LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING THE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE, AND THE ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0158832 under 35 U.S.C. § 119, filed on Nov. 17, 2021 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field

Embodiments relate to a light-emitting device including an organometallic compound, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, and the organometallic compound.

2. Description of the Related Art

Light-emitting devices are self-emissive devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.

In a light-emitting device, a first electrode is arranged on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially arranged on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.

It is to be understood that this background of the technology section is, in part, intended to provide useful background for understanding the technology. However, this background of the technology section may also include ideas, concepts, or recognitions that were not part of what was known or appreciated by those skilled in the pertinent art prior to a corresponding effective filing date of the subject matter disclosed herein.

SUMMARY

Provided are a light-emitting device including an organometallic compound, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, and the organometallic compound.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments of the disclosure.

According to embodiments, a light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

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In Formula 1,

M₁and M₂may each independently be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), or thulium (Tm),

ring CY₁to ring CY₆may each independently be a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group,

X₁, X₂, X₃₁, X₃₂, and X₄to X₆may each independently be C or N,

L₁to L₅may each independently be a single bond, *—C(R_1a)(R_1b)—*′, *—C(R_1a)═*′, *═C(R_1a)—*′, *—C(R_1a)═C(R_1b)—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—B(R_1a)—*′, *—N(R_1a)—*′, *—O—*′, *—P(R_1a)—*′, *—Si(R_1a)(R_1b)—*′, *—P(═O)(R_1a)—*′, *—S—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′, or *—Ge(R_1a)(R_1b)—*′, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom,

n1 to n5 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

Ar₁may be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

R₁to R₆, R_1a, and R_1bmay each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

a1 to a6 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10,

R_10amay be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or any combination thereof;

a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, or a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or any combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁to Q₃, Q₁₁to Q₁₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode, the second electrode may be a cathode, and the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron control layer, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the interlayer may include: a first compound that is an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; and a second compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group, a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3, a fourth compound that is a delayed fluorescence compound, or any combination thereof, wherein the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound are different from each other, and Formula 3 is explained below.

In an embodiment, the interlayer may include: the first compound represented by Formula 1; and at least one of the second compound and the third compound.

In an embodiment, the interlayer may further include the fourth compound.

In an embodiment, the second compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the fourth compound may be a compound including at least one cyclic group including boron (B) and nitrogen (N) as ring-forming atoms.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 480 nm.

According to embodiments, an electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device.

In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor may include a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor

According to embodiments, an organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1.

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY1(1) to CY1(17), which are explained below.

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1, and a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1 may each independently be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(10), which are explained below.

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by one of Formulae CY6(1) to CY6(12), which are explained below.

In an embodiment, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1, which is explained below.

In an embodiment, L₁and L₄may each independently be *—N(R_1a)—*′, *—O—*′, or *—S—*′, L₂, L₃, and L₅may each be a single bond, * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and R_1ais the same as described in Formula 1.

In an embodiment, Ar₁may include at least one nitrogen.

In an embodiment, Ar₁may be a group represented by one of Formulae Ar1(1) to Ar1(7), which are explained below.

In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may be any one of Compounds BD01 to BD104, which are explained below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

In the drawings, the sizes, thicknesses, ratios, and dimensions of the elements may be exaggerated for ease of description and for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

In the description, it will be understood that when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween. In a similar sense, when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is described as “covering” another element, it can directly cover the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween.

In the description, when an element is “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. For example, “directly on” may mean that two layers or two elements are disposed without an additional element such as an adhesion element therebetween.

As used herein, the expressions used in the singular such as “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. For example, “A and/or B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or” may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may be understood to be equivalent to “and/or”.

In the specification and the claims, the term “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “at least one selected from the group of” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “at least one of A and B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” When preceding a list of elements, the term, “at least one of,” modifies the entire list of elements and does not modify the individual elements of the list.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element.

Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

The spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, or the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relations between one element or component and another element or component as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, in the case where a device illustrated in the drawing is turned over, the device positioned “below” or “beneath” another device may be placed “above” another device. Accordingly, the illustrative term “below” may include both the lower and upper positions. The device may also be oriented in other directions and thus the spatially relative terms may be interpreted differently depending on the orientations.

The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the recited value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the recited quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within +20%, 10%, or ±5% of the stated value.

It should be understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” and the like are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof in the disclosure, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof.

Unless otherwise defined or implied herein, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an ideal or excessively formal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.

A light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, and an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

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In Formula 1, M₁and M₂may each independently be platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), or thulium (Tm).

In an embodiment, M₁and M₂may be identical to each other.

In an embodiment, M₁and M₂may be different from each other.

In an embodiment, M₁and M₂may each be platinum (Pt).

In Formula 1, ring CY₁to ring CY₆may each independently be a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group.

In an embodiment, ring CY₁to ring CY₆may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.

In an embodiment, ring CY₁, ring CY₂, ring CY₄, and ring CY₅may each independently be a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group.

In an embodiment, ring CY₁, ring CY₂, ring CY₄, and ring CY₅may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, or a phenanthrene group.

In an embodiment, ring CY₃and ring CY₆may each independently be a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group.

In an embodiment, ring CY₃may be a pyridine group.

In an embodiment, ring CY₆may include an imidazole group.

In Formula 1, X₁, X₂, X₃₁, X₃₂, and X₄to X₆may each independently be C or N.

In an embodiment, X₁, X₂, and X₄to X₆may each be C.

In an embodiment, X₃₁may be C, and X₃₂may be N.

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by any one of Formulae CY1(1) to CY1(17):

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In Formulae CY1(1) to CY(17),

Z₁₁to Z₁₄may each independently be deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

b14 may be an integer from 0 to 6,

* indicates a binding site to (L₁)_n1in Formula 1,

*′ indicates a binding site to M₁in Formula 1, and

X1, R_10a, and Q₁to Q₃are each the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, Z₁₁to Z₁₄may each independently be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group;

a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); or

—N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁, Q₂, Q₃₁and Q₃₂may each independently be:

—CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, or —CD₂CDH₂; or

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1, and a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1 may each independently be a moiety represented by any one of Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(10):

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In Formulae CY2(1) to CY2(10),

X₁₂may be C or N,

Z₂₁to Z₂₄may each independently be deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

b24 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

*, *′, and *″ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and

R_10aand Q₁to Q₃are each the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, X₁₂may be C.

In an embodiment, Z₂₁to Z₂₄may each independently be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

—N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁to Q₃and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be:

In an embodiment, a moiety represented by

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in Formula 1 may be a moiety represented by any one of Formulae CY6(1) to CY6(12):

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In Formulae CY6(1) to CY6(12),

Z₆₁to Z₆₄may each independently be deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

b64 may be an integer from 0 to 4,

b65 may be an integer from 0 to 3,

b66 may be an integer from 0 to 6,

* indicates a binding site to (L₅)_n5in Formula 1, and

*′ indicates a binding site to M₂in Formula 1,

X₆, R_10a, and Q₁to Q₃are each the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, Z₆₁to Z₆₄may each independently be:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

—N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁to Q₃and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be:

In Formula 1, L₁to L₅may each independently be a single bond, *—C(R_1a)(R_1b)—*′, *—C(R_1a)═*′, *═C(R_1a)—*′, *—C(R_1a)═C(R_1b)—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, *—C≡C—*′, *—B(R_1a)—*′, *—N(R_1a)—*′, *—O—*′, *—P(R_1a)—*′, *—Si(R_1a)(R_1b)—*′, *—P(═O)(R_1a)—*′, *—S—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′, or *—Ge(R_1a)(R_1b)—*′, and * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, L₁and L₄may each independently be *—N(R_1a)—*′, *—O—*′, or *—S—*′.

