Patent Grant
8574291
This application is the US national stage of PCT application PCT/EP2008/006762, filed 18 Aug. 2008, published 26 Feb. 2009 as WO2009/024308, and claiming the priority of German patent application 102007039014.0 itself filed 17 Aug. 2007.
The invention concerns an electrical linear drive, in particular for a pump of an artificial heart with a movable and a stationary part, wherein the stationary part is formed by a permanent-magnet assembly and the movable part is formed by a coil assembly or vice versa, and the coil assembly and the permanent-magnet assembly can be moved to and fro relative to each other axially by current passing through the coil assembly. The invention further relates to a pump with such a drive, in particular an artificial heart for intracorporal or extracorporal assistance or the replacement of organs, in particular the heart.
To the extent characteristics of a drive are identified in this description of the invention, they also apply to a pump, in particular to an artificial heart and vice versa.
For example, such a pump can replace the heart intracorporal as artificial heart and thus save the life of patients who have heart disease and who have previously been primarily dependent on a donor heart. Thereby, in contrast to other, previously routinely used systems, the quality of life of the patient remains preserved to a great extent.
Heart-assist systems are generally known in the prior art. A number of heart-assist systems have already been developed since the 20's and are being used in humans with increasing success. Here, a distinction is generally made between systems that assist the heart and systems that replace the heart.
When using systems that assist the heart, the heart is limited in its functionality, but can however continue to still fulfill a part of its original pumping capacity. One of the two heart chambers is connected in parallel or in series to an artificial pump that assists the heart. Under certain circumstances, a recovery of the heart can thereby be achieved and the system can then be removed.
If the natural heart is weakened so severely that assisting the heart is not enough to sufficiently supply the body with blood, and a recovery of the heart is not to be expected, the natural heart must be removed and be replaced with an alternative, for example, an artificial heart or a transplanted donor heart.
As, however, the demand for donor hearts continues to increase and simultaneously, the willingness to donate is falling, an adequate number of donor hearts is no longer available. The use of an artificial heart can reduce the high death rate of patients on the waiting list.
Systems made by Incor assist the heart and that are already used in humans. Those made by Cardiowest are used, for example, heart replacements. The individual systems assisting or replacing the heart are significantly different in their design and operation. The systems can be divided into continuously operating radial pumps or axial pumps (e.g. Incor) and pulsing reciprocating and rotary pumps (e.g. Cardiowest).
Force transmission between the drive and a pump membrane is performed by rigid mechanical connections (e.g. Abiocor 2) hydraulically (e.g. Abiocor 1), pneumatically (e.g. Cardiowest) or magnetically (e.g. Magscrew). Thereby, the transmission of force takes place in the form of a thrust or a rotational moment, either directly (e.g. Cardiowest) or through a stepdown transmission (e.g. Abiocor 2).
Particular attention is being paid to heat lost by the drive, which can damage the blood by coagulating it. By partially or completely filling the drive with cooling fluid that also serves as lubricant for storage in several concepts such as, for example, as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,111, an attempt is being made to dissipate heat from the blood and the surrounding tissue as homogeneously as possible.
The bearings of the pumps, conventional ball bearings and floating bearings (e.g. Abiocor 2), suffer wear or in the case of hydrodynamic bearings, e.g. as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,445 and magnet bearings, are largely wear-free. The trend is in the direction of low-wear drives that have a service life of at least 5 years. For a mechanical release of the bearings, rotation-symmetric drives are used in which the forces of attraction compensate as the result of centering between the stator and the rotor in rotating machines or the primary part and the secondary part in linear drives. Thus, the bearings are lighter and more compact and have longer service lives. As an ideal centering cannot be implemented technically, forces of attraction are created in all previous systems between stator and rotor or the primary part and secondary part that lead to premature wear of the bearings.
Most of what is common between the invention and prior art can be found in the electric linear drives without transmission, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,445 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,111.
Only when the movable parts or the fixed parts are ideally centered is a resulting force radially absent in any of the previous concepts mentioned above.
As ferromagnetic material is always used in one part and magnetic material in the other part, forces of attraction are always created between the two parts that compensate each other out only when concentric. As an ideal centering cannot be done technically, there are always more or less pronounced radial forces between the two parts. In addition to the actual guiding function, they load the bearings and lead to increased wear of the bearings, as a result of which the service life is reduced.
