Patent Application
20160171560
Personalizing advertising messages for specific audience segments is an important aspect of targeted marketing campaigns. Common applications of such targeted campaigns are email campaigns, where emails with different messages can be sent to different audience segments, and social marketing, where unique advertising messages can be served to people who satisfy certain demographic properties. When a marketer has to deal with a large number of products, campaigns, or segments, manually producing multiple versions of an advertising message, each of which is personalized to appeal to each audience segment becomes very resource-intensive.
Techniques for linguistic personalization of messages for targeted campaigns are described. In one or more implementations, dependencies between keywords and modifiers are extracted, from one or more segment-specific texts and a product-specific text, to build language models for the one or more segment specific texts and the product specific text. Modifiers with a desired sentiment are extracted from the product specific text and transformation points are identified in a message skeleton. Then one or more of the extracted modifiers are inserted to modify one or more identified keywords in the message skeleton to create a personalized message for a target segment of the targeted marketing campaign.
In an example implementation, a request is transmitted by a client to a service provider to linguistically personalize a textual message for one or more segments of a targeted campaign. The service provider extracts dependencies between keywords and modifiers, from one or more segment-specific texts and a product-specific text, to build language models for the one or more segment specific texts and the product specific text. The service provider extracts modifiers with a desired sentiment from the product specific text and identifies transformation points in a message skeleton. Then the service provider inserts one or more of the extracted modifiers to modify one or more keywords in the message skeleton to create a personalized message for each target segment of the targeted marketing campaign, and communicates the personalized messages to the client.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different instances in the description and the figures may indicate similar or identical items. Entities represented in the figures may be indicative of one or more entities and thus reference may be made interchangeably to single or plural forms of the entities in the discussion.
Overview
Common applications of targeting advertising messages (ad messages) include email campaigns, where emails with different messages can be sent to different audience segments, and social marketing, where unique ad messages can be served to people who satisfy certain demographic properties. Conventional techniques for personalizing advertising messages typically require a copywriter to produce multiple versions of the same advertising message, with each of the multiple versions designed to appeal to a different audience segment or demographic. However, this approach requires additional time, effort, resources, and consequently expense for the advertiser. Personalization may focus on various aspects of communicating an advertising message, such as text, images, and/or video. However, in some campaigns, for example an email campaign, images and video in an advertising message may be blocked by an email client or server, so it is especially important to personalize the text in the ad message. Personalization of ad messages for a particular target segment is automated using linguistic principles and textual content generated by members of the target segment from sources such as social media, the Web, weblogs, and the like.
Techniques involving linguistic personalization of messages for targeted campaigns are described. In the following discussion, a variety of different implementations are described that involve linguistic personalization of messages for targeted campaigns. In one example, segments for a targeted campaign are identified based on desired demographic characteristics of segments of consumers for the product that will be promoted in the targeted campaign. For example, a marketer may choose to target customers in specific countries, such as Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The marketer may also choose to target customers by occupation, such as designer, developer, manager, and student.
These desired target segments may have different linguistic characteristics in their communication. For example, Australian students may use different words to describe positive sentiments than managers in the United States would use. In implementations, social media and other on-line communication that can be identified by their demographics and a body (or corpus) of textual content is collected for each target segment in the targeted campaign. Additionally, a body of product-specific textual information is also collected from on-line sources.
In at least one implementation, segment-specific text, for each segment, and the product-specific text are analyzed to extract word dependencies and build language models for each of the segment-specific texts and the product-specific text. The product-specific text is analyzed to identify sentences with a desired, typically positive, sentiment expressed about the product. Modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) are extracted from those sentences and saved for use in modifying keywords (nouns and verbs) in a message skeleton.
The message skeleton is a basic version of the advertising message, typically without modifiers, that will be personalized for each segment. The message skeleton is evaluated to identify transformation points where keywords may be modified by the insertion of segment-specific modifiers. Extracted modifiers are then evaluated for insertion at the transformation points. If a modifier, which sufficiently expresses the desired sentiment in the language model of a segment, is found, the modifier is inserted to modify a keyword to personalize the message skeleton for the target segment. Personalized messages produced in this manner are then used by the marketer for communications to customers in the segment of the targeted campaign.