In an embodiment, L₂, L₃, and L₅may each be a single bond.

In Formula 1, n1 to n5 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5.

In an embodiment, n1 to n5 may each be 1.

In Formula 1, Ar₁may be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a.

In an embodiment, Ar₁may include at least one nitrogen.

In an embodiment, Ar₁may include a 5-membered ring.

In an embodiment, Ar₁may be a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, or an azadibenzosilolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

In an embodiment, Ar₁may be a group represented by Formula 1A:

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In Formula 1A,

CY₇may be a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group,

R₇may be deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

a7 may be an integer from 0 to 10,

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, and

R_10aand Q₁to Q₃are each the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, Ar₁may be a group represented by one of Formulae Ar1(1) to Ar1(7):

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In Formulae Ar1(1) to Ar1(7),

R₁₁may be deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

a11 may be an integer from 0 to 4,

a12 may be an integer from 0 to 3,

a13 may be an integer from 0 to 6,

a14 may be an integer from 0 to 8,

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, and

R_10aand Q₁to Q₃are each the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, R₁₁may be deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a.

In an embodiment, R₁₁may be deuterium, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a phenyl group, or a naphthyl group.

In Formula 1, R₁to R₆, R_1a, and R_1bmay each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂).

In an embodiment, R₁to R₆, R_1a, and R_1bmay each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, or azadibenzosilolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SCN, C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); or

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁to Q₃and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be:

In an embodiment, R₁to R₆may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

—N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁, Q₂, Q₃₁, and Q₃₂may each independently be:

In an embodiment, R₁to R₆may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —SCN, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group;

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —SCN, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a naphthyl group;

a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —SCN, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a C₁-C₂₀alkylthio group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, and a naphthyl group; or

—N(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁and Q₂may each independently be:

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group.

In an embodiment, R_1aand R_1bmay each independently be:

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group.

In Formula 1, a1 to a6 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10.

In an embodiment, a1 to a6 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3.

In an embodiment, the organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1-1:

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In Formula 1-1,

a3 may be an integer from 0 to 2, and

M₁, M₂, ring CY₁, ring CY₂, ring CY₄to ring CY₆, X1, X₂, X₃₁, X₃₂, X₄to X₆, L₁to L₅, n1 to n5, Ar1, R₁to R₆, a1, a2, and a4 to a6 are each the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be any one of Compounds BD01 to BD104:

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The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may have a structure of increased rigidity of a dual ligand through a structure in which ligands are linked together through ring CY₃to increase stability of the compound, and to have a more tilted angle between ligands with respect to a central metal to inhibit excimer formation. Therefore, by using the organometallic compound, an organic light-emitting device with low driving voltage and high efficiency may be realized.

Methods of synthesizing the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be readily understood to those of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Synthesis Examples and/or Examples described herein.

In an embodiment, the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be an anode, the second electrode of the light-emitting device may be a cathode, the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron control layer, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

In an embodiment, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

In an embodiment, the emission layer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the dopant may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. For example, the organometallic compound may serve as a dopant.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit blue light. In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 410 nm to about 500 nm. For example, the emission layer may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 420 nm to about 490 nm.

For example, the emission layer may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 480 nm. For example, the emission layer may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 470 nm.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region of the light-emitting device may include a hole blocking layer, and the hole blocking layer may include a phosphine oxide-containing compound, a silicon-containing compound, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the hole blocking layer may directly contact the emission layer.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer arranged outside the first electrode and a second capping layer arranged outside the second electrode, and the at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each be the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may include:

a first capping layer arranged outside the first electrode and including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1;

a second capping layer arranged outside the second electrode and including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; or

the first capping layer and the second capping layer.

The wording “(interlayer and/or capping layer) includes an organometallic compound” as used herein may be understood as “(interlayer and/or capping layer) may include one kind of organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 or two different kinds of organometallic compounds, each represented by Formula 1”.

In an embodiment, the interlayer and/or the capping layer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound 1 only. For example, Compound 1 may be included in the emission layer in the light-emitting device. In an embodiment, the interlayer may include, as the organometallic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. For example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in a same layer (for example, both Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in an emission layer), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may be present in an emission layer, and Compound 2 may be present in an electron transport region).

The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or all layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

In an embodiment, the interlayer in the light-emitting device may include:

a first compound that is an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1; and

a second compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group, a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3, a fourth compound capable of emitting delayed fluorescence (for example, the fourth compound may be a delayed fluorescence compound), or any combination thereof, and

the first compound, the second compound, the third compound, and the fourth compound may be different from each other:

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In Formula 3,

ring CY₇₁and ring CY₇₂may each independently be a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group or a pyridine group,

X₇₁may be a single bond or a linking group including O, S, N, B, C, Si, or any combination thereof,

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom in the third compound, and

wherein CBP and mCBP are excluded from the third compound:

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In an embodiment, in the light-emitting device, the emission layer may include:

the first compound; and

the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof, and

the emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound.

[Description of second compound to fourth compound]

In embodiments, the second compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include, in addition to the first compound, at least one of the second compound and the third compound. For example, in an embodiment, the interlayer may include the first compound represented by Formula 1; and at least one of the second compound and the third compound.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include, in addition to the first compound, the fourth compound. For example, in an embodiment, the interlayer may further include the fourth compound.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may include all of the first compound to the fourth compound.

In an embodiment, the interlayer may include the second compound. The interlayer may further include the third compound, the fourth compound, or a combination thereof, in addition to the first compound and the second compound.

In an embodiment, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound and a singlet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound may be in a range of about 0 eV about 0.5 eV. For example, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound and a singlet energy level (eV) of the fourth compound may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.3 eV.

In an embodiment, the fourth compound may be a compound including at least one cyclic group including boron (B) and nitrogen (N) as ring-forming atoms.

In an embodiment, the fourth compound may be a C₈-C₆₀polycyclic group-containing compound including at least two condensed cyclic groups that share boron (B).

In an embodiment, the fourth compound may include a condensed ring in which at least one third ring may be condensed with at least one fourth ring,

the third ring may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclohexene group, a cycloheptene group, a cyclooctene group, an adamantane group, a norbornene group, a norbornane group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, and

the fourth ring may be a 1,2-azaborinine group, a 1,3-azaborinine group, a 1,4-azaborinine group, a 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborinine group, a 1,4-oxaborinine group, a 1,4-thiaborinine group, or a 1,4-dihydroborinine group.

In an embodiment, the interlayer may include the fourth compound. The interlayer may further include, in addition to the first compound and the fourth compound, the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the interlayer may include the third compound. In an embodiment, the third compound may not include CBP and mCBP as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may include: the first compound; and the second compound, the third compound, the fourth compound, or any combination thereof.

The emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound. In an embodiment, the phosphorescence or the fluorescence emitted from the first compound may be blue light.

In an embodiment, the emission layer in the light-emitting device may include the first compound and the second compound, and the first compound and the second compound may form an exciplex.

In an embodiment, the emission layer in the light-emitting device may include the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound, and the first compound and the second compound may form an exciplex.

In an embodiment, the emission layer in the light-emitting device may include the first compound and the fourth compound, and the fourth compound may serve to improve color purity, luminescence efficiency, and lifespan characteristics of the light-emitting device.