Previous concepts do not maximize the density of power. As described in the Panton patent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,111), in the development of artificial hearts the transmission of heat to the surrounding tissue and the blood can be realized by using suitable cooling steps. Rather, the weight and the dimensions of the artificial heart are the main problem of the artificial heart because of the severely limited space in the chest cavity at a specified propelling thrust. Although according to the concept of passing current as described in Goldowsky's patent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,975) by selecting equally long coils and magnet segments with minimum ohmic loss, the force is maximized, but the force continues to significantly fluctuate as previously described depending on the overlap relationship and does not take on the absolute maximum value.
The reason for this is an enlargement of the magnetic field (leakage) in the sections of the adjacent coils that are not supplied with current. Thus, for ensuring a specified power, the actuation system must be configured larger than a system which would also utilize leakage flux.
The concept as in Yeakley (U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,796) uses this leakage flux by utilizing only one coil, but this long coil leads to high ohmic losses, significantly reducing the degree of effectiveness.
The magnetic flux density inside coils in all concepts is at a maximum as large as the flux density created by the magnet.
According to Lorentz, the force upon the coil through which current flows is proportional to the magnetic flux density. As a result of an increase of the magnetic flux density, for example, in the form of a flux concentrator, the force could thus be significantly increased at constant ohmic power dissipation. Thereby, an increase in the degree of effectiveness would be possible or the drive could be made smaller.
Rotary drive concepts only create a continuous speed of the flow of the blood, so that the pump behavior of the human heart it is not recreated. Likewise, in these concepts, the high speeds of rotation of the rotors are a disadvantage, in that high shear forces are exerted upon the blood that lead to increased damage of the blood.
Concepts as in Vitale (U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,409 B1) are in a position to recreate the pumping process of the human heart in its pumping capacity, however, as the result of the revolving motor within the pump, the course of the pressure stream and volume stream of the blood cannot be sufficiently recreated as in the human heart. Further, these systems sometimes work with an increased beat rate.
In the Abiocor, silicon oil is used that fills the entire drive. As no compressible medium (e.g. air) is present in the system, the membrane is actively aspirated in the diastolic phase (filling phase), as a result of which a hemodynamically unfavorable collapse of the atrium can occur.
To ensure a certain quality of life and perspective for the patient, organ-assisting or organ-replacing systems must be as quiet as possible and have a guaranteed service life of five years. All previous concepts use power converters such as mechanical, magnetic or pneumatic transmissions. The many movable parts create, however, a higher level of noise and increased wear.
It is the object of the invention to provide a drive of a general type, particularly for a pump, especially an artificial heart or assist system that operates nearly free of wear and thus ensures a service life that is as long as possible, is built so compact that it can be used, for example, even as drive for an artificial heart even in smaller patients and has a pump function like physiological behavior and supplies the body with blood as much as possible physiologically, pulsing corresponding to the natural heart.
This way, the previously described disadvantages of the previous concepts are to be comprehensively avoided as much as possible, while their advantages are combined in one single system.
Particularities of the invention are, inter alia, the reduction in size so that a significant increase of the group of patients into which the system can be implanted is made possible. Further, the invention makes a longer service life of the system possible than most of the previous systems.
Further, a drive in accordance with the invention cannot only be used for actuating a pump and here, for example, as artificial heart, but for any type of drive application and especially any type of pump application.
Here the focus is especially on the pulsating transport of fluids, e.g. those that are highly sensitive relative to pressure, shear, temperature, acceleration, etc. such as for example blood. A preferred area of application of drives in accordance with the invention is thus in the area of artificial hearts, but is not limited to such.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the problem is solved by a generic linear drive that is developed further in that the coil assembly is in an air gap of the permanent-magnet assembly that extends axially, the magnetic material of which is magnetized axially and which at least at its two axial ends, is provided with inner and outer pole shoes that are opposite each other radially and spaced by the air gap, as a result of which the magnetic field in the air gap is concentrated inside opposite pole shoes radially, as a result of which at least one magnetic circuit is formed in which the magnetic field lines extend through the air gap radially from the inside to the outside, as well as through the air gap from the outside to the inside.
An arrangement of this type has the advantage that relative to conventional moving coil assemblies, the coil assemblies cannot only extend into the permanent-magnet assembly to a certain degree, but that here the air gap is open at both axial ends of the permanent-magnet assembly and thus a coil assembly can come out of both axial ends or enter into the ends. The stroke of such a drive thus depends essentially only on the axial length of the coil assembly.