In the following discussion, an example environment is first described that may employ the techniques described herein. Example procedures are then described which may be performed in the example environment as well as other environments. Consequently, performance of the example procedures is not limited to the example environment and the example environment is not limited to performance of the example procedures.
Although linguistic personalization of advertising messages for a product is described herein, it should be understood that the techniques herein are applicable to personalizing messages for a set of products, as well as a single product. Further, the techniques for linguistic personalization of messages are described in the context of personalizing advertising messages for targeted advertising campaigns; however, these techniques are generally applicable to personalizing textual messages based on demographic characteristics in any context. Consequently, performance of the example procedures is not limited to the advertising messages and targeted marketing campaigns.
As employed herein, the term “product” may refer to a good, an idea, information, an object, or a service created as a result of a process and that satisfies a want or need. In implementations, a product may refer to an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale. In at least some implementations, a product can have a combination of tangible and intangible attributes such as features, functions, and uses, which a seller offers a buyer for purchase.
As employed herein the term “targeted campaign” may refer to specific activities designed to promote a product or service. A targeted campaign can include efforts to increase awareness (e.g., consumer awareness) of the product or service. In implementations, a targeted campaign can include a coordinated series of steps such as promotion of a product or service through different mediums (e.g., television, radio, print, online, and so on) using a variety of different types of advertisements to target segments of consumers. The promotion of the product or service can focus on, or highlight, one or more attributes of the product or service to entice consumers (e.g., customers, users, and so on) to purchase the product or service. In at least some implementations, a targeted campaign can have a limited duration. Thus, a “targeted campaign” can refer to a variety of different activities related to promoting a product or service for sale. Further examples of the above-described terms may be found in relation to the following discussion.
Example Environment
The computing devices, for example, may be configured as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device (e.g., assuming a handheld configuration such as a tablet or mobile phone), and so forth. Additionally, a computing device may be representative of a plurality of different devices, such as multiple servers of the service provider 104 utilized by a business to perform operations “over the cloud” as further described in relation to
Although the network 106 is illustrated as the Internet, the network may assume a wide variety of configurations. For example, the network 106 may include a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless network, a public telephone network, an intranet, and so on. Further, although a single network 106 is shown, the network 106 may be representative of multiple networks.
The computing device 102 is also illustrated as including a communication module 108. The communication module 108 is representative of functionality to communicate via the network 106, such as with one or more services of the service provider 104. As such, the communication module 108 may be configured in a variety of ways. For example, the communication module 108 may be configured as a browser that is configured to “surf the web.” The communication module 108 may also be representative of network access functionality that may be incorporated as part of an application, e.g., to provide network-based functionality as part of the application, an operating system, and so on. Thus, functionality represented by the communication module 108 may be incorporated by the computing device 102 in a variety of different ways.
The service provider 104 is representative of functionality to provide one or more network-based services. The services are managed by a service manager module 110 to support a variety of different functionality. The services (e.g., web services), for instance, may be configured to support acquiring textual content generated by members of identified segments of the targeted campaign, acquiring textual content regarding the product advertised in the targeted campaign, and/or personalizing messages for each identified segment of the targeted campaign. These services can assist a manufacturer, a distributor, a retailer, an advertiser, or any other entity in personalizing messages for a product or service for specific customer segments in order to optimize a marketing message for each segment using language relevant to members of each segment. Thus, a variety of different types of functionalities may be performed via services supported by the service provider 104.
The service manager module 110 is configured to manage processing of data and/or content requested or provided by the computing device 102. In some instances, a user may wish to communicate with the service provider 104 to request service such as attribute selection for a product or service for use in a targeted campaign. The service manager module 110 can process the user's request and, if needed, communicate the request to an appropriate entity to properly service the request.
The service provider 104 is also illustrated as including a message personalization module 112 and storage 114. The message personalization module 112 is representative of functionality to identify modifiers with a desired, typically positive, sentiment used by members of the segments of the targeted campaign. The message personalization module 112 is configured to determine which keywords in a message to modify for each segment. In addition, the message personalization module 112 is configured to insert modifiers to personalize ad messages for each desired segment in the targeted campaign.
The storage 114 may be a component of the service provider 104, may be remote from the service provider 104, or may be a third-party database. The storage 114 may be a single database, or may be multiple databases, at least some of which include distributed data. Thus, a variety of different types of storage mechanisms can be utilized for the storage 114.
