Patent Application
20160370534
This invention relates generally to lighting devices that incorporate optical films whose transmission and reflection characteristics are determined in large part by constructive and destructive interference of light reflected from interfaces between layers disposed within the optical films, i.e., internal to the optical films. The invention also relates to associated systems and methods.
Lightguides facilitate the use of light emitting diodes and/or other solid state lighting devices for many applications including motor vehicle lighting devices. Extraction features allow the guided light to escape from the lightguide. However, because extraction features scatter light, there is a trade-off between extraction efficiency and degree of transparency of the lighting source.
Some embodiments involve a light source that includes a substantially monochromatic illumination device emitting light at a first wavelength. The light source has an input side proximate the illumination device for receiving light at the first wavelength from the illumination device, a bottom side comprising a diffuse reflector, and a top side. The top side comprises an optical film having a plurality of layers. Each layer extends adjacent first and second zones of the optical film and transmits and reflects light in the at least the first zone primarily by optical interference. At least one layer in the plurality of layers has different birefringence in the first and second zones so that for light at the first wavelength incident at a first incidence angle, each of the first and second zones of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance. For light at the first wavelength incident at a greater second incidence angle, the first zone of the optical film has a substantially smaller optical transmittance than reflectance, and the second zone of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film.
Some embodiments are directed to a light source comprising an optical film that includes a plurality of first and second zones forming a pattern. Each zone transmits and reflects light primarily by optical interference, such that when the light source emits light, a visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle.
In some embodiments, a light source includes a lightguide comprising a top side comprising an optical film, a bottom side comprising a diffuse reflector, and an input side extending between the top and bottom sides. An illumination source is disposed proximate the input side of the lightguide. The optical film has adjacent first and second zones, each zone extending substantially an entire thickness of an optical stack or at least one optical packet of the optical film. Light entering the lightguide from the light source propagates within the lightguide and is either reflected or transmitted by the optical film primarily by optical interference. For at least one first incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the first and second zones of the optical film have substantially equal optical transmittance. For at least one second incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the second zone has substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film.
Some embodiments are directed to an optical system comprising a retroreflecting layer. An optical film is disposed on the retroreflecting layer and includes a plurality of alternating first and second layers that transmit and reflect light primarily by optical interference.
Some embodiments involve a light source. The light source includes a substantially monochromatic first illumination device configured to emit light at the first wavelength and a substantially monochromatic second illumination device configured to emit light at the first wavelength or at a different second wavelength. The light source has an input side proximate the illumination device for receiving light at the first wavelength from the illumination device, a bottom side comprising a diffuse reflector, and a top side comprising an optical film having a plurality of layers. The optical film transmits and reflects light primarily by optical interference, wherein first illumination device is configured to be activated and emit light for a first function, and the second illumination device is configured to be activated and emit light for a different second function.
Related methods, systems, and articles are also discussed.
These and other aspects of the present application will be apparent from the detailed description below. In no event, however, should the above summaries be construed as limitations on the claimed subject matter, which subject matter is defined solely by the attached claims, as may be amended during prosecution.
The figures are not necessarily to scale. Like numbers used in the figures refer to like components. However, it will be understood that the use of a number to refer to a component in a given figure is not intended to limit the component in another figure labeled with the same number.
The MOF 145 includes a plurality of layers in an optical stack which may include one or more optical packets, wherein each layer in the optical stack extends adjacent first 141 and second 142 zones of the optical film 145. The layers of the MOF transmit and reflect light in at least the first zone 141 primarily by optical interference. In some embodiments the MOF 145 transmits and reflects light in both the first and the second zones 141, 142 primarily by optical interference. At least one layer in the plurality of layers of the MOF 145 has different birefringence in the first and second zones 141, 142. For light at the first wavelength incident at a first incidence angle, each of the first and second zones 141, 142 of the MOF 145 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance. For light at the first wavelength incident at a greater second incidence angle, each first zone 141 of the MOF 145 has a substantially smaller optical transmittance than reflectance, and each second zone 142 of the MOF 145 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone 141.
The light source of
Light extracted from the bottom surface of the lightguiding region 150 is reflected by the diffusive back reflector 135. Due to the optical properties of the multilayer optical film 145, the majority of the light extracted from the top surface of the lightguiding region 150 is reflected back to the diffusive back reflector 135 and recycled to become useful light. Light extracted by the lightguiding region 150 is at high angles, and the multilayer optical film reflects a substantial amount of the high angle light and transmits normally incident light with high efficiency. Thus, the lightguiding region 150 can be made to be optically clear without extraction features. Patterns defined on the bottom side can be viewed with high contrast no matter the illumination devices are on or off.
As discussed herein, patterns can be defined into the multilayer optical film as well.
The first and second zones 141, 142 may be arranged to form a pattern, each zone transmitting and reflecting light primarily by optical interference. When the light source 100 emits light, the visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle.
The visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle by virtue of the contrast between the first and second zones 141, 142 increasing with increasing viewing angle.
In some embodiments, each zone 141, 142 extends substantially the entire thickness of the optical stack of the MOF 145 or substantially the entire thickness of at least one optical packet in the optical stack of the MOF 145. The light entering the lightguiding region 150 from the light source 110 propagates within the lightguiding region 150 and is either reflected or transmitted by the optical film 145 primarily by optical interference. For at least one first incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the first and second zones 141, 142 of the optical film 145 have substantially equal optical transmittance. For at least one second incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the second zone 142 has substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone 141 of the optical film 145.
According to some embodiments, the illumination device 110 includes a back reflector 111 and an illumination source 112 disposed between the back reflector 111 and the input side 120 of the light source 100. The illumination source 112 may comprise at least one of a lamp, a cold cathode tube, a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a laser, and a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), for example. According to some implementations, the illumination device 110 emits light of the first wavelength that is in the visible wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. For example, the first wavelength may be in the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The illumination device 110 may be configured to emit the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red light.
The light source is arranged so that the input side 120, the bottom side 130 and the top side 140 define a lightguiding region 150 therebetween. According to some aspects, the lightguiding region 150 may be a solid light guiding region. According to other aspects, the lightguiding region 150 may be a hollow lightguiding region. Optionally, and as illustrated in
The bottom side 130 of the light source 100 includes a diffuse reflector 135, which may comprise primarily a diffuse surface reflector or may primarily comprise a diffuse volume reflector. In some implementations, the diffuse reflector 135 is a retroreflector such that the light source 100 includes a retroreflector layer disposed between the top and bottom sides 140, 130. In various embodiments, the retroreflector may be or comprise a prismatic retroreflector, a plurality of cube-corner elements, a lens-mirror retroreflector, and/or a plurality of spherical beads.
