Patent Grant
11639779
The present disclosure relates to products that modify the light reflected from a light source. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to fireplaces that modify the light reflected from a light source.
Fireplaces are used for heating a home and providing aesthetic attributes to the room in which they are placed. Fireplaces usually have a cast iron housing and a front window made of glass-ceramic for high temperature/high efficiency designs or tempered glass for low temperature units. When an observer views the internal cavity of a fireplace, the observer sees the flame generated by the fireplace. The intensity or temperature, color and aesthetic impression of the flame depend on the size and power of the flame source and the flame pattern that interacts with the surrounding logs. In high temperature and high efficiency gas fireplaces, the internal cavity liner is usually made of an insulating material, such as a porous ceramic material like vermiculite.
Insulating cavity liners are usually cast to size and shape. Surface features are then decorated on after casting. These liners may provide adequate insulation. Being porous, cast and often hand painted, these liner surfaces absorb light emitted by the flame.
A problem that current market trends seek to resolve is new ways to add beauty, imagery, texture and color to a fireplace. Examples include colored LED lighting, colored glass stones, textured metals and ceramic liners, used to differentiate and bring more aesthetic design features.
Other market trends include increased energy efficiency, commonly by reduced fuel consumption. When a manufacturer limits the fuel usage of a fireplace, other problems arise. The intensity of the generated flame is limited. Such a smaller flame is often considered a negative attribute by the consumer. Fireplace manufacturers look for ways to complement this loss of flame intensity often by adding additional light sources that mimic the flame.
The present disclosure pertains to fireplaces and other products that modify light that has been reflected from a light source.
Over the past several years, certain materials have become part of the design portfolio for fireplace manufacturers. These materials include glass-ceramic, porcelain enamel, tempered soda lime glass, metal and painted materials. Problems exist with tempered glass, painted materials and porcelain because they can corrode in high humidity applications.
Glass-ceramic is typically a dark black and translucent material. Glass-ceramic can be used in a high humidity fireplace without experiencing orange peel like porcelain enamel.
While glass-ceramic provides significant resistance to harsh conditions and also provides adequate insulation, glass-ceramic only minimally reflects light from the light source. Moreover, the reflection is not a direct or “mirror-like” reflection of all features of the light source. Rather, the reflection is merely a small portion of light that is reflected. In the absence of a bright or high intensity light source, many types of glass-ceramic are often considered to be non-reflective.
What minimal light is reflected from glass-ceramic is usually limited to one spectrum and intensity of light. As a result, the image reflected on glass-ceramic usually has only one “look” or aesthetic impression.
The present disclosure provides ways to improve the spectrum of light reflected from a surface to provide better aesthetics.
The present disclosure also provides that the reflected image/light can be improved by isolating specific wavelengths and/or by separating specific colors depending on, for example, the selected substrate, its surface texture, its decoration, and/or the coating composition applied to the substrate.
The present disclosure further provides that combining certain substrates, such as glass-ceramic substrates, certain coating compositions, certain surface textures and/or certain surface decoration can create:
The benefits of the present disclosure are not limited to fireplaces and are not limited to a flame or any particular type of light source. The benefits are for all types of products having any light source, such as a wood burning flame, a natural gas flame, a black body light source or an electric light source, including residential and commercial fireplaces, fireboxes, stoves, infrared heaters, indoor or outdoor heaters, and any products where it can be desirable to enhance the reflected image of a light source.
The present disclosure pertains to fireplaces and other products that modify the light reflected from a light source.
Referring to the drawings and, in particular, to
Substrate 190 can be smooth, textured (dimpled, ribbed, and the like) and/or have decoration (paint, and the like) that can contribute to the modification of the reflected image. Coating composition 196, surface texture 192 and surface decoration 194 can be applied to an interior facing side of substrate 190 (interior cavity of product 100), an exterior side of substrate 190, or both. In some embodiments of the product or enclosure 100, substrate 190, with or without surface texture 192, surface decoration 194 or coating composition 196, can form an entirety of top 110, bottom 120, back, left and/or right side of the product.