Beyond that, as a result of the axial magnetization of the permanent-magnet assembly, at least one magnetic circuit results that extends axially through the permanent-magnet assembly and radially twice over the pole shoes and the air gap, namely at least at the axial ends, so that at each position at which as a result of the pole shoes the magnetic field lines are concentrated axially, there is an air gap. The coil assembly thus can pass through along the axial length of the drive, along the at least two sections (along the axial extension) of maximum field line concentrations that can be found at least at the axial ends of the permanent-magnet assembly. Between the pole shoes, on the other hand, the magnetic field is axially aligned at least essentially parallel to the axis, except for the scattered parts.
In a possible, simple embodiment of the drive in accordance with the invention the permanent-magnet assembly is subdivided axially into sections with only one permanent magnet, radially on one side of the especially in cross section frame-shaped or annular air gap, whereby on the other side of the air gap, the pole shoes are connected by material that can be magnetized, but is not itself magnetic for guiding the field lines. Thus, for example, a permanent magnet can be provided coaxially inside or outside relative to the—especially in cross section—frame-shaped or annular air gap, whereby on the other side only—especially in cross section—frame-shaped or annular pole shoes or yoke elements are provided in order to guide the field lines.
In a preferred embodiment, however, the permanent-magnet assembly has an air gap between the pole shoes and permanent magnet radially on both sides of the air gap that is especially of frame-shaped or annular section. Thus, the permanent-magnet assembly can have a first inner permanent magnet (perhaps with inner, especially coaxial passageway) and a second outer one coaxial but spaced by the air gap from the permanent magnet that is in particular of frame-shaped or annular section. This way, the axial ends of the inner and outer permanent magnet have different polarity.
A drive in accordance with the invention thus has at least two pairs of radially opposite pole shoes that are spaced by an air gap, each pair being located at an axial end. Thus, a cross-sectional shape of a pole shoe is preferred that is adapted to the cross section form of the permanent magnet with which the pole shoe is connected.
In a different embodiment between the axial pole shoes at the ends, at least one additional pair of pole shoes is provided that is opposite the other and spaced by an air gap, which concentrate the magnetic field radially. Accordingly, in such an arrangement there may not only be two radial transitions of the magnet field lines, but also three or more, as a result of which—axially—two or more magnetic circuits can be formed behind each other, and in each of the circuits the magnetic field lines extend radially once from the inside to the outside through the air gap and once from the outside to the inside through the air gap. This way, two axially adjacent magnetic circuits have a joint pair of pole shoes.
In particular in such a permanent-magnet assembly of at least two permanent magnets axially one behind the other and separated by a pole shoe applies to the coaxial inner as well as to the coaxial outer permanent-magnet assembly or to only one of the permanent-magnet assemblies, when as in the embodiment that was first mentioned, yoke material is on the opposite side.
The permanent magnets of the permanent-magnet assembly have at least one axial polarization change. In principle, any number of polarization changes is possible.
With the drive that is described here, a pump for an artificial heart can be designed favorably.
In all embodiments of such a drive, be that as pump for an artificial heart or also for any other drive application, in a further development the thickness of the pole shoes increases radially toward the air gap. As a result of this, material and thus weight can be saved. A decrease of the thickness in the direction away from the air gap is thereby harmless, as the magnetic field concentration also decreases in this direction because of the redirection of the magnetic field lines from the axial into the radial direction at the location of the pole shoes.
As it is provided in these embodiments to move the coil assembly at both axial ends of the permanent-magnet assembly out of such and into such, however, along the axial extension at least two locations are given at which the magnetic field lines run in opposite radial directions, it is provided in a further development that current passes through the coil assembly at these locations with a defined motion in a desired direction during the operation in opposite directions. For this purpose it can be provided, for example, in a simple embodiment, that the coil assembly has a single coil winding, the winding direction of which reverses at least once axially in the coil assembly. Thus, at constant current because of the reversal of the winding orientation, in practice, the reversing of the direction of current is also achieved and thus rectified driving forces are active axially between the permanent-magnet assembly and the coil assembly.
In a different, relative to this, preferred embodiment, it can be provided that the coil assembly has at least two coils or coil elements positioned axially behind each other through which different currents can flow or coils are provided, whereby in particular, by means of a controller, only those coils are supplied with current that are located inside pole shoes. Various current supplies can thereby mean different current intensity and/or direction. Hereby, the coil elements and/or pole shoes can be of different axial widths.