There may be an air gap disposed between the MOF 145 and the lightguiding region and/or between the diffuse reflector and the lightguiding region.
As shown in the cross sectional view of
In general, the color of light reflected by the retroreflective layer 165 of system 103 is dependent on the viewing angle of the light reflected by the retroreflective layer 165 transmitted through the unpatterned or patterned multilayer optical film 165. The color of light is independent of the viewing angle of the light reflected by the retroreflective layer 166 and transmitted through the patterned zones of the multilayer optical film 165.
The optical system 103 can provide for various color combinations if the multilayer optical film includes multiple optical packets. In an exemplary two optical packet system, a first optical packet may be reflective for light at an angle of incidence normal to the film having wavelengths in a first wavelength range and a second optical packet reflective for light at an angle of incidence normal to the film in a second wavelength range different from the first wavelength range. Each of the optical packets may be separately patterned or unpatterned.
Table 1 lists colors reflected by optical systems, similar to system 103 shown in
In some embodiments, the optical system may be a light source including an illumination device and a lightguiding region, as illustrated by side cross sectional views of light sources 104 and 105 of
In some cases, the illumination device 170 includes a back reflector 180 and the illumination source 167 is arranged between the back reflector 180 and the input side 168 of the light source 104, 105. As previously discussed, the illumination source 167 may comprise at least one of a lamp, a cold cathode tube, a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a laser, and a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), for example. The illumination device 170 may be configured to emit monochromatic light of a first wavelength that is in the visible wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. For example, the first wavelength may be in the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum and the illumination device 170 may be configured to emit the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red light.
The light source 104, 105 can be arranged so that the input side 168, the bottom side 124, 125 and the top side 114, 115 define a lightguiding region 151 therebetween. As previously discussed in connection with
According to some implementations, illustrated by
A plurality of first and second zones 171, 172 may be arranged to form a pattern, each zone transmitting and reflecting light primarily by optical interference. When the light source 105 emits light, the visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle.
For example, the visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle by virtue of the contrast between the first and second zones 171, 172 increasing with increasing viewing angle.
In some embodiments, each zone 171, 172 extends substantially an entire thickness of one or more optical packets of the multilayer optical film 145 or extends substantially an entire thickness of the multilayer optical film 145. The light entering the lightguiding region 151 from the light source 105 propagates within the lightguiding region 151 and is either reflected or transmitted by the multilayer optical film 182 primarily by optical interference. For at least one first incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the first and second zones 171, 172 of the multilayer optical film 182 have substantially equal optical transmittance. For at least one second incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the second zone 172 has substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone 171 of the multilayer optical film 182.
In one example, the light source 105 can be arranged so that the pattern formed by the second zones 172 is observable when the viewing angle is off axis with respect to the axis normal to the plane of the multilayer optical film 182. The retroreflecting layer 166 may also be patterned with a 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional pattern. When light is incident on the retroreflecting layer 166 from the multilayer optical film side of the light source 105 and the incident light and the viewing axis is normal (or close to normal) to the plane of the multilayer optical film 182 and retroreflecting layer 166 (the x-y plane in
T1>R1, and
T2>R2,
where T1 is the transmittance of the first zone, R1 is the reflectance of the first zone, T2 is the transmittance of the second zone, and R2 is the reflectance of the second zone.
T1<R1, and
T2>T1.
In some embodiments, for light 221 for at least one wavelength and at least one incidence angle, θ1, the first and second zones 141, 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 have substantially equal optical transmittance, T1≈T2. For light 222 at the at least one wavelength at a second incidence angle, θ2, the second zone 142 has substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone 141, T2>T1.
Thus, for light incident on the multilayer optical film as shown in
According to some implementations, the first incidence angle, θ1, is less than about 10 degrees and the second incidence angle, θ2, is greater than about 40 degrees. For light at the first wavelength incident at incidence angles less than about 10 degrees each of the first and second zones 141, 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance. In some implementations, for light at the first wavelength incident at a range of second incidence angles from about 40 to 70 degrees, the first zone 141 of the multilayer optical film has a substantially smaller optical transmittance than reflectance, and the second zone 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance.
According to some embodiments, for light at the first wavelength incident at the first incidence angle θ1, each of the first and second zones 141, 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 has a greater optical transmittance than reflectance by at least 50%, i.e., T1>1.5 R1 and T2>1.5 R2. In some embodiments, for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle θ2, the first zone 141 of the multilayer optical film 145 has a smaller optical transmittance than reflectance by at least 50%, i.e., T1<0.5 R1. In some embodiments, for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle θ2, the second zone 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 has a greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the multilayer optical film by at least 30%, i.e., T2>1.3 T1.
In some embodiments, for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle θ2, the second zone 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance, i.e., T2>R2. In some embodiments, for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle θ2, the second zone 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 has an optical transmittance that is greater than the reflectance in the second zone 142 by at least 30%, i.e., T2>1.3 R2.
In some implementations, the second zone 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 may be optically diffusive. For example, the second zone 142 of the multilayer optical film 145 may be more optically diffusive than the first zone 141 of the multilayer optical film 145.
The multilayer optical films disclosed herein are angle selective for substantially monochromatic light. The band edge of the multilayer optical film may be arranged with respect to the peak wavelength emitted by the illumination device to achieve incidence angle selectivity. For example,
The MOF of
Referring back to
In various embodiments, the first and second reflection characteristics are each the result of structural features that are internal to the MOF 145, rather than the result of coatings applied to the surface of the MOF 145 or other surface features. The first and second reflection characteristics differ in some way that is perceptible under at least some viewing conditions to permit detection of the pattern by an observer or by a machine. In some cases it may be desirable to maximize the difference between the first and second reflection characteristics at visible wavelengths so that the pattern is conspicuous to human observers under most viewing and lighting conditions. In other cases it may be desirable to provide only a subtle difference between the first and second reflection characteristics, or to provide a difference that is conspicuous only under certain viewing conditions. In any case the difference between the first and second reflection characteristics may be attributable primarily to a difference in the refractive index properties of interior layers of the MOF 145 in the different neighboring zones 141, 142 of the MOF 145, and is not primarily attributable to differences in thickness between the neighboring zones 141, 142.