In an embodiment, the second compound may include a compound represented by Formula 2:

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In Formula 2,

L₆₁to L₆₃may each independently be a single bond, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

b61 to b63 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

X₆₄may be N or C(R₆₄), X₆₅may be N or C(R₆₅), X₆₆may be N or C(R₆₆), and at least one of X₆₄to X₆₆may be N,

R₆₁to R₆₆may each be the same as described in the specification, and

R_10amay be the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, the third compound may include a compound represented by Formula 3-1, a compound represented by Formula 3-2, a compound represented by Formula 3-3, a compound represented by Formula 3-4, a compound represented by Formula 3-5, or any combination thereof:

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In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5,

ring CY₇₁to ring CY₇₄may each independently be a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group or a pyridine group,

X₈₂may be a single bond, O, S, N-[(L₈₂)_b82-R₈₂], C(R_82a)(R_82b), or Si(R_82a)(R_82b),

X₈₃may be a single bond, O, S, N-[(L₈₃)_b83-R₈₃], C(R_83a)(R_83b), or Si(R_83a)(R_83b),

X₈₄may be O, S, N-[(L₈₄)_b84-R₈₄], C(R_84a)(R_84b), or Si(R_84a)(R_84b),

X₈₅may be C or Si,

L₈₁to L₈₅may each independently be a single bond, *—C(Q₄)(Q₅)-*′, *—Si(Q₄)(Q₅)-*′, a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a pyridine group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, and Q₄and Q₅may each independently be the same as described in connection with Q₁in the specification,

b81 to b85 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

R₇₁to R₇₄, R₈₁to R₈₅, R_82a, R_82b, R_83a, R_83b, R_84a, and R_84bmay each be the same as described in the specification,

a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, and

R_10amay be the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, the fourth compound may be a compound represented by Formula 502, a compound represented by Formula 503, or any combination thereof:

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In Formulae 502 and 503,

ring A₅₀₁to ring A₅₀₄may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group,

Y₅₀₅may be O, S, N(R₅₀₅), B(R₅₀₅), C(R_505a)(R_505b), or Si(R_505a)(R_505b),

Y₅₀₆may be O, S, N(R₅₀₆), B(R₅₀₆), C(R_506a)(R_506b), or Si(R_506a)(R_506b),

Y₅₀₇may be O, S, N(R₅₀₇), B(R₅₀₇), C(R_507a)(R_507b), or Si(R_507a)(R_507b),

Y₅₀₈may be O, S, N(R₅₀₈), B(R₅₀₈), C(R_508a)(R_508b), or Si(R_508a)(R_508b),

Y₅₁and Y₅₂may each independently be B, P(═O), or S(═O),

R_500a, R_500b, R₅₀₁to R₅₀₈, R_505a, R_505b, R_506a, R_506b, R_507a, R_507b, R_508a, and R_508bmay each be the same as described in the specification,

a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, and

R_10amay be the same as described in the specification.

[Description of Formulae 2, 3, 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503]

In Formula 2, b61 to b63 respectively indicate numbers of L₆₁to L₆₃, and b61 to b63 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. When b61 is 2 or greater, two or more of L₆₁may be identical to or different from each other, when b62 is 2 or greater, two or more of L₆₂may be identical to or different from each other, and when b63 is 2 or greater, two or more of L₆₃may be identical to or different from each other.

In an embodiment, b61 to b63 may each independently be 1 or 2.

In embodiments, in Formula 2, L₆₁to L₆₃may each independently be:

a single bond; or

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a dibenzooxasiline group, a dibenzothiasiline group, a dibenzodihydroazasiline group, a dibenzodihydrodihydrodisiline group, a dibenzodihydrosiline group, a dibenzodioxine group, a dibenzooxathiine group, a dibenzooxazine group, a dibenzopyran group, a dibenzodithiine group, a dibenzothiazine group, a dibenzothiopyran group, a dibenzocyclohexadiene group, a dibenzodihydropyridine group, or a dibenzodihydropyrazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenylcarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dimethyldibenzosilolyl group, a diphenyldibenzosilolyl group, —O(Q₃₁), —S(Q₃₁), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof, and

Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2, a bond between L₆₁and R₆₁, a bond between L₆₂and R₆₂, a bond between L₆₃and R₆₃, a bond between two or more L₆₁(s), a bond between two or more L₆₂(s), a bond between two or more L₆₃(s), a bond between L₆₁and carbon atom between X₆₄and X₆₅in Formula 2, a bond between L₆₂and a carbon atom between X₆₄and X₆₆in Formula 2, and a bond between L₆₃and a carbon atom between X₆₅and X₆₆in Formula 2 may each be a carbon-carbon single bond.

In Formula 2, X₆₄may be N or C(R₆₄), X₆₅may be N or C(R₆₅), X₆₆may be N or C(R₆₆), and at least one of X₆₄to X₆₆may be N. R₆₄to R₆₆are each the same as described in the specification. In an embodiment, two or three of X₆₄to X₆₆may each be N.

R₆₁to R₆₆, R₇₁to R₇₄, R₈₁to R₈₅, R_82a, R_82b, R_83a, R_83b, R_84a, R_84b, R_500a, R_500b, R₅₀₁to R₅₀₈, R_505a, R_505b, R_506a, R_506b, R_507a, R_507b, R_508a, and R_508bmay each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂). Q₁to Q₃may each be the same as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, i) R₆₁to R₆₆, R₇₁to R₇₄, R₈₁to R₈₅, R_82a, R_82b, R_83a, R_83b, R_84a, R_84b, R_500a, R_500b, R₅₀₁to R₅₀₈, R_505a, R_505b, R_506a, R_506b, R_507a, R_507b, R_508a, and R_508bin Formulae 2, 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503 and ii) R_10amay each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group or a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, or a group represented by Formula 91, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, —O(Q₃₁), —S(Q₃₁), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof; or

—C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and

Q₁to Q₃and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be:

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wherein in Formula 91,

ring CY₉₁and ring CY₉₂may each independently be a C₅-C₃₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₃₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

X₉₁may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₉₁), B(R₉₁), C(R_91a)(R_91b), or Si(R_91a)(R_91b),

R₉₁, R_91a, and R_91bmay respectively be the same as described in connection with R₈₂, R_82a, and R_82bin the specification,

R_10amay be the same as described in the specification, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, in Formula 91,

ring CY₉₁and ring CY₉₂may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, and

R₉₁, R_91a, and R_91bmay each independently be:

hydrogen or a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group; or

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof.

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a group represented by one of Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, a group represented by one of Formulae 10-1 to 10-249, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), wherein Q₁to Q₃are each the same as described in the specification:

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wherein in Formulae 9-1 to 9-19 and 10-1 to 10-249, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ph represents a phenyl group, and TMS represents a trimethylsilyl group.

In Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, 502, and 503, a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 respectively indicate numbers of R₇₁to R₇₄and R₅₀₁to R₅₀₄, and a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20. When a71 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₇₁may be identical to or different from each other, when a72 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₇₂may be identical to or different from each other, when a73 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₇₃may be identical to or different from each other, when a74 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₇₄may be identical to or different from each other, when a501 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₅₀₁may be identical to or different from each other, when a502 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₅₀₂may be identical to or different from each other, when a503 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₅₀₃may be identical to or different from each other, and when a504 is 2 or greater, two or more of R₅₀₄may be identical to or different from each other. In embodiments, a71 to a74 and a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 8.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L₆₁)_b61-R₆₁and a group represented by *-(L₆₂)_b62-R₆₂may not be a phenyl group.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L₆₁)_b61-R₆₁and a group represented by *-(L₆₂)_b62-R₆₂may be identical to each other.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2, a group represented by *-(L₆₁)_b61-R₆₁and a group represented by *-(L₆₂)_b62-R₆₂may be different from each other.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2, b61 and b62 may each independently be 1, 2, or 3, and L₁₆₁and L₆₂may each independently be a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2, R₆₁and R₆₂may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), or —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁to Q₃may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, in Formula 2,

a group represented by *-(L₆₁)_b61-R₆₁may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY51-1 to CY₅₁-26, and/or

a group represented by *-(L₆₂)_b62-R₆₂may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY52-1 to CY₅₂-26, and/or

a group represented by *-(L₆₃)_b63-R₆₃may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY53-1 to CY₅₃-27, —C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), or —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃):

