Patent Grant
9557030
The present disclosure relates generally to solid state-based light guide illumination devices, for example to light guide illumination devices including an optical extractor with an output surface having portions shaped to reflect, via total internal reflection (TIR), guided light incident thereon.
Light sources are used in a variety of applications, such as providing general illumination and providing light for electronic displays (e.g., LCDs). Historically, incandescent light sources have been widely used for general illumination purposes. Incandescent light sources produce light by heating a filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. The hot filament is protected from oxidation in the air with a glass enclosure that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. Incandescent light sources are gradually being replaced in many applications by other types of electric lights, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and solid state light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
The present disclosure relates to illumination devices that include an optical extractor with an output surface having portions shaped to reflect, via TIR, guided light incident thereon.
In general, innovative aspects of the technologies described herein can be implemented in an illumination device that includes one or more of the following aspects:
In one aspect, an illumination device includes a plurality of light-emitting elements (LEEs); a light guide extending in a forward direction from a first end of the light guide to a second end of the light guide, the light guide being positioned to receive at the first end light emitted by the LEEs and configured to guide the received light to the second end via total internal reflection (TIR); and an optical extractor optically coupled to the light guide at the second end to receive the guided light. Here, the optical extractor is formed from a transparent, solid material and includes a first output surface including a transmissive portion arranged and shaped to transmit a first portion of the guided light to the ambient environment in a forward angular range and a reflective portion arranged and shaped to reflect via TIR all the guided light incident on the reflective portion; and a second output surface having a curvilinear profile in a cross-section that includes the forward direction, the second output surface arranged to transmit, to the ambient environment in a backward angular range, light reflected by the reflective portion of the first output surface.
The foregoing and other embodiments can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination.
In some implementations, the reflective portion of the first output surface has a first end and a second end and can be arranged to intersect the transmissive portion of the first output surface at the first end and the second output surface at the second end. In some cases, at least one of the transmissive portion or the reflective portion can be flat. In some cases, at least one of the transmissive portion or the reflective portion can be curved. In some cases, at least one of the transmissive portion or the reflective portion can include a step. In some cases, the transmissive portion can intersect the reflective portion at the first end with common surface slope.
In some implementations, the transmissive portion of the first output surface has a first end and a second end and can be arranged to intersect the reflective portion of the first output surface at the first end and the second output surface at the second end. In some cases, at least one of the transmissive portion or the reflective portion can be flat. In some cases, at least one of the transmissive portion or the reflective portion can be curved. In some cases, at least one of the transmissive portion or the reflective portion can include a step. In some cases, an intersection of the transmissive portion and the reflective portion at the first end can form a kink.
In some implementations, a relative arrangement of the first and second output surfaces causes light that propagates within the optical extractor to undergo multiple reflections between the first and second output surfaces such that light output into the ambient in the forward angular range and/or in the backward angular range can have a more uniform intensity distribution or a more uniform color distribution than the guided light at the second end of the light guide.
In some implementations, the reflective portion of the first output surface is arranged and shaped to reflect via TIR all the guided light incident thereon in a first angular range having a direction with a component antiparallel to the forward direction and a first component orthogonal to the forward direction. Here, the first output surface further includes a second transmissive portion arranged and shaped to transmit a second portion of the guided light to the ambient environment in another forward angular range and a second reflective portion arranged and shaped to reflect via TIR all the guided light incident on the second reflective portion; the optical extractor further includes a third output surface having a curvilinear profile in the cross-section that includes the forward direction, the third output surface arranged to transmit, to the ambient environment in another backward angular range, light reflected by the second reflective portion of the first output surface; and the second reflective portion of the first output surface is arranged and shaped to reflect via TIR all the guided light incident thereof in a second angular range having a direction with a component antiparallel to the forward direction and antiparallel to the first component of the first direction.
In some implementations, the light guide and the optical extractor can be bonded together or integrally formed. In some implementations, the disclosed illumination device can further include one or more optical couplers. Here, the light provided by the LEEs is in an emission angular range, the optical couplers are arranged to receive the light provided by the LEEs and redirect it to the first end of the light guide a collimated angular range, and a numerical aperture of the light guide is such that the light received from the optical couplers in the collimated angular range can be guided by the light guide through TIR.
In some implementations, the light guide can have two parallel side surfaces.
In some implementations, the disclosed illumination device can extend orthogonally to the forward direction. Here, the LEEs can be arranged orthogonally to the forward direction. In some implementations, the LEEs can be LEDs that emit white light.
The details of one or more implementations of the technologies described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the disclosed technologies will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate exemplary aspects, implementations of particular features of the present disclosure.