The zone-to-zone differences in refractive index can produce various differences between the first and second reflection characteristics depending on the design of the MOF. In some cases the first reflection characteristic may include a first reflection band with a given center wavelength, band edge, and maximum reflectivity, and the second reflection characteristic may differ from the first by having a second reflection band that is similar in center wavelength and/or band edge to the first reflection band, but that has a substantially different maximum reflectivity (whether greater or lesser) than the first reflection band, or the second reflection band may be substantially absent from the second reflection characteristic. These first and second reflection bands may be associated with light of only one polarization state, or with light of any polarization state depending on the design of the film.
As previously discussed, the first and second reflection characteristics may differ in their dependence with viewing angle. For example, the first reflective characteristic may include a first reflection band that has a given center wavelength, band edge, and maximum reflectivity at normal incidence, and the second reflective characteristic may include a second reflection band that is very similar to these aspects of the first reflection band at normal incidence. With increasing incidence angle, however, although both the first and second reflection bands may shift to shorter wavelengths, their respective maximum reflectivities may deviate from each other greatly. For example, the maximum reflectivity of the first reflection band may remain constant or increase with increasing incidence angle, while the maximum reflectivity of the second reflection band, or at least the p-polarized component thereof, may decrease with increasing incidence angle.
In cases where the differences discussed above between the first and second reflective characteristics relate to reflection bands that cover a portion of the visible spectrum, the differences may be perceived as differences in color between the first and second zones of the film.
Turning now to
As previously discussed, multilayer optical films include individual layers or “microlayers,” having different refractive indices so that some light is reflected at interfaces between adjacent layers. These layers are sufficiently thin so that light reflected at a plurality of the interfaces undergoes constructive or destructive interference to give the multilayer optical film the desired reflective or transmissive properties. For multilayer optical films designed to reflect light at ultraviolet, visible, or near-infrared wavelengths, each microlayer generally has an optical thickness (a physical thickness multiplied by refractive index) of less than about 1 μm. In some embodiments, thicker layers can also be included, such as skin layers at the outer surfaces of the multilayer optical film, or protective boundary layers (PBLs) disposed within the multilayer optical film to separate coherent groupings (known as “stacks” or “packets”) of microlayers. In
Typically, a multilayer optical film composed entirely of polymeric materials would include many more than 6 optical repeat units if high reflectivities are desired. Note that all of the “A” and “B” microlayers shown in
The microlayers can have thicknesses and refractive index values corresponding to a 1/4-wave stack, i.e., arranged in optical repeat units each having two adjacent microlayers of equal optical thickness (f-ratio=50%, the f-ratio being the ratio of the optical thickness of a constituent layer “A” to the optical thickness of the complete optical repeat unit), such optical repeat unit being effective to reflect by constructive interference light whose wavelength λ is twice the overall optical thickness of the optical repeat unit, where the “optical thickness” of a body refers to its physical thickness multiplied by its refractive index. In the embodiment of
In some embodiments, the optical thicknesses of the optical repeat units in a layer stack may all be equal to each other, to provide a narrow reflection band of high reflectivity centered at a wavelength equal to twice the optical thickness of each optical repeat unit. In other embodiments, the optical thicknesses of the optical repeat units may differ according to a thickness gradient along the z-axis or thickness direction of the film, whereby the optical thickness of the optical repeat units increases, decreases, or follows some other functional relationship as one progresses from one side of the stack (e.g. the top) to the other side of the stack (e.g. the bottom). Such thickness gradients can be used to provide a widened reflection band to provide substantially spectrally flat transmission and reflection of light over the extended wavelength band of interest, and also over all angles of interest.
For polymeric multilayer optical films, reflection bands can be designed to have sharpened band edges as well as “flat top” reflection bands, in which the reflection properties are essentially constant across the wavelength range of application. Other layer arrangements, such as multilayer optical films having 2-microlayer optical repeat units whose f-ratio is different from 50%, or films whose optical repeat units include more than two microlayers, are also contemplated. These alternative optical repeat unit designs can be configured to reduce or to excite certain higher-order reflections, which may be useful if the desired reflection band resides in or extends to near infrared wavelengths.
Adjacent microlayers of the multilayer optical film have different refractive indices so that some light is reflected at interfaces between adjacent layers. The refractive indices of one of the microlayers (e.g. the “A” layers in
In another example, adjacent microlayers may have a large refractive index mismatch along both in-plane axes (Δnx large and Δny large), in which case the film or packet may behave as an on-axis mirror. In this regard, a mirror or mirror-like film may be considered for purposes of this application to be an optical body that strongly reflects normally incident light of any polarization if the wavelength is within the reflection band of the packet. Again, “strongly reflecting” may have slightly different meanings depending on the intended application or field of use, but in many cases a mirror will have at least 70, 80, or 90% reflectivity for normally incident light of any polarization at the wavelength of interest. In variations of the foregoing embodiments, the adjacent microlayers may exhibit a refractive index match or mismatch along the z-axis (Δnz≈0 or Δnz large), and the mismatch may be of the same or opposite polarity or sign as the in-plane refractive index mismatch(es). Such tailoring of Δnz plays a key role in whether the reflectivity of the p-polarized component of obliquely incident light increases, decreases, or remains the same with increasing incidence angle. In yet another example, adjacent microlayers may have a substantial refractive index match along both in-plane axes (Δnx≈Δny≈0) but a refractive index mismatch along the z-axis (Δnz large), in which case the film or packet may behave as a so-called “p-polarizer”, strongly transmitting normally incident light of any polarization, but increasingly reflecting p-polarized light of increasing incidence angle if the wavelength is within the reflection band of the packet.
In view of the large number of permutations of possible refractive index differences along the different axes, the total number of layers and their thickness distribution(s), and the number and type of microlayer packets included in the multilayer optical film, the variety of possible multilayer optical films 145 and packets thereof is vast.
At least some of the microlayers in at least one packet of the multilayer optical film are birefringent in at least one zone of the film (e.g., at least one of zones 141, 142 of
Exemplary multilayer optical films are composed of polymer materials and may be fabricated using coextruding, casting, and orienting processes. In brief summary, the fabrication method may comprise: (a) providing at least a first and a second stream of resin corresponding to the first and second polymers to be used in the finished film; (b) dividing the first and the second streams into a plurality of layers using a suitable feedblock, such as one that comprises: (i) a gradient plate comprising first and second flow channels, where the first channel has a cross-sectional area that changes from a first position to a second position along the flow channel, (ii) a feeder tube plate having a first plurality of conduits in fluid communication with the first flow channel and a second plurality of conduits in fluid communication with the second flow channel, each conduit feeding its own respective slot die, each conduit having a first end and a second end, the first end of the conduits being in fluid communication with the flow channels, and the second end of the conduits being in fluid communication with the slot die, and (iii) optionally, an axial rod heater located proximal to said conduits; (c) passing the composite stream through an extrusion die to form a multilayer web in which each layer is generally parallel to the major surface of adjacent layers; and (d) casting the multilayer web onto a chill roll, sometimes referred to as a casting wheel or casting drum, to form a cast multilayer film. This cast film may have the same number of layers as the finished film, but the layers of the cast film are typically much thicker than those of the finished film. Furthermore, the layers of the cast film are typically all isotropic. Many alternative methods of fabricating the cast multilayer web can also be used.