Coating composition 196 can be reflective. Preferably, an amount of light transmitted through coating composition 196 is less than an amount that is reflected.
Conventional fireplaces often have a transparent glass-ceramic front window or door so that the internal cavity is visible. The interior of the front window or door can be coated with a heat-reflecting composition to prevent heat loss. These windows or doors and their respective coating are essentially transparent. These windows or doors are designed to be essentially transparent so the user can see the interior of the fireplace without distortion. Consequently, such a window or door does not create a reflected image of the light source 170 that is visible to the user standing outside the product or enclosure 100.
In contrast to conventional fireplaces, substrate 190, with or without surface texture 192, surface decoration 194 or coating composition 196 of enclosure or product 100 of the present disclosure is not invisible to the user and cannot be used as a front window or door. Instead, substrate 190 reflects an enhanced image of the light source 170 with a certain color shift Δxy. Accordingly, substrate 190 can be used on the top 110, bottom 120, back 140, left side 150 and right side 160 of product 100. The reflected image contributes to the overall flame amount visible to the user, thus making the original flame appear bigger. For these reasons, substrate 190 is not intended to be part of the front window or door of the product.
The reflected light can be measured in terms of a color shift Δxy. For purposes of this disclosure, the color shift Δxy is a color shift in CIExyY (1931). In order to determine the color shift Δxy of the light/image reflected from a material or substrate 190, the color reflected by the material is compared to a reference color. To be able to reproduce the subject matter of this disclosure and compare one product to another by measuring the color shift Δxy, a normalized light emission spectrum from a natural gas flame as the reference color (i.e. the “unshifted” color) has been selected. The color shift Δxy is calculated by comparing the reflected light/image from the material/substrate with the normalized light emission spectrum from the natural gas flame. The color shift Δxy in comparison to this normalized natural gas flame light emission spectrum in certain embodiments is greater than 0.007, preferably greater than 0.010, greater than 0.030, greater than 0.050, greater than 0.070, or most preferably greater than 0.100.
The color of a natural gas flame is determined by its light emission spectrum. However, the color depends on many variables, such as the availability of oxygen, the temperature of the flame, the composition of the gas and impurities in the gas. To accurately and reproducibly calculate the color shift Δxy described herein, a normalized light emission spectrum is needed. A normalized light emission spectrum of a natural gas flame was chosen. The normalized light emission spectrum of the natural gas flame is defined as follows and shown in
From the spectrum in
where
From these tristimulus values, x, y and Y coordinates are calculated:
The result of this calculation is the color coordinates of the defined natural gas flame, when looking directly at the flame:
Next, the color of the natural gas flame light/image after reflection from a sample is calculated. The reflected light/image color depends on the reflection spectrum of the sample in the visible wavelength range. If the reflection spectrum, i.e. the spectral reflectivity Rk is known, the tristimulus values and the color of the reflected image can be calculated:
where
The x, y, Y coordinates are calculated from the tristimulus values X, Y and Z as described above.
The color shift Δxy is calculated from the coordinates of natural gas flame xflame, yflame and the x and y coordinates of the reflected gas flame:
Δxy=√{square root over ((x−xflame)2+(y−yflame)2)}
The magnitude of the color shift Δxy of the reflected light/image will change if a reference light source 170 other than the normalized natural gas flame is used. For example, a different light source 170 will have a different color when viewing it directly. Consequently, the x, y, Y values of a reflected light/image of a light source 170 other than the normalized natural gas light source 170 will be different from the reflected light/image of a normalized natural gas light source 170. As an example of a different light source 170,
Exemplary substrates 190 for use according to the disclosure can have a segment 191 composed of a non-metallic material such as glass-ceramic, glass, ceramic, tempered soda lime glass, quartz-glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, or any crystalline, amorphous, or semi-crystalline inorganic temperature resistant material, each of which can be chemically strengthened, or any combination thereof. Segment 191 can be the entire substrate 190 or less than the entire substrate. Substrate 190 can be transparent, semi-transparent, translucent or opaque. Substrate 190 can be colored or uncolored.