The present disclosure relates to illumination devices for providing direct and/or indirect illumination. The disclosed illumination devices can efficiently guide and distribute light emitted by solid-state light sources towards work surfaces and/or towards background regions. Various luminous surfaces of the disclosed illumination devices and their respective intensity vectors can be manipulated within an illuminated environment to provide good utility of the light distribution output by the disclosed illumination devices. The present technology can harness the collective output of a plurality of solid-state light sources and create a virtual light source with unique properties that can result in compact luminaires with a small physical footprint relative to the illuminated environment.
Here, the light from the solid-state light sources is received at an input end of a light guide and guided to an output end thereof. The guided light is received by an optical extractor with an output surface having reflective portions shaped to reflect, via TIR, guided light incident thereon. In this manner, the reflected light is directed towards the background regions, while guided light incident on the output surface outside of the reflective portions is transmitted through the output surface and directed towards the work surfaces.
In general, a LEE, also referred to as a light emitter, is a device that emits radiation in one or more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum from among the visible region, the infrared region and/or the ultraviolet region, when activated. Activation of a LEE can be achieved by applying a potential difference across components of the LEE or passing a current through components of the LEE, for example. A LEE can have monochromatic, quasi-monochromatic, polychromatic or broadband spectral emission characteristics. Examples of LEEs include semiconductor, organic, polymer/polymeric light-emitting diodes, other monochromatic, quasi-monochromatic or other light-emitting elements. In some implementations, a LEE is a specific device that emits the radiation, for example a LED die. In other implementations, the LEE includes a combination of the specific device that emits the radiation (e.g., a LED die) together with a housing or package within which the specific device or devices are placed. Examples of LEEs include also lasers and more specifically semiconductor lasers, such as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and edge emitting lasers. Further examples of LEEs include superluminescent diodes and other superluminescent devices.
During operation, the LEEs 110 provide light within a first angular range 115. Such light can have a Lambertian distribution relative to the optical axes of the one or more LEEs 110 (e.g., the z-axis.) As used herein, providing light in an “angular range” refers to providing light that propagates in one or more prevalent directions in which each has a divergence with respect to the corresponding prevalent direction. In this context, the term “prevalent direction of propagation” refers to a direction along which a portion of an intensity distribution of the propagating light has a maximum. For example, the prevalent direction of propagation associated with the angular range can be an orientation of a lobe of the intensity distribution. (See, e.g.,
The light guide 130 can be made from a solid, transparent material. For example, the material can be glass with a refractive index of about 1.5. As another example, the material can be plastic with a refractive index of about 1.5-1.6. Here, the light guide 130 is arranged to receive the light provided by the LEEs 110 at one end of the light guide 130 and to guide the received light in a forward direction, e.g., along the z-axis, from the receiving end to an opposing end of the light guide 130. Here, the distance D between the receiving end of the light guide 130 and its opposing end can be 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 cm, for instance. A combination of (i) an angular range in which the light is received by the light guide 130 at the receiving end and (ii) a numerical aperture of the light guide 130 is configured such that the received light is guided from the receiving end to the opposing end through reflection off of light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b of the light guide 130. Depending on the implementation, at least some, if not all, of this reflection is via total internal reflection (TIR). In some implementations, the numerical aperture of the light guide 130 is such that all light provided by the LEEs 110 in the angular range 115 can be injected directly into the light guide 130 at its receiving end.
In the implementations when the one or more optical couplers 120 are part of the light guide illumination device 100, the one or more optical couplers 120 receive the light from the LEEs 110 within the first angular range 115 and collimate the received light within a second angular range 125 in the forward direction. The one or more optical couplers 120 are shaped to transform the first angular range 115 into the second angular range 125 via total internal reflection, specular reflection or both. Moreover, the one or more optical couplers 120 can include a solid transparent material for propagating light from an input end to an output end of each of the one or more optical couplers 120. Here, the divergence of the second angular range 125 is smaller than the divergence of the first angular range 115. As such, the divergence of the second angular range 125 is selected such that all light provided by the coupler(s) 120 in the angular range 125 can be injected into the light guide 130 at its receiving end.