After cooling, the multilayer web can be drawn or stretched to produce the near-finished multilayer optical film. The drawing or stretching accomplishes two goals: it thins the layers to their desired final thicknesses, and it orients the layers such that at least some of the layers become birefringent. The orientation or stretching can be accomplished along the cross-web direction (e.g. via a tenter), along the down-web direction (e.g. via a length orienter), or any combination thereof, whether simultaneously or sequentially. If stretched along only one direction, the stretch can be “unconstrained” (wherein the film is allowed to dimensionally relax in the in-plane direction perpendicular to the stretch direction) or “constrained” (wherein the film is constrained and thus not allowed to dimensionally relax in the in-plane direction perpendicular to the stretch direction). If stretched along both in-plane directions, the stretch can be symmetric, i.e., equal along the orthogonal in-plane directions, or asymmetric. Subsequent or concurrent draw reduction, stress or strain equilibration, heat setting, and other processing operations can also be applied to the film.
The multilayer optical films and film bodies can also include additional layers and coatings selected for their optical, mechanical, and/or chemical properties. For example, a UV absorbing layer can be added at one or both major outer surfaces of the film to protect the film from long-term degradation caused by UV light. Additional layers and coatings can also include scratch resistant layers, tear resistant layers, and stiffening agents.
In some embodiments, the application of heat may be applied to the second zones until the individual layers of the second zone are no longer distinguishable. In this scenario, the second zone no longer transmits and reflects light by primarily by optical interference and instead scatters light transmitted through the zone.
The film 145 has characteristic thicknesses d1, d2 in zone 141, and characteristic thicknesses d1′, d2′ in zone 142, as shown in the figure. The thicknesses d1, d1′ are physical thicknesses measured from a front outer surface of the film to a rear outer surface of the film in the respective zones. The thicknesses d2, d2′ are physical thicknesses measured from the microlayer (at one end of a microlayer packet) that is disposed nearest the front surface of the film to the microlayer (at an end of the same or a different microlayer packet) that is disposed nearest the rear surface of the film. Thus, if the thickness of the film 145 in zone 142 is compared with the thickness of the film in zone 142, d1 may be compared d1′, or d2 may be compared to d2′, depending on which measurement is more convenient. In most cases the comparison between d1 and d1′ may well yield substantially the same result (proportionally) as the comparison between d2 and d2′. (Of course, in cases where the film contains no outer skin layers, and where microlayer packets terminate at both outer surfaces of the film, d1 and d2 become the same.) However, where a significant discrepancy exists, such as where a skin layer experiences a significant thickness change from one place to another but no corresponding thickness change exists in the underlying microlayers, or vice versa, then it may be desirable to use the d2 and d2′ parameters as being more representative of the overall film thickness in the different zones, in view of the fact that the skin layers typically have a minor effect on the reflective characteristics of the film compared to the microlayer packet(s).
For multilayer optical films containing two or more distinct microlayer packets separated from each other by optically thick layers, the thickness of any given microlayer packet can also be measured and characterized as the distance along the z-axis from the first to the last microlayer in the packet. This information may become significant in a more in-depth analysis that compares the physical characteristics of the film 145 in the different zones 141, 142.
As mentioned, the zone 142 has been treated with the selective application of heat to cause at least some of the microlayers 514, 516 to lose some or all of their birefringence relative to their birefringence in neighboring zone 141, such that zone 142 exhibits a reflective characteristic, resulting from constructive or destructive interference of light from the microlayers, that differs from a reflective characteristic of zone 141. The selective heating process may involve no selective application of pressure to zone 142, and it may result in substantially no thickness change (whether using the parameters d1/d1′ or the parameters d2/d2′) to the film. For example, the film 145 may exhibit an average thickness in zone 142 that deviates from an average thickness in zone 141 by no more than the normal variability in thickness that one observes in the zone 141, or in the untreated film. Thus, the film 145 may exhibit in zone 141, or over an area of the film encompassing a portion of zone 141 and zone 142 before the heat treatment of zone 142, a variability in thickness (whether d1 or d2) of Δd, and the zone 142 may have spatially averaged thicknesses d1′, d2′ which differ from spatially averaged thicknesses d1, d2 (respectively) in zone 141 by no more than Δd. The parameter Δd may represent, for example, one, two, or three standard deviations in the spatial distribution of the thickness d1 or d2.
In some cases, the heat treatment of zone 142 may give rise to certain changes to the thickness of the film in zone 142. These thickness changes may result from, for example, local shrinkage and/or expansion of the different materials that constitute the multilayer optical film, or may result from some other thermally-induced phenomenon. However, such thickness changes, if they occur, play only a secondary role in their effect on the reflective characteristic of the treated zone 142 compared to the primary role played by the reduction or elimination of birefringence in the treated zone.
In some cases it is possible to distinguish the effect of a thickness change from a change in birefringence by analyzing the reflective properties of the film. For example, if the microlayers in an untreated zone (e.g. zone 141) provide a reflection band characterized by a left band edge (LBE), right band edge (RBE), center wavelength λc, and peak reflectivity R1, a given thickness change for those microlayers (with no change in the refractive indices of the microlayers) will produce a reflection band for the treated zone having a peak reflectivity R2 about the same as R1, but having an LBE, RBE, and center wavelength that are proportionally shifted in wavelength relative to those features of the reflection band of the untreated zone, and this shift can be measured. On the other hand, a change in birefringence will typically produce only a very minor shift in wavelength of the LBE, RBE, and center wavelengths, as a result of the (usually very small) change in optical thickness caused by the change in birefringence. (Recall that optical thickness equals physical thickness multiplied by refractive index.) The change in birefringence can, however, have a large or at least a significant effect on the peak reflectivity of the reflection band, depending on the design of the microlayer stack. Thus, in some cases, the change in birefringence may provide a peak reflectivity R2 for the reflection band in the modified zone that differs substantially from R1, where of course R1 and R2 are compared under the same illumination and observation conditions. If R1 and R2 are expressed in percentages, R2 may differ from R1 by at least 10%, or by at least 20%, or by at least 30%. As a clarifying example, R1 may be 70%, and R2 may be 60%, 50%, 40%, or less. Alternatively, R1 may be 10%, and R2 may be 20%, 30%, 40%, or more. R1 and R2 may also be compared by taking their ratio. For example, R2/R1 or its reciprocal may be at least 2, or at least 3.