Exemplary coating compositions 196 for use according to the present disclosure can comprise one or more layers having a metal oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, a silicon-based composition, or a combination thereof, including but not limited to titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, titanium oxynitride, aluminum silicon nitride, aluminum silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, silicon dioxide, tin nitride, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, silicon nitride, a thermocatalytic coating composition, and mixtures thereof.
Coating compositions 196 can be aluminum silicon nitride (AlxSiyNz) and aluminum silicon oxide (AlxSiyOz) coating compositions that contain a wide range of ratios of Al to Si. For example, the ratio of Al:Si can be between 95:5 wt % and 5:95 wt %, between 90:10 wt % and 10:90 wt %, or between 20:80 wt % and 80:20 wt %.
In some embodiments, coating composition 196 is disposed in a layer, for example as a layer of titanium nitride. The layer can be covered by a transparent protective layer. The transparent protective layer can protect the coating composition 196 from chemical attack by aggressive gaseous combustion products. The transparent protective layer can be chosen from a list of chemically resistant materials including, for example, SiO2, SiOxNy, Si3N4, Al2O3, AlxSiyOz, AlxSiyNz, TiO2, ZrO2, SnO2, TaO2, and mixtures thereof.
Coating composition 196 can be a thermocatalytic coating composition that comprises, in some embodiments, mixed oxides of metals containing at least two of Cu, Zr, Ti and Ce. Preferably, such coating composition 196 comprises Cu and Ce. The ratio of Cu to Ce can be chosen in a wide range from about 50:50 wt % to about 15:85 wt % Cu:Ce.
Coating composition 196 can be doped to adapt optical properties, such as for example SnO2-based coatings doped with In, F, or Sb.
Coating composition 196 can be applied in one or more layers to substrate 190, for example alternating layers of titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide. Coating composition 196 can be applied to a front or light source facing side of substrate 190, a back side of substrate 190 (a side facing away from the light source), or both. When coating compositions 196 are used on both sides of the substrate, the coating compositions can either be the same or different. The texture 192 and decoration 194 can also be the same or different on each side of substrate 190.
Some coating compositions 196 can have additional benefits besides contributing to the color shift Δxy, for example the coating composition can enhance infrared reflection, can increase energy efficiency or can facilitate cleaning.
Exemplary combinations of substrate 190, substrate decoration 194, surface texture 192, and coating composition 196 are shown in the following tables. The coating compositions 196 can be applied in any manner known to those skilled in the art, including but not limited to wet chemistry, screen printing, dip coating, spin coating, PVD, sputter coating, a pyrolytic process, or vaporization. The scope of the disclosure and the color shift Δxy however is not limited to the combinations shown in these examples.
Data for the color shift Δxy using a natural gas flame is shown in Table 2,
Comparative samples 1-3 are uncoated glass ceramic substrates, either black uncolored or white, which have a color shift Δxy<0.007.
The inventive samples 4-16 have a color shift Δxy>0.007.
The Y-value in Table 3 corresponds to the brightness of the reflection.
Some of these samples show a different color shift Δxy when viewed on the coated side vs. the uncoated side. The samples indicated with “on back” were measured with the coated side facing away from the light source, while the samples with no indication were measured with the coated side facing the light source.
In
This example shows that a different light source (i.e. a 2500 K black body emitter) provides different color shift Δxy data for the same samples used in Example 2. The 2500 K data is shown in Table 4 and
As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint. Further, where a numerical range is provided, the range is intended to include any and all numbers within the numerical range, including the end points of the range.
While the present disclosure has been described with reference to one or more exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and equivalents can be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure will not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed as the best mode contemplated, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
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