One or more of the light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b can be planar, curved or otherwise shaped. The light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b can be parallel or non-parallel. In embodiments with non-parallel light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b, a third angular range 135 of the guided light at the opposing end of the light guide 130 is different than the angular range 115 (when the light guide 130 receives the light directly from the LEEs 110) or 125 (when the light guide 130 receives the light from the couplers 120) of the light received at the receiving end. Here, the light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b can be optically smooth to allow for the guided light to propagate forward (e.g., in the positive direction of the z-axis) inside the light guide 130 through TIR. In this case, the light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b are shaped and arranged with respect to the z-axis and each other such that the guided light impinges on the light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b at incident angles larger than a critical angle over the entire distance D from the input end the output end of the light guide 130. In embodiments with parallel light guide side surfaces 132a, 132b, whether the light guide 130 is solid or hollow, the third angular range 135 of the guided light at the opposing end of the light guide 130 has at least substantially the same divergence as the angular range 115 (when the light guide 130 receives the light directly from the LEEs 110) or 125 (when the light guide 130 receives the light directly from the couplers 120) of the light received at the receiving end.
Additionally, the length D of the light guide 130 (along the z-axis), a width L of the light guide 130 (along the y-axis) and a thickness T of the light guide 130 (along the x-axis) are designed to homogenize the light emitted by the discrete LEEs 110—which are distributed along the y-axis—as it is guided from the receiving end to the opposing end of the light guide 130. In this manner, the homogenizing of the emitted light—as it is guided through the light guide 130—causes a change of a discrete profile along the y-axis of the first angular range 115 (when the light guide 130 receives the light directly from the LEEs 110) or the second angular range 125 (when the light guide 130 receives the light from the couplers 120) to a continuous profile along the y-axis of the third angular range 135 in which the discrete profile is partially or fully blurred.
Here, the optical extractor 140 is made from a solid, transparent material. For example, the material can be glass with a refractive index of about 1.5. As another example, the material can be plastic with a refractive index of about 1.5-1.6. The optical extractor 140 has an input aperture that is coupled to the output end of the light guide 130 to receive the guided light. Moreover, the optical extractor 140 includes an output surface 143 and one or more lateral output surfaces.
The output surface 143 is spaced apart from and opposite to the input aperture. Further, the output surface 143 has one or more TIR portions and one or more transmissive portions. Here, a TIR portion is a region of the output surface 143 that is arranged relative to the input aperture and shaped to reflect, via TIR, all guided light received from the light guide 130. In this manner, a shape and/or orientation of the TIR portion are such that the guided light impinges thereon at an angle of incidence larger than a critical angle associated with an optical interface between the optical extractor 140 and the ambient environment (e.g., air). As such, all the guided light impinging on the TIR portion(s) is reflected, via TIR, back into the optical extractor 140. A transmissive portion is another region of the output surface 143 that is arranged relative to the input aperture and shaped to transmit the guided light. In this manner, a shape and/or orientation of the transmissive portion are such that the guided light impinges thereon at an angle of incidence smaller than a critical angle associated with an optical interface between the optical extractor 140 and the ambient environment (e.g., air). As such, substantially all light impinging on the transmissive portion(s) is transmitted there through into the ambient environment as forward output light, except for a small fraction of the impinging light, e.g., 4% or less, that is reflected via Fresnel reflection.
The light reflected, via TIR, by the TIR portions of the output surface 143 is directed towards the one or more lateral output surfaces of the optical extractor 140. Light that reaches the lateral output surface(s) is then transmitted at least in part into the ambient environment as backward output light. Furthermore, the optical extractor 140 can output into the ambient environment output light in one or more backward angular ranges. As such, the light transmitted through a first lateral output surface is output by the extractor 140 within a first output angular range 145′. The backward output angular range 145′ can be substantially continuous along the y-axis and has a first output propagation direction with a component along a backward direction (or opposite to the forward direction, e.g., antiparallel to the z-axis.) Additionally, the light transmitted through the transmissive portions of the output surface 143 is output by the optical extractor 140 within a forward output angular range 145′″. The forward output angular range 145′″ can be substantially continuous along the y-axis and has a second output propagation direction with a component along the forward direction (e.g., along the z-axis.) In some implementations, some of the light reflected via TIR by the TIR portions of the output surface 143 is transmitted through a second lateral output surface within a second backward output angular range 145″. The second backward output angular range 145″ can be substantially continuous along the y-axis and has a second output propagation direction with a component along the backward direction. In this case, the first output propagation direction and the second output propagation direction have respective components orthogonal to the forward direction that are opposite (antiparallel) to each other (antiparallel and parallel to the x-axis.)
Note that a relative arrangement of the output surface 143 and the lateral output surface(s) may causes light that propagates within the optical extractor 140 to undergo multiple reflections between the output surface 143 and the lateral output surface(s) such that light output into the ambient environment in the forward output angular range 145′″ and/or in the backward angular range(s) 145′ (and/or 145″) has a more uniform intensity distribution or a more uniform color distribution than the guided light at the second end of the light guide 130.