A significant change in peak reflectivity, to the extent it is indicative of a change in the interfacial reflectivity (sometimes referred to as optical power) resulting from a change in refractive index difference between adjacent layers due to a change in birefringence, is also typically accompanied by at least some change in the bandwidth of the reflection band, where the bandwidth refers to the separation between the LBE and RBE.
As previously discussed, in some cases the thickness of the film 145 in the treated zone 142, i.e., d1′ or d2′, may differ somewhat from the thickness of the film in the untreated zone 141, even if no selective pressure was in fact applied to the zone 142 during heat treatment. For this reason,
Under some circumstances it is possible for thickness differences between treated and untreated zones to be non-proportional through the thickness of the film. For example, in some cases it is possible for an outer skin layer to have a relatively small thickness difference, expressed as a percentage change, between the treated and untreated zones, while one or more internal microlayer packets may have a larger thickness difference, also expressed as a percentage change, between the same zones. In some embodiments, a difference between an average thickness of each layer in the plurality of layers in the first and second zones is less than about 5%.
As illustrated in
As previously discussed with reference to
In some implementations, the multilayer optical film 145 comprises a plurality of alternating first and second layers (A and B layers of
For example, the multilayer optical film may include a plurality of alternating first and second layers (A and B layers of
In some embodiments, the bottom side of the light source may be patterned. For example, the diffuse reflector of the light source can include a 2 dimensional (2D) or 3 dimensional (3D) pattern, as illustrated in
In some implementations, as illustrated by the side view of light source 730 of
As shown in the side view of
In some embodiments a light source can include a patterned or unpatterned MOF that transmits and reflects light primarily by optical interference used in conjunction with multiple illumination devices.
The first illumination device 905 includes at least one illumination source 907 disposed between a back reflector 906 and the input side 920 of the light source 900. The second illumination device 910 includes at least one illumination source 911. The illumination sources 907, 911 may each comprise at least one of a lamp, a cold cathode tube, a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a laser, and a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), for example.
In some embodiments, both the first illumination device 905 and the second illumination device 910 emit monochromatic light of a first wavelength. In some embodiments, the first illumination device 905 emits substantially monochromatic light at the first wavelength and the second illumination device 910 emits substantially monochromatic light at a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength. According to some implementations, the first illumination device 905 emits light of the first wavelength that is in the visible wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. For example, the first wavelength may be in the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The illumination device 905 may be configured to emit the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red light. According to some implementations, the second illumination device 910 emits light of the second wavelength that is in the visible wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. For example, the second wavelength may be in the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The second illumination device 910 may be configured to emit the blue, yellow, amber, green, or red light.
As previously discussed, in some embodiments, both the first illumination device 950 and the second illumination device 960 emit monochromatic light of a first wavelength. In some embodiments, both the first illumination device 950 and the second illumination device 960 emit substantially monochromatic light that is in the visible wavelength region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
The light source 902 includes a substantially monochromatic first illumination device 950 emitting light at the first wavelength and a substantially monochromatic second illumination device 960. For light at the first wavelength incident at a first incidence angle, each of the first and second zones 948, 949 of the multilayer optical film 947 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance. For light at the second wavelength incident at the first incidence angle, the second zone 949 of the multilayer optical film 947 has a substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone 948 of the multilayer optical film 947. As shown in
In some implementations, the second illumination device 960 emits substantially monochromatic light at the first wavelength. In some implementations, the second illumination device 960 emits substantially monochromatic light at a second wavelength, different from the first wavelength.
In some embodiments, the multilayer optical films of light sources described herein may be formed into three dimensional (3D) shapes. These 3D formed MOF embodiments allow for unique designs that provide for a chrome appearance, sharp, contrasting lines, and other interesting designs. The 3D shapes may be formed by thermo-forming wherein the optical properties of the MOFs are largely maintained after thermo-forming.
Light sources discussed herein are useful in a variety of applications including, for example, automotive applications. Light sources that include multiple illumination devices, can be as multi-function indicators. For example, the light sources illustrated in
Additionally, or alternatively, embodiments that include retroreflectors, e.g., see
Embodiments disclosed herein can provide for integration of a back reflector for a light source, e.g., used as a vehicle lamp, as well as a retroreflector.
As illustrated in
In some applications, as shown in
The following example described fabrication of a multilayer optical film as discussed in various embodiments above.
A dispersion was made through a media milling process. A mixture of 81.37 wt % solvent ethylene glycol, 4.25 wt % dispersant Solplus® D540 (available from Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe Ohio USA) and 14.38 wt % Amaplast® IR-1050 (available from ColorChem, Atlanta Ga.) was made by first combining the ethylene glycol and Solplus® D540 together using a Dispermat CN-10 laboratory high-shear disperser (BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia Md.) until fully dissolved, and then slowly charging in the Amaplast® IR-1050 powder. The mixed dispersion was then milled in a LabStar laboratory media mill (Netzsch, Exton Pa. USA) loaded with 500 grams of a 0.5 mm yttria stabilized zirconia milling media (available from Toray Industries, Tokyo, Japan). The milling proceeded at 4320 rpm. A small amount of sample was taken out periodically and analyzed in order to monitor the milling progress. The dispersion samples for analysis were further diluted in ethylene glycol and the particle size distribution was measured by a Partica LA-950 Laser Diffraction Particle Size Distribution Analyzer (available from Horiba, Irvine, Calif. USA) equipped with a MiniFlow Cell. The milling proceeded until the desired level of fineness was achieved as characterized by the particle distribution as measured by the Partica LA-950: a mean particle size of approximately 0.3 micrometers was thus achieved; and no measurable portion of the distribution was over 1 micrometers nor under 0.1 micrometers. Furthermore, the dispersion was stable without significant settling prior to use in the subsequent masterbatch resin making.