The following discussion describes example implementations of linguistic personalization of messages for targeted campaigns that can be employed to perform various aspects of techniques discussed herein. The example implementations may be employed in the environment 100 of
The message personalization module 112 is illustrated as including a word-dependency extraction module 210, a language model builder module 212, a modifier extraction module 214, a transformation point identification module 216, an adjective-noun insertion module 218, an adverb-verb insertion module 220, and an adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222. The message personalization module 112 produces one or more personalized messages 224 from the input data 202.
In implementations, the word-dependency extraction module 210 is configured to tag words with parts of speech (POS) in the segment-specific text 204 and the product-specific text 206. The word-dependency extraction module 210 associates each word with a particular part of speech, like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so forth. The word-dependency extraction module 210 parses the POS-tagged text to identify adjacent, and long-range or nonadjacent dependencies or associations within the text. For example, the parsing extracts noun-adjective associations, such as the adjective fast is associated with the noun software in the sentence fragment, “fast and dependable software,” even though fast and software do not appear adjacent to each other in the text of the sentence fragment.
The word-dependency extraction module 210 performs lemmatization on the parsed text, so that different forms of the same word are considered equivalent during subsequent processing. Lemmatization normalizes words to their base forms or lemmas. For example, radius and radii are lemmatized to radius (singular/plural), and bring, bringing, brought and brings are all converted to bring (different verb forms).
In implementations, the language model builder module 212 is configured to build language models for the segment-specific text 204 and the product-specific text 206. A language model is a statistical model of a probability distribution of the probabilities of occurrence of each n-gram, for example a unigram (single word), a bigram (pair of words), and so forth, over all strings in a language. The language model builder module 212 extracts distinct (i.e., unique) n-grams from the segment-specific text 204 for each segment and the product-specific text 206 and computes the occurrence probability for the extracted n-grams to build a language model for the segment-specific text 204 for each segment of the targeted campaign and the language model for the product-specific text 206.
The language model for each segment is used as a source to search for the most appropriate modifiers to use in personalizing a message for that segment. Although any range of n-grams may be used to build the language models, the desired accuracy of personalization may be achieved with less computational expense by selecting a limited range of n-grams, for example unigrams and bigrams. Further, sentence-level and/or frequency-level probabilities may be used to compute the probabilities in the language models. Sentence level probability for an n-gram, N, in a body of textual content (corpus) is defined as:
Frequency level probability for an n-gram, N, is defined as:
Additionally, the language model builder module 212 determines and stores the occurrence probabilities of all distinct modifier-keyword pairs (adjective-noun pairs and adverb-verb pairs) in the language models.
In implementations, the modifier extraction module 214 extracts modifiers from the product-specific text 206. The modifier extraction module 214 extracts content from the product-specific text 206 and performs a sentiment analysis of the extracted text. The modifier extraction module 214 retains sentences from the text that have a desired, typically positive, sentiment associated with the sentences. The modifier extraction module 214 performs POS-tagging on the retained sentences and extracts the modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) with the desired sentiment from the retained sentences.
In implementations, the transformation point identification module 216 performs POS-tagging on the message skeleton 208 to identify keywords in the message. The transformation point identification module 216 computes term weights for the keywords based on inverse document frequency. The term weights provide a basis to determine which of the keywords in the message will be modified, such as keywords that are discriminative in a context as opposed to words of daily usage, such as have or been. The term weight for a keyword in the product-specific text 206, which comprises a plurality of product-specific messages, is defined as:
The term weights for the keywords may be compared to term-weight thresholds for nouns and verbs, αN and αV, for a noun-term-weight threshold and a verb-term-weight threshold, respectively. The term-weight thresholds may be established by a user, based on the message skeleton 208, or determined programmatically by the message personalization module 112. Only noun and verb keywords that exceed their respective term-weight thresholds will be considered as transformation points for the insertion of modifiers to personalize the message skeleton 208 for each target segment.
