9-(3-bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-d8 was used instead of 3-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline, and 2-bromodibenzo[b,d]thiophene was used instead of 9-([1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-bromo-9H-carbazole in the synthesis of Compound 46. (Yield: 11%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C84H62D8BN3S cal. 1171.59, found 1171.58
3-(tert-butyl)-5-chlorophenol (1 eq), 9-(4,4″-di-tert-butyl-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-iodo-9H-carbazole (2 eq), CuI (0.1 eq), and K2CO3 (3 eq) were dissolved in DMF and stirred at 150° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, the reaction product was poured into water for precipitation and filtration. The obtained solid was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate I-21. (Yield: 57%)
Intermediate I-21 (1 eq), 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling and washing with ethyl acetate and water three times, the organic layer was separated therefrom, and dried over MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-22. (Yield: 65%)
Intermediate I-22 (1 eq), 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-23. (Yield: 60%)
Intermediate I-23 (1 eq) was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene and cooled to 0° C., and BBr3 (3 eq) was slowly injected thereto in a nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of dropwise addition, the temperature was raised to 180° C., followed by stirring for 48 hours. After cooling, triethylamine was slowly added dropwise into the flask containing the reactant to terminate reaction, and ethyl alcohol was added into the reactant to cause precipitation, thereby obtaining a reaction product. The obtained solid was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Compound 88. (Yield: 12%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C96H94D8BN3O cal. 1315.75, found 1315.76
3-(tert-butyl)-5-chlorobenzenethiol (1 eq), 9-(4,4″-di-tert-butyl-[1,1′: 3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-yl)-3-iodo-9H-carbazole (2 eq), CuI (0.1 eq), and K2CO3 (3 eq) were dissolved in DMF and stirred at 150° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, the reaction product was poured into water for precipitation and filtration. The obtained solid was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate I-24. (Yield: 47%)
Intermediate I-24 (1 eq), 5′-(tert-butyl)-[1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-2′-amine (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-25. (Yield: 67%)
Intermediate I-25 (1 eq), 9-(3-bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-d8 (1 eq), Pd2(dba)3 (0.05 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.1 eq), and sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at 110° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixed solution was washed with ethyl acetate and water each for three times and aliquoted, and the organic layer obtained therefrom was dried with MgSO4 and dried again under reduced pressure. The resultant was purified by column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate I-26. (Yield: 56%)
Intermediate I-26 (1 eq) was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene and cooled to 0° C., and BBr3 (3 eq) was slowly injected thereto in a nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of dropwise addition, the temperature was raised to 180° C., followed by stirring for 48 hours. After cooling, triethylamine was slowly added dropwise into the flask containing the reactant to terminate reaction, and ethyl alcohol was added into the reactant to cause precipitation, thereby obtaining a reaction product. The obtained solid was purified by column chromatography with MC and n-hexane to obtain Compound 89. (Yield: 15%)
The resulting compound was confirmed through MS/FAB.
C88H70D8BN3S cal. 1227.65, found 1227.66
The MS/FAB of the compounds synthesized according to Synthesis Examples 1 to 10 are shown in Table 1:
The S1 energy level (eV), T1 energy level (eV), difference between the S1 energy level and the T1 energy level (ΔE, eV), maximum absorption wavelength (λAbs, nm), maximum emission wavelength (λemi, nm), Stokes-shift (nm), and FWHM (nm) of the Example Compounds and Compounds D1 to D5 as comparative compounds were evaluated by using the DFT method of Gaussian 09 program structurally optimized at a level of B3LYP/6-311g(d,p)/LANL2DZ, and the results thereof are shown in Table 2.
As an anode, a glass substrate (product of Corning Inc.) with a 15 Ω/cm2 (1,200 Å) ITO electrode formed thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated with isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, and cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays and ozone for 30 minutes. The resultant structure was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.
NPD was deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 300 Å. HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 200 Å. CzSi was deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission auxiliary layer having a thickness of 100 Å.
A mixed host of Compound HTH54 and Compound ETH66 (weight ratio of 5:5), Compound PD41 (phosphorescent sensitizer), and Compound 8 (dopant) were co-deposited on the emission auxiliary layer at a weight ratio of 85:14:1 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 200 Å.
TSPO1 was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 200 Å. TPBI was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å. LiF was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å. Al was deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.
Light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that, for use as a host, a sensitizer, and a dopant, the corresponding compounds shown in Table 3 were used.
To evaluate characteristics of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the driving voltage at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan (T95) thereof were measured, and results thereof are shown in Table 3. The driving voltage of the light-emitting devices was measured using a source meter (Keithley Instrument Inc., 2400 series). In Table 3, the lifespan ratio represents the time taken for the luminance to become 95% of the initial luminance (based on the lifespan of Compound D1).
From Table 3, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 10 had excellent driving voltage, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan characteristics, compared to the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Examples 1 to 5.
By including the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1, the light-emitting device may have excellent low driving voltage, high efficiency, and long life span characteristics, and high-quality electronic apparatuses and electronic devices may be manufactured using the light-emitting device.
Embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for the purposes of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent by one of ordinary skill in the art, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with an embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2023-0123320 | Sep 2023 | KR | national |