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wherein in Formulae CY51-1 to CY₅₁-26, CY₅₂-1 to CY₅₂-26, and CY₅₃-1 to CY₅₃-27,

Y₆₃may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₆₃), B(R₆₃), C(R_63a)(R_63b), or Si(R_63a)(R_63b),

Y₆₄may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₆₄), B(R₆₄), C(R_64a)(R_64b), or Si(R_64a)(R_64b),

Y₆₇may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₆₇), B(R₆₇), C(R_67a)(R_67b), or Si(R_67a)(R_67b),

Y₆₈may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₆₈), B(R₆₈), C(R_68a)(R_68b), or Si(R_68a)(R_68b),

Y63 and Y64 in Formulae CY51-16 and CY₅₁-17 may not be a single bond simultaneously,

Y67 and Y68 in Formulae CY52-16 and CY₅₂-17 may not be a single bond simultaneously,

R_51ato R_51e, R₆₁to R₆₄, R_63a, R_63b, R_64a, and R_64bmay each independently be the same as described in connection with R₆₁in the specification, wherein R_51ato R_51emay not each be hydrogen,

R_52ato R_52e, R₆₅to R₆₈, R_67a, R_67b, R_68a, and R_68bmay each independently be the same as described in connection with R₆₂in the specification, wherein R_52ato R_52emay not each be hydrogen,

R_53ato R_53e, R_69a, and R_69bmay each independently be the same as described in connection with R₆₃in the specification, wherein R_53ato R_53emay not each be hydrogen, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment,

R_51ato R_51eand R_52ato R_52ein Formulae CY51-1 to CY₅₁-26 and CY₅₂-1 to CY₅₂-26 may each independently be:

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, or a group represented by Formula 91, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof; or

—C(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃) or —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),

wherein Q₁to Q₃may each independently be a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof,

in Formulae CY51-16 and CY51-17, i) Y₆₃may be O or S, and Y₆₄may be Si(R_64a)(R_64b), or ii) Y63 may be Si(R_63a)(R_63b), and Y64 may be O or S, and

in Formulae CY52-16 and CY52-17, i) Y₆₇may be O or S, and Y₆₈may be Si(R_68a)(R_68b), or ii) Y67 may be Si(R_67a)(R_67b), and Y68 may be O or S.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, L₈₁to L₈₅may each independently be:

a single bond;

*—C(Q₄)(Q₅)-*′ or *—Si(Q₄)(Q₅)-*′; or

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, an indene group, a fluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a dibenzosilole group, an azafluorene group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, or a benzothiadiazole group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a dimethylfluorenyl group, a diphenylfluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenylcarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dimethyldibenzosilolyl group, a diphenyldibenzosilolyl group, —O(Q₃₁), —S(Q₃₁), —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —P(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof, and

Q₄, Q₅, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or a triazinyl group.

In an embodiment, a group represented by

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in Formulae 3-1 and 3-2 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), and/or

a group represented by

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in Formulae 3-1 and 3-3 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), and/or

a group represented by

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in Formulae 3-2 and 3-4 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and/or

a group represented by

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in Formulae 3-3 to 3-5 may be a group represented by one off Formulae CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and/or

a group represented by

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in Formula 3-5 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8):

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wherein in Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8), CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY71-3(1) to CY71-3(32), CY71-4(1) to CY71-4(32), and CY71-5(1) to CY71-5(8),

X₈₁to X₈₅, L₈₁, b81, R₈₁, and R₈₅may each be the same as described in the specification,

X₈₆may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₈₆), B(R₈₆), C(R_86a)(R_86b), or Si(R_86a)(R_86b),

X₈₇may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₈₇), B(R₈₇), C(R_87a)(R_87b), or Si(R_87a)(R_87b),

in Formulae CY71-1(1) to CY71-1(8) and CY₇₁-4(1) to CY71-4(32), X₈₆and X₈₇may not be a single bond simultaneously,

X₈₈may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₈₈), B(R₈₈), C(R_88a)(R_88b), or Si(R_88a)(R_88b),

X₈₉may be a single bond, O, S, N(R₈₉), B(R₈₉), C(R_89a)(R_89b), or Si(R_89a)(R_89b),

in Formulae CY71-2(1) to CY71-2(8), CY₇₁-3(1) to CY71-3(32), and CY₇₁-5(1) to CY71-5(8), X₈₈and X₈₉may not be a single bond simultaneously, and

R₈₆to R₈₉, R_86a, R_86b, R_87a, R_87b, R_88a, R_88b, R_89a, and R_89bmay each independently be the same as described in connection with R₈₁in the specification.

[Examples of Second Compound to Fourth Compound]

In an embodiment, the second compound may include at least one of Compounds ETH1 to ETH84:

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In an embodiment, the third compound may include at least one of Compounds HTH1 to HTH52:

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In an embodiment, the fourth compound may include at least one of Compounds DFD1 to DFD12:

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In Compounds ETH1 to ETH84, HTH1 to HTH52, and DFD1 to DFD12, “Ph” represents a phenyl group, “D₅” represents substitution with five deuterium atoms, and “D₄” represents substitution with four deuterium atoms. For example, a group represented by

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is identical to a group represented by

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In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may satisfy at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4:

[Condition 1]

LUMO energy level (eV) of third compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of first compound;

[Condition 2]

LUMO energy level (eV) of first compound>LUMO energy level (eV) of second compound;

[Condition 3]

HOMO energy level (eV) of first compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of third compound; and

[Condition 4]

HOMO energy level (eV) of third compound>HOMO energy level (eV) of second compound.

A highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level and a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of each of the first compound, the second compound, and the third compound may each be a negative value, which may be measured according to method in the related art.

In an embodiment, an absolute value of a difference between a LUMO energy level of the first compound and a LUMO energy level of the second compound may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 1.0 eV, an absolute value of a difference between a LUMO energy level of the first compound and a LUMO energy level of the third compound may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 1.0 eV, an absolute value of a difference between a HOMO energy level of the first compound and a HOMO energy level of the second compound may be equal to or less than about 1.25 eV (for example, in a range of about 0.2 eV to about 1.25 eV), and an absolute value of a difference between a HOMO energy level of the first compound and a HOMO energy level of the third compound may be equal to or less than about 1.25 eV (for example, in a range of about 0.2 eV to about 1.25 eV).

When the relationships between the LUMO energy level and the HOMO energy level satisfy the conditions above, balance between holes and electrons injected into the emission layer may be achieved.

The light-emitting device may have a structure described in a first embodiment or a second embodiment.

[Description of First Embodiment]

According to a first embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host, the first compound may be different from the host, and the emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound. For example, according to the first embodiment, the first compound may be a dopant or an emitter. In an embodiment, the first compound may be a phosphorescent dopant or a phosphorescent emitter.

Phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the first compound may be blue light.

The emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant. The auxiliary dopant may improve luminescence efficiency from the first compound by effectively transferring energy to a dopant or to the first compound as an emitter.

The auxiliary dopant may be different from the first compound and the host.

In an embodiment, the auxiliary dopant may be a delayed fluorescence-emitting compound.

In an embodiment, the auxiliary dopant may be a compound including at least one cyclic group including boron (B) and nitrogen (N) as ring-forming atoms.