As described above in connection with
For example, the first output lobe 145a is a representation of the intensity, divergence and propagation direction of light output by the optical extractor 140 in the first backward output angular range 145′ when this output light reaches a target located far from the optical extractor 140. Here, the light output in the backward output angular range 145′ originates as a portion of the guided light in the angular range 135 that impinges on at least some of the one or more TIR portions of the output surface 143 where it is reflected, via TIR, towards a first lateral output surface, and where it is transmitted there through to the ambient environment. In this case, a propagation direction of the first backward output angular range 145′ is along the about −130° bisector of the first output lobe 145a.
As another example, the second output lobe 145c is a representation of the intensity, divergence and propagation direction of light output by the optical extractor 140 in the forward output angular range 145′″ when this light reaches a target located far from the optical extractor 140. Here, the light output in the forward output angular range 145′″ originates as a portion of the guided light in the angular range 135 that impinges on the one or more transmissive portions of the output surface 143, and where it is transmitted there through to the ambient environment. In this case, a propagation direction of the forward output angular range 145′″ is along the about 0° bisector of the second output lobe 145c. Further in this case, a divergence of the first backward output angular range 145′ (represented by a width of the first output lobe 145a) is smaller than a divergence of the forward output angular range 145′″ (represented by a width of the second output lobe 145c).
In some implementations, in addition to the first output lobe 145a and the second output lobe 145c, the far-field light intensity profile 101 includes a third output lobe 145b representing light output by the illumination device 100 in the second backward output angular range 145″. For example, the third output lobe 145b is a representation of the intensity, divergence and propagation direction of light output by the optical extractor 140 in a second output angular range 145″ when this output light reaches a target located far from the optical extractor 140. Here, the light output in the second backward output angular range 145″ originates as a portion of the guided light in the angular range 135 that impinges on the at least some of the TIR portions of the output surface 143 where it is reflected, via TIR, towards a second lateral output surface (e.g., mirrored relative to an optical axis of the light guide), and where it is transmitted through the second lateral output surface to the ambient environment. In this case, a propagation direction of the second backward output angular range 145″ is along the about +130° bisector of the third output lobe 145b. Further in this case, a divergence of the second backward output angular range 145″ (represented by a width of the third output lobe 145b) is smaller than the divergence of the forward angular range 145′″ (represented by the width of the second output lobe 145c) and about the same as the divergence of the first backward output angular range 145′ (represented by the width of the first output lobe 145a).
Notably, the far-field light intensity profile 101 of the illumination device 100 includes a range of angles between +40° and +120° and between −40° and −120° where the emission of light from the optical extractor 140 is minimized. In this region the apparent luminance of the illumination device 100 also is minimized such that luminous intensity and what is often called “glare” into the space would be well managed. In many popular prior art luminaire designs the overall radiation pattern is often a derivative of a typical Lambertian profile such that there are usually emitting surfaces of Lambertian luminance that are in plain view within the users' field of view. One of the primary advantages of the illumination device 100 is that the ratio between the peak intensity of a lobe 145a, 145b or 145c and the minimum intensity between two adjacent lobes (145a and 145c; or 145b and 145c) of the far-field light intensity profile 101 can be very high and readily exceed 5 to 1.
As described in detail below, composition and geometry of the couplers 120, the light guide 130 and the extractor 140 of the illumination device 100 can affect the far-field light intensity profile 101, e.g., the propagation direction and divergence associated with the first output lobe 145a and the second output lobe 145c, and, optionally, of the third output lobe 145b.
Prior to describing multiple embodiments of the illumination device 100 that includes an optical extractor with an output surface having portions shaped to reflect, via TIR, guided light incident thereon, various aspects of light guide illumination devices are described below.
Referring to
Multiple LEEs 210 are disposed on the first surface of the mount 212, although only one of the multiple LEEs 210 is shown in
Mount 212, light guide 230, and optical extractor 240 extend a length L along the y-direction, so that the luminaire module is an elongated luminaire module with an elongation of L that may be about parallel to a wall of a room (e.g., a ceiling of the room). Generally, L can vary as desired. Typically, L is in a range from about 1 cm to about 200 cm (e.g., 20 cm or more, 30 cm or more, 40 cm or more, 50 cm or more, 60 cm or more, 70 cm or more, 80 cm or more, 100 cm or more, 125 cm or more, or, 150 cm or more).
