The present disclosure relates generally to capacitative micromachined ultrasound transducers (cMUTs). More particularly, the present disclosure relates to the use of capacitative micromachined ultrasound transducers in liquid analysis.
Resonant sensors depend on target molecules adsorbed in the sensing material to change properties that are reflected in the resonance frequency. A wide variety of cantilever, membrane and piezoelectric resonator-based sensors have been fabricated using MEMS technology. These sensors generally detect agents through the use of polymer films and coatings with selective adsorption for a specific agent or set of agents. Although these sensors provide a certain degree of sensitivity, it is desirable in many applications to have sensors with even higher sensitivities.
Sensor technology using cMUTs may be used in liquid analysis. A method for analyzing liquid samples may comprise applying a liquid to a cMUT device having a plurality of sensors. Each of the plurality of sensors may have a) a functionalized membrane including a first electrode; b) a substrate including a second electrode, wherein the first and second electrodes define a capacitor; c) a support frame, wherein the support frame, the functionalized membrane, and the substrate define a vacuum gap; and d) an electrical circuit including the capacitor. Each of the plurality of sensors are dried and the agent bound to each of the plurality of sensors are detected, wherein the electrical circuit provides a sensor output responsive to a mechanical resonance frequency of the sensor, and wherein the mechanical resonance frequency of the sensor is responsive to the binding of an agent to the functionalized membrane. The mass of the agent bound to each of the plurality of sensors can then be determined.
These and other features will be presented in more detail in the following detailed description of the invention and the associated figures.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more example embodiments and, together with the description of example embodiments, serve to explain the principles and implementations.
In the drawings:
Embodiments are described herein in the context of liquid sampling analysis using capacitative micromachined ultrasound transducers (cMUTs). The following detailed description is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other embodiments will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to implementations as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The same reference indicators will be used throughout the drawings and the following detailed description to refer to the same or like parts.
In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the implementations described herein are shown and described. It will, of course, be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made in order to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with application- and business-related constraints, and that these specific goals will vary from one implementation to another and from one developer to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
A. cMUT Device Overview
A cMUT is a micromachined device having a substrate and a membrane supported above the substrate by an insulating material. A variable voltage applied between the substrate and membrane drives the membrane to vibrate and emit sound waves at ultrasonic frequencies. Arrays of cMUTs have been used for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic beam patterns in air and water over a frequency range from 10 kHz to 100 MHz. These cMUTs rely on the very large electric field (for example, E>108 V/m) in the gap of the capacitor to provide an electromechanical coupling coefficient close to unity.
cMUTs have been mostly used for medical imaging. In addition, they have been used to indirectly measure various fluid characteristics, based on processing of ultrasonic signals transmitted and received through the fluid. In current cMUT devices and applications, the cMUT devices are used to transmit and/or receive ultrasonic energy between the cMUT device and the environment. Moreover, to ensure reliable and consistent operation, cMUT membranes are normally designed to be non-reactive to chemicals, light, and other environmental factors that may alter or interfere with their operational characteristics. Due to their resonant character, cMUT devices have the potential to be used as sensors, in a manner similar to MEMS cantilever, membrane, and piezoelectric resonator-based sensors.
In one embodiment, functionalized membrane 110 is configured to be driven thermally (by applied heat or by thermal noise) or electrically, and an optical detector may be used to detect deflection or resonant frequency shifts of functionalized membrane 110. In other embodiments of the invention, functionalized membrane 110 may have thin piezoelectric or magnetic films that provide coupling. Resonant functionalized membranes 110 may be addressed by capacitor action or the change in the membrane deformation may be measured directly through the change in capacitance. Other detection modality to measure the change in the position of the membrane due to the attachment of agents to the film may be used.
Functionalized membrane 110 may operate, for example, at a mechanical resonance frequency of at least about 1 MHz. More specifically, between about 1 MHz and about 100 MHz. Also, the sensors have a Q factor of at least about 50.