[Description of Second Embodiment]

According to a second embodiment, the first compound may be included in the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, wherein the emission layer may further include a host and a dopant, the first compound may be different from the host and the dopant, and the emission layer may emit phosphorescence or fluorescence (e.g., delayed fluorescence) from the dopant.

In an embodiment, the first compound in the second embodiment may serve as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to a dopant (or an emitter), and may not serve as a dopant.

In an embodiment, the first compound in the second embodiment may serve as an emitter and as an auxiliary dopant that transfers energy to a dopant (or an emitter).

In an embodiment, phosphorescence or fluorescence emitted from the dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be blue phosphorescence or blue fluorescence (e.g., blue delayed fluorescence).

The dopant (or the emitter) in the second embodiment may be a phosphorescent dopant material (e.g., the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 401, or any combination thereof) or any fluorescent dopant material (e.g., the compound represented by Formula 501, the compound represented by Formula 502, the compound represented by Formula 503, or any combination thereof).

The blue light of the first embodiment and of the second embodiment may be blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 480 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 430 nm to about 475 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 440 nm to about 475 nm. For example, the blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 455 nm to about 470 nm.

The auxiliary dopant in the first embodiment may include, for example, the fourth compound represented by Formula 502 or Formula 503.

The host in the first embodiment and in the second embodiment may be any host material (e.g., the compound represented by Formula 301, the compound represented by 301-1, the compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof).

In an embodiment, the host in the first embodiment and in the second embodiment may be the second compound, the third compound, or any combination thereof.

According to embodiments, provided is an electronic apparatus which may include the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. Further details on the electronic apparatus are as described in the specification.

According to embodiments, an organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1. The detailed description of Formula 1 is the same as described in the specification.

[Description of FIG. 1]

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

Hereinafter, a structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described in connection with FIG. 1.

[First Electrode 110]

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be further included under the first electrode 110 or above the second electrode 150. The substrate may be a glass substrate or a plastic substrate, but it not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include plastics with excellent heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene napthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that facilitates injection of holes.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combinations thereof. In embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combinations thereof may be used as a material for forming a first electrode.

The first electrode 110 may have a structure consisting of a single layer or a structure including multiple layers. In an embodiment, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

[Interlayer 130]

The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

The interlayer 130 may further include metal-containing compounds such as organometallic compounds, inorganic materials such as quantum dots, and the like, in addition to various organic materials.

In embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include two or more emitting units stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and at least one charge generation layer between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the two or more emitting units and the at least one charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130]

The hole transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer consisting of different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.

The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the first electrode 110 in its respective stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

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In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁to L₂₀₄may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

L₂₀₅may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a C₁-C₂₀alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₂₀alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,

R₂₀₁to R₂₀₄and 0201 may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

R₂₀₁and R₂₀₂may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C₁-C₅alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₂-C₅alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, to form a C₈-C₆₀polycyclic group (for example, a carbazole group or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a(for example, Compound HT16),

R₂₀₃and R₂₀₄may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C₁-C₅alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₂-C₅alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, to form a C₈-C₆₀polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, and

na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY₂₁₇.

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In Formulae CY201 to CY₂₁₇, R_10band R_10cmay each independently be the same as described in connection with R_10a, ring CY₂₀₁to ring CY₂₀₄may each independently be a C₃-C₂₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₂₀heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY₂₁₇may be unsubstituted or substituted with R_10aas described herein.

In an embodiment, ring CY₂₀₁to ring CY₂₀₄in Formulae CY201 to CY₂₁₇may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY₂₀₃.

In an embodiment, Formula 201 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY₂₀₃and at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY₂₁₇.

In an embodiment, xa1 in Formula 201 may be 1, R₂₀₁may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY₂₀₃, xa2 may be 0, and R₂₀₂may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY₂₀₇.

In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY₂₀₃.

In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY₂₀₃, and may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY₂₁₇.

In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY₂₁₇.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), p-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:

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A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole-transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from an emission layer to a hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.

[p-Dopant]

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In an embodiment, a LUMO energy level of the p-dopant may be equal to or less than about −3.5 eV.

In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the quinone derivative may include TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, and the like.

Examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN, a compound represented by Formula 221, and the like.

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In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁to R₂₂₃may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, and

at least one of R₂₂₁to R₂₂₃may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, each substituted with: a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.

In the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); and a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.).

Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).

Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O) and a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).

In an embodiment, examples of the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, or a metal iodide), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, or a metalloid iodide), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the metal oxide may include tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W₂O₃, WO₂, WO₃, W₂O₅, etc.), vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V₂O₃, VO₂, V₂O₅, etc.), molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo₂O₃, MoO₂, MoO₃, Mo₂O₅, etc.), and rhenium oxide (for example, ReO₃, etc.).

Examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, and a lanthanide metal halide.

Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI.

Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF₂, MgF₂, CaF₂, SrF₂, BaF₂, BeCl₂, MgCl₂, CaCl₂), SrCl₂, BaCl₂, BeBr₂, MgBr₂, CaBr₂, SrBr₂, BaBr₂, Be₁₂, MgI₂, CaI₂, SrI₂, and BaI₂.

Examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF₄, TiCl₄, TiBr₄, Til₄, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF₄, ZrCl₄, ZrBr₄, ZrI₄, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF₄, HfCl₄, HfBr₄, Hfl₄, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF₃, VCl₃, VBr₃, VI₃, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF₃, NbCl₃, NbBr₃, NbI₃, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF₃, TaCl₃, TaBr₃, TaI₃, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF₃, CrCl₃, CrBr₃, CrI₃, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF₃, MoCl₃, MoBr₃, MoI₃, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF₃, WCl₃, WBr₃, WI₃, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF₂, MnCl₂, MnBr₂, MnI₂, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF₂, TcCl₂, TcBr₂, TcI₂, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF₂, ReCl₂, ReBr₂, ReI₂, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF₂, FeCl₂, FeBr₂, FeI₂, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF₂, RuCl₂, RuBr₂, RuI₂, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF₂, OsCl₂, OsBr₂, OsI₂, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF₂, CoCl₂, CoBr₂, CoI₂, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF₂, RhCl₂, RhBr₂, RhI₂, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF₂, IrCl₂, IrBr₂, IrI₂, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF₂, NiCl₂, NiBr₂, Nil₂, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF₂, PdCl₂, PdBr₂, PdI₂, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF₂, PtCl₂, PtBr₂, PtI₂, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.).

Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF₂, ZnCl₂, ZnBr₂, ZnI₂, etc.), an indium halide (for example, InI₃, etc.), and a tin halide (for example, SnI₂, etc.).

Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF₂, YbF₃, SmF₃, YbCl, YbCl₂, YbCl₃SmCl₃, YbBr, YbBr₂, YbBr₃, SmBr₃, YbI, YbI₂, YbI₃, and SmI₃.

Examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl₅, etc.).

Examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, Li₂Te, Na₂Te, K₂Te, Rb₂Te, Cs₂Te, etc.), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe₂, ZrTe₂, HfTe₂, V₂Te₃, Nb₂Te₃, Ta₂Te₃, Cr₂Te₃, Mo₂Te₃, W₂Te₃, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu₂Te, CuTe, Ag₂Te, AgTe, Au₂Te, etc.), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), and a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).

[Emission Layer in Interlayer 130]

When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In an embodiment, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other. In embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may serve as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[Host]

The host in the emission layer may include the second compound described in the specification, the third compound described in the specification, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[Ar₃₀₁]_xb11-[(L₃₀₁)_xb1-R₃₀₁]_xb21 [Formula 301]

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁and L₃₀₁may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and

Q₃₀₁to Q₃₀₃are each independently the same as described in connection with Q₁in the specification.