The number of LEEs 210 on the mount 212 will generally depend, inter alia, on the length L, where more LEEs are used for longer luminaire modules. In some implementations, the plurality of LEEs 210 can include between 10 and 1,000 LEEs (e.g., about 50 LEEs, about 100 LEEs, about 200 LEEs, about 500 LEEs). Generally, the density of LEEs (e.g., number of LEEs per unit length) will also depend on the nominal power of the LEEs and illuminance desired from the luminaire module. For example, a relatively high density of LEEs can be used in applications where high illuminance is desired or where low power LEEs are used. In some implementations, the luminaire module 200 has LEE density along its length of 0.1 LEE per centimeter or more (e.g., 0.2 per centimeter or more, 0.5 per centimeter or more, 1 per centimeter or more, 2 per centimeter or more). The density of LEEs may also be based on a desired amount of mixing of light emitted by the multiple LEEs. In implementations, LEEs can be evenly spaced along the length, L, of the luminaire module. In some implementations, a heat-sink 205 can be attached to the mount 212 to extract heat emitted by the plurality of LEEs 210. The heat-sink 205 can be disposed on a surface of the mount 212 opposing the side of the mount 212 on which the LEEs 210 are disposed. The luminaire module 200 can include one or multiple types of LEEs, for example one or more subsets of LEEs in which each subset can have different color or color temperature.
Optical coupler 220 includes one or more solid pieces of transparent optical material (e.g., a glass material or a transparent plastic, such as polycarbonate or acrylic) having surfaces 221 and 222 positioned to reflect light from the LEEs 210 towards the light guide 230. In general, surfaces 221 and 222 are shaped to collect and at least partially collimate light emitted from the LEEs. In the x-z cross-sectional plane, surfaces 221 and 222 can be straight or curved. Examples of curved surfaces include surfaces having a constant radius of curvature, parabolic or hyperbolic shapes. In some implementations, surfaces 221 and 222 are coated with a highly reflective material (e.g., a reflective metal, such as aluminum or silver), to provide a highly reflective optical interface. The cross-sectional profile of optical coupler 220 can be uniform along the length L of luminaire module 200. Alternatively, the cross-sectional profile can vary. For example, surfaces 221 and/or 222 can be curved out of the x-z plane.
The exit aperture of the optical coupler 220 adjacent upper edge of light guide 231 is optically coupled to edge 231 to facilitate efficient coupling of light from the optical coupler 220 into light guide 230. For example, the surfaces of a solid coupler and a solid light guide can be attached using a material that substantially matches the refractive index of the material forming the optical coupler 220 or light guide 230 or both (e.g., refractive indices across the interface are different by 2% or less.) The optical coupler 220 can be affixed to light guide 230 using an index matching fluid, grease, or adhesive. In some implementations, optical coupler 220 is fused to light guide 230 or they are integrally formed from a single piece of material (e.g., coupler and light guide may be monolithic and may be made of a solid transparent optical material).
Light guide 230 is formed from a piece of transparent material (e.g., glass material such as BK7, fused silica or quartz glass, or a transparent plastic, such as polycarbonate or acrylic) that can be the same or different from the material forming optical couplers 220. Light guide 230 extends length L in the y-direction, has a uniform thickness T in the x-direction, and a uniform depth D in the z-direction. The dimensions D and T are generally selected based on the desired optical properties of the light guide (e.g., which spatial modes are supported) and/or the direct/indirect intensity distribution. During operation, light coupled into the light guide 230 from optical coupler 220 (with an angular range 125) reflects off the planar surfaces of the light guide by TIR and spatially mixes within the light guide. The mixing can help achieve illuminance and/or color uniformity, along the y-axis, at the distal portion of the light guide 232 at optical extractor 240. The depth, D, of light guide 230 can be selected to achieve adequate uniformity at the exit aperture (i.e., at end 232) of the light guide. In some implementations, D is in a range from about 1 cm to about 20 cm (e.g., 2 cm or more, 4 cm or more, 6 cm or more, 8 cm or more, 10 cm or more, 12 cm or more).
In general, optical couplers 220 are designed to restrict the angular range of light entering the light guide 230 (e.g., to within +/−40 degrees) so that at least a substantial amount of the light (e.g., 95% or more of the light) is optically coupled into spatial modes in the light guide 230 that undergoes TIR at the planar surfaces. Light guide 230 can have a uniform thickness T, which is the distance separating two planar opposing surfaces of the light guide. Generally, T is sufficiently large so the light guide has an aperture at first (e.g., upper) surface 231 sufficiently large to approximately match (or exceed) the exit aperture of optical coupler 220. In some implementations, T is in a range from about 0.05 cm to about 2 cm (e.g., about 0.1 cm or more, about 0.2 cm or more, about 0.5 cm or more, about 0.8 cm or more, about 1 cm or more, about 1.5 cm or more). Depending on the implementation, the narrower the light guide the better it may spatially mix light. A narrow light guide also provides a narrow exit aperture. As such light emitted from the light guide can be considered to resemble the light emitted from a one-dimensional linear light source, also referred to as an elongate virtual filament.