The functionalized membrane 110 can contain a first electrode 112, and substrate 120 contains a second electrode 122. In this case, functionalized membrane 110 and substrate 120 are made of thin membranes that are essentially parallel plate capacitors with a gap between the plates. In one example, the conductive silicon wafer on which the functionalized membrane is fabricated, i.e. substrate 120, makes up one plate of the capacitor; a metal electrode 112 on top of the functionalized membrane 110 is the other plate of the capacitor. In one example, functionalized membrane 110, which is supported by insulating support frame 130, may be made of an insulating material, most commonly silicon nitride (Si3N4) and is coated with metal electrode 112. In another example, functionalized membrane 110 may be made of a highly conductive silicon. In this embodiment, there would be no need for first electrode 112 or second electrode 122 as illustrated in
In one embodiment, functionalized membrane 110 may be constructed to have a large surface area. The surface area may be increased by adding additional cavities, as discussed below with reference to
Generally, in use, the cMUT may be placed in the feedback loop of an amplifier and the gain of the amplifier adjusted such that the circuit oscillates. The frequency of the oscillator may be tuned by adjusting the DC bias that is applied to the cMUT. By controlling this DC bias the resonance or oscillation frequency is placed near the open circuit resonant frequency of the cMUT. This is done in order to reduce the noise in the oscillator circuit, and hence increase the sensitivity of the sensor. When something deposits on the membrane of the sensor, its open circuit resonance frequency shifts, and this imparts a frequency shift in the oscillator circuit. By measuring the resonant frequency of the oscillator, one can tell how much mass has deposited on the membrane. Other types of sensors that may be used are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,305,883, entitled “Chemical Micromachined Microsensors”, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The presence of the chemical in the environment can then be measured by detecting the alteration of the operating characteristics of the sensor. For example, an alteration in sensor characteristics can be detected by measuring the capacitance of the sensor, or by measuring the change in the resonant frequency of the functionalized membrane. Interconnects 420 through wafer 430 provide electrical contacts from the sensors 410 to a wafer 450 with electronics layer 460. The interconnects 420 are separated from the electronics 460 by an underfill 442 and solder balls 440. (While solder bumps are shown in this figure, contacts may be made between wafer 430 and wafer 450 by any means known in the art, e.g. with an anisotropic conducting film). The electronics layer 460 contains appropriate circuitry to drive and detect operational characteristics of the sensors. Additional signal processing electronics 470 may be attached to the sensor electronics to further process the signals and provide an indication of the presence of specific agents. The signal processing electronics measure and track the frequency output signals from the sensors to indicate the presence of agents.
To mechanically isolate each sensor to prevent crosstalk between the sensors, vertical trenches 446 may be added between each sensor 444. The trenches 446 may be formed by any known etching process.
Chemical sensing is enabled by applying a layer of material to be analyzed to the membrane surface, which is reactive with analytes of interest in the material. The material may be of any form, such as a liquid, gas or solid. This “chemical functionalization” of the membrane can consist of a wide variety of materials ranging from non-selective polymers for gas adsorption to biologically active materials such as, but not limited to, proteins, or more specifically, antibodies, enzymes, and receptors, or nucleic acids, peptides, peptidomimetics, and peptoids.
The cMUT may be made with any of various known fabrication techniques including: silicon on insulator (SOI) bonding, sacrificial layer, and surface or bulk micromachining. The metal on the membrane is chosen to ensure the adhesion of the functionalizing chemical. The cMUT itself is designed for maximum sensitivity while taking into consideration its mechanical loading and electrical interfacing into the integrated (or non-integrated) electronic circuitry.
Sensors may be integrated with electronics in any of various known configurations including: flip chip bonding, elements constructed on top of electronics, or vice versa.
B. Liquid Sampling Using cMUT
Currently liquid sampling analysis is largely performed using passive microarray systems. The microarray system is typically a passive substrate upon which chemical functionalizations are applied in a grid pattern (the “array”). The array of functionalized spots can be composed of only a few sensors or many thousands, such as a passive 32,000-microarray.
Liquid samples are washed over the microarray and the materials in the sample bind to various sensors of the array depending upon interactions between the analytes and the functionalization chemistries of the membrane. The passive substrate typically does not contribute to the detection mechanism. The most common method of detection relies upon readout using a luminescent or fluorescent reader to scan for elements where a luminescent or fluorescent reporter has been “activated” due to the presence of binding of an analyte.
However, use of active microarray systems, such as the cMUT discussed above, may provide for a more accurate, time, and cost efficient analysis of the liquid samples. Active detection by the cMUT does not require the use of luminescent or fluorescent readers or reporters. The use of active detection can be read out electronically and the mass of the material that binds directly to the membrane may be determined electronically.