In an embodiment, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar₃₀₁(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In an embodiment, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

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In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

ring A₃₀₁to ring A₃₀₄may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

X₃₀₁may be O, S, N-[(L₃₀₄)_xb4-R₃₀₄], C(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅), or Si(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, and R₃₀₁are each the same as described in the specification,

L₃₀₂to L₃₀₄are each independently the same as described in connection with L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 are each independently the same as described in connection with xb1, and

R₃₀₂to R₃₀₅and R₃₁₁to R₃₁₄are each independently the same as described in connection with R₃₀₁.

In an embodiment, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H124, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:

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The host may have various modifications. In an embodiment, the host may include only one kind of compound, or may include two or more kinds of different compounds.

In an embodiment, the host may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[Phosphorescent dopant]

The emission layer may include the first compound as described in the specification, as a phosphorescent dopant.

In an embodiment, when the emission layer includes the first compound as described in the specification and the first compound serves as an auxiliary dopant, the emission layer may include a phosphorescent dopant.

The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

M(L₄₀₁)_xc1(L₄₀₂)_xc2 [Formula 401]

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In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),

L₄₀₁may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein, when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

X₄₀₁and X₄₀₂may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

ring A₄₀₁and ring A₄₀₂may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group,

T₄₀₁may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *=C=*′,

X₄₀₃and X₄₀₄may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a covalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q₄₁₃), B(Q₄₁₃), P(Q₄₁₃), C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄), or Si(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄),

Q₄₁₁to Q₄₁₄are each independently the same as described in connection with Q₁,

R₄₀₁and R₄₀₂may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),

Q₄₀₁to Q₄₀₃are each independently the same as described in connection with Q₁,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, X₄₀₁may be nitrogen and X₄₀₂may be carbon, or each of X₄₀₁and X₄₀₂may be nitrogen.

In an embodiment, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two ring A₄₀₁in two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T₄₀₂, which is a linking group, and two ring A₄₀₂may optionally be linked to each other via T₄₀₃, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T₄₀₂and T₄₀₃are each independently the same as described in connection with T₄₀₁.

In Formula 401, L₄₀₂may be an organic ligand. In an embodiment, L₄₀₂may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:

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[Fluorescent Dopant]

When the emission layer includes the first compound as described in the specification and the first compound serves as an auxiliary dopant, the emission layer may further include a fluorescent dopant.

In an embodiment, when the emission layer includes the first compound as described in the specification and the first compound serves as a phosphorescent dopant, the emission layer may further include an auxiliary dopant.

The fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 501:

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In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁, L₅₀₁to L₅₀₃, R₅₀₁, and R₅₀₂may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In an embodiment, Ar₅₀₁in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

In an embodiment, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include one of Compounds FD1 to FD36, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or any combination thereof:

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In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each independently include the fourth compound represented by Formula 502 or 503 as described in the specification.

[Delayed Fluorescence Material]

The emission layer may include the fourth compound as described in the specification, as a delayed fluorescence material.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may include the fourth compound, and may further include a delayed fluorescence material.

In the specification, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may serve as a host or as a dopant, depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer.

In an embodiment, a difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to about 0 eV and less than or equal to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

In an embodiment, the delayed fluorescence material may include a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group); or a material including a C₈-C₆₀polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).

Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of the following Compounds DF1 to DF9:

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[Quantum Dot]

The emission layer may include a quantum dot.

In the specification, a quantum dot may be a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of various emission wavelengths according to a size of the crystal.

A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

According to the wet chemical process, a precursor material is mixed with an organic solvent to grow a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles may be controlled through a process which is more readily performed than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and which requires low costs.

The quantum dot may include a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV element or compound, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, or InPSb; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GalnNSb, GaInPAs, GalnPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, and the like.

Examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga₂Se₃, GaTe, InS, InSe, In₂S₃, In₂Se₃, or InTe; a ternary compound, such as InGaS₃, or InGaSe₃; or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, CuInS₂, CuGaO₂, AgGaO₂, or AgAlO₂; or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, or the like; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, or the like; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, or the like; or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group IV element or compound may include: a single element material, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound, such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof.

Each element included in a multi-element compound such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, and a quaternary compound, may be present in a particle at a uniform concentration or at a non-uniform concentration.

In an embodiment, the quantum dot may have a single structure or a core-shell structure. When the quantum dot has a single structure, a concentration of each element included in the corresponding quantum dot may be uniform. When the quantum dot has a core-shell structure, a material contained in the core and a material contained in the shell may be different from each other.

The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics and/or may serve as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. An interface between the core and the shell of the quantum dot may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element existing in the shell decreases toward the center of the quantum dot.

Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a non-metal oxide, a semiconductor compound, and any combination thereof. Examples of the metal oxide, the metalloid oxide, or the non-metal oxide may include: a binary compound, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, MnO, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄, CuO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoO, Co₃O₄, or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, or CoMn₂O₄; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include, as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 45 nm. For example, a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 40 nm. For example, a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 30 nm. Within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be increased. Light emitted through the quantum dot may be emitted in all directions, so that a wide viewing angle may be improved.

The quantum dot may be a spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, or a nanoplate particle.

Since the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dot, light having various wavelength bands may be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Therefore, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of various wavelengths may be implemented. In an embodiment, the size of the quantum dot may be selected to emit red, green and/or blue light. The size of the quantum dot may be configured to emit white light by combining light of various colors.

[Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130]

The electron transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer consisting of different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.

The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from an emission layer in its respective stated order, but the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar₆₀₁]_xe11-[(L₆₀₁)_xe1-R₆₀₁]_xe21 [Formula 601]

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁and L₆₀₁may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10aor a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

R₆₀₁may be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁to Q₆₀₃are each independently the same as described in connection with Q₁,

xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

at least one of Ar₆₀₁, L₆₀₁, and R₆₀₁may each independently be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a.

In an embodiment, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar₆₀₁(s) may be linked via a single bond.

In an embodiment, Ar₆₀₁in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

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In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆may be N or C(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄to X₆₁₆may be N,

L₆₁₁to L₆₁₃are each independently the same as described in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 are each independently the same as described in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁to R₆₁₃are each independently the same as described in connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄to R₆₁₆may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a, or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_10a.

In an embodiment, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

The electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or any combination thereof:

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A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 60 Å to about 5,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 30 Å to about 300 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may each independently include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex.

The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:

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The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

The electron injection layer may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer consisting of different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof.

The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_xSr_1-xO (x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), Ba_xCa_1-xO (x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, TbI₃, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La₂Te₃, Ce₂Te₃, Pr₂Te₃, Nd₂Te₃, Pm₂Te₃, Sm₂Te₃, Eu₂Te₃, Gd₂Te₃, Tb₂Te₃, Dy₂Te₃, Ho₂Te₃, Er₂Te₃, Tm₂Te₃, Yb₂Te₃, and Lu₂Te₃.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include one of ions of the alkali metal, ions of the alkaline earth metal, and ions of the rare earth metal, and a ligand bonded to the metal ion (for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof).

The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).

In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); or the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, or the like.

When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[Second Electrode 150]

The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode. The second electrode 150 may include a material having a low-work function, for example, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or a combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

[Capping Layer]

The light-emitting device 10 may include a first capping layer located outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer located outside the second electrode 150. For example, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order.

Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer. Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, so that the emission efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include a material having a refractive index equal to or greater than about 1.6 (with respect to a wavelength of about 589 nm).

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may each be optionally substituted with a substituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or any combination thereof:

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[Film]

The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in various films. According to embodiments, a film including an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be provided. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control means) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or like), a light-blocking member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, or the like), or a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, or the like).