In implementations, for each noun in the message skeleton 208 that has a term weight above the noun-term-weight threshold, αN, the adjective-noun insertion module 218 fetches a set of adjectives, ADJ(n). The set of adjectives comprises adjectives extracted by the modifier extraction module 214 that appear in the content with the desired sentiment and that have a non-zero probability of co-occurrence with a corresponding noun, n, in the target language model for a segment. Adjectives in the set of adjectives, ADJ(n), need to have appeared a minimum number of times in the segment-specific text 204, as defined by an appearance threshold, β, to be considered for insertion. Candidate adjectives with a frequency less than the appearance threshold, β, are not considered for insertion as a modifier. The adjective-noun insertion module 218 prunes the set of adjectives by retaining only those adjectives, adj, that meet a constraint of having a pointwise mutual information (PMI) greater than a noun-modification threshold, γN, on the right side of the adjective, adj, with the noun n, and on the left side of the adjective, adj, with a preceding word, w. If there is no preceding word in this ad message, the adjective-noun insertion module 218 ignores the left side condition for the preceding word, w.
PMI is a word association measure computed for a pair of words or a bigram, (a b), that takes a high value when a and b occur more frequently than expected by random chance, and is defined as:
The occurrence of a and b may be considered in calculating PMI only when a and b are ordered or may be considered regardless of order. Hence, if the sequence <a b> has a high PMI, it is an indication that the sequence is syntactically coherent. Thus, choosing an adjective, adj, such that PMI(w adj)>γN (left bigram) and PMI(adj n)>γN (right bigram) ensures that inserting adj before n will ensure a readable sequence of three words. For example, if the original text had with systems, and complex is identified as a candidate adjective for systems, the PMI scores of with complex and complex systems would be expected to be higher than γN. This ensures that the adjective complex fits in this context, and with complex systems produces locally readable text.
The adjective-noun insertion module 218 evaluates the PMI of candidate adjectives to produce a list of adjectives that satisfies the constraint of having a PMI greater than the noun-modification threshold, γN. The adjective-noun insertion module 218 ranks this list by PMI, PMI(adj, n), and the adjective-noun insertion module 218 inserts the highest ranking adjective, adj, to the left of the noun, n.
In implementations, for each verb in the message skeleton 208 that has a term weight above the verb-term-weight threshold, αV, the adverb-verb insertion module 220 fetches a set of adverbs, ADV(v). The set of adverbs comprises adverbs extracted by the modifier extraction module 214 that appear in the content with the desired sentiment and that have a non-zero probability of co-occurrence with the corresponding verb, v, in the target language model for a segment. The adverb-verb insertion module 220 considers only main verbs, which convey the main actions in a sentence, for the insertion as modifiers. The adverb-verb insertion module 220 removes modal and auxiliary verbs, such as have, are, will, and shall that only add functional or grammatical meaning to the clauses in which they appear. Adverbs in ADV(v) need to have appeared the minimum number of times β in the segment-specific text 204, as defined by the appearance threshold, β, to be considered for insertion. Candidate adverbs with a frequency less than the appearance threshold, β, are not considered for insertion as a modifier. The adverb-verb insertion module 220 prunes the set of adverbs ADV(v) by retaining only those adverbs that meet a constraint of having a pointwise mutual information (PMI) greater than a verb-modification threshold, γV, on the right side of the adverb, adv, with the verb, v: PMI(adv v)>γV, or a PMI greater than the verb-modification threshold, γV, on the left side of the adverb, adv, with the verb, v: PMI(v adv)>γV.
The adverb-verb insertion module 220 evaluates the PMI of candidate adverbs to produce a list of adverbs that satisfies the PMI constraints. The adverb-verb insertion module 220 ranks the list of adverbs in order of their PMI scores using the higher PMI value of the two PMI values PMI(adv v)>γV and PMI(v adv)>γV. For each adverb, the adverb-verb insertion module 220 selects the highest-ranking adverb, adv, for insertion into the message skeleton 208. If PMI(adv v)>PMI(v adv), and there is no word in the sentence that precedes the verb, v, then the adverb, adv, is inserted before the verb, v. If there is a word, w, preceding the verb, v, then the adverb-verb insertion module 220 inserts the selected adverb only if PMI(w adv)>γV. If PMI(adv v)<PMI(v adv), and there is no word in the sentence that succeeds the verb, v, then the adverb-verb insertion module 220 inserts the selected adverb, adv, after the verb, v. If there is a word, w, succeeding the verb, v, then the adverb-verb insertion module 220 inserts the selected adverb, adv, only if PMI(adv w)>γV. If the two PMIs are equal, then the adverb-verb insertion module 220 randomly chooses to insert the selected adverb to the left side or the right side of the verb, v.