The cMUT device is then dried at 504 prior to any measurements. The cMUT device may be dried using any known techniques, such as air drying, blowing heated air over the cMUT device, heating the cMUT device, and the like. Drying the cMUT device allows for a direct electronic detection of materials or agents that adhered or is bound to the membrane of each sensor on the cMUT device at 506. The electrical circuit of the sensor provides an output responsive to a mechanical resonance frequency responsive to the materials or agents that are bound to the functionalized membrane.
cMUT devices containing multiple sensors may have sensors whose membranes have different resonant frequencies. A membrane operating at low frequency yields a sensor more sensitive to stress on the membrane, whereas a membrane operating at high frequency gives a sensor that is more sensitive to mass loading. Combining various operating frequencies in one device thus provides a device with a greater versatility.
In such embodiments, electronics may be integrated with sensors, where multiple sensors are attached in parallel, and the sensors are operated at different frequencies so that one output line could be used. For this purpose, different sensors are built and operated at different frequencies. For example, a row of sensors can be made to resonate from 45 MHz to 55 MHz in 0.1 MHz intervals. Principles of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) may be used in such devices. In addition, the electronics may include temperature control circuitry such as a thermistor and heater resistor thermally coupled to the sensor or sensors and configured in a control loop for providing temperature stability to the sensors.
Each sensor of the cMUT device can be functionalized independently of the others. Having a cMUT device with thousands of sensors to make one cMUT device is very useful in establishing the electrical impedance of the device, and probably more importantly in reducing the number of false alarms as all the membranes in the device operates in parallel, and if one sensor were to give a false indication, all the other sensors force a correct decision. Having thousands of sensors, many of which are functionalized in the same fashion, can also be used to reduce the false alarm rates and provide a much more correct and stable measurement of the presence of compounds. Thus, if there is only a single sensor, or if multiple sensors are functionalized identically, the result is effectively a single detector.
If the sensors on the cMUT device are functionalized with multiple or different materials, the device becomes analogous to a microarray as commonly used in biological assays. Having sensors operating at multiple frequencies allow for electronic integration in transmitting information at different frequencies on the same channel, and in separating the influence of stress and mass loading on the shift in resonant frequency of a resonator.
The mass of the material dried on the sensor is determined at 508. For most microarray based assays, a labeling scheme is required to detect the binding or attachment of the analytes of interest to the array sensors. In many cases, luminescent or fluorescent readers or reporters are used and readout is achieved with an optical instrument.
However, since cMUTs provide an active substrate that is directly sensitive to the mass of the material that attaches or binds to each sensor, no such labeling scheme is required. This “label free” detection mode reduces the complexity of an assay and makes an assay possible for which a labeling scheme has not been developed. Additionally, this label free detection mode is more accurate since the role of labels is often questioned as a potential interference to the measurement of interest. Furthermore, since the readout system for the cMUT device is entirely electronic, the readout instrumentation may be much smaller and less expensive than many of the label based systems used today.
In another embodiment, a user may want to protect or encapsulate areas of the cMUT device from exposure to the liquid sample in the washing step and/or drying step discussed above. The areas may be protected by being coated or encapsulated with an inert encapsulant material such as a polymer or an epoxy. The encapsulant material can be applied, using any known application techniques, selectively to non-sensor areas by shielding the active sensor areas (“screening”).
In another embodiment, the encapsulate material is applied to the entire cMUT device and then selectively removed from the sensor areas. This process is analogous to processes commonly used in semi-conductor production where photoresistive materials are selectively removed and etched via any known chemical procedures. For example, where the cMUT device is a microchip device is mounted on a printed circuit board or another active component, it may be desirable to also protect the circuit board or active component from exposure to the liquid sample. In this case, the encapsulating material may be applied to the microchip device and the surrounding component or circuit board. The result could be electronic or otherwise active components that are encapsulated in an inert material, similar to the process used in electronic fabrication known as “potting.” Thus, the cMUT device, sensors, and associated electronics may be protected from exposure to liquids in the washing and drying steps by encapsulating or coating the areas with an inert material.
Examples are provided herein for exemplary purposes only and are not intended to be limiting in any way. For example, any microarray based assay method currently used today can be accomplished with the cMUT device described above.
Bacteria is introduced onto the sensor surface and grown with the sensor immersed in a growth medium. Any known growth mediums may be used. Periodic removal of the sensor for highly sensitive mass measurement will allow the growth rate of the bacteria colony to be monitored at very early time points. Additionally, the effects of treatments with various different materials such as, but not limited to, antimicrobials can be studied. In some cases, the growth medium may be applied to the sensor with the bacteria and be present during the measurement. The change in mass will occur due to metabolic uptake of materials from the atmosphere, such as oxygen, water vapor, and the like.