[Electronic Apparatus]

The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or the like.

The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a color filter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. In an embodiment, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light. The light-emitting device may be the same as described herein. In an embodiment, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.

The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include subpixels, the color filter may include color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels, and the color conversion layer may include color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels.

A pixel-defining film may be located between the subpixels to define each subpixel.

The color filter may further include color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may include color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color conversion areas.

The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, and the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. In an embodiment, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In an embodiment, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be the same as described in the specification. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first first-color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second first-color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third first-color light. The first first-color light, the second first-color light, and the third first-color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first first-color light may be red light, the second first-color light may be green light, and the third first-color light may be blue light.

The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor in addition to the light-emitting device as described herein. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, etc.

The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, organic semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, or the like.

The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may allow light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and may simultaneously prevent ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

Various functional layers may be further included on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. The functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, an authentication apparatus, and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, such as light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic diaries, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like.

[Description of FIGS. 2 and 3]

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment.

The electronic apparatus of FIG. 2 includes a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be formed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

A TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.

An interlayer insulating film 250 is located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be placed between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240, the source electrode 260, and the drain electrode 270 from one another.

The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may respectively contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.

The TFT is electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and is covered by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. A light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

The first electrode 110 may be formed on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may not completely cover the drain electrode 270 and may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be electrically connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

A pixel-defining layer 290 containing an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining layer 290 may expose a region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. Although not shown in FIG. 2, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel-defining layer 290 to be provided in the form of a common layer.

The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or a combination thereof; or a combination of the inorganic film and the organic film.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment.

The electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 may differ from the electronic apparatus of FIG. 2, at least in that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are further disposed on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional region 400 may be a color filter area, a color conversion area, or a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In an embodiment, the light-emitting device included in the electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[Manufacturing Method]

Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a specific region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸torr to about 10⁻³torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

[Definitions of Terms]

The term “C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group consisting of carbon as the only ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, at least one heteroatom as ring-forming atoms. The C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. In an embodiment, the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may have 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.

The term “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group.

The term “π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and may not include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group” as used herein may be a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and may include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.

In embodiments,

the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be a T1 group or a cyclic group in which two or more T1 groups are condensed with each other (for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group),

the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may be a T2 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T2 groups are condensed with each other, or a cyclic group in which at least one T2 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.),

the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group may be a T1 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T1 groups are condensed with each other, a T3 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T3 groups are condensed with each other, or a cyclic group in which at least one T3 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other (for example, the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, etc.),

the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group may be a T4 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T4 groups are condensed with each other, a cyclic group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other, a cyclic group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T3 group are condensed with each other, or a cyclic group in which at least one T4 group, at least one T1 group, and at least one T3 group are condensed with one another (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.),

wherein the T1 group may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,

the T2 group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group,

the T3 group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and

the T4 group may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

The terms “cyclic group”, “C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group”, “C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group”, “π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group”, or “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group” as used herein may each be a group condensed to any cyclic group or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.), depending on the structure of a formula for which the corresponding terms are used. For example, a “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”

Examples of the monovalent C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the monovalent C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may include a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and examples of the divalent C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the divalent C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may include a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkyl group” as used herein may be a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at a terminus of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at a terminus of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group” as used herein may be a monovalent group represented by —O(A101) (wherein A₁₀₁may be a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group), and examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that further includes, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom and has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having six to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having six to sixty carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphtho indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group” as used herein may be represented by —O(A₁₀₂) (wherein A₁₀₂may be a C₆-C₆₀aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylthio group” as used herein may be represented by —S(A₁₀₃) (wherein A₁₀₃may be a C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

The term “C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group” as used herein may be represented by -(A₁₀₄)(A₁₀₅) (wherein A₁₀₄may be a C₁-C₅₄alkylene group, and A₁₀₅may be a C₆-C₅₉aryl group), and the term “C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group” as used herein may be represented by -(A₁₀₆)(A₁₀₇) (wherein A₁₀₆may be a C₁-C₅₉alkylene group, and A₁₀₇may be a C₁-C₅₉heteroaryl group).

The group R_10aas used herein may be:

deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;

a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or any combination thereof;

a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, or a C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or any combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

The groups Q₁to Q₃, Q₁₁to Q₁₃, Q₂₁to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁to Q₃₃as used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group, or any combination thereof; a C₇-C₆₀aryl alkyl group; or a C₂-C₆₀heteroaryl alkyl group.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein may be any atom other than a carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. Examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.

The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^t” as used herein refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀aryl group as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein may be a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group. The term “terphenyl group” as used herein may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀aryl group.

The symbols * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

Hereinafter, compounds according to embodiments and light-emitting devices according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an identical molar equivalent of B was used in place of A.

EXAMPLE
Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound BD01

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Synthesis of Intermediate [1-1]

10.5 g (31 mmol) of [R1], 10.1 g (31 mmol) of [R2], 13.2 g (62 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 310 ml of dimethylsulfoxide. The mixture was heated and stirred at 160° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 9.5 g (25 mmol) of Intermediate [1-1].

Synthesis of Intermediate [1-2]

9.5 g (25 mmol) of Intermediate [1-1], 5.9 g (27.5 mmol) of (3-phenoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 540 mg (2.5 mmol) of palladium acetate, 1.2 g (5.0 mmol) of triphenylphosphine, and 31.8 g (130 mmol) of potassium carbonate were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 430 ml of 1,4-dioxane and 150 ml of water. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 10.1 g (21 mmol) of Intermediate [1-2].

Synthesis of Intermediate [1-3]

10.1 g (21 mmol) of Intermediate [1-2] and Iodomethane (excess) were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in dichloromethane (200 ml). The reaction temperature was raised to 40° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 13.4 g (20 mmol) of Intermediate [1-3].

Synthesis of Intermediate [1-4]

13.4 g (20 mmol) of Intermediate [1-3], 9.9 g (24.2 mmol) of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum, and 3.6 g (44 mmol) of sodium acetate were suspended in 450 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.4 g (7 mmol) of Intermediate [1-4].

Synthesis of Compound [BD01]

2.4 g (7 mmol) of Intermediate [1-4], 0.7 g (14.0 mmol) of 1-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole, and 0.4 g (14 mmol) of triethylamine were suspended in 100 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.0 g (6 mmol) of Compound [BD01].

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound BD17

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Synthesis of Intermediate [17-1]

Synthesis of Intermediate [17-2]

9.5 g (25 mmol) of Intermediate [17-1], 6.4 g (27.5 mmol) of 3-tertbutyl-(3-phenoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 540 mg (2.5 mmol) of palladium acetate, 1.2 g (5.0 mmol) of triphenylphosphine, and 31.8 g (130 mmol) of potassium carbonate were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 430 ml of 1,4-dioxane and 150 ml of water. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 10.2 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [17-2].

Synthesis of Intermediate [17-3]

10.2 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [17-2] and Iodomethane (excess) were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in dichloromethane (200 ml). The reaction temperature was raised to 40° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 15.6 g (21 mmol) of Intermediate [17-3].

Synthesis of Intermediate [17-4]

15.6 g (21 mmol) of Intermediate [17-3], 9.9 g (24.2 mmol) of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum, and 3.6 g (44 mmol) of sodium acetate were suspended in 450 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.5 g (8 mmol) of Intermediate [17-4].

Synthesis of Compound [BD17]

2.5 g (8 mmol) of Intermediate [17-4], 0.7 g (14.0 mmol) of 1-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole, and 0.4 g (14 mmol) of triethylamine were suspended in 100 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.2 g (7 mmol) of Compound [BD17].

Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound BD33

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Synthesis of Intermediate [33-1]

13.1 g (31 mmol) of [R1], 10.1 g (31 mmol) of [R2], 13.2 g (62 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 310 ml of dimethylsulfoxide. The mixture was heated and stirred at 160° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 9.8 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [33-1].

Synthesis of Intermediate [33-2]

9.8 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [33-1], 5.7 g (25.0 mmol) of (3-phenoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 540 mg (2.5 mmol) of palladium acetate, 1.2 g (5.0 mmol) of triphenylphosphine, and 31.8 g (130 mmol) of potassium carbonate were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 430 ml of 1,4-dioxane and 150 ml of water. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 9.4 g (19 mmol) of Intermediate [33-2].

Synthesis of Intermediate [33-3]

9.4 g (19 mmol) of Intermediate [33-2] and Iodomethane (excess) were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in dichloromethane (200 ml). The reaction temperature was raised to 40° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 13.1 g (18 mmol) of Intermediate [33-3].

Synthesis of Intermediate [33-4]

13.1 g (18 mmol) of Intermediate [33-3], 9.0 g (22.0 mmol) of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum, and 3.3 g (40 mmol) of sodium acetate were suspended in 450 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.1 g (6 mmol) of Intermediate [33-4].

Synthesis of Compound [BD33]

2.1 g (6 mmol) of Intermediate [33-4], 0.6 g (12.0 mmol) of 1-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole, and 0.3 g (12 mmol) of triethylamine were suspended in 100 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.1 g (5 mmol) of Compound [BD33].

Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound BD41

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Synthesis of Intermediate [41-1]

13.3 g (31 mmol) of [R1], 10.1 g (31 mmol) of [R2], 13.2 g (62 mmol) of potassium phosphate tribasic were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 310 ml of dimethylsulfoxide. The mixture was heated and stirred at 160° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 9.7 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [41-1].

Synthesis of Intermediate [41-2]

9.7 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [41-1], 5.7 g (25.0 mmol) of (3-phenoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 540 mg (2.5 mmol) of palladium acetate, 1.2 g (5.0 mmol) of triphenylphosphine, and 31.8 g (130 mmol) of potassium carbonate were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 430 ml of 1,4-dioxane and 150 ml of water. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 9.3 g (19 mmol) of Intermediate [41-2].

Synthesis of Intermediate [41-3]

9.3 g (19 mmol) of Intermediate [41-2] and Iodomethane (excess) were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in dichloromethane (200 ml). The reaction temperature was raised to 40° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 13.0 g (18 mmol) of Intermediate [41-3].

Synthesis of Intermediate [41-4]

13.0 g (18 mmol) of Intermediate [41-3], 9.0 g (22.0 mmol) of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum, and 3.3 g (40 mmol) of sodium acetate were suspended in 450 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.0 g (6 mmol) of Intermediate [41-4].

Synthesis of Compound [BD41]

2.0 g (6 mmol) of Intermediate [41-4], 0.6 g (12.0 mmol) of 1-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole, and 0.3 g (12 mmol) of triethylamine were suspended in 100 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.0 g (5 mmol) of Compound [BD41].

Synthesis Example 5: Synthesis of Compound BD57

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Synthesis of Intermediate [57-1]

Synthesis of Intermediate [57-2]

9.8 g (22 mmol) of Intermediate [57-1], 5.7 g (25.0 mmol) of (3-phenoxyphenyl)boronic acid, 540 mg (2.5 mmol) of palladium acetate, 1.2 g (5.0 mmol) of triphenylphosphine, and 31.8 g (130 mmol) of potassium carbonate were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in 430 ml of 1,4-dioxane and 150 ml of water. The reaction temperature was raised to 110° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 9.4 g (19 mmol) of Intermediate [57-2].

Synthesis of Intermediate [57-3]

9.4 g (19 mmol) of Intermediate [57-2] and Iodomethane (excess) were placed in a reaction vessel and suspended in dichloromethane (200 ml). The reaction temperature was raised to 40° C., and the solution was stirred for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reactant was cooled to room temperature, and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 13.1 g (18 mmol) of Intermediate [57-3].

Synthesis of Intermediate [57-4]

13.1 g (18 mmol) of Intermediate [57-3], 9.0 g (22.0 mmol) of dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum, and 3.3 g (40 mmol) of sodium acetate were suspended in 450 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 72 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.1 g (6 mmol) of Intermediate [57-4].

Synthesis of Compound [BD57]

2.1 g (6 mmol) of Intermediate [57-4], 0.6 g (12.0 mmol) of 1-ethynyl-1H-pyrrole, and 0.3 g (12 mmol) of triethylamine were suspended in 100 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracted organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried by using sodium sulfate. The dried product was separated using column chromatography to obtain 2.1 g (5 mmol) of Compound [BD57].

TABLE 1

Com-

pound

MS/FAB

No.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz)
found
calc.

BD01
2.13 (s, 3H), 7.16-7.30 (m, 6H), 7.31-
970.09
970.12

7.52 (m, 13H), 7.56 (d, 2H)

BD17
2.13 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 7.13-7.28 (m,
1026.17
1026.19

6H), 7.29-7.52 (m, 12H), 7.56 (d, 2H)

BD33
2.12 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 7.12-7.29 (m,
1026.21
1026.20

6H), 7.30-7.53 (m, 12H), 7.55 (d, 2H)

BD41
2.13 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 7.13-7.28 (m,
1026.15
1026.09

6H), 7.29-7.52 (m, 12H), 7.56 (d, 2H)

BD57
2.14 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 7.15-7.29 (m,
1026.18
1026.15

6H), 7.30-7.52 (m, 12H), 7.56 (d, 2H)

Example 1

As an anode, a 15 Ω/cm²(1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate (manufactured by Corning. Inc.,) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated using isopropyl alcohol and pure water, each for 5 minutes, and cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes. The glass substrate was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 Å, and 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino] biphenyl (hereinafter, NPB) as a hole transport compound was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

Compound BD01 and mCBP were co-deposited on the hole transport layer at a ratio of 10:90 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

TSPO1 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å, Alq₃was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a cathode electrode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby manufacturing an organic electroluminescent device.

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Examples 2 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2

Organic electroluminescent devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in forming an emission layer, compounds described in Table 2 were used instead of Compound BD01.

Evaluation Example 1

The driving voltage (V) at 1,000 cd/n², current density (mA/cm²), luminance (cd/m²), luminescence efficiency (cd/A), and maximum emission wavelength (nm) of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were each measured by using Keithley MU 236 and luminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Emission
Driving
Current

Emission

layer
voltage
density
Luminance
Efficiency
Emission
wavelength

compound
(V)
(mA/cm²)
(cd/m²)
(cd/A)
color
(nm)

Example 1
BD01
4.79
50
4021
9.33
Blue
458

Example 2
BD17
4.90
50
4018
9.52
Blue
459

Example 3
BD33
4.81
50
4023
9.61
Blue
460

Example 4
BD41
4.92
50
4020
9.15
Blue
457

Example 5
BD57
5.10
50
4015
9.13
Blue
459

Comparative
CE1
5.12
50
3863
7.73
Blue
465

Example 1

Comparative
Compound
4.98
50
4010
9.02
Blue
460

Example 2
Pt1

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From Table 2, it may be confirmed that the light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 5 exhibited characteristics of low driving voltage and/or high efficiency, as compared to the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

A light-emitting device having characteristics of low driving voltage and high efficiency and a high-quality electronic apparatus including the same may be manufactured by using the organometallic compound.

Embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent by one of ordinary skill in the art, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with an embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.

LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND, ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING THE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE, AND THE ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND

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