In all embodiments of the invention as in this embodiment the elements such as permanent magnets and pole shoes that are radially inside and outside relative to the air gap are firmly mechanically connected with each other so that their relative positions relative to each other are fixed. This can, for example, be given by a surrounding fixed frame design.
As in a different embodiment of the invention, the problem is also solved by a generic linear drive that is developed further in that the permanent-magnet assembly is designed as a stack of frame-shaped, especially annular magnets, that are alternatively radially and axially magnetized so that the magnetic field is increased on the one frame side or ring side, especially the radial outer side and on the other side, especially the radial inner side it is decreased, so that the coil assembly is coaxial to the permanent-magnet assembly on the side of the intensified magnetic field. In turn, even with such a drive, preferably, but not limiting, a pump can be designed for an artificial heart.
According to this embodiment of the invention, although a different design solution of the posed problem is used, however, as in the two embodiments, use is made of the essential idea of the invention, as a result of a special type of design of the magnetic polarization (direction of magnetization) of the permanent-magnet assembly and design environment, a local concentration of the magnetic field lines in the immediate section of the active current supply of the coil assembly is achieved. Thus, the two embodiments are connected by the same inventive idea. It is also important that in both concepts no relative motion occurs between the permanent magnet and the flow guide parts (e.g. Vacoflux).
For this, in a simple embodiment, for example, the coil assembly is provided with a single coil winding, the winding direction of which reverses at least once axially of the coil assembly. Thus, for constant supply of current because of the reversal of the winding direction, in practice, the reversal of the direction of current is also achieved and thus rectified driving forces are achieved axially that are active between the permanent-magnet assembly and the coil assembly.
In this embodiment the coil assembly is divided into individual coils and, especially by means of a controller, only those coils are supplied with current that overlap the magnetic material and/or that are primarily supplied by a radial magnetic field. This way, the power supply to the coils is switched off when the magnetic field extends essentially parallel to the axis of the linear drive. It can also be provided that the current supply to the coils is switched off when the magnetic field does not have sufficient strength. Thereby, the transition between the condition without current supply and the condition with current supply to the coils can be set to depend on the position in particular can be selected continuously and, e.g. be done by means of a controller.
In the two embodiments of the invention a current supply of the coil assembly is realized, e.g. by sliding contacts and especially preferred, by at least two electrical conductors that are designed helically. In a defined position, the conductors can form a spiral that lies in a plane so that as a result of a deflection of the coil assembly relative to the permanent-magnet assembly, the inner or outer end of the respective spiral then moves out of this plane. Hereby the affected helical conductor lies on an imaginary cone-shaped shell.
Here the at least two conductors can helically surround each other in a plane and/or at least two conductors are located layered in a spiral with intermediate insulation. In particular, in the case of a layered arrangement, several conductors layered in a spiral can start and/or end with an offset in the spiral direction in order to be able to attach the electrical supply at the offset ends more easily.
The design of the input leads as helical conductors has the particular advantage that an end of these conductors can be fastened to a fixed element of the drive and the other end to a moving part, e.g. the coil assembly. In a relative motion of the parts toward each other, the helical conductors move out of the spiral plane without generating much mechanical stress. Conductors that are designed in this manner thus have a long service life, which is especially important in the application for artificial hearts.
The number of the helical conductors can be limited to two, when electronics (power converter) for supplying current to and for switching of coils are located at the coil assembly itself and thus, for example, also moved along. Then, only the two input leads for this electronic unit are needed.
The coil assembly itself can be fastened to a force-transmission element formed in a middle section, especially coaxially, in the permanent-magnet assembly and that extends through the permanent-magnet assembly. Thus, a space-saving arrangement is possible. The coil windings can, for example, be located to a support element that is designed, for example, pot-shaped and where the force-transmission element is located.
The force-transmission element can be provided with pressure disks located axially on both sides of the permanent-magnet assembly, by means of which a force can be exerted against surrounding elements, especially a membrane of the pump chamber.