While optical coupler 220 and light guide 230 are formed from solid pieces of transparent optical material, hollow structures are also possible. For example, the optical coupler 220 or the light guide 230 or both may be hollow with reflective inner surfaces rather than being solid. As such, material cost can be reduced and absorption in the light guide can be mitigated. A number of specular reflective materials may be suitable for this purpose including materials such as 3M Vikuiti™ or Miro IV™ sheet from Alanod Corporation where greater than 90% of the incident light can be efficiently guided to the optical extractor.
Optical extractor 240 is also composed of a solid piece of transparent optical material (e.g., a glass material or a transparent plastic, such as polycarbonate or acrylic) that can be the same as or different from the material forming light guide 230. In the example implementation shown in
Surfaces 242 and 244 are coated with a reflective material (e.g., a highly reflective metal such as aluminum or silver) over which a protective coating may be disposed. For example, the material forming such a coating may reflect about 95% or more of light incident thereon at appropriate (e.g., visible) wavelengths. Here, surfaces 242 and 244 provide a highly reflective optical interface for light having the angular range 125 entering an input end of the optical extractor 232′ from light guide 230. As another example, the surfaces 242 and 244 include portions that are transparent to the light entering at the input end 232′ of the optical extractor 240. Here, these portions can be uncoated regions (e.g., partially silvered regions) or discontinuities (e.g., slots, slits, apertures) of the surfaces 242 and 244. In general, different cross-sections of a redirecting surface 243 can have different combinations of disjoint or joined piecewise differentiable curves. As such, some light is transmitted in the forward direction (along the z-axis) through surfaces 242 and 244 of the optical extractor 240 in a forward output angular range 145′″. In the example illustrated in
In the x-z cross-sectional plane, the lines corresponding to surfaces 242 and 244 have the same length and form an apex or vertex 241, e.g. a v-shape that meets at the apex 241. In general, an included angle (e.g., the smallest included angle between the surfaces 244 and 242) of the redirecting surfaces 242, 244 can vary as desired. For example, in some implementations, the included angle can be relatively small (e.g., from 30° to 60°). In certain implementations, the included angle is in a range from 60° to 120° (e.g., about 90°). The included angle can also be relatively large (e.g., in a range from 120° to 150° or more). In the example implementation shown in
The surface of optical extractor 240 adjacent to the lower edge 232 of light guide 230 is optically coupled to edge 232. For example, optical extractor 240 can be affixed to light guide 230 using an index matching fluid, grease, or adhesive. In some implementations, optical extractor 240 is fused to light guide 230 or they are integrally formed from a single piece of material.
The emission spectrum of the luminaire module 200 corresponds to the emission spectrum of the LEEs 210. However, in some implementations, a wavelength-conversion material may be positioned in the luminaire module, for example remote from the LEEs, so that the wavelength spectrum of the luminaire module is dependent both on the emission spectrum of the LEEs and the composition of the wavelength-conversion material. In general, a wavelength-conversion material can be placed in a variety of different locations in luminaire module 200. For example, a wavelength-conversion material may be disposed proximate the LEEs 210, adjacent surfaces 242 and 244 of optical extractor 240, on the exit surfaces 246 and 248 of optical extractor 240, and/or at other locations.
The layer of wavelength-conversion material (e.g., phosphor) may be attached to light guide 230 held in place via a suitable support structure (not illustrated), disposed within the extractor (also not illustrated) or otherwise arranged, for example. Wavelength-conversion material that is disposed within the extractor may be configured as a shell or other object and disposed within a notional area that is circumscribed between R/n and R*(1+n2)(−1/2), where R is the radius of curvature of the light-exit surfaces (246 and 248 in
During operation, light exiting light guide 230 through end 232 impinges on the reflective interfaces at portions of the redirecting surface 242 and 244 and is reflected outwardly towards output surfaces 246 and 248, respectively, away from the symmetry plane of the luminaire module. The first portion of the redirecting surface 242 provides light having an angular distribution 138″ towards the output surface 246, the second portion of the redirecting surface 244 provides light having an angular distribution 138′ towards the output surface 248. The light exits optical extractor through output surfaces 246 and 248. In general, the output surfaces 246 and 248 have optical power, to redirect the light exiting the optical extractor 240 in angular ranges 145′ and 145″, respectively. For example, optical extractor 240 may be configured to emit light upwards (i.e., towards the plane intersecting the LEEs and parallel to the x-y plane), downwards (i.e., away from that plane) or both upwards and downwards. In general, the direction of light exiting the luminaire module through surfaces 246 and 248 depends on the divergence of the light exiting light guide 230 and the orientation of surfaces 242 and 244.
