Patent Grant
9955919
The present invention relates generally to headsets and, more particularly, to headset earbuds.
There is growing market demand for personal health and environmental monitors, for example, for gauging overall health and metabolism during exercise, athletic training, dieting, daily life activities, sickness, and physical therapy. However, traditional health monitors and environmental monitors may be bulky, rigid, and uncomfortable—generally not suitable for use during daily physical activity. There is also growing interest in generating and comparing health and environmental exposure statistics of the general public and particular demographic groups. For example, collective statistics may enable the healthcare industry and medical community to direct healthcare resources to where they are most highly valued. However, methods of collecting these statistics may be expensive and laborious, often utilizing human-based recording/analysis steps at multiple sites.
As such, improved ways of collecting, storing and analyzing physiological information are needed. In addition, improved ways of seamlessly extracting physiological information from a person during everyday life activities, especially during high activity levels, may be important for enhancing fitness training and healthcare quality, promoting and facilitating prevention, and reducing healthcare costs.
It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the concepts being further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the invention.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a headset configured to be attached to the ear of a person includes a base, an earbud housing extending outwardly from the base that is configured to be positioned within an ear of a subject, and a cover surrounding the earbud housing. The base includes a speaker, an optical emitter, and an optical detector. The cover includes light transmissive material that is in optical communication with the optical emitter and the optical detector and serves as a light guide to deliver light from the optical emitter into the ear canal of the subject wearing the headset at one or more predetermined locations and to collect light external to the earbud housing and deliver the collected light to the optical detector. The optical emitter, via the light-guiding cover, directs optical energy towards a particular region of ear and the optical detector detects secondary optical energy emanating from the ear region. In some embodiments, the optical detector may include an optical filter configured to pass secondary optical energy at selective wavelengths. In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the cover may be configured, for example via the use of cladding and/or light reflective material, such that the cover serves as a light guide that is coupled in parallel to the optical emitter and detector. In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the cover may be configured, for example via the use of cladding and/or light reflective material, such that the cover serves as a light guide that is coupled perpendicular to the optical emitter and detector.
In some embodiments, the headset may include various electronic components secured to the base. For example, the headset may include one or more environmental sensors configured to detect and/or measure environmental conditions in a vicinity of the headset. The headset may include a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical detector. For example, in some embodiments, a signal processor may be configured to extract secondary optical energy and remove optical noise or environmental noise. The headset may include a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the one or more environmental sensors. In addition, the headset may include a transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by the signal processor to a remote device in real time. Headsets according to embodiments of the present invention may utilize, for example, Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, or other wireless transmitters.
In some embodiments, a housing is secured to and overlies the base so as to enclose and protect the speaker, optical emitter and optical detector, as well as other electronic components secured to the base (e.g., sensors, processor, transmitter etc.).
The earbud housing is in acoustical communication with the speaker and has at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The light-guiding cover surrounding the earbud housing also includes at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The cover may be formed from a soft, resilient material, such as silicone which deforms when inserted within an ear canal of a subject. In some embodiments, the cover includes an alignment member that facilitates alignment of the earbud housing within an ear canal of a subject.
Light directed into the ear of a subject from a light emitter and the subsequent collection of light at a light detector, according to embodiments of the present invention, may be utilized for detecting and/or measuring, among other things, body temperature, skin temperature, blood gas levels, muscle tension, heart rate, blood flow, cardiopulmonary functions, etc.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the light-guiding cover may include a lens that is in optical communication with the optical emitter and/or optical detector. The lens may be configured to focus light emitted by the optical emitter and/or to focus collected light toward the optical detector. In some embodiments, multiple lenses may be incorporated into a light-guiding cover.
In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover may include a light diffusion region in optical communication with the light transmissive material that diffuses light emitted by the optical detector.
In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover may include a luminescence-generating region, such as a phosphor-containing region, that is in optical communication with the light transmissive material. The luminescence-generating region may be embedded within the light-guiding cover and/or on a surface of the light-guiding cover. The luminescence-generating region is configured to receive light emitted by the optical emitter and convert at least a portion of the received light to light having a different wavelength from that of the received light.
In some embodiments, the light-guiding cover includes one or more grooves formed therein. Each groove is configured to direct external light to the optical detector.
In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the light-guiding cover is configured to direct light from the optical emitter to a plurality of locations at an outer surface of the cover for delivery into an ear canal of a subject.
In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the light-guiding cover is a translucent material or includes translucent material in selected locations.
In some embodiments, a light reflective material is on at least a portion of one or both of the inner and outer surfaces of the light-guiding cover.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a light-guiding earbud for a headset includes light transmissive material that is in optical communication with an optical emitter and optical detector associated with the headset. The light transmissive material is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter into the ear canal of a subject at one or more predetermined locations and to collect light external to the earbud housing and deliver the collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the light emitter and light detector may be integral with the earbud. For example, in some embodiments, a flexible optical emitter is incorporated within the earbud and is in optical communication with the light transmissive material.
In some embodiments, an earbud includes at least one lens in optical communication with the light transmissive material. Each lens may be configured to focus light from the optical emitter onto one or more predetermined locations in the ear of a subject and/or to focus collected external light onto the optical detector.
In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud may include luminescent material. Luminescent light is generated from optical excitation of the luminescent material by an optical emitter.
In some embodiments of the present invention, an earbud may integrate a sensor module containing a plurality of sensor elements for measuring physiological information and at least one noise source for measuring noise information. A “noise source”, as used herein, refers to a sensor, such as an optical sensor, inertial sensor, electrically conductive sensor, capacitive sensor, inductive sensor, etc., and derives it name from the fact that it is a source of input to a filter, such as an adaptive filter described below.
The physiological sensors of the sensor module may generate a signal that includes physiological information plus noise information. The noise may be removed by combining the physiological information and noise information from the sensor module with noise information from the noise source of the sensor module via an electronic filtering method, such as a signal processing technique. Specific examples of such signal processing techniques include FIR (Finite Impulse Response), IIR (Infinite Impulse Response), informatics, machine learning, and adaptive filter methods. The output of the adaptive filter may be a physiological signal that is wholly or partially free of noise. In some embodiments, motion-related noise from a subject activity such as running may be removed from the physiological plus noise signal generated by a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for measuring blood constituent levels or blood flow properties, such as blood oxygen level, VO2, or heart rate.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the noise source input of an adaptive filter may include a “blocked channel” of optical energy, an inertial sensor, or environmental energy. In some embodiments, the environmental energy may be unwanted ambient optical noise.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a processor/multiplexor processes physiological signals and noise signals into a data string. This data string may contain information relating to physiological information and motion-related information. The processing method may include signal processing techniques such as pre-adaptive signal conditioning, adaptive filtering, and parameter extraction.
In some embodiments, an earbud includes one or more sensor modules that includes one or more sensors for sensing physiological information and environmental information, such as noise, for example. As such, the earbud may function as a physiological monitor as well as an environmental monitor. In some embodiments, the earbud may include a microprocessor that is in electrical communication with the sensor module(s). For example, a microprocessor incorporated into an earbud may be configured to execute an adaptive filter algorithm to remove noise from at least one signal generated by a sensor module in the earbud. A microprocessor may also be configured to process information from the one or more sensors to generate a digital output string, wherein the digital output string includes a plurality of physiological and motion-related information.
Physiological sensors that may be incorporated into headsets and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the present invention, may be configured to detect and/or measure one or more of the following types of physiological information: heart rate, pulse rate, breathing rate, blood flow, VO2, VO2max, heartbeat signatures, cardio-pulmonary health, organ health, metabolism, electrolyte type and/or concentration, physical activity, caloric intake, caloric metabolism, blood metabolite levels or ratios, blood pH level, physical and/or psychological stress levels and/or stress level indicators, drug dosage and/or dosimetry, physiological drug reactions, drug chemistry, biochemistry, position and/or balance, body strain, neurological functioning, brain activity, brain waves, blood pressure, cranial pressure, hydration level, auscultatory information, auscultatory signals associated with pregnancy, physiological response to infection, skin and/or core body temperature, eye muscle movement, blood volume, inhaled and/or exhaled breath volume, physical exertion, exhaled breath physical and/or chemical composition, the presence and/or identity and/or concentration of viruses and/or bacteria, foreign matter in the body, internal toxins, heavy metals in the body, anxiety, fertility, ovulation, sex hormones, psychological mood, sleep patterns, hunger and/or thirst, hormone type and/or concentration, cholesterol, lipids, blood panel, bone density, organ and/or body weight, reflex response, sexual arousal, mental and/or physical alertness, sleepiness, auscultatory information, response to external stimuli, swallowing volume, swallowing rate, sickness, voice characteristics, voice tone, voice pitch, voice volume, vital signs, head tilt, allergic reactions, inflammation response, auto-immune response, mutagenic response, DNA, proteins, protein levels in the blood, water content of the blood, pheromones, internal body sounds, digestive system functioning, cellular regeneration response, healing response, stem cell regeneration response, etc.
Environmental sensors that may be incorporated into headsets and/or earbuds, according to some embodiments of the present invention, may be configured to detect and/or measure one or more of the following types of environmental information: climate, humidity, temperature, pressure, barometric pressure, soot density, airborne particle density, airborne particle size, airborne particle shape, airborne particle identity, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carcinogens, toxins, electromagnetic energy, optical radiation, X-rays, gamma rays, microwave radiation, terahertz radiation, ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, radio waves, atomic energy alpha particles, atomic energy beta-particles, gravity, light intensity, light frequency, light flicker, light phase, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, sulfides, airborne pollution, foreign material in the air, viruses, bacteria, signatures from chemical weapons, wind, air turbulence, sound and/or acoustical energy, ultrasonic energy, noise pollution, human voices, animal sounds, diseases expelled from others, exhaled breath and/or breath constituents of others, toxins from others, pheromones from others, industrial and/or transportation sounds, allergens, animal hair, pollen, exhaust from engines, vapors and/or fumes, fuel, signatures for mineral deposits and/or oil deposits, snow, rain, thermal energy, hot surfaces, hot gases, solar energy, hail, ice, vibrations, traffic, the number of people in a vicinity of the person, coughing and/or sneezing sounds from people in the vicinity of the person, loudness and/or pitch from those speaking in the vicinity of the person.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, earbuds for headsets may include a chipset having at least one sensor element, noise source element, signal processor, input/output line, digital control, and power regulator.