The relevant prior art and embodiments of the invention are shown in the following figures. Therein:
a, 2b, and 2c show permanent magnets and pole shoe elements without the coil assembly according to a first embodiment of the invention;
In conjunction with
All linear drive system have in common that the movable part comprises a coil assembly 1 with at least one coil and the stationary part with at least one permanent magnet 2 or vice versa. The permanent magnets 2 generate a magnetic field with flow density B. It penetrates the coils 1 completely or proportionately. In
As a result of the flow a current I in coils 1 of the coil assembly, a force F is exerted as in Lorentz onto coils 1 with medium winding length l and the winding number n as in
This force is transmitted through a mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or magnetic force-transmission element 3 to at least one pump chamber 4, preferably alternately transmitted to two pump chambers 4 positioned on both axial ends of the linear drive. Each pump chamber can have a membrane 4a on its inner wall on which the force-transmission element 3 acts when moving and thus displaces for example blood from the chamber 4 on the one side so that blood flows into the chamber 4 of the other side. So that the force-transmission element 3 can be displaced by current passing through the coil assembly, the coil assembly or the magnet assembly is mounted on this force-transmission element 3, for example, at a winding support that is on the force-transmission element 3.
The movable parts are carried on floating bearings or ball bearings, magnetic bearings or hydrodynamic bearings that engage for example an axial part 3a of the force-transmission element 3. By reversing the direction of current in the coils, the direction of the force is reversed so that a pulsating effect is created in the pump chambers 4. Valves at the inlets and outlets define the direction of flow of the fluid, especially blood. By the amplitude of the current in the individual coils, the current and thus the speed of the flow of the fluid and the pulse can be regulated.
a-2c show various variants of a first embodiment of the invention.
In
On the two axial (here upper and lower) ends of the permanent magnet pole shoes 6a and 6b (
At a radial spacing around the permanent magnet 2, a frame-shaped or annular yoke element 7 is located that is made of a magnetizable, however not itself magnetic material. As a result of the spacing, a frame-shaped or annular air gap 5 is formed around the symmetry axis and holds a coil assembly not shown here. In the pole shoes 6a and 6b, as well as in the yoke element 7, the shape is such that its thickness increases radially toward the air gap 5.
With reference to
This is the essential difference in this arrangement relative to conventionally known plunger coil prior-art assemblies in which the moving coil assembly is penetrated radially by the magnetic field in only one direction. The coil assembly not shown here can thus be moved into and out of the drive on both axial ends.
Unlike
A preferred embodiment is shown in
As a result of the use of pole shoes 6 that are preferably provided with high magnetic saturation induction, the field in the gap 5 is strongly concentrated in the pole shoes 6. Because of the use of field-concentrating pole shoes 6, a greater field is generated compared with all previous concepts since as in
at constant power, a smaller coil current is sufficient. Thus, the ohmic power dissipation, which is proportional to the square of the current is significantly reduced: P is proportional to 1/B2.
As a result of the nonferrous design of the movable or stationary part, no Maxwellian forces of attraction are created between the two parts. Thus, the bearings that carry the coil assembly 1 by means of the force-transmission element 3 at the inner permanent magnet 2a are relieved radially and can be dimensioned smaller or be optimized for a long service life. The outer magnet 2b is mechanically fixed on the inner magnet 2a, here by the elements 7. Here, the force-transmission element has an inner axis 3a in an inner coaxial passage through the inner magnet 2a. Any other type of support is also possible. It is only important that as a result of supplying current to the coil assembly, the force-transmission element 3 can be moved in two directions.
A further advantage of the nonferrous design of one of the two parts inherently makes it possible that one part can be moved out of the other part without generating Maxwellian forces of attraction between the two parts. Thus, by an adaptation of the length relationship between the fixed and movable part, the power profile can be adapted to a required power profile, for example, that of the human heart, and thus weight and construction size can be reduced.
To minimize ohmic losses, the coil assembly here comprises individual coils that can be supplied with current 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d (here by way of example, 4 coils), whereby in accordance with the invention only those coils are supplied with current that juxtaposed with the pole shoes 6a or 6b. The other coils do not contribute to the power and can therefore remain without current.
For all possible embodiments that are shown here or not shown here, the individual supplies of current can be provided by a controller that can, for example, be provided directly on the coil assembly and only receives its current supply from the outside or can also be located outside the drive. The supply of current to a coil that is between the pole shoes 6 can take place in every embodiment, for example, depending on position, automatically by the controller. In order to determine the position, a position sensor can be provided that captures the position of the coil assembly and/or of the force-transmission element relative to the pole shoes or the permanent magnet. A light curtain can be provided, for example, in order to capture a defined zero position and a motion sensor for capturing the direction and extent of movement such as is known, for example, from optical computer mice. Likewise, position capture can take place, for example, directly by the controller without any sensors. By selecting the coils and pole shoes axially with different widths, leakage flux for generating can likewise be used.