A so-called coPEN 90/10 masterbatch with the IR absorbing Amaplast® IR-1050 was synthesized according to the following procedure: a stainless steel, oil jacketed batch reactor was charged with monomers and catalysts. The final charge of materials comprised 55.7 weight % dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC) (available from BP Amoco Naperville Ill. USA), 4.9 weight % dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) (available from Invista, Wichita Kans. USA), 34.8 weight % ethylene glycol (EG) (available from ME Global, Midland Mich. USA), and 4.5 weight % of the dispersion, as well as 121 ppm of cobalt diacetate tetrahydrate (available from Shepherd Chemical, Cincinnati Ohio USA), 121 ppm zinc diacetate dihydrate (available from Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley Pa. USA), 303 ppm antimony triacetate (available from Performance Additives, Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia) and 242 ppm of triethylphosphonoacetate (TEPA) (available from Mytech Specialty Chemicals Burlington N.C. USA). Initially, the reactor was charged with everything except the TEPA and the dispersion. Under pressure (239.2 kPa), the mixture was heated to 257° C. with removal of esterification reaction by-product, methanol. After the methanol was completely removed, the TEPA was charged to the reactor. After 5 min of dwell time the pressure was gradually reduce to below 500 Pa and the dispersion was charged under pressure raising the kettle pressure to 115.1 kPa. After 5 min of dwell time the pressure was then gradually reduced to below 500 Pa while heating to 279° C. The condensation reaction by-product, ethylene glycol, was continuously removed until a resin having an intrinsic viscosity of about 0.50 dL/g, as measured in 60/40 wt. % phenol/o-dichlorobenzene at 30° C., was produced.
Using this masterbatch, a laser-imageable optical film comprising a group of interior layers arranged to selectively reflect near infra-red and visible light by constructive or destructive interference was made by the co-extrusion and orientation of multi-layer thermoplastic films in accord with the general methods described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,774 (Jonza et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,761 (Hebrink et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,830,713 (Hebrink, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,188 (Hebrink, et al.) and International Patent Application WO 2010/075357 A1 (Merrill, et al.). More specifically a coPET with sodium sulfateisophthalate as described in Example 5 as polyester K of Patent Application WO 2007/149955 A2 (Liu, et al henceforth referred to as CoPET-1 was co-extruded with a coPEN 90/10 as described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,188.
CoPEN 90/10 and coPET-1 were extruded and pumped through melt trains at final setpoints of 274° C. and 260° C. respectively, in a proportion of 3:4 on a weight basis, into a 550 layer feedblock set at 279° C. The coPEN 90/10 melt stream was simultaneously fed virgin resin and the masterbatch resin with Amaplast® IR-1050 in a proportion of 6:1. The coPET-1 stream also fed the protective boundary stream comprising about 20% of the coPET-1 feed. The feedblock was divided into two separate layer packets, each comprising 275 layers and each packet equipped with a gradient plate to create a layer pair thickness gradient through each packet. The optical layer pair thickness gradient was approximately linear through each packet, with the thickest layers of the thinner packet similar in thickness to the thinnest optical layers of the thicker packet. The multilayer flow from the feedblock was combined with two additional co-extruded skin layers streams set at 274° C. of coPEN 90/10 with 0.1 wt % synthetic fumed amorphous silica as a slip agent. The two outer skins comprised about 18 weight % of the film construction. The combined stream was then cast from a die at 279° C. and electrostatically pinned onto a quenching wheel. The cast film showed no evidence of flow defects. The cast film with Amaplast® IR-1050 was subsequently re-heated above the glass transition temperature of the coPEN 90/10, stretched over rollers in a length oriented to a draw ratio of about 3.7, and then heated to approximately 125° C. and stretched transversely to a draw ratio of about 3.5 and then slightly relaxed transversely to a final draw ratio of just under 3.5 in a tenter. The film was heat set at about 238° C. after stretching, and then wound into a roll of film. The resulting optical film was approximately 63 micrometers thick.
The film was a far-red/infra-red reflector at normal incidence. The film appeared slightly gray but mostly colorless when backlit to view the normal-angle transmitted color. The grayish hue was the result of the Amaplast® IR-1050 which absorbed roughly about 10% of the transmitted light in the visible spectrum at the loading used here. When the film was viewed off-normal angle, the film displayed a cyan transmitted color. At off-normal angles under conditions that favored the viewing of specularly reflected light, the film appeared a metallic copper-red. The transmission spectra of the resulting multilayer reflecting film was measured with a Lambda 950 spectrophotometer (available from Perkin-Elmer, Waltham Mass.). The film exhibited a strong normal incidence reflection band, as manifest as a transmission well in the spectrum between about 700 and 1050 nanometers. Transmission between 750 and 950 nm was typically less than 5%, and no more than 10%, at each measured wavelength, indicating high levels of reflectivity in this band.
Some of the film was imaged, e.g. the reflectivity was patterned, by the selective exposure to the output of a pulsed fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm (20 W HM series from SPI Lasers, Southampton, UK), e.g. in accord with the methods of International Patent Application WO 2010/075357 A1 (Merrill, et al.). The film was placed on a stainless steel plate and the laser was impinged on the side of the film containing the thinner layers of the optical stack. Significant reflectivity reduction in the far red/near infra-red was accomplished without charring or other defects at a pulse rate (repetition rate) of 500 kHz, and an average nominal power of 8 watts. The output of the laser was fiber delivered to a hurrySCAN II 14 galvanometer scanner (SCANLAB AG, Puccheim, Germany) and focused using an f-theta lens with a numerical aperture of 0.15 (Sill Optics GmbH, Wendelstein, Germany). The focal point of the f-theta lens was located close to the surface of the samples. The laser beam was manipulated with the galvanometer scanner to produce patterns on the samples using a rastered configuration at 280 dots per inch (dpi) with a jump speed of 4954 mm/s and a jump delay of 50 microseconds as controlled by the Winlase Software (available from Lanmark Controls, Inc., Acton, Mass.). A typical rastered, patterned area was approximately 120 mm×70 mm.
Embodiments discussed in the disclosure include at least the following items.
Item 1. A light source comprising:
a substantially monochromatic illumination device emitting light at a first wavelength;
an input side proximate the illumination device for receiving light at the first wavelength from the illumination device;
a bottom side comprising a diffuse reflector; and
a top side comprising an optical film having a plurality of layers, each layer extending adjacent first and second zones of the optical film and transmitting and reflecting light in the at least the first zone primarily by optical interference, at least one layer in the plurality of layers having different birefringence in the first and second zones so that for light at the first wavelength incident at a first incidence angle, each of the first and second zones of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance, and for light at the first wavelength incident at a greater second incidence angle, the first zone of the optical film has a substantially smaller optical transmittance than reflectance, and the second zone of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film.