Light-guiding earbuds according to the various embodiments of the present invention may be utilized with mono headsets (i.e., headsets having one earbud) as well as stereo headsets (i.e., headsets having two earbuds). Additionally, the light-guiding region of earbuds, according to embodiments of the present invention, may be integrated not only into an earbud cover and earbud housing, but also into each or all components of an earbud. Moreover, light-guiding earbuds according to the various embodiments of the present invention may be utilized with hearing aids, body jewelry, or any other attachment that can be placed near the head region, such as eye glasses or shades, a headband, a cap, helmet, visor, or the like.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device includes a circular band capable of encircling a finger of a subject, and a base having an optical emitter and an optical detector attached to the circular band. The circular band includes light transmissive material in optical communication with the optical emitter and optical detector that is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter to one or more portions of the finger of the subject and to collect light from one or more portions of the finger of the subject and deliver the collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the circular band includes first and second concentric body portions.
In some embodiments, the circular band includes a lens region in optical communication with the optical emitter that focuses light emitted by the optical emitter and/or that collects light reflected from a finger. In some embodiments the circular band includes a phosphor-containing region in optical communication with the light transmissive material, wherein the phosphor-containing region receives light emitted by the optical emitter and converts at least a portion of the received light to light having a different wavelength from the received light.
In some embodiments, the light transmissive material of the circular band has an outer surface and an inner surface, and a cladding material, such as light reflective material, is on (or near) at least a portion of one or both of the inner and outer surfaces.
In some embodiments, the base includes one or more of the following: a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical detector, a transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by the signal processor to a remote device.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a monitoring device configured to be attached to the body of a subject includes a base having an optical emitter and an optical detector, and light transmissive material attached to the base. The light transmissive material is in optical communication with the optical emitter and optical detector and is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter to one or more portions of the body of the subject and to collect light from one or more portions of the body of the subject and deliver the collected light to the optical detector. The light transmissive material may include adhesive material in one or more locations that is configured to adhesively secure the device to the body of the subject.
In some embodiments, an outer body portion is attached to the base and to the light transmissive material. The outer body portion may include adhesive material in one or more locations that is configured to adhesively secure the device to the body of the subject.
In some embodiments, the light transmissive material includes a lens region that is in optical communication with the optical emitter and that focuses light emitted by the optical emitter and/or that collects light reflected from a finger. In some embodiments, the light transmissive material includes a phosphor-containing region that receives light emitted by the optical emitter and converts at least a portion of the received light to light having a different wavelength from the received light. In some embodiments, the light transmissive material has an outer surface and an inner surface, and a light reflective material is disposed on or near at least a portion of one or both of the inner and outer surfaces.
In some embodiments, the base includes one or more of the following: a signal processor configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical detector, a transmitter configured to transmit signals processed by the signal processor to a remote device.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a headset includes a housing that is configured to be positioned within an ear of a subject, an optical emitter, an optical detector, and at least one light guide associated with the housing. The headset may include a speaker disposed within the housing, and the housing may include at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The headset may also include a signal processor that is configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical detector.
The at least one light guide includes a distal end that is configured to engage (or be positioned adjacent) a portion of the ear of the subject. An opposite end of the at least one light guide is in optical communication the optical emitter or optical detector. As such, the at least one light guide is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter into an ear region of the subject via the distal end or collect light from an ear region of the subject via the distal end or deliver collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the optical emitter and optical detector may each have one or more respective light guides in optical communication therewith.
In some embodiments, the at least one light guide has a distal end portion that extends outwardly from the housing. In other embodiments, the at least one light guide has a distal end portion that is substantially flush with the housing or is recessed within the housing.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the optical emitter and optical detector are attached to the housing, such as the housing of the earbud itself. In other embodiments, the optical emitter and/or optical detector are located remotely from the housing. For example, the optical emitter and/or optical detector may be located on a headband, back-bar, back-band, ear hook, or any other structure that is a part of the headset. Moreover, the optical emitter and optical detector may be located at different respective locations anywhere on the headset. The at least one light guide extends from the remotely located optical emitter and/or optical detector and to the housing such that a distal end thereof can engage (or be positioned adjacent) a portion of the ear of the subject.
The at least one light guide may be formed from various types of light transmissive material, typically with a refractive index of at least one (1), and may have various shapes and configurations. For example, in some embodiments, the at least one light guide has an elongated, generally cylindrical configuration. In some embodiments, the at least one light guide comprises an elastomeric light transmissive material. In other embodiments, the at least one light guide comprises a substantially rigid light transmissive material. In some embodiments, the at least one light guide may be surrounded or partially surrounded by a cladding material that is configured to at least partially confine light within the light guide and/or block light from an external source from entering the at least one light guide. The cladding material may be a light blocking material and/or a light reflective material, such as a black or silver coating on one or more portions of the surface of the at least one light guide.
In some embodiments, a light blocking material is positioned between the optical emitter and detector such that the optical emitter and detector are not in direct optical communication with each other.
In some embodiments, optical coupling material is applied to the optical emitter and the at least one light guide is in optical communication with the optical emitter via the optical coupling material.
In some embodiments, optical coupling material is applied to the optical detector and the at least one light guide is in optical communication with the optical detector via the optical coupling material.
In some embodiments, a plurality of light guides are utilized, each having a distal end that engages a respective different portion of the ear of a subject.
In some embodiments, the headset includes a plurality of optical emitters and a plurality of light guides. The plurality of light guides are in optical communication with the plurality of optical emitters and are configured to deliver light from the plurality of optical emitters to an ear region of the subject.
In some embodiments, the headset includes a plurality of optical detectors and a plurality of light guides. The plurality of light guides are in optical communication with the plurality of optical detectors and configured to collect light from an ear region of the subject and deliver collected light to the plurality of optical detectors.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a headset includes a housing configured to be positioned within an ear of a subject, an optical emitter, an optical detector, and first and second light guides associated with the housing. The headset may include a speaker disposed within the housing, and the housing may include at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The headset may also include a signal processor that is configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical detector.
Each of the first and second light guides includes a distal end that is configured to engage (or be positioned adjacent) a respective portion of the ear of the subject. The first light guide is in optical communication with the optical emitter and is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter into an ear region of the subject via the first light guide distal end. The second light guide is in optical communication with the optical detector and is configured to collect light from an ear region of the subject via the second light guide distal end and deliver collected light to the optical detector.
In some embodiments, the distal end of the first and/or second light guides extends outwardly from the housing. In other embodiments, the distal end of the first and/or second light guides is substantially flush with the housing or is recessed within the housing.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the optical emitter and optical detector are attached to the housing. In other embodiments, the optical emitter and/or optical detector are located remotely from the housing. For example, the optical emitter and optical detector may be located on a headband or other structure that is a part of the headset. The first and second light guides extend from the remotely located optical emitter and optical detector and to the housing such that a distal end of each can engage (or be positioned adjacent) a respective portion of the ear of the subject.
The first and second light guides may be formed from various types of light transmissive material, typically with a refractive index of at least one (1), and may have various shapes and configurations. For example, in some embodiments, one or both of the first and second light guides have an elongated, generally cylindrical configuration. In some embodiments, one or both of the first and second light guides may comprise an elastomeric light transmissive material. In other embodiments, one or both of the first and second light guides may comprise a substantially rigid light transmissive material. Examples of suitable soft or elastomeric materials may include, but are not limited to, silicone, rubber, polymer-based materials, latex, lower durometer plastics, and the like. Examples of suitable rigid materials may include, but are not limited to, polyurethane, polymer-based materials, resins, higher durometer plastics, polycarbonate, acrylic, and the like.
In some embodiments, one or both of the first and second light guides may be surrounded or may be partially surrounded by a cladding material that is configured to block light from an external source and/or at least partially confine light within one or both of the first and second light guides. The cladding material may be a light blocking material and/or a light reflective material. In some embodiments, the cladding material may be a coating, such as a black, mylar, gold, or silver coating, or a textured surface, on one or more portions of the surface of the first and second light guides. In some embodiments, the cladding may be a texturized or specially treated surface of the light guide itself, such as a micro- or nano-structured surface or an electrochemically or chemically treated surface. Surface texturing can be used to scatter internal light back within the light guide or to scatter external light away from the light guide.
In some embodiments, the light guide may also be and/or comprise an optical filter. This may provide a structure that provides both light guiding of the desired wavelengths and light blocking of undesired wavelengths. For example, the light-guide may comprise a material having an optically filtering dye or a material which inherently filters one or more wavelengths of light. For example, a light-absorptive dye, many of which are well-known in the art, may be integrated within or coated on top a polycarbonate or acrylic sheet. Similarly, a light-absorptive dye may be integrated within a resin which may then be molded into one or more light guides. A few non-limiting examples of an inherently filtering material includes sapphire, which absorbs some infrared (IR) wavelengths, or glass, which absorbs some ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. However, various types of filtering material may be utilized, without limitation.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a headset includes a housing configured to be positioned within an ear of a subject, an optical emitter, an optical detector, and a light guide associated with the housing. The headset may include a speaker disposed within the housing, and the housing may include at least one aperture through which sound from the speaker can pass. The headset may also include a signal processor that is configured to receive and process signals produced by the optical detector.
The light guide includes a distal end that is configured to engage (or be positioned adjacent) a portion of the ear of the subject. An opposite end of the light guide is in optical communication with the optical emitter and the optical detector. As such, the light guide is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter into an ear region of the subject via the light guide distal end, and to collect light from the ear region of the subject via the light guide distal end and deliver collected light to the optical detector.
In some embodiments, the light guide has a distal end portion that extends outwardly from the housing. In other embodiments, the light guide has a distal end portion that is substantially flush with the housing or is recessed within the housing.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the optical emitter and optical detector are attached to the housing. In other embodiments, the optical emitter and/or optical detector are located remotely from the housing. For example, the optical emitter and/or optical detector may be located on a headband or any other structure that is a part of the headset. Moreover, the optical emitter and optical detector may be located at different respective locations anywhere on the headset. The light guide extends from the remotely located optical emitter and optical detector and to the housing such that a distal end thereof can engage (or be positioned adjacent) a portion of the ear of the subject.
The light guide may be formed from various types of light transmissive material, typically with a refractive index of at least one (1), and may have various shapes and configurations. For example, in some embodiments, the light guide has an elongated, generally cylindrical configuration. In some embodiments, the light guide comprises an elastomeric light transmissive material. In other embodiments, the light guide comprises a substantially rigid light transmissive material. In some embodiments, the light guide may be surrounded or partially surrounded by a cladding material that is configured to block light from an external source from entering the at least one light guide and/or at least partially confine light within the light guide. The cladding material may be a light blocking material and/or a light reflective material, such as a black or silver coating on one or more portions of the surface of the light guide.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a wearable sensor module includes a housing configured to be worn by a subject, an optical emitter, an optical detector, and at least one light guide extending outwardly from the housing. The at least one light guide includes a distal end that is configured to engage (or be positioned adjacent) a skin region of the subject. An opposite end of the at least one light guide is in optical communication with the optical emitter or optical detector. As such, the at least one light guide is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter into a skin region the subject via the distal end or collect light from a skin region of the subject via the distal end and deliver collected light to the optical detector. In some embodiments, the optical emitter and optical detector may each have one or more respective light guides in optical communication therewith.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the optical emitter and optical detector are attached to the housing. In other embodiments, the optical emitter and/or optical detector are located remotely from the housing.