Surfaces 242 and 244 may be oriented so that little or no light from light guide 230 is output by optical extractor 240 in certain directions. In implementations where the luminaire module 200 is attached to a ceiling of a room (e.g., the forward direction is towards the floor) such configurations can help avoid glare and an appearance of non-uniform illuminance.
In general, the light intensity distribution provided by luminaire module 200 reflects the symmetry of the luminaire module's structure about the y-z plane. For example, referring to
In some implementations, the orientation of the output lobes 145a, 145b can be adjusted based on the included angle of the v-shaped groove 241 formed by the portions of the redirecting surface 242 and 244. For example, a first included angle results in a far-field light intensity distribution 101 with output lobes 145a, 145b located at relatively smaller angles compared to output lobes 145a, 145b of the far-field light intensity distribution 101 that results for a second included angle larger than the first angle. In this manner, light can be extracted from the luminaire module 200 in a more forward direction for the smaller of two included angles formed by the portions 242, 244 of the redirecting surface 243.
Furthermore, while surfaces 242 and 244 are depicted as planar surfaces, other shapes are also possible. For example, these surfaces can be curved or faceted. Curved redirecting surfaces 242 and 244 can be used to narrow or widen the output lobes 145a, 145b. Depending of the divergence of the angular range 125 of the light that is received at the input end of the optical extractor 232′, concave reflective surfaces 242, 244 can narrow the lobes 145a, 145b output by the optical extractor 240 (and illustrated in
In general, the geometry of the elements can be established using a variety of methods. For example, the geometry can be established empirically. Alternatively, or additionally, the geometry can be established using optical simulation software, such as Lighttools™, Tracepro™, FRED™ or Zemax™, for example.
In general, luminaire module 200 can be designed to output light into different output angular ranges 145′, 145″ from those shown in
The luminaire modules can include other features useful for tailoring the intensity profile. For example, in some implementations, luminaire modules can include an optically diffuse material that can diffuse light in a controlled manner to aid homogenizing the luminaire module's intensity profile. For example, surfaces 242 and 244 can be roughened or a diffusely reflecting material, rather than a specular reflective material, can be coated on these surfaces. Accordingly, the optical interfaces at surfaces 242 and 244 can diffusely reflect light, scattering light into broader lobes than would be provided by similar structures utilizing specular reflection at these interfaces. In some implementations these surfaces can include structure that facilitates various intensity distributions. For example, surfaces 242 and 244 can each have multiple planar facets at differing orientations. Accordingly, each facet will reflect light into different directions. In some implementations, surfaces 242 and 244 can have structure thereon (e.g., structural features that scatter or diffract light).
Surfaces 246 and 248 need not be surfaces having a constant radius of curvature. For example, surfaces 246 and 248 can include portions having differing curvature and/or can have structure thereon (e.g., structural features that scatter or diffract light). In certain implementations, a light scattering material can be disposed on surfaces 246 and 248 of optical extractor 240.
In some implementations, optical extractor 240 is structured so that a negligible amount (e.g., less than 1%) of the light propagating within at least one plane (e.g., the x-z cross-sectional plane) that is reflected by surface 242 or 244 experiences TIR at light-exit surface 246 or 248. For certain spherical or cylindrical structures, a so-called Weierstrass condition can avoid TIR. A Weierstrass condition is illustrated for a circular structure (i.e., a cross section through a cylinder or sphere) having a surface of radius R and a concentric notional circle having a radius R/n, where n is the refractive index of the structure. Any light ray that passes through the notional circle within the cross-sectional plane is incident on surface of the circular structure and has an angle of incidence less than the critical angle and will exit the circular structure without experiencing TIR. Light rays propagating within the spherical structure in the plane but not emanating from within notional surface can impinge on the surface of radius R at the critical angle or greater angles of incidence. Accordingly, such light may be subject to TIR and won't exit the circular structure. Furthermore, rays of p-polarized light that pass through a notional space circumscribed by an area with a radius of curvature that is smaller than R/(1+n2)(1/2), which is smaller than R/n, will be subject to small Fresnel reflection at the surface of radius R when exiting the circular structure. This condition may be referred to as Brewster geometry. Implementations may be configured accordingly.
Referring again to
Other open and closed shapes of the luminaire module 200 are possible.