Item 2. The light source of item 1, wherein the optical film transmits and reflects light in the first and second zones primarily by optical interference.
Item 3. The light source of any of items 1 through 2, wherein the illumination device comprises a back reflector and an illumination source disposed between the back reflector and the input side of the light source.
Item 4. The light source of any of items 1 through 3, wherein the illumination device comprises an optical filter at an output side of the illumination device, the optical filter transmitting light at the first wavelength and at least one of reflecting and absorbing light at other wavelengths.
Item 5. The light source of any of items 1 through 4, wherein the illumination device comprises an illumination source comprising at least one of a lamp, a cold cathode tube, a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a laser, and a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).
Item 6. The light source of any of claims 1 through 5, wherein the first wavelength is in a visible wavelength region of an electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Item 7. The light source of any of items 1 through 6, wherein the first wavelength is in a blue, yellow, amber, green, or red wavelength region of an electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Item 8. The light source of any of items 1 through 7, wherein the illumination device emits blue, yellow, amber, green, or red light.
Item 9. The light source of any of items 1 through 8 comprising a substantially monochromatic second illumination device emitting light at a different second wavelength than the first wavelength, such that for light at the first wavelength incident at the first incidence angle, each of the first and second zones of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance, and for light at the second wavelength incident at the first incidence angle, the second zone of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film.
Item 10. The light source of any of items 1 through 9 wherein:
the substantially monochromatic first illumination device emitting light at the first wavelength is disposed proximate and on one side of the input side; and
a substantially monochromatic second illumination device disposed between the top and bottom side and on an opposite side of the input side.
Item 11. The light source of item 10, wherein the substantially monochromatic second illumination device emits light at a second wavelength different than the first wavelength.
Item 12. The light source of item 10, wherein the substantially monochromatic second illumination device emits light at the first wavelength.
Item 13. A vehicle comprising the light source of item 10, wherein the first illumination device is configured to be activated and emit light at the first wavelength for a first function, and the second illumination device is configured to be activated and emit light at the first wavelength for a different second function.
Item 14. The light source of any of items 1 through 13, wherein the input side, the bottom side and the top side define a solid lightguiding region therebetween.
Item 15. The light source of any of items 1 through 13, wherein the input side, the bottom side and the top side define a hollow lightguiding region therebetween.
Item 16. The light source of any of items 1 through 15, wherein a separation between the top and bottom sides decreases along a length of the light source.
Item 17. The light source of any of items 1 through 16, wherein a separation between the optical film and the diffuse reflector decreases along a length of the light source.
Item 18. The light source of any of items 1 through 17, wherein the diffuse reflector is primarily a diffuse surface reflector.
Item 19. The light source of any of items 1 through 17, wherein the diffuse reflector is primarily a diffuse volume reflector.
Item 20. The light source of any of items 1 through 19, wherein the bottom side comprises a pattern configured to be visible through the optical film.
Item 21. The light source of item 20, wherein the pattern comprises a regular pattern.
Item 22. The light source of item 20, wherein the pattern comprises an indicia.
Item 23. The light source of item 22, wherein the indicia comprises at least one of a letter, a word, an alphanumeric, a symbol, a logo, a text, a picture, and an image.
Item 24. The light source of any of items 1 through 23, wherein the bottom side has a three-dimensional shape, the diffuse reflector conforming to the shape.
Item 25. The light source of any of items 1 through 24, wherein the bottom side further comprises a patterned layer disposed on at least a portion of the diffuse reflector, the patterned layer configured to be visible through the optical film.
Item 26. The light source of any of items 1 through 25, wherein the bottom side comprises:
a first pattern primarily scattering light emitted by the illumination device or reflected by the optical film; and
a second pattern primarily for being visible through the optical film.
Item 27. The light source of an of items 1 through 26, wherein the diffuse reflector comprises a retroreflector.
Item 28. The light source of item 27, wherein the retroreflector comprises a prismatic retroreflector.
Item 29. The light source of item 27, wherein the retroreflector comprises a plurality of cube-corner elements.
Item 30. The light source of item 27, wherein the retroreflector comprises a lens-mirror retroreflector.
Item 31. The light source of item 27, wherein the retroreflector comprises a plurality of spherical beads.
Item 32. The light source of any of items 1 through 31 further comprising a retroreflector layer disposed between the top and the bottom sides.
Item 33. The light source of any of claims 1 through 32, wherein each light ray emitted from the monochromatic lamp and incident on the top side along an incidence direction that is transmitted by the top side exits the light source along a transmitted direction that is substantially along the incidence direction.
Item 34. The light source of item 33, wherein the transmitted direction deviates from the incidence direction by less than 5 degrees.
Item 35. The light source of any of items 1 through 34, wherein the top side transmits light primarily by virtue of optical interference and not a change in light direction.
Item 36. The light source of any of items 1 through 35, wherein each layer in the plurality of layers is unitary across the first and second zones.
Item 37. The light source of any of items 1 through 36, wherein there is no layer in the plurality of layers has a physical interface between the first and second zones.
Item 38. The light source of any of items 1 through 37, at least one layer in the plurality of layers comprises a same chemical composition, but not orientation or crystallinity, in the first and second zones.
Item 39. The light source of any of items 1 through 38, wherein each layer in the plurality of layers comprises three main indices nx, ny and nz along respective mutually orthogonal x, y and z directions, x and y directions being in a plane of the layer, z direction being along a thickness direction of the layer.
Item 40. The light source of any of items 1 through 39, wherein each of at least one main index of at least one layer in the plurality of layers has different values in the first and second zones.
Item 41. The light source of item 39, wherein each of at least two main indices of at least one layer in the plurality of layers has different values in the first and second zones.
Item 42. The light source of item 39, wherein the optical film comprises a plurality of alternating first and second layers extending the adjacent first and second zones of the optical film, each main index of each first layer having a same value in the first and second zones, each main index of each second layer having different values in the first and second zones.
Item 43. The light source of item 39, wherein the optical film comprises a plurality of alternating first and second layers extending the adjacent first and second zones of the optical film, each first layer having a same nz in the first and second zones, each second layer having a greater nz in first zone than the second zone.
Item 44. The light source of item 39, wherein the optical film comprises a plurality of alternating first and second layers extending the adjacent first and second zones of the optical film, each first layer being isotropic in the first and second zones, each second layer being crystalline in the first zone and isotropic in the second zone.
Item 45. The light source of any of claims 1 through 44, wherein a difference between an average thickness of each layer in the plurality of layers in the first and second zones is less than about 10%.