If the adverb-verb insertion module 220 determines that the highest-ranking adverb, adv, is found unsuitable for insertion with respect to any of the constraints in the paragraph above, then the adverb-verb insertion module 220 evaluates the next-ranked adverb in the list of adverbs as described above. If the evaluation of the next-ranked adverb determines that the next-ranked adverb is unsuitable for insertion, the adverb-verb insertion module 220 repeats the evaluation using the remaining ranked adverbs in the adverb list until either a suitable adverb is found for insertion as a modifier or the list of adverbs is exhausted.
A noun phrase is a phrase that has a noun (or an indefinite pronoun) as a head-word of the phrase. Nouns embedded inside noun phrases may result in unusual results using the adjective-noun insertion described above. For example, and with respect to
In implementations, the adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 performs noun phrase chunking on the message skeleton 208 to detect noun phrases in the message skeleton 208 and to avoid inserting inappropriate modifiers, such as in the examples, above. The head-word is the word in a phrase upon which the other words in the phrase depend. To insert an adjective for a noun phrase, the adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 performs dependency parsing, shown at 308, to identify the head-word in the noun phrase, “tools” as underlined at 310, using a dependency tree of the sentence.
The adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 performs the process described for the noun-adjective insertion module 218, above, to insert an adjective modifier for the head-word before the first word of the noun phrase. In this example inserting the adjective handy (shown in bold at 312) to modify the head of the noun phrase, tools.
The adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 checks the PMI for compatibility in context using the word immediately preceding the chunked noun phrase (as described with respect to the evaluation of the left bigram by the adjective-noun insertion module 218, above). Further, the adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 determines if the adjective selected for insertion, as a modifier, is already part of the noun phrase. If the selected adjective is determined to be part of the noun phrase, the adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 does not insert the selected adjective.
The personalized ad messages can be evaluated to determine if the inserted modifiers move the message skeleton 208 closer to the target language model by measuring the cross-entropy between the language models:
CE(p,q)=Σi=1n−pi log2 qi (5)
where pi and qi refer to corresponding points in the two probability distributions (language models) for the product-specific and the target language models. Calculating the cross entropy of the personalized ad messages shows that the techniques described herein are successful in making the personalized ad messages ads approach the target language models in all cases.
Example Procedures
The following discussion describes techniques for linguistic personalization of messages for targeted campaigns that may be implemented utilizing the previously described systems and devices. Aspects of each of the procedures may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. The procedures are shown as a set of blocks that specify operations performed by one or more devices and are not necessarily limited to the orders shown for performing the operations by the respective blocks. In portions of the following discussion, reference will be made to the environment 100 of
Segments in the target audience are identified (block 504). For example, the advertiser of the product or service determines which segments of the audience to target based on various demographic attributes, for example geographic location, occupation, and so forth.
A request to a service provider is transmitted (block 506). In at least some implementations, the request includes the created message skeleton and identified segments in the target audience. The request can optionally include product-specific and/or segment-specific modifiers, if the advertiser is already in possession of those modifiers.
Once the request is received at the service provider, the service provider acquires textual content generated by members of the identified segments of the audience (block 508). This can be performed in any suitable way. For example, the message personalization service can acquire textual content generated by members of the identified segments from any suitable source, such as social media sites, websites, and/or weblogs that contain textual content identified as being produced by members of the target segment.
The service provider acquires textual content regarding the product (block 510). This can be performed in any suitable way. For example, the message personalization service can acquire textual content regarding the product from any suitable source, such as social media sites, websites, and/or weblogs that contain textual content regarding the product.
Message personalization is performed using the acquired textual content generated by members of the identified segments and acquired textual content regarding the product (block 512). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, message personalization can include extracting word dependencies from textual content, building a language model, extracting modifiers from textual content, and identifying transformation points in the message skeleton. In implementations, modifiers are inserted to modify keywords at one or more transition points. The modifiers include adjectives and adverbs, and the keywords include nouns, verbs, and noun phrases.