The at least one light guide may be formed from various types of light transmissive material, typically with a refractive index of at least one (1), and may have various shapes and configurations. For example, in some embodiments, the at least one light guide has an elongated, generally cylindrical configuration. In some embodiments, the at least one light guide comprises an elastomeric light transmissive material. In other embodiments, the at least one light guide comprises a substantially rigid light transmissive material. In some embodiments, the at least one light guide may be surrounded or partially surrounded by a cladding material that is configured to block light from an external source from entering the at least one light guide and/or at least partially confine light within the at least one light guide.
In some embodiments, light blocking material is positioned between the optical emitter and detector such that the optical emitter and detector are not in direct optical communication with each other.
In some embodiments, optical coupling material is applied to the optical emitter and the at least one light guide is in optical communication with the optical emitter via the optical coupling material.
In some embodiments, optical coupling material is applied to the optical detector and the at least one light guide is in optical communication with the optical detector via the optical coupling material.
It is noted that aspects of the invention described with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated in a different embodiment although not specifically described relative thereto. That is, all embodiments and/or features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and/or combination. Applicant reserves the right to change any originally filed claim or file any new claim accordingly, including the right to be able to amend any originally filed claim to depend from and/or incorporate any feature of any other claim although not originally claimed in that manner. These and other objects and/or aspects of the present invention are explained in detail below.
The accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. The drawings and description together serve to fully explain embodiments of the present invention.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, certain layers, components or features may be exaggerated for clarity, and broken lines illustrate optional features or operations unless specified otherwise. In addition, the sequence of operations (or steps) is not limited to the order presented in the figures and/or claims unless specifically indicated otherwise. Features described with respect to one figure or embodiment can be associated with another embodiment or figure although not specifically described or shown as such.
It will be understood that when a feature or element is referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.
It will be understood that although the terms first and second are used herein to describe various features/elements, these features/elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.
The term “headset”, as used herein, is intended to include any type of device or earpiece that may be attached to or near the ear (or ears) of a user and may have various configurations, without limitation. Headsets incorporating light-guiding earbuds, as well as light guides, as described herein may include mono headsets (a device having only one earbud, one earpiece, etc.) and stereo headsets (a device having two earbuds, two earpieces, etc.), earbuds, hearing aids, ear jewelry, face masks, headbands, and the like. In some embodiments, the term “headset” may include broadly headset elements that are not located on the head but are associated with the headset. For example, in a “medallion” style wireless headset, where the medallion comprises the wireless electronics and the headphones are plugged into or hard-wired into the medallion, the wearable medallion would be considered part of the headset as a whole. Similarly, in some cases, if a mobile phone or other mobile device is intimately associated with a plugged-in headphone, then the term “headset” may refer to the headphone-mobile device combination.
The term “real-time” is used to describe a process of sensing, processing, or transmitting information in a time frame which is equal to or shorter than the minimum timescale at which the information is needed. For example, the real-time monitoring of pulse rate may result in a single average pulse-rate measurement every minute, averaged over 30 seconds, because an instantaneous pulse rate is often useless to the end user. Typically, averaged physiological and environmental information is more relevant than instantaneous changes. Thus, in the context of the present invention, signals may sometimes be processed over several seconds, or even minutes, in order to generate a “real-time” response.
The term “monitoring” refers to the act of measuring, quantifying, qualifying, estimating, sensing, calculating, interpolating, extrapolating, inferring, deducing, or any combination of these actions. More generally, “monitoring” refers to a way of getting information via one or more sensing elements. For example, “blood health monitoring” includes monitoring blood gas levels, blood hydration, and metabolite/electrolyte levels.
The term “physiological” refers to matter or energy of or from the body of a creature (e.g., humans, animals, etc.). In embodiments of the present invention, the term “physiological” is intended to be used broadly, covering both physical and psychological matter and energy of or from the body of a creature. However, in some cases, the term “psychological” is called-out separately to emphasize aspects of physiology that are more closely tied to conscious or subconscious brain activity rather than the activity of other organs, tissues, or cells.
The term “body” refers to the body of a subject (human or animal) that may wear a headset incorporating one or more light-guiding earbuds, according to embodiments of the present invention.
In the following figures, various headsets and light-guiding earbuds for use with headsets will be illustrated and described for attachment to the ear of the human body. However, it is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention are not limited to those worn by humans.
The ear is an ideal location for wearable health and environmental monitors. The ear is a relatively immobile platform that does not obstruct a person's movement or vision. Headsets located at an ear have, for example, access to the inner-ear canal and tympanic membrane (for measuring core body temperature), muscle tissue (for monitoring muscle tension), the pinna and earlobe (for monitoring blood gas levels), the region behind the ear (for measuring skin temperature and galvanic skin response), and the internal carotid artery (for measuring cardiopulmonary functioning), etc. The ear is also at or near the point of exposure to: environmental breathable toxicants of interest (volatile organic compounds, pollution, etc.; noise pollution experienced by the ear; and lighting conditions for the eye. Furthermore, as the ear canal is naturally designed for transmitting acoustical energy, the ear provides a good location for monitoring internal sounds, such as heartbeat, breathing rate, and mouth motion.
Wireless, Bluetooth®-enabled, and/or other personal communication headsets may be configured to incorporate physiological and/or environmental sensors, according to some embodiments of the present invention. As a specific example, Bluetooth® headsets are typically lightweight, unobtrusive devices that have become widely accepted socially. Moreover, Bluetooth® headsets are cost effective, easy to use, and are often worn by users for most of their waking hours while attending or waiting for cell phone calls. Bluetooth® headsets configured according to embodiments of the present invention are advantageous because they provide a function for the user beyond health monitoring, such as personal communication and multimedia applications, thereby encouraging user compliance. Exemplary physiological and environmental sensors that may be incorporated into a Bluetooth® or other type of headsets include, but are not limited to accelerometers, auscultatory sensors, pressure sensors, humidity sensors, color sensors, light intensity sensors, pressure sensors, etc.
Headsets, both mono (single earbud) and stereo (dual earbuds), incorporating low-profile sensors and other electronics, according to embodiments of the present invention, offer a platform for performing near-real-time personal health and environmental monitoring in wearable, socially acceptable devices. The capability to unobtrusively monitor an individual's physiology and/or environment, combined with improved user compliance, is expected to have significant impact on future planned health and environmental exposure studies. This is especially true for those that seek to link environmental stressors with personal stress level indicators. The large scale commercial availability of this low-cost device can enable cost-effective large scale studies. The combination of monitored data with user location via GPS data can make on-going geographic studies possible, including the tracking of infection over large geographic areas. The commercial application of the proposed platform encourages individual-driven health maintenance and promotes a healthier lifestyle through proper caloric intake and exercise.
Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention combine a personal communications headset device with one or more physiological and/or environmental sensors. Other embodiments may combine physiological and/or environmental sensors into a headset device.
Optical coupling into the blood vessels of the ear may vary between individuals. As used herein, the term “coupling” refers to the interaction or communication between excitation light entering a region and the region itself. For example, one form of optical coupling may be the interaction between excitation light generated from within a light-guiding earbud and the blood vessels of the ear. In one embodiment, this interaction may involve excitation light entering the ear region and scattering from a blood vessel in the ear such that the intensity of scattered light is proportional to blood flow within the blood vessel. Another form of optical coupling may be the interaction between excitation light generated by an optical emitter within an earbud and the light-guiding region of the earbud. Thus, an earbud with integrated light-guiding capabilities, wherein light can be guided to multiple and/or select regions along the earbud, can assure that each individual wearing the earbud will generate an optical signal related to blood flow through the blood vessels. Optical coupling of light to a particular ear region of one person may not yield photoplethysmographic signals for each person. Therefore, coupling light to multiple regions may assure that at least one blood-vessel-rich region will be interrogated for each person wearing the light-guiding earbud. Coupling multiple regions of the ear to light may also be accomplished by diffusing light from a light source within the earbud.
Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to headsets that communicate wirelessly. In some embodiments of the present invention, headsets configured to monitor an individual's physiology and/or environment may be wired to a device that stores and/or processes data. In some embodiments, this information may be stored on the headset itself. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to earbuds. In some embodiments, the light-guiding structure may be molded around another part of the body, such as a digit, finger, toe, limb, around the nose or earlobe, or the like. In other embodiments, the light-guiding structure may be integrated into a patch, such as a bandage that sticks on a person's body.
Referring to
Each optical detector 26 may be a photodiode, photodetector, phototransistor, thyristor, solid state device, optical chipset, or the like. The optical emitter 24 may be a light-emitting diode (LED), laser diode (LD), compact incandescent bulb, micro-plasma emitter, IR blackbody source, or the like. The speaker 22 may be a compact speaker, such as an inductive speaker, piezoelectric speaker, electrostatic speaker, or the like. One or more microphones, such as electrets, MEMS, acoustic transducers, or the like, may also be located within the headset housing or earbud housing to pick up speech, physiological sounds, and/or environmental sounds.
The main circuit board 20 and secondary circuit board 32 may also support one or more sensor modules (not shown) that contain various physiological and/or environmental sensors. For example, a sensor module, such as sensor module 70 illustrated in
Secondary circuit board 32 may also include a temperature sensor, such as a thermopile 28 mounted thereto. The thermopile 28 is oriented so as to point towards the tympanic membrane within the ear of a subject wearing the headset 10 through the acoustic orifices 34a, 34b in the earbud housing 16 and cover 18, respectively. The secondary circuit board 32 may be in electrical contact with the main circuit board 20 via soldering, connectors, wiring, or the like. A battery 36, such as a lithium polymer battery or other portable battery, may be mounted to the main circuit board 20 and may be charged via a USB charge port 38. Although not shown in
In the illustrated embodiment, the earbud housing 16 is in acoustical communication with the speaker 22 and includes an aperture 34a through which sound from the speaker 22 can pass. However, additional apertures may also be utilized. The cover 18 also includes at least one aperture 34b through which sound from the speaker 22 can pass. The thermopile 28 is used as a heat sensor and measures thermal radiation from the ear of a subject via the acoustic apertures 34a, 34b. Additional or other sensors may be in the location of the thermopile 28, aligned towards the tympanic membrane, to sense other forms of energy, such as acoustic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or nuclear energy from the tympanic membrane region. For example, a photodetector may replace the thermopile 28 to measure light scattering off the tympanic membrane.