Item 46. The light source of any of claims 1 through 45, wherein in operation, the second zone is more visible when viewed along the second incidence angle than along the first incidence angle.
Item 47. The light source of any of items 1 through 46, wherein in operation and when viewed along the second incidence angle in the absence of ambient light, the second zone is substantially brighter than the first zone.
Item 48. The light source of any of items 1 through 47, wherein the optical film has a three-dimensional shape.
Item 49. The light source of any of items 1 through 48, wherein the optical film comprises a plurality of first and second zones, the second zones forming a regular pattern.
Item 50. The light source of any of claims 1 through 49, wherein the optical film comprises a plurality of first and second zones, the second zones forming an indicia.
Item 51. The light source of item 50, wherein the indicia comprises at least one of a letter, a word, an alphanumeric, a symbol, a logo, a text, a picture, and an image.
Item 52. The light source of any of items 1 through 51, wherein the first incidence angle is less than about 10 degrees and the second incidence angle is greater than about 40 degrees.
Item 53. The light source of any of items 1 through 52, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at incidence angles less than about 10 degrees, each of the first and second zones of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance.
Item 54. The light source of any of items 1 through 53, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at incidence angles in a range from about 40 to 70 degrees, the first zone of the optical film has a substantially smaller optical transmittance than reflectance, and the second zone of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film.
Item 55. The light source of any of items 1 through 54 wherein the light source emits a cone of light at the first wavelength from a region of the first zone, the cone of light propagating along a central direction substantially normal to the region with an angular full width at half maximum intensity of about 30 degrees.
Item 56. The light source of any of items 1 through 54 wherein the light source emits a cone of light at the first wavelength from a region of the second zone, the cone of light propagating along a central direction substantially normal to the region with an angular full width at half maximum intensity of about 70 degrees.
Item 57. The light source of any of items 1 through 56, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at the first incidence angle, each of the first and second zones of the optical film have a greater optical transmittance than reflectance by at least 50%.
Item 58. The light source of any of items 1 through 57, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle, the first zone of the optical film has a smaller optical transmittance than reflectance by at least 50%.
Item 59. The light source of any of items 1 through 58, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle, the second zone of the optical film has a greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film by at least 30%.
Item 60. The light source of any of items 1 through 59, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle, the second zone of the optical film has a substantially greater optical transmittance than reflectance.
Item 61. The light source of item 60, wherein for light at the first wavelength incident at the second incidence angle, the second zone of the optical film has a greater optical transmittance than reflectance by at least 30%.
Item 62. The light source of any of items 1 through 61, wherein the second zone of the optical film is optically diffusive.
Item 63. The light source of any of items 1 through 62, wherein the second zone of the optical film is more optically diffusive than the first zone of the optical film.
Item 64. The light source of any of items 1 through 63, wherein the top side further comprises an optical lens disposed on and aligned with the second zone, the optical lens changing a direction of light at the first wavelength transmitted by the second zone of the optical film.
Item 65. The light source of any of claims 1 through 64, further comprising a plurality of discrete optical lenses, wherein the optical film comprises a plurality of spaced apart second zones, each second zone corresponding to and aligned with a different optical lens, the optical lens changing a direction of light at the first wavelength transmitted by the second zone.
Item 66. A projection system comprising the light source of any of claims 1 through 65, and a projection device configured to project an image for viewing.
Item 67. The projection system of item 66, wherein the image corresponds to a pattern formed by the second zones.
Item 68. The projection system of item 67, wherein the light source comprises a second illumination device configured to project a second image that is different from the first image.
Item 69. A light source comprising an optical film comprising a plurality of first and second zones forming a pattern, each zone transmitting and reflecting light primarily by optical interference, such that when the light source emits light, a visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle.
Item 70. The light source of item 69, wherein the visibility of the pattern increases with increasing viewing angle by virtue of a contrast between the first and second zones increasing with increasing viewing angle.
Item 71. A light source comprising:
a lightguide comprising a top side comprising an optical film, a bottom side comprising a diffuse reflector, and an input side extending between the top and bottom sides; and
an illumination source disposed proximate the input side of the lightguide, the optical film having adjacent first and second zones, each zone extending substantially an entire thickness of an optical stack or at least one optical packet of the optical film, light entering the lightguide from the light source propagating within the lightguide and being either reflected or transmitted by the optical film primarily by optical interference, wherein for at least one first incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the first and second zones of the optical film have substantially equal optical transmittance, and for at least one second incidence angle and at least one wavelength, the second zone has substantially greater optical transmittance than the first zone of the optical film.
Item 72. An optical system comprising:
a retroreflecting layer; and
an optical film disposed on the retroreflecting layer and comprising a plurality of alternating first and second layers, each first and second layer transmitting and reflecting light primarily by optical interference.
Item 73. The optical system of 72, wherein each layer extends adjacent first and second zones of the optical film, at least one layer in the plurality of layers having different birefringence in the first and second zones.
Item 74. The optical system of any of items 72 through 73, wherein the retroreflecting layer retroreflects light that is incident on the retroreflecting layer from the optical film side of the optical system.
Item 75. The optical system of any of items 72 through 74, further comprising an illumination source disposed between the retroreflecting layer and the optical film.
Item 76. The optical system of any of items 72 through 75, further comprising an input side extending between the retroreflecting layer and the optical film, and an illumination source disposed proximate the input side.
Item 77. A light source comprising:
a substantially monochromatic first illumination device configured to emit light at the first wavelength;
a substantially monochromatic second illumination device configured to emit light at the first wavelength or at a different second wavelength;
an input side proximate the illumination device for receiving light at the first wavelength from the illumination device;
a bottom side comprising a diffuse reflector; and
a top side comprising an optical film having a plurality of layers, the optical film transmitting and reflecting light primarily by optical interference, wherein first illumination device is configured to be activated and emit light for a first function, and the second illumination device is configured to be activated and emit light for a different second function.
Item 78. The light source of item 77, wherein the first function is a position indicator of a vehicle and the second function is a brake indicator for the vehicle.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, measurement of properties and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and claims are approximations that can vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by those skilled in the art utilizing the teachings of the present application. Not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, to the extent any numerical values are set forth in specific examples described herein, they are reported as precisely as reasonably possible. Any numerical value, however, may well contain errors associated with testing or measurement limitations.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention, and it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein. All U.S. patents, patent application publications, and other patent and non-patent documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the foregoing disclosure.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2015/017627 | 2/26/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61949496 | Mar 2014 | US |