One or more personalized messages are transmitted to the requesting entity (e.g., client) to response to the request. Subsequently, the messages can be used in targeted campaigns (block 514). In implementations, the requesting entity can use the personalized messages in various forms of advertising, such as social media advertising, an email campaign, and so forth. Accordingly, the requesting entity can optimize the targeted campaign for the product or service by personalizing the advertising message using language that has a desired sentiment and is common amongst members of each target segment.
Having discussed a general procedure with respect to
Word dependencies are extracted from product-specific text and segment-specific text (block 602). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the word-dependency extraction module 210 tags words with POS, identifies adjacent and long-range dependencies and associations, and lemmatizes words to their base lemmas.
Language models are built for the product-specific text and the segment-specific text (block 604). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the language model builder module 212 creates a statistical model of a probability distribution of the occurrence of each n-gram in the segment-specific text 204 and the product-specific text 206 over all strings in the language, and determines and stores the occurrence probability of all distinct adjective-noun pairs and adverb-verb pairs in the language models.
Modifiers are extracted from the product-specific text (block 606). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the modifier extraction module 214 extracts text from the product-specific text 206, performs a sentiment analysis of the extracted text, retains sentences from the text that include modifiers with a desired sentiment, and performs POS-tagging on the retained sentences.
Transformation points are identified in a message skeleton (block 608). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the transformation point identification module 216 performs POS-tagging on the message skeleton 208 to identify keywords, computes term weights for the keywords, compares the computed term weights for the keywords to respective term-weight thresholds for nouns and verbs, and identifies noun and verb keywords that exceed their respective term-weight thresholds as transformation points in the message skeleton 208.
Adjectives are inserted to modify nouns (block 610). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the adjective-noun insertion module 218 fetches a set of adjectives for each noun that exceeds the noun-term-weight threshold, determines if the adjectives in the set of adjectives have appeared a minimum number of times in the segment-specific text 204, and ranks the adjectives that have appeared at least the minimum number of times in the adjective set by the PMI of each adjective, and inserts the highest ranking adjective as a modifier for the noun.
Adverbs are inserted to modify verbs (block 612). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the adverb-noun insertion module 220 fetches a set of adverbs for each verb that exceeds the verb-term-weight threshold, determines if the adverbs in the set of adverbs have appeared a minimum number of times in the segment-specific text 204, ranks the adverbs that have appeared at least the minimum number of times in the adverb set by the PMI for each adverb, and inserts the highest ranking adverb is a modifier for the verb.
Adjectives are inserted to modify noun phrases (block 614). This can be performed in any suitable way, examples of which are described above. For example, the adjective-noun phrase insertion module 222 chunks the message skeleton 208 to detect noun phrases and the head-word of each detected noun phrase. The additive-noun phrase insertion module 222 inserts an adjective for the head-word in a manner similar to that described with respect to the adjective-noun insertion module 218, at block 610.
Example System and Device
The example computing device 702 as illustrated includes a processing system 704, one or more computer-readable media 706, and one or more I/O interface 708 that are communicatively coupled, one to another. Although not shown, the computing device 702 may further include a system bus or other data and command transfer system that couples the various components, one to another. A system bus can include any one or combination of different bus structures, such as a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, a universal serial bus, and/or a processor or local bus that utilizes any of a variety of bus architectures. A variety of other examples are also contemplated, such as control and data lines.
The processing system 704 is representative of functionality to perform one or more operations using hardware. Accordingly, the processing system 704 is illustrated as including hardware element 710 that may be configured as processors, functional blocks, and so forth. This may include implementation in hardware as an application specific integrated circuit or other logic device formed using one or more semiconductors. The hardware elements 710 are not limited by the materials from which they are formed or the processing mechanisms employed therein. For example, processors may be comprised of semiconductor(s) and/or transistors (e.g., electronic integrated circuits (ICs)). In such a context, processor-executable instructions may be electronically-executable instructions.
The computer-readable media 706 is illustrated as including memory/storage 712. The memory/storage 712 represents memory/storage capacity associated with one or more computer-readable media. The memory/storage component 712 may include volatile media (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/or nonvolatile media (such as read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, optical disks, magnetic disks, and so forth). The memory/storage component 712 may include fixed media (e.g., RAM, ROM, a fixed hard drive, and so on) as well as removable media (e.g., Flash memory, a removable hard drive, an optical disc, and so forth). The computer-readable media 706 may be configured in a variety of other ways as further described below.
