Patent Application
20180119013
This application claims the priority benefit of Japanese application serial no. 2016-212026, filed on Oct. 28, 2016. The entirety of the above-mentioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification.
The invention relates to a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal display device including the composition, and so forth. In particular, the invention relates to a liquid crystal composition having positive dielectric anisotropy, and an active matrix (AM) device that includes the composition and has a mode such as a TN mode, an OCB mode, an IPS mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode.
In a liquid crystal display device, a classification based on an operating mode for liquid crystal molecules includes a phase change (PC) mode, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, a super twisted nematic (STN) mode, an electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) mode, an optically compensated bend (OCB) mode, an in-plane switching (IPS) mode, a vertical alignment (VA) mode, a fringe field switching (FFS) mode and a field-induced photo-reactive alignment (FPA) mode. A classification based on a driving mode in the device includes a passive matrix (PM) and an active matrix (AM). The PM is classified into static, multiplex and so forth, and the AM is classified