The drive described here can, when used in a pump as shown in
In accordance with the invention the coil assembly 1 is in a strengthened magnetic field, here radially outside. No Maxwellian forces of attraction are created between the magnet assembly 2 and the coil assembly 1, as a result of which the baring is not loaded mechanically radially. Here too, a force-transmission element as shown in
Further, by use of the preferred thin—not shown here—back iron yoke within the magnet assembly 2, stray fields can be decreased further and the magnetic field in the coils can be increased further. Even this does not have any effect on the radial bearing load.
Likewise, because of the absent Maxwellian forces of attraction, the movable part can be moved out of the stationary part without the occurrence of return forces. Thus it is possible to adapt the drive by the selection of a suitable length relationship of magnet and coils to a required power profile, for example that of an artificial heart.
As a result of a preferred subdivision of the coil assembly 1 into individual coils (coil rings located axially behind one another) 1a, 1b, 1c, . . . for decreasing the ohmic losses, only those coils are supplied with current that are juxtaposed with the magnetic material 2. This way, those coils in the magnet assembly 2 are simultaneously switched off from the current supply, where the magnetic field extends parallel to the axis, i.e. here, for example, in the permanent magnetic ring 2b. This individually supplied current can in turn be done by a controller, perhaps with position capture, for which the same applies as was described for the invention as in the first embodiment.
Because of a position-dependent, continuous transition between a condition without current supply and a condition with current supply, the field parts can be utilized optimally for generating a radial propelling thrust at minimal ohmic power dissipation.
By choosing a different length relationship of magnet segment (ring 2a, 2b, . . . ) to coil 1a, 1b, . . . the leakage flux is also optimally utilized for power generation. By using individual, independent power supply to the coils, all previously listed disadvantages are avoided so that this concept recreates the human heart in a pump drive in all identified embodiments.
In addition to an adaptation of the blood pressure and the volume stream during a pumping cycle, the active suction of the membrane in diastole is prevented, since the male membrane 3b of the force-transmission element 3 as in
Noise development is minimal because of the lack of Maxwellian forces of attraction between the stationary and the movable part, the low relative speed between the individual parts by using a direct drive, as well as bearings that are not exposed to any interfering forces.
Support of the movable part relative to the stationary part can also be accomplished here, for example, by conventional bearings such as ball bearings or floating bearings or completely friction-free, by means of hydrodynamic bearings.
Because of the ability to pass current to the individual coils in both embodiments of the invention, an increased redundancy of the drive is also given. Failures of coils or electronic parts do not lead to a complete failure of the system but only to a decrease of the attainable delivery volume. The special embodiment of this concept relative to the prior art is, that the system in accordance with the invention that supports organs or replaces organs reduces the disadvantages of the actual systems to a minimum, while it combines the advantages of the individual concepts in a single system.
It applies to all possible embodiments that when the coils form the movable part, the current supply, for example by sliding contacts, can take place inductively or in a spring system shown in
As a result of the integration of a converter as control device into the movable part, for example the coil assembly, the number of springs can be limited to two, however, several springs per converter are also possible.
As a result of the separate supply of current to the coils, the drive has increased redundancy. Failures of coils or electronic parts do not lead to a complete failure of the system, but only to a decrease of the maximum attainable blood pressure.
Concerning all embodiments it is noted that the technical characteristics identified in connection with one embodiment cannot only be used in the specific embodiment, but also in the other embodiments. All revealed technical characteristics of this description of the invention are to be ranked as essential to the invention and can be combined with each other in any way or used individually.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2007 039 014 | Aug 2007 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2008/006762 | 8/18/2008 | WO | 00 | 6/1/2010 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009/024308 | 2/26/2009 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5300111 | Panton et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5360445 | Goldowski | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5924975 | Goldowski | Jul 1999 | A |
| 6190409 | Vitale | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6194796 | Yeakley | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6600399 | Trandafir | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 20020165425 | Yoon et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 10360713 | Jul 2005 | DE |
| Entry |
|---|
| Machine translation of DE10360713. Date accessed Aug. 9, 2012. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100234941 A1 | Sep 2010 | US |