The input/output interface(s) 708 are representative of functionality to allow a user to enter commands and information to the computing device 702, and also allow information to be presented to the user and/or other components or devices using various input/output devices. Examples of input devices include a keyboard, a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a microphone, a scanner, touch functionality (e.g., capacitive or other sensors that are configured to detect physical touch), a camera (e.g., which may employ visible or non-visible wavelengths such as infrared frequencies to recognize movement as gestures that do not involve touch), and so forth. Examples of output devices include a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector), speakers, a printer, a network card, tactile-response device, and so forth. Thus, the computing device 702 may be configured in a variety of ways as further described below to support user interaction.
Various techniques may be described herein in the general context of software, hardware elements, or program modules. Generally, such modules include routines, programs, objects, elements, components, data structures, and so forth that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The terms “module,” “functionality,” and “component” as used herein generally represent software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof. The features of the techniques described herein are platform-independent, meaning that the techniques may be implemented on a variety of commercial computing platforms having a variety of processors.
An implementation of the described modules and techniques may be stored on or transmitted across some form of computer-readable media. The computer-readable media may include a variety of media that may be accessed by the computing device 702. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may include “computer-readable storage media” and “computer-readable signal media.”
“Computer-readable storage media” may refer to media and/or devices that enable persistent and/or non-transitory storage of information in contrast to mere signal transmission, carrier waves, or signals per se. Thus, computer-readable storage media refers to non-signal bearing media. The computer-readable storage media includes hardware such as volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media and/or storage devices implemented in a method or technology suitable for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, logic elements/circuits, or other data. Examples of computer-readable storage media may include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, hard disks, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other storage device, tangible media, or article of manufacture suitable to store the desired information and which may be accessed by a computer.
“Computer-readable signal media” may refer to a signal-bearing medium that is configured to transmit instructions to the hardware of the computing device 702, such as via a network. Signal media typically may embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as carrier waves, data signals, or other transport mechanism. Signal media also include any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media.
As previously described, the hardware elements 710 and the computer-readable media 706 are representative of modules, programmable device logic and/or fixed device logic implemented in a hardware form that may be employed in some embodiments to implement at least some aspects of the techniques described herein, such as to perform one or more instructions. Hardware may include components of an integrated circuit or on-chip system, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), and other implementations in silicon or other hardware. In this context, hardware may operate as a processing device that performs program tasks defined by instructions and/or logic embodied by the hardware as well as a hardware utilized to store instructions for execution, e.g., the computer-readable storage media described previously.
Combinations of the foregoing may also be employed to implement various techniques described herein. Accordingly, software, hardware, or executable modules may be implemented as one or more instructions and/or logic embodied on some form of computer-readable storage media and/or by one or more hardware elements 710. The computing device 702 may be configured to implement particular instructions and/or functions corresponding to the software and/or hardware modules. Accordingly, implementation of a module that is executable by the computing device 702 as software may be achieved at least partially in hardware, e.g., through use of computer-readable storage media and/or the hardware elements 710 of the processing system 704. The instructions and/or functions may be executable/operable by one or more articles of manufacture (for example, one or more computing devices 702 and/or processing systems 704) to implement techniques, modules, and examples described herein.
The techniques described herein may be supported by various configurations of the computing device 702 and are not limited to the specific examples of the techniques described herein. This functionality may also be implemented all or in part through use of a distributed system, such as over a “cloud” 714 via a platform 716 as described below.
The cloud 714 includes and/or is representative of the platform 716 for resources 718. The platform 716 abstracts underlying functionality of hardware (e.g., servers) and software resources of the cloud 714. The resources 718 may include applications and/or data that can be utilized while computer processing is executed on servers that are remote from the computing device 702. The resources 718 can also include services 720 provided over the Internet and/or through a subscriber network, such as a cellular or Wi-Fi network.
The platform 716 may abstract resources and functions to connect the computing device 702 with other computing devices. The platform 716 may also serve to abstract scaling of resources to provide a corresponding level of scale to encountered demand for the resources 718 that are implemented via the platform 716. Accordingly, in an interconnected device embodiment, implementation of functionality described herein may be distributed throughout system 700. For example, the functionality may be implemented in part on the computing device 702 as well as via the platform 716 that abstracts the functionality of the cloud 714.
Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claimed invention.