In the example implementations described above in connection with
A light intensity profile of the single-sided luminaire module 200* is represented in
Luminaire modules like the ones described in this section can be used to obtain luminaire modules for which the optical extractor has an output surface with portions shaped to reflect, via TIR, guided light incident thereon.
The LEEs are disposed on a substrate and have a structure similar to a structure of the LEEs 110 of the illumination device 100 described above in connection with
The optical extractor 340-j, where j={a, b, c, d}, is made from a solid, transparent material. For example, the material can be glass with a refractive index of about 1.5. As another example, the material can be plastic with a refractive index of about 1.5-1.6. The optical extractor 340-j has an input aperture 232′ that is coupled to the output end of the light guide 230 to receive the guided light. Note that here, the guided light received by the optical extractor 340-j has an angular range 125 with a forward direction of propagation (e.g., along the z-axis.)
Moreover, the optical extractor 340-j illustrated in
Moreover, the output surface 343-j has one or more TIR portions 342-j and one or more transmissive portions 346-j, where j={a, b, c, d}. Here, a TIR portion 342-j is a region of the output surface 343-j that is arranged relative to the input aperture 232′ and shaped to reflect, via TIR, all guided light with angular range 125 received from the light guide 230. In this manner, a shape and/or orientation of the TIR portion 342-j are such that the guided light impinges thereon at an angle of incidence larger than a critical angle associated with an optical interface between the optical extractor 340-j and the ambient environment (e.g., air). As such, all the guided light impinging on the TIR portion(s) 343-j is reflected, via TIR, back into the optical extractor 340-j with a reflective angular range 138′ or 138″. A transmissive portion 346-j is another region of the output surface 143 that is arranged relative to the input aperture 232′ and shaped to transmit the guided light. In this manner, a shape and/or orientation of the transmissive portion 346-j are such that the guided light impinges thereon at an angle of incidence smaller than a critical angle associated with an optical interface between the optical extractor 340-j and the ambient environment (e.g., air). As such, substantially all light impinging on the transmissive portion(s) 346-j is transmitted there through into the ambient environment as forward output light, except for a small fraction of the impinging light, e.g., 4% or less, that is reflected via Fresnel reflection. The output light transmitted through the transmissive portion(s) 346-j of the output surface 343-j has a forward output angular range 145′″.
The light reflected, via TIR, by the TIR portions 342-j of the output surface 343-j has an angular range 138′ or 138″ and is directed towards the one or more lateral output surfaces 246, 248 of the optical extractor 340-j. Light that reaches the lateral output surface(s) 246, 248 is transmitted there through into the ambient environment as backward output light. The backward output light has a backward output angular range 145′ or 145″. In the examples illustrated in
Various embodiments of the output surface 343-j of the optical extractor 340-j, where j={a, b, c, d}, are illustrated in
In this manner, regardless of the optical extractor 340-j illustrated in
Note that a brightness of forward illumination (e.g., “downward” illumination when the illumination device 300 is attached to the ceiling of a room) provided by the illumination device 300 with optical extractor 340-j, where j={a, b, c, d}, is controlled by adjusting a combination of the amount of light output by the optical extractor 340-j in the forward angular range 145′″ and an area over which that forward light is provided. As such, a parameter that controls the brightness of the forward illumination for the illumination device 300 with optical extractor 340-j is a ratio between a total area A342 of the TIR portions 342-j of the output surface 343-j and a total area A346 of the transmissive portions 346-j of the output surface 343-j. As such, when a person looks directly to the output surface 343-j of the extractor 340-j, the output surface 343-j will appear more bright for configurations of the output surface 343-j with large values of the ratio of A342/A346, or less bright for configurations of the output surface 343-j with small values of the ratio of A342/A346.
In other implementations of the technologies described herein in connection with
The preceding figures and accompanying description illustrate example methods, systems and devices for illumination. It will be understood that these methods, systems, and devices are for illustration purposes only and that the described or similar techniques may be performed at any appropriate time, including concurrently, individually, or in combination. In addition, many of the steps in these processes may take place simultaneously, concurrently, and/or in different orders than as shown. Moreover, the described methods/devices may use additional steps/parts, fewer steps/parts, and/or different steps/parts, as long as the methods/devices remain appropriate.
In other words, although this disclosure has been described in terms of certain aspects or implementations and generally associated methods, alterations and permutations of these aspects or implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the above description of example implementations does not define or constrain this disclosure. Further implementations are described in the following claims.
This application is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US2014/056141, filed Sep. 17, 2014, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/878,764, filed on Sep. 17, 2013, which are incorporated by reference herein.
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| WO2015/042179 | 3/26/2015 | WO | A |
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