The cover 18 includes light transmissive material in a portion 19 thereof that is referred to as a light-guiding region. The light transmissive material in light-guiding region 19 is in optical communication with the optical emitter 24 and detectors 26. The light transmissive material in light-guiding region 19 is configured to deliver light from the optical emitter 24 into an ear canal of the subject at one or more predetermined locations and to collect light external to the earbud 30 and deliver the collected light to the optical detectors 26. As such, the earbud 30 of the illustrated headset 10 is referred to as a “light-guiding” earbud 30.
In some embodiments, the light transmissive material in the light-guiding region 19 may include a lens (e.g., lens 18L illustrated in
In some embodiments, the earbud cover 18 may integrate a transparent light-guiding layer, wherein air is utilized as a cladding layer. For example, the earbud cover 18 may include an optically transparent silicone molded layer, and the earbud housing 16 may be removed such that a cladding layer is air. In some embodiments, the earbud housing 16 may be closed, and the light-guiding region 19 may be integrated within the cover 18 or between the housing 16 and cover 18.
The illustrated cover 18 of
In some embodiments, a light-guiding cover 18 is formed from a soft, resilient material, such as silicone, which deforms when inserted within an ear canal of a subject. However, various materials may be utilized for light-guiding covers 18 and for serving as light guides depending on the type of earbud desired for a particular use case, according to embodiments of the present invention. For example, in some embodiments, a light-guiding cover 18 may be formed from a substantially rigid material such that the light-guiding earbud 30 is substantially rigid. For example, for a running use case, the runner may wish to have firm but soft earbuds, such that the earbud may deform to some extent when inserted into the ear. In such case, the light-guiding region may be silicone or other soft material and the outer cladding may be air, a polymer, plastic, or a soft material having a lower index of refraction than silicone.
Light-guiding earbuds according to various embodiments of the present invention will now be described with respect to
The cover 18 includes cladding material 21 on an inner surface 18b thereof and on an outer surface 18a thereof, as illustrated. An end portion 18f of the cover outer surface 18a does not have cladding material. As such, the cover 18 serves as a light guide that delivers light from the optical emitter 24 through the end portion 18f and into the ear canal C of a subject at one or more predetermined locations and that collects light external to the earbud housing 16 and delivers the collected light to the optical detector 26. In the various embodiments described herein, the terms light guide and cover are intended to be interchangeable. However, it should be noted that, in other embodiments, the earbud housing 16 may also serve as a light guide without the need for cover 18.
The base 50 in all of the earbud embodiments (
The optical emitter 24 generates inspection light 111 and the light-guiding region 19 of the light guide 18 directs the inspection light 111 towards an ear region. This light is called inspection light because it interrogates the surface of the ear, penetrates the skin of the ear, and generates a scattered light response 110 which may effectively inspect blood vessels within the ear region. The optical detector 26 detects scattered light 110 from an ear region and the light-guiding region 19 of the light guide 18 guides the light to the optical detector 26 through the light-guiding region 19, as illustrated.
In the embodiment of
The light guiding region 19 of the light guide 18 in the illustrated embodiment of
In the embodiment of
In the embodiments of
Referring to
In addition, the illustrated light guide 18 of
Referring now to
The earbud housing 16 is formed of a cladding material. The cladding material may be reflective material in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the cladding material may be optically transparent or mostly transparent with a lower index of refraction than the light transmissive material of the cover 18. In some embodiments, the earbud housing 16 may be replaced by air, such that the cladding region is air. Air may have a smaller index of refraction than that of the cover 18, supporting light transmission along the cover 18. In other embodiments, a cladding region exists between the earbud housing 16 and the light-guiding region 19. In another embodiment, a cladding region exists covering the outside of light-guiding region 19, with the exception of regions surrounding the lens regions 18L.
A plurality of windows 16w are formed in the earbud housing 16 at selected locations to permit light emitted by the light emitter 24 to pass therethrough. In some embodiments, the earbud housing 16 may have translucent or transparent material that serves the function of one or more windows 16w. The cover 18 includes a plurality of lenses 18L that are in optical communication with respective windows 16w in the earbud housing 16. These lenses 18L are configured to focus light 111 passing through a respective window 16w towards a particular region of the ear of a subject, and to help collect scattered light 110 and direct the scattered light 110 into the earbud housing 16 towards the light detector 26.
The earbud 30 of
A benefit of light guiding earbud 30 of
Referring now to
The earbud housing 16 includes a flexible optical emitter 24 integrally formed within the housing 16, as illustrated. The optical emitter 24 is flexible such that it may be positioned around the earbud in an earbud form-factor. The flexible optical emitter 24 is configured to be conformable to an earbud shape and configuration. The flexible optical emitter 24 may be in, near, or part of the earbud housing 16, cladding material 21, or housing 16. In some embodiments, the flexible optical emitter 24 may be part of a flexible optical circuit inserted into an earbud 30.
The optical detectors 26 positioned outside the earbud housing 16 of the earbud 30 of
Referring now to
In the illustrated embodiment of
In some embodiments, as illustrated in
In some embodiments, as illustrated in
Referring now to
The light-guiding region 19 of the cover 18 is designed to diffuse light and/or to generate luminescence. In this embodiment, the light-guiding region 19 includes at least one optical scatter or luminescence region. The optical scatter or luminescence region may be located anywhere within the earbud in the optical path of the optical emitters 24, but preferably within or about the cladding layer itself. When inspection light 111 generated by the optical emitters 24 is scattered or by an optical scatter region, this light may form a more diffuse optical beam 111a that is more uniform across the earbud 30 than the inspection light 111 generated by the optical emitters 24. This diffused beam, having an intensity distribution being less sensitive to motion of the ear, may be useful in alleviating motion artifacts in the scattered light coming from the ear, such that the scattered light coming from the ear, measured by the optical detector 26, is more indicative of blood flow changes within blood vessels and less indicative of mouth movements and body motion. The optical scatter region within the light-guiding region 19 may be at least partially comprised of impurities or morphological differences within the light-guiding region. An example of such impurities may include point defects, volume defects, native defects, metallics, polymers, microspheres, phosphors, luminescent particles, air pockets, particles, particulate matter, and the like. An example of morphological differences may include density variations, roughness, air pockets, stoichiometry variations, and the like. As a specific example, the light-guiding region 19 may comprise a transparent material, such as glass, a polymer, or silicone, and a luminescent impurity, such as a phosphor or luminescent polymer or molecule, may be integrated within the light-guiding region. This configuration may generate luminescence within the light-guiding region 19 in response to optical excitation from the optical emitters 24. In other embodiments, nanoscale fluctuations or impurities may be used to diffuse or manipulate light through the earbud. Examples of nanoscale fluctuations or impurities may include quantum dots, rods, wires, doughnuts, or the like.
In another embodiment, an optical scatter or luminescent region may be at least partially located in a separate region from the light-guiding region 19, such as a coating, that may be in physical contact with the light-guiding region 19.
In another embodiment, the optical scatter region or luminescent region may include multiple layers of light-guiding material having at least one dissimilar optical property, such as a dissimilar index of refraction, transparency, reflectivity, or the like. In another embodiment, the optical scatter region may include one or more patterned regions having at least one dissimilar optical property.
In another embodiment, the optical scatter or luminescent region may be distributed at select locations throughout the earbud.
Referring now to
A sensor module 70 is located near the earbud periphery, as illustrated. This sensor module 70 is shown in more detail in
In the illustrated embodiment of
The optical energy generated by these optical emitters 24a, 24b may be scattered by blood vessels in the ear. This scattered light may be at least partially captured by the optical detectors 26. This light may be digitized by an optical detector 26 itself or with other circuitry on the sensor module circuit board 70c. The light-guiding design of the aforementioned light-guiding earbuds 30 may direct light towards each of these detectors 26. For example, this may be accomplished via the light-guiding earbud 30, wherein a lens (e.g., 18L,
The earbud-facing side (
The epidermis 90, dermis 91, and subcutaneous 92 layers of skin tissue are shown in
As previously described, the optical scatter signal collected by the detectors 27d may provide a suitable noise reference for an adaptive filter to remove motion artifacts from the scattered light from the ear region, generating an output signal that is primarily related to blood flow (which may be the desired signal). This is because light detected by these detectors would come from light that has not been scattered by a physiological region but rather light that has been scattered from a region of the associated earpiece that may move along with the ear. Thus, the scattered light reaching the optical detectors 27d may be used to generate a measure of activity.
Although the embodiment of
The adaptive noise cancellation scheme 200 for cancelling motion noise with an optical source (specifically an infrared LED) has been demonstrated in the laboratory, with a human wearing a light-guiding earbud while resting, jogging, and running over a treadmill, and various data summaries 300a-300d are presented in
In the specific analysis results 400 of
The multiplexed data outputs 604 may be a serial data string of activity and physiological information 700 (
In some embodiments of the invention, new methods of generating physiological assessment algorithms are enabled. These new methods may be achieved by measuring each data output of the data output string 604 in real time while an earbud user is also wearing one or more benchmark sensors. Principal component analysis, multiple linear regression, or other statistical or machine learning techniques can then be used to generate statistical relationships between the data outputs 604 and high level assessments measured simultaneously by the benchmark sensors. These benchmark sensors may measure aerobic fitness level, VO2max, blood pressure, blood analyte levels, and the like. The relationships between the earbud sensor and benchmark sensor readings may be translated as algorithms embedded in the earbud, wherein each algorithm generates at least one assessment for the earbud user. In some cases, Bland-Altman plots of the earbud-derived assessment value versus the benchmark value may be used to judge the effectiveness of the algorithm, and this information may then feedback into improving the said earbud-derived assessment algorithm. Examples of these assessments may include aerobic fitness level, VO2max, blood pressure, blood analyte levels (such as blood glucose, oxygen, carbon monoxide, etc.), and the like.
In some cases, it may be important to remove the effects of ambient optical noise from the physiological signal of a light-guiding earbud 30. In such cases, one or more optical detectors 26 may be configured to measure outdoor or ambient lighting, and this information may be fed back into the processor 602 (
The optical detectors 26 and emitters 24 may be of multiple wavelengths, with the goal of providing specialized physiological information for each wavelength. Referring to
Embodiments of the present invention may be more generally applied to non-optical or mix-optical configurations. For example, one or more of the detectors 26 and emitters 24 may be mechanical, acoustical, electrical, gravimetric, or nuclear detectors and emitters, all providing physiological information to the processor 602 (
Referring to
A specific embodiment of a chipset 800 for a stereo headset, according to some embodiments of the present invention, is illustrated in
According to other embodiments of the present invention, monitoring devices with light-guiding regions may be configured to be attached to earlobes, fingers, toes, other digits, etc. For example,
A base 50 is secured to the inner and outer body portions 74, 72 of the illustrated embodiment and may be similar to the base 50 described above with respect to
The inner body portion 74 includes light transmissive material similar to that of the cover 18 described above with respect to
A layer of cladding material 21 is applied to (or near) the outer surface 74a of the inner body portion 74 and a layer of cladding material 21 is applied to (or near) the inner surface 74b of the inner body portion 74, as illustrated, to define a light-guiding region 19. As such, the inner body portion 74 serves as a light guide that delivers light from the optical emitter 24 to the finger F of a subject at one or more predetermined locations and that collects light from the finger F and delivers the collected light to the optical detectors 26, 26′. In some embodiments, the cladding material 21 may be embedded within the inner body portion 74 adjacent to the outer surface 74a and inner surface 74b. In some embodiments, the outer body portion 72 may serve as a cladding layer adjacent to the inner body portion outer surface 74a.
In the illustrated embodiment, windows 74w are formed in the cladding material 21 and serve as light-guiding interfaces to the finger F. There may be any number of these windows, as may be required for sufficient optical coupling, and the windows 74w may include lenses such as those described above (e.g., lens 18L illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment, the light-guiding region 19 includes light blocking members 80 that isolate light emitter 24 and light detector 26 from each other. In some embodiments, only a single light blocking member 80 may be utilized. For example, a single light blocking member 80 may be positioned between the light emitter 24 and light detector 26. By adding an additional blocking member 80, as illustrated, the only light reaching the optical detector 26 may be light passing through at least one portion of the finger.
In some embodiments, multiple light emitters 24 may be utilized. For example, light emitters of different wavelengths may be utilized. In some embodiments, multiple light detectors may be utilized that are configured to measure light at different wavelengths (e.g., light detectors 26 and 26′ may be configured to measure light at different wavelengths). In this way, either optical detector may be configured to measure light mostly due to motion (such as finger motion) or to measure light mostly due to physiological processes and motion. For example, if the windows 74w incorporate IR-pass filters, visible light will not pass through the windows 74w and the light will be scattered to the photodetectors 26 and 26′. Or, if the two illustrated blocking regions 80 are in place, and if photodetector 26′ is configured to measure only visible light and photodetector 26 is configured to measure only IR light, then only the photodetector 26′ will detect scattered visible light. As this visible scattered light cannot reach the finger, the scatter intensity measured by optical detector 26′ may be indicative of motion and not physiological activity.
Referring now to
A base 50 is secured to the inner and outer body portions 74, 72 and may be similar to the base 50 described above with respect to
The inner body portion 74 is formed of light transmissive material similar to that of the cover 18 described above with respect to
A layer of cladding material 21 is applied to (or near) the outer surface 74a of the inner body portion 74 and a layer of cladding material 21 is applied to (or near) the inner surface 74b of the inner body portion 74, as illustrated, to define a light-guiding region 19. As such, the inner body portion 74 serves as a light guide that delivers light from the optical emitter 24 to the body of a subject at one or more predetermined locations and that collects light from the body and delivers the collected light to the optical detectors 26, 26′. In some embodiments, the cladding material 21 may be embedded within the inner body portion 74 adjacent to the outer surface 74a and inner surface 74b. In some embodiments, the outer body portion 72 may serve as a cladding layer adjacent to the inner body portion outer surface 74a.
In the illustrated embodiment, windows 74w are formed in the cladding material 21 and serve as light-guiding interfaces to the body of a subject. There may be any number of these windows, as may be required for sufficient optical coupling, and the windows 74w may include lenses such as those described above (e.g., lens 18L illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment, the light-guiding region 19 includes a light blocking member 80 that isolates light emitter 24 and light detector 26 from each other. In some embodiments, multiple light emitters 24 may be utilized. For example, light emitters of different wavelengths may be utilized. In some embodiments, multiple light detectors may be utilized that are configured to measure light at different wavelengths (e.g., light detectors 26 and 26′ may be configured to measure light at different wavelengths).
The illustrated monitoring device 70′ may be removably attached to the body of a subject via adhesive on one or more portions of the device 70′. In some embodiments, adhesive may be on the inner body portion 74. In embodiments where the outer body portion is utilized, the adhesive may be on the outer body portion 74. In some embodiments, the illustrated device 70′ may be removably attached to the body of a subject via tape or other known devices.
Referring now to
In the embodiments of
The exposed surface 119c is shown with a flat surface in
As used herein, the term “engage” is intended to mean that the distal end surface 119c may contact the skin of a person or may be closely adjacent the skin of a person, such as within a hundred microns to 3 or more millimeters away from the person, for example.
An opposite proximal end 119b of each light guide 119 is in optical communication with a respective optical emitter 24 and optical detector 26. As such, a respective light guide 119 is configured to deliver light from an optical emitter 24 into an ear region of the subject via the distal end exposed surface 119c, and a respective light guide 119 is configured to collect light from an ear region of the subject via the distal end exposed surface 119c and deliver collected light to the optical detector 26.
In the illustrated embodiment of
In the illustrated embodiment of
Each light guide 119 in the various embodiments illustrated and described herein may be formed from various types of light transmissive material, typically with a refractive index of at least one (1). In some embodiments, a light guide 119 may be formed from an elastomeric light transmissive material. In other embodiments, a light guide 119 may be formed from a substantially rigid light transmissive material. In embodiments of the present invention where a headset or monitoring device includes a plurality of light guides 119, some of the light guides may be formed from an elastomeric light transmissive material, and some may be formed from a substantially rigid light transmissive material. Light guides according to some embodiments of the present invention may comprise one or more optical fibers. Exemplary light guide materials include, but are not limited to, polycarbonate, acrylic, silicone, and polyurethane.
Light guides 119, according to some embodiments of the present invention, may comprise optical filtering material, also. For example, a light-guide may comprise a material having an optically filtering dye or a material which inherently filters one or more wavelengths of light. For example, a light-absorptive dye, many of which are well-known in the art, may be integrated within or coated on top a polycarbonate or acrylic sheet. Similarly, a light-absorptive dye may be integrated within a resin which may then be molded into one or more light guides. A few non-limiting examples of an inherently filtering material includes sapphire, which absorbs some infrared (IR) wavelengths, or glass, which absorbs some ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. However, various types of filtering material may be utilized, without limitation.
In some embodiments, a light guide 119 may be surrounded or partially surrounded by a cladding material 121 (
In
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
In some embodiments of the present invention, such as illustrated in
A pair of elongated light guides 119, such as illustrated in
The optical emitter 24 and optical detector 26 may be embedded within the headband 100h (also referred to as a “back band” as this may typically be worn behind the head), or may be located external to the headband 100h. In addition, the elongated light guides 119 in communication with the optical emitter 24 and optical detector 26 may be embedded within the headband 100h. However, in some embodiments of the present invention, the elongated light guides 119 may be external or at least partially external to the headband 110h.
Though many of the drawings herein show emitters and detectors in only one earbud, it should be understood that the emitters and detectors may be in multiple earbuds, left and right, for use in biometric monitoring. Certain benefits may be realized by incorporating light guides from the headband to both earbuds. For example, having emitters and detectors in multiple earbuds may enable the ability to measure the transit time between blood pulses on the right and left sides of the head, and this measurement may be used to estimate the blood pressure of the person. For example, the blood moving from the carotid artery on the right of the head and moving to the left of the head may be modulated in part by the blood pressure, and thus by measuring the time difference between right and left blood pulses, and by integrating this measurement into a formula relating pulse transit time and blood pressure, potentially further including a relationship for arterial stiffness, a method of determining blood pressure may be implemented. Additionally, the difference between the intensity of the pulsatile blood flow signals, namely the difference in amplitude of the AC blood flow pulses, between the right and left sides of the head may be directly proportional to the blood pressure of the person wearing the headset. A suitable stereo headset configuration for providing this type of functionality may comprise a light guiding method as shown in
The front housing portion 14a includes a portion 14c that has a pair of filter lenses 140 integral therewith. The cover 18 has a corresponding portion 18a that includes a pair of light guides 119 integral therewith, as illustrated. The light guides 119 are substantially flush with an end surface 18b of portion 18a in the illustrated embodiment. When the cover 18 is installed on the front housing portion 14a, the light guides 119 are in alignment (i.e., optical communication) with the filter lenses 140, as illustrated in
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
This application is a continuation application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/274,288, filed May 9, 2014, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/715,247, filed Dec. 14, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,788,002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/691,388, filed Jan. 21, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,700,111, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,567 filed Feb. 25, 2009, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/208,574 filed Feb. 25, 2009, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/212,444 filed Apr. 13, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/274,191 filed Aug. 14, 2009, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3595219 | Friedlander et al. | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3704706 | Herczfeld et al. | Dec 1972 | A |
| 4063551 | Sweeney | Dec 1977 | A |
| 4240882 | Ang et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4331154 | Broadwater et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4438772 | Slavin | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4491760 | Linvill | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4521499 | Switzer | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4541905 | Kuwana et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4592807 | Switzer | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4655225 | Dahne et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4830014 | Goodman et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4880304 | Jaeb et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4882492 | Schlager | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4896676 | Sasaki | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4928704 | Hardt | May 1990 | A |
| 4952890 | Swanson | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4952928 | Carroll et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4955379 | Hall | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4957109 | Groeger et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4974591 | Awazu et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5002060 | Nedivi | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5022970 | Cook et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5025791 | Niwa | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5079421 | Knudson et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5080098 | Willett et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5086229 | Rosenthal et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5139025 | Lewis et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5143078 | Mather et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5226417 | Swedlow et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5237994 | Goldberger | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5243992 | Eckerle et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5297548 | Pologe | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5299570 | Hatschek | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5348002 | Caro | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5377100 | Pope et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5448082 | Kim | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5482036 | Diab et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5492129 | Greenberger | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5494043 | O'Sullivan et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5499301 | Sudo et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5503016 | Koen | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5575284 | Athan et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5581648 | Sahagen | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5596987 | Chance | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5662117 | Bittman | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5673692 | Schulze | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5697374 | Odagiri et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5711308 | Singer | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5725480 | Oosta et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5743260 | Chung et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5779631 | Chance | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5797841 | Delonzor et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5807114 | Hodges et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807267 | Bryars et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5817008 | Rafert et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5846190 | Woehrle | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5853005 | Scanlon | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5904654 | Wohltmann et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5938593 | Ouellette | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5954644 | Dettling et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5964701 | Asada et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5971931 | Raff | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974338 | Asano et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5995858 | Kinast | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6004274 | Aceti et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6013007 | Root et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6022748 | Charych et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6023541 | Merchant et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6030342 | Amano et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6045511 | Ott et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6067006 | O'Brien | May 2000 | A |
| 6070093 | Oosta et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6078829 | Uchida et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6080110 | Thorgersen | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6081742 | Amano et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6155983 | Kosuda et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6168567 | Pickering et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6186145 | Brown | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6198394 | Jacobsen et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6198951 | Kosuda et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6205354 | Gellermann et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6231519 | Blants et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6267721 | Welles | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6282013 | Ostler | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6283915 | Nolan et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6285816 | Anderson et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6289230 | Chaiken et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6298314 | Blackadar et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6332868 | Sato et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6358216 | Kraus et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6361660 | Goldstein | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6371925 | Imai et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6374129 | Chin et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6401138 | Judge et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6415167 | Blank et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6443890 | Schulze et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6444474 | Thomas et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454718 | Clift | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6458080 | Brown et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6470893 | Boesen | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6513532 | Mault et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6514278 | Hibst et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6527711 | Stivoric et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6527712 | Brown et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6529754 | Kondo | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6534012 | Hazen et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6556852 | Schulze et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6569094 | Suzuki et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6571117 | Marbach | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6605038 | Teller et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6608562 | Kimura et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6616613 | Goodman | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6631196 | Taenzer et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6647378 | Kindo | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6656116 | Kim et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6694180 | Boesen | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6702752 | Dekker | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6725072 | Steuer et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6745061 | Hicks et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6748254 | O'Neil et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6760610 | Tschupp et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6783501 | Takahashi et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6801799 | Mendelson | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6808473 | Hisano et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6859658 | Krug | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6893396 | Schulze et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6898451 | Wuori | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6941239 | Unuma et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6953435 | Kondo et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6954644 | Johansson et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6996427 | Ali et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 6997879 | Turcott | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7018338 | Vetter et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7024369 | Brown et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7030359 | Römhild | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7034694 | Yamaguchi et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7039454 | Kaga et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7041062 | Friedrichs et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7043287 | Khalil et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7054674 | Cane et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7088234 | Naito et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7107088 | Aceti | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7113815 | O'Neil et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7117032 | Childre et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7163512 | Childre et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7175601 | Verjus et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7190986 | Hannula et al. | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 7209775 | Bae et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7217224 | Thomas | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7252639 | Kimura et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7263396 | Chen et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7289837 | Mannheimer et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7336982 | Yoo et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7341559 | Schultz et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7376451 | Mahony et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7378954 | Wendt | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7470234 | Elhag et al. | Dec 2008 | B1 |
| 7483730 | Diab et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7486988 | Goodall et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7507207 | Sakai et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7519327 | White | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7526327 | Blondeau et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7558622 | Tran | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7583994 | Scholz | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7620450 | Kim et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7625285 | Breving | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7652569 | Kiff et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7689437 | Teller et al. | Mar 2010 | B1 |
| 7695440 | Kondo et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7725147 | Li et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7756559 | Abreu | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7843325 | Otto | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7894869 | Hoarau | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7914468 | Shalon et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7991448 | Edgar et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7998079 | Nagai et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8050728 | Al-Ali et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8055319 | Oh et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8055330 | Egozi | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8059924 | Letant et al. | Nov 2011 | B1 |
| 8130105 | Al-Ali et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8137270 | Keenan et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8172459 | Abreu | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8175670 | Baker, Jr. et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8204730 | Liu et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8233955 | Al-Ali et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8251903 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255027 | Ai-Ali et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8255029 | Addison et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8303512 | Kosuda et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8328420 | Abreu | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8416959 | Lott et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8491492 | Shinar et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8504679 | Spire et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8506524 | Graskov et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8512242 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8679008 | Hughes et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8730048 | Shen et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8886269 | LeBoeuf et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8923941 | LeBoeuf et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8929965 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8989830 | LeBoeuf et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9005129 | Venkatraman et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 20010015123 | Nishitani et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010044588 | Mault | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010049471 | Suzuki et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020026108 | Colvin | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020035340 | Fraden et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020143242 | Nemirovski | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156386 | Dardik et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156654 | Roe et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020186137 | Skardon | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020188210 | Aizawa | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020194002 | Petrushin | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030002705 | Boesen | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030007631 | Bolognesi et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030045785 | Diab et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050563 | Suribhotla et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030064712 | Gaston et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030065257 | Mault et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030065269 | Vetter | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030083583 | Kovtun et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030109030 | Uchida et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030109791 | Kondo et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030181795 | Suzuki et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030181798 | Al-Ali | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212336 | Lee et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030220584 | Honeyager et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030222268 | Yocom et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233051 | Verjus et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030236647 | Yoon et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040004547 | Appelt et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040022700 | Kim et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040030581 | Leven | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040034289 | Teller et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040034293 | Kimball | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039254 | Stivoric et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040054291 | Schulz et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040059236 | Margulies et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040075677 | Loyall et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040077934 | Massad | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040082842 | Lumba et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040103146 | Park | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040117204 | Mazar et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040120844 | Tribelsky et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122294 | Hatlestad et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122702 | Sabol et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133081 | Teller et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133123 | Leonhardt et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040135571 | Uutela et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040138578 | Pineda et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040186387 | Kosuda et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040186390 | Ross et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040219056 | Tribelsky et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040220488 | Vyshedskiy et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040225207 | Bae et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040228494 | Smith | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040242976 | Abreu | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040254501 | Mault | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050004458 | Kanayama et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050007582 | Villers et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050021519 | Ghouri | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050027216 | Guillemaud et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050030540 | Thornton | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033200 | Soehren et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050036212 | Saito | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050038349 | Choi et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043600 | Diab et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043630 | Honeyager et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050049471 | Aceti | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050058456 | Yoo | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050059870 | Aceti | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050070809 | Acres | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050075542 | Goldreich | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050084666 | Pong et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050101845 | Nihtila | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050101872 | Sattler et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113167 | Buchner et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113656 | Chance | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113703 | Farringdon et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050116820 | Goldreich | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050119833 | Nanikashvili | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050148883 | Boesen | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050154264 | Lecompte et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050177034 | Beaumont | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050180700 | Farr | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187448 | Petersen et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050187453 | Petersen et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192515 | Givens et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050196009 | Boesen | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203349 | Nanikashvili | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203357 | Debreczeny et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050209516 | Fraden | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050212405 | Negley | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050222487 | Miller et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050222903 | Buchheit et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228244 | Banet | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228299 | Banet | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228463 | Mac et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050240087 | Keenan et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050245839 | Stivoric et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050258816 | Zen et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050259811 | Kimm et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060009685 | Finarov et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060012567 | Sicklinger | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060063993 | Yu et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060064037 | Shalon et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060084878 | Banet et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060084879 | Nazarian et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060122520 | Banet et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060123885 | Yates et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060140425 | Berg et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060142665 | Garay et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060202816 | Crump et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060205083 | Zhao | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060210058 | Kock et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060211922 | Al-Ali et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060211924 | Dalke et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060217598 | Miyajima et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060224059 | Swedlow et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060240558 | Zhao | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060246342 | MacPhee | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060251277 | Cho | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060251334 | Oba et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060252999 | Devaul et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060264730 | Stivoric et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060292533 | Selod | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060293921 | McCarthy et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070004449 | Sham | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070004969 | Kong et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070015992 | Filkins et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070016086 | Inukai et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070021206 | Sunnen | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027367 | Oliver et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070027399 | Chou | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070036383 | Romero | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070050215 | Kil et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060800 | Drinan et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070060819 | Altshuler et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070063850 | Devaul et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070082789 | Nissila et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070083092 | Rippo et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070083095 | Rippo et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070088221 | Stahmann | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070093702 | Yu et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070106167 | Kinast | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070112273 | Rogers | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070112598 | Heckerman et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070116314 | Grilliot et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070118054 | Oliver et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070123763 | Al-Ali et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070135717 | Uenishi et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070165872 | Bridger et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167850 | Russell et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070191718 | Nakamura | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197878 | Shklarski | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197881 | Wolf et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070208240 | Nordstrom et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070213020 | Novac | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070230714 | Armstrong | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233403 | Alwan et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070265097 | Havukainen | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270667 | Coppi et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270671 | Gal | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070293781 | Sims et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070299330 | Couronne et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080001735 | Tran | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080004536 | Baxi et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080015424 | Bernreuter | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039731 | McCombie et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080076972 | Dorogusker | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080081963 | Naghavi et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080081972 | Debreczeny | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086533 | Neuhauser et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080096726 | Riley et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114220 | Banet et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080132798 | Hong et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080133699 | Craw et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080141301 | Azzaro et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080146890 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080146892 | LeBoeuf et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154098 | Morris et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080154105 | Lemay | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080165017 | Schwartz | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080170600 | Sattler et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080171945 | Dotter | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177162 | Bae et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200774 | Luo | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080203144 | Kim | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080221461 | Zhou et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080249594 | Dietrich | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287752 | Stroetz et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20090005662 | Petersen et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090006457 | Stivoric et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090010461 | Klinghult et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090010556 | Uchibayashi et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090030350 | Yang et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054751 | Babashan et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054752 | Jonnalagadda et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090069645 | Nielsen et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090082994 | Schuler et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090088611 | Buschmann | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090093687 | Telfort et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090105548 | Bart | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090105556 | Fricke et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090112071 | LeBoeuf et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131761 | Moroney, III et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131764 | Lee et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090175456 | Johnson | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090177097 | Ma | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090214060 | Chuang et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090221888 | Wijesiriwardana | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090227853 | Wijesiriwardana | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090240125 | Such et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253992 | Van Der Loo | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253996 | Lee et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090264711 | Schuler et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090270698 | Shioi et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090281435 | Ahmed et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090287067 | Dorogusker et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090299215 | Zhang | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100004517 | Bryenton et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100022861 | Cinbis et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100045663 | Chen et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100100013 | Hu et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100113902 | Hete et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100113948 | Yang et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100125188 | Schilling | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100168531 | Shaltis et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100172522 | Mooring et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100179389 | Moroney et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100185105 | Baldinger | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217099 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217102 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100217103 | Abdul-Hafiz et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100222655 | Starr et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100228315 | Nielsen | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234714 | Mercier et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100268056 | Picard et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100274100 | Behar et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100274109 | Hu et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100292589 | Goodman | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298653 | McCombie et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110028810 | Van Slyke et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110028813 | Watson et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110081037 | Oh et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110105869 | Wilson et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110112382 | Li et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110130638 | Raridan, Jr. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110142371 | King et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110288379 | Wu | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120030547 | Raptis et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120095303 | He | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150052 | Buchheim et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120156933 | Kreger et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120179011 | Moon et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120197093 | LeBoeuf et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120277548 | Burton | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20130053661 | Alberth et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130072765 | Kahn et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130131519 | LeBoeuf et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130158372 | Haisley | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130245387 | Patel | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130336495 | Burgett et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140051940 | Messerschmidt | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140052567 | Bhardwaj et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140073486 | Ahmed et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140088433 | Shan | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140100432 | Golda et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140127996 | Park et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140219467 | Kurtz | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140236531 | Carter | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140275852 | Hong et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140288436 | Venkatraman et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140323880 | Ahmed et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140378844 | Fei | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150011898 | Romesburg | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150018636 | Romesburg | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150057967 | Albinali | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150190085 | Nathan et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150250396 | Ahmed et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150265217 | Penders et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150289820 | Miller et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150342481 | Liu et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150366509 | Romesburg | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160022220 | Lee et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160029964 | LeBoeuf et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160094899 | Aumer et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160287108 | Wei et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20170034615 | Mankodi et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 101212927 | Jul 2008 | CN |
| 201438747 | Apr 2010 | CN |
| 3910749 | Oct 1990 | DE |
| 1 297 784 | Apr 2003 | EP |
| 1 480 278 | Nov 2004 | EP |
| 2 077 091 | Jul 2009 | EP |
| 2 182 839 | Oct 2011 | EP |
| 2 408 209 | May 2005 | GB |
| 2 411 719 | Sep 2005 | GB |
| 7-241279 | Sep 1995 | JP |
| 9-253062 | Sep 1997 | JP |
| 9-299342 | Nov 1997 | JP |
| 2000-116611 | Apr 2000 | JP |
| 2001-025462 | Jan 2001 | JP |
| 20030159221 | Jun 2003 | JP |
| 2004-513750 | May 2004 | JP |
| 2004-283523 | Oct 2004 | JP |
| 2005-040261 | Feb 2005 | JP |
| 2005-270544 | Oct 2005 | JP |
| 2007-044203 | Feb 2007 | JP |
| 2007-185348 | Jul 2007 | JP |
| 2008-136556 | Jun 2008 | JP |
| 2008-279061 | Nov 2008 | JP |
| 2009-153664 | Jul 2009 | JP |
| 2010-526646 | Aug 2010 | JP |
| 2014-068733 | Apr 2014 | JP |
| 20-0204510 | Nov 2000 | KR |
| WO 0024064 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| WO 2000047108 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| WO 0108552 | Feb 2001 | WO |
| WO 2002017782 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO 2005010568 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005020121 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005036212 | Apr 2005 | WO |
| WO 2005110238 | Nov 2005 | WO |
| WO 2006009830 | Jan 2006 | WO |
| WO 2006067690 | Jun 2006 | WO |
| WO 2007004089 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007012931 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007013054 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007023426 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007038432 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007053146 | May 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007122375 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| WO 2008141306 | Nov 2008 | WO |
| WO 2011127063 | Oct 2011 | WO |
| WO 2013038296 | Mar 2013 | WO |
| WO 2015128226 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “U.S. Army Fitness Training Handbook” by the Department of the Army, 2003, The Lyons Press. p. 17. |
| “Warfighter Physiological and Environmental Monitoring: A Study for the U.S. Army Research Institute in Environmental Medicine and the Soldier Systems Center”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Final Report, Nov. 1, 2004, prepared for the U.S. Army under Air Force Contract F19628-00-C-0002; approved for public release. |
| Colligan, M. J. et al. in “The psychological effects of indoor air pollution”, Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 57, No. 10, Dec. 1981, p. 1014-1026. |
| de Paula Santos, U. et al, in “Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil”, European Heart Journal (2005) 26, 193-200. |
| Ebert, T et al., “Influence of Hydration Status on Thermoregulation and Cycling Hill Climbing,” Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 323-329, 2007. |
| Falkner et al, “Cardiovascular response to mental stress in normal adolescents with hypertensive parents. Hemodynamics and mental stress in adolescents,” Hypertension 1979, 1:23-30. |
| Fleming et al., “A Comparison of Signal Processing Techniques for the Extraction of Breathing Rate from the Photopethysmorgram,” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 30, Oct. 2007, pp. 276-280. |
| Geladas et al., “Effect of cold air inhalation on core temperature in exercising subjects under stress,” The American Physiological Society, pp. 2381-2387, 1988. |
| Gold, D.R. et al. in “Ambient Pollution and Heart Rate Variability”, Circulation 2000, 101:1267-1273. |
| International Search Report corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/046446, dated Jan. 14, 2013, 3 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, corresponding to PCT/US2012/0948079, dated Oct. 9, 2012. |
| International Search Report Corresponding to International Application No. PCT/US2012/022634, dated Aug. 22, 2012, 9 pages. |
| Maomao et al., “Mobile Context-Aware Game for the Next Generation,” 2nd International Conference on Application and Development of Computer Games ADCOG 2003, p. 78-81. |
| Maughan, R.J., “Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, Suppl. 2, pp. S19-S23, 2003. |
| Maughan et al., “Exercise, Heat, Hydration and the Brain,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 604S-612S, 2007. |
| Mostardi, R., et al., “The effect of increased body temperature due to exercise on the heart rate and the maximal aerobic power,” Europ. J. Appl. Physiol, 33, pp. 237-245, 1974. |
| Nakajima et al., “Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates by photoplethyusmography using a digital filtering technique,” Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 18, No. 5, Jul. 1996, pp. 365-372. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Jul. 30, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/021936. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Sep. 16, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/024922. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated Sep. 27, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/025216. |
| Shorten et al., “Acute effect of environmental temperature during exercise on subsequent energy intake in active men,” Am. J Clin. Nutr. 90, pp, 1215-21, 2009. |
| Thompson, M.W., “Cardiovascular drift and critical core temperature: factors limiting endurance performance in the heat?” J. Exerc. Sci. Fit, vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 15-24, 2006. |
| Edmison et al., “E-Textile Based Automatic Activity Diary for Medical Annotation and Analysis,” Proc. BSN 2006 Int. Workshop Wearable Implantable Body Sensor Netw. (2006), pp. 131-145, Apr. 3-5, 2006. |
| European Search Report, EP Application No. 13863449.8, dated Oct. 19, 2015, 3 pages. |
| European Search Report, EP Application No. 14743615.8, dated Oct. 12, 2015, 3 pages. |
| European Search Report, EP Application No. 14743839.4, dated Oct. 12, 2015, 3 pages. |
| Gibbs et al., “Reducing Motion Artifact in Wearable Bio-Sensors Using MEMS Accelerometers for Active Noise Cancellation,” 2005 American Control Conference, Jun. 8-10, 2005, Portland, OR, USA, pp. 1581-1586. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2014/012940, dated Jun. 17, 2015, 23 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/012940, dated Oct. 16, 2014, 13 pages. |
| International Search Report corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/012909, dated May 13, 2014, 3 pages. |
| Notification Concerning Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2014/012909, dated Jul. 28, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/014562, dated Oct. 28, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/042636, dated Oct. 29, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/042015, dated Oct. 29, 2015. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/042035, dated Oct. 29, 2015. |
| Wood et al., “Active Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Sensors Using Laguerre Expansion and Signal Separation,” Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 27th Annual Conference, Shanghai, China, Sep. 1-4, 2005, pp. 3571-3574. |
| Han et al., “Artifacts in wearable photoplethysmographs during daily life motions and their reduction with least mean square based active noise cancellation method,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, 42, 2012, pp. 387-393. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2015/046079, dated Dec. 29, 2015. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 13863449.8, dated Nov. 5, 2015, 7 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC European Patent Application No. 14743615.8, dated Dec. 23, 2015, 7 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 14743839.4, dated Dec. 23, 2015, 6 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 12820308.0, dated Feb. 3, 2016, 5 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated May 26, 2016 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2016/019126. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Search Authority dated May 26, 2016 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2016/019132. |
| Asada, et al., “Mobile Monitoring with Wearable Photoplethysmographic Biosensors,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, May/Jun. 2003, pp. 28-40. |
| Bifulco et al., “Bluetooth Portable Device for Continuous ECG and Patient Motion Monitoring During Daily Life,” Medicon 2007, IFMBE Proceedings 16, 2007, pp. 369-372. |
| Brodersen et al., “In-Ear Acquisition of Vital Signs Discloses New Chances for Preventive Continuous Cardiovascular Monitoring,” 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2007), vol. 13 of the series IFMBE Proceedings, pp. 189-194. |
| Celka et al, “Motion Resistant Earphone Located Infrared based Heart Rate Measurement Device,” Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Feb. 16-18, 2004, Innsbruck, Austria, pp. 582-585. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EP 12 739 502.8, dated Jul. 19, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EP 14 743 615.8, dated Jul. 19, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EP 14 743 839.4, dated Jul. 20, 2016, 5 pages. |
| Comtois et al., “A Wearable Wireless Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Remote Triage Applications,” 2006 IEEE, pp. 53-54. |
| Comtois, Gary, W., “Implementation of Accelerometer-Based Adaptive Noise Cancellation in a Wireless Wearable Pulse Oximeter Platform for Remote Physiological Monitoring and Triage,” Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Aug. 31, 2007, 149 pages. |
| Duun et al., “A Novel Ring Shaped Photodiode for Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in Wireless Applications,” IEEE Sensors 2007 Conference, pp. 596-599. |
| Geun et al., “Measurement Site and Applied Pressure Consideration in Wrist Photoplethysmography,” The 23rd International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications, 2008, pp. 1129-1132. |
| Gibbs et al., “Active motion artifact cancellation for wearable health monitoring sensors using collocated MEMS accelerometers,” Smart Structures and Materials, 2005: Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5765, pp. 811-819. |
| Haahr et al., “A Wearable “Electronic Patch” for Wireless Continuous Monitoring of Chronically Diseased Patients,” Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, in conjunction with the 5th International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China, Jun. 1-3, 2008, pp. 66-70. |
| Jiang, Honghui, “Motion-Artifact Resistant Design of Photoplethysmograph Ring Sensor for Driver Monitoring,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Feb. 2004, 62 pages. |
| Kuzmina et al., “Compact multi-functional skin spectrometry set-up,” Advanced Optical Materials, Technologies, and Devices, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 6596, 2007, pp. 65960T-1 to 65960T-6. |
| Lee et al, “Respiratory Rate Detection Algorithms by Photoplethysmography Signal Processing,” 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Aug. 20-24, 2008, pp. 1140-1143. |
| Lindberg et al., “Monitoring of respiratory and heart rates using a fibre-optic sensor,” Med Biol Eng Comput, Sep. 1992, vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 533-537. |
| Luprano, Jean, “Sensors and Parameter Extraction by Wearable Systems: Present Situation and Future,” pHealth 2008, May 21, 2008, 29 pages. |
| Lygouras et al., “Optical-Fiber Finger Photo-Plethysmograph Using Digital Techniques,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 2, No. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 20-25. |
| Maguire et al., “The Design and Clinical Use of a Reflective Brachial Photoplethysmograph,” Technical Report NUIM/SS/--/2002/04, Submitted Apr. 2002, Signals and Systems Research Group, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland, 13 pages. |
| Mendelson et al., “Measurement Site and Photodetector Size Considerations in Optimizing Power Consumption of a Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter,” Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Cancun, Mexico, Sep. 17-21, 2003, pp. 3016-3019. |
| Mendelson et al., “Noninvasive Pulse Oximetry Utilizing Skin Reflectance Photoplethysmography,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 35, No. 10, Oct. 1988, pp. 798-805. |
| Poh et al., “Motion Tolerant Magnetic Earring Sensor and Wireless Earpiece for Wearable Photoplethysmography,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 14, No. 3, May 2010, pp. 786-794. |
| Renevey et al., “Wrist-Located Pulse Detection Using IR Signals, Activity and Nonlinear Artifact Cancellation,” IEEE EMBS, 2001, 4 pages. |
| Rhee et al., “Artifact-Resistant Power-Efficient Design of Finger-Ring Plethysmographic Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 48, No. 7, Jul. 2001, pp. 795-805. |
| Shaltis, Phillip Andrew, Analysis and Validation of an Artifact Resistant Design for Oxygen Saturation Measurement Using Photo Plethysmographic Ring Sensors, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jun. 2004, 103 pages. |
| Shin et al., “A Novel Headset with a Transmissive PPG Sensor for Heart Rate Measurement,” ICBME 2008, Proceedings 23, 2009, pp. 519-522. |
| Spigulis et al, “Wearable wireless photoplethysmography sensors,” Proc. of SPIE, vol. 6991, 2008, pp. 69912O-1 to 69912O-7. |
| Takatani et al., “Optical Oximetry Sensors for Whole Blood and Tissue,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Jun./Jul. 1994, pp. 347-357. |
| Vogel et al., “A System for Assessing Motion Artifacts in the Signal of a Micro-Optic In-Ear Vital Signs Sensor,” 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Aug. 20-24, 2008. |
| Vogel et al., “In-Ear Heart Rate Monitoring Using a Micro-Optic Reflective Sensor,” Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cite Internationale, Lyon, France, Aug. 23-26, 2007, pp. 1375-1378. |
| Wang et al., “Multichannel Reflective PPG Earpiece Sensor With Passive Motion Cancellation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, No. 4, Dec. 2007, pp. 235-241. |
| Wang et al., “Reflective Photoplethysmograph Earpiece Sensor for Ubiquitous Heart Rate Monitoring,” 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2007, vol. 13 of the series IFMBE Proceedings, pp. 179-183. |
| Wei et al. “A New Wristband Wearable Sensor Using Adaptive Reduction Filter to Reduce Motion Artifact,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology and Application in Biomedicine, in conjunction with the 2nd International Symposium & Summer School on Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, China, May 30-31, 2008, pp. 278-281. |
| Wood, Levi Benjamin, “Motion Artifact Reduction for Wearable Photoplethysmogram Sensors Using Micro Accelerometers and Laguerre Series Adaptive Filters,” Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jun. 2008, 74 pages. |
| FiTrainer “The Only Trainer You Need”; http://itami.com; Downloaded Feb. 26, 2010; © 2008 FiTrainer™; 2 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration corresponding to International Application No. PCT/US2013/070271; dated Feb. 26, 2014; International Search Report; Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority; 13 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 26, 2010 by the Korean Intellectual Property Office for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2010/021629. |
| Anpo et al. “Photocatalytic Reduction of Co2 With H2O on Titanium Oxides Anchored within Micropores of Zeolites: Effects of the Structure of the Active Sites and the Addition of Pt” J. Phys. Chem. B, 101:2632-2636 1997. |
| Bârsan et al. “Understanding the fundamental principles of metal oxide based gas sensors; the example of CO sensing with SnO2 sensors in the presence of humidity” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15:R813-R839 (2003). |
| Bott “Electrochemistry of Semiconductors” Current Separations 17(3):87-91 (1998). |
| European Search Report corresponding to European Application No. 07862660.3 dated Apr. 25, 2012; 7 pages. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, corresponding to PCT/US2007/025114, dated May 13, 2008. |
| Martins et al. “Zinc oxide as an ozone sensor” Journal of Applied Physics 96(3):1398-1408 (2004). |
| Saladin et al. “Photosynthesis of CH4 at a TiO2 Surface from Gaseous H2O and CO2” J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 533-534 (1995). |
| Skubal et al. “Detection and identification of gaseous organics using a TiO2 sensor” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 148:103-108 (2002). |
| Skubal et al. “Monitoring the Electrical Response of Photoinduced Organic Oxideation on TiO2 Surfaces” Manuscript submitted Oct. 2000 to SPIE Intl. Symposium on Environment & Industrial Sensing, Boston, MA, Nov. 5-8, 2000, sponsored by SPIE, 10 pp. |
| Zhang et al. “Development of Chemical Oxygen Demand On-Line Monitoring System Based on a Photoelectrochemical Degradation Principle” Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(7):2363-2368 (2006). |
| Extended European Search Report, EP Application No. 16164775.5 dated Sep. 13, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2016/041842, dated Oct. 21, 2016, 5 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/041562, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 14 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/042636, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 7 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/042015, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 10 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/042035, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 8 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of International Preliminary Report on Patentability, PCT/US2015/046079, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 10 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Patent Application No. 14743615.8, dated Dec. 23, 2015, 7 pages. |
| Gong, H. et al; “Cardiovascular effects of ozone exposure in Human Volunteers”; Am. J. Resp. Grit. Care Med 1998; 158:538-546. |
| McDonnell, W. F. et al; “Pulmonary effects of ozone during exercise: dose-response characteristics”; Journal of Applied Physiology; 1983, vol. 54 No. 5, p. 1345-1352. |
| Watkinson, W. P.; “Cardiovascular and systemic Responses to Inhaled Pollutants in Rodents: Effects of Ozone and Particulate Matter”; Environmental Health Perspectives; vol. 1 09; Supplement 4, Aug. 2001; p. 639-546.v. |
| van Marken W. D. et. al.; “Individual variation in the relation between body temperature and energy expenditure in response to elevated ambient temperature”; Physiology & Behavior 73 (2001) 235-242. |
| van Ooijen.; A. M. J. et. al.; “Seasonal changes in metabolic and temperature responses to cold air in humans”; Physiology & Behavior 82 (2004) 545-553. |
| van Ooijen, A. M. J. et. al.; “Individual differences in body temperature and the relation to energy expenditure: the influence of mild cold”; Journal of Thermal Biology 26 (2001) 455-459. |
| Westerterp-Piantenga, M. S.; et al.; “Energy Metabolism in women during short exposure to the thermoneutral zone”; Physiology & Behavior 75 (2002) 227-235. |
| Extended European Search Report, European Application No. 16184560.7, dated Dec. 20, 2016, 9 pages. |
| Extended European Search Report European Application No. 16183137.5, dated Jan. 12, 2017, 12 pages. |
| Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, European Application No. 12 739 502.8, dated Nov. 30, 2016, 6 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2016/046273, dated Nov. 25, 2016, 24 pages. |
| Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, or the Declaration, PCT/US2016/058098, dated Jan. 10, 2017, 13 pages. |
| Webster, J. G. Design of Pulse Oximeters. IOP Publishing Ltd., 1997, Cover page, pp. i-xvi, pp. 34-159. |
| Communication with Supplementary European Search Report, European Application No. 15830336.2, dated Jun. 7, 2017, 8 pp. |
| Allen, “Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement”, Physiological Measurement, vol. 28, No. 3, Mar. 2007, pp. R1-R39. |
| Daanen, “Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review”, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 89, No. 5, Apr. 24, 2003, pp. 411-426. |
| König et al. “Reflectance Pulse Oximetry—Principles and Obstetric Application in the Zurich System”, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, vol. 14, No. 6, Aug. 1998, pp. 403-412. |
| Lu et al. “A statistical experimental study of the injection molding of optical lenses”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 113, Nos. 1-3, Jun. 15, 2001, pp. 189-195. |
| Mendelson et al. “A Wearable Reflectance Pulse Oximeter for Remote Physiological Monitoring”, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, New York City, Aug. 30-Sep. 3, 2006, pp. 912-915. |
| Mendelson et al., “Skin Reflectance Pulse Oximetry: In Vivo Measurements from the Forearm and the Calf”, Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 7, No. 1, Jan. 1991, pp. 7-12. |
| Ong et al., “Microlens array produced using hot embossing process”, Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 60, Nos. 3-4, Apr. 2002, pp. 365-379. |
| Rapaport et al., “Control of Blood Flow to the Extremities at Low Ambient Temperatures” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 2, No. 2, Aug. 1949, pp. 61-71. |
| Sen Gupta et al., “Design of a Low-cost Physiological Parameter Measurement and Monitoring Device”, IMTC-2007—Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Warsaw, Poland, May 1-3, 2007, 6 pp. |
| Tremper et al., “Pulse Oximetry”, Anesthesiology, vol. 70, No. 1, Jan. 1989, pp. 98-108. |
| Webster, J. G. Design of Pulse Oximeters. IOP Publishing Ltd., 1997, Cover page, pp. i-xvi, pp. 1-34. |
| Comtois et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Adaptive Noise Cancellation Algorithms for Minimizing Motion Artifacts in a Forehead-Mounted Wearable Pulse Oximeter”, Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Lyon, France, Aug. 23-26, 2007, pp. 1528-1531. |
| Han et al. “Development of a wearable health monitoring device with motion artifact reduced algorithm” International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems 2007 (ICCAS 2007), Seoul, Korea, Oct. 17-20, 2007, pp. 1581-1584. |
| Lee et al., “A Mobile Care System With Alert Mechanism”, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology In Biomedicine, vol. 11, No. 5, Sep. 2007, pp. 507-517. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150119657 A1 | Apr 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61208567 | Feb 2009 | US | |
| 61208574 | Feb 2009 | US | |
| 61212444 | Apr 2009 | US | |
| 61274191 | Aug 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14274288 | May 2014 | US |
| Child | 14554238 | US | |
| Parent | 13715247 | Dec 2012 | US |
| Child | 14274288 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12691388 | Jan 2010 | US |
| Child | 13715247 | US |