The sensors of cMUT devices can be functionalized with a layer of protein including enzymes, antibodies, and receptors or peptides. Materials that will bind to the functionalized sensor surface can be introduced as described above in the washing and drying steps. The high sensitivity of the cMUT sensors make them particularly suitable for detecting the binding of small molecules of a few hundred daltons or less, a category of interaction that is of particular interest in drug discovery and development.
Drug screening is a broad application where many compounds are tested for interactions with specific materials of interest. Many existing screening technologies use microarray or microtiter well plate based assays. Most or all of these assays can be performed using the cMUT device described herein and most or all of these assays can be performed without label requirements. If used in conjunction with appropriate fluid handling systems (for example, robotics or microfluidics handling systems), the cMUT device sensors can also be used in High Throughput Screening applications.
Applications requiring identification of a particular pathogen or biomarker can be accomplished with appropriate functionalization of the cMUT sensor arrays, for example, an antibody panel can be fielded to detect a particular antigen associated with a specific disease state. In this example, cMUT sensors can be incorporated into instruments for In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) such as microarray based assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the like.
The cMUT devices discussed herein and the corresponding readout instrumentation comprise an entirely electronic system, well suited to miniaturization. As such, the sensors may be used in conjunction with portable handheld held diagnostic instrumentation developed to address Point of Care (POC) needs such as those required for use in doctors' offices, hospitals, or home use by patients.
Monitoring Foods For Bacteria or Other Contaminants
Because of the capability to miniaturize the system, such as is described in Example 5, the instrumentation could be developed into a handheld detection device allowing on-site monitoring of food products, such as freshness and contamination control in the meat processing industry prior to packaging and shipping.
Using cMUT devices as discussed above, a device can be integrated into a microfluidics flow system allowing for molecular interaction under flow conditions thereby increasing sensitivity of the system by a factor of up to 50. Such a device may then be either removed from the flow-cartridge to allow endpoint measurements, or the liquid stream in the flow system may be diverted to allow subsequent in-channel drying of the sensor surface followed by read out.
Having described methods to analyze liquids using sensors that include a functionalized surface, by measuring a mechanical resonance frequency of the functionalized surface of each of the at least one sensor after a liquid has been applied and the surface dried, we now describe some examples of apparatuses that may be utilized to carry out such methods. For example,
The reader apparatus 600 includes an integrated or external microprocessor programmed to carry out the steps of the method such as causing the probes to be dipped into the wells 602 to cause the liquid to be applied to the functionalized surface of the sensors, causing the probes to be withdrawn from the wells 602 so that the functionalized surface is dried, and activating sensor electronics to cause the mechanical resonance frequencies of the dried surfaces to be measured and, based thereon, to determine whether the liquids contain one or more particular agents, all as described in detail above. Results may be provided to a display housed in the reader apparatus 600 itself or communicated to another apparatus such as using a computer-to-computer interface.
Both the apparatus 600 and the apparatus 700 generally operate under control of a microprocessor executing computer program instructions. The step of providing results to a user may be accomplished, for example, by applying a formula from which a mass of an agent bound to the functionalized surface of a sensor may be determined based on the measured mechanical resonance frequency of the sensor surface. In other examples, a lookup table may be utilized.
While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/686,916 filed on Jan. 13, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,424,370, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/145,437, filed on Jan. 16, 2009, and entitled “LIQUID ANALYSIS USING CAPACITATIVE MICROMACHINED ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4242096 | Oliveira et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
5550063 | Bogart | Aug 1996 | A |
5892144 | Meller et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
6464848 | Matsumoto | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6854338 | Khuri-Yakub et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
7051574 | Peck | May 2006 | B2 |
7305883 | Khuri-Yakub et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
7350403 | Yakhno et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7361821 | Chan et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7458271 | Mutz | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7691583 | Craighead et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7721590 | Kolosov et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
7900521 | Hooper et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7939273 | Craighead et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
8424370 | Cable et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
20020048531 | Fonash et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
20030113766 | Pepper et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20040129064 | Hinterdorfer et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040216515 | Yakhno et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040236223 | Barnes et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20050241373 | Yakhno et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050262926 | Yakhno et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060223171 | Craighead et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20070089516 | Khuri-Yakub et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20080245135 | Aubin et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20100144059 | Frisk et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100199777 | Hooper et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
WO 2004036207 | Apr 2004 | WO |
Entry |
---|
International Search Report dated Mar. 19, 2010 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/021034. |
Written Opinion dated Mar. 19, 2010 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/021034. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20130205878 A1 | Aug 2013 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61145437 | Jan 2009 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 12686916 | Jan 2010 | US |
Child | 13851834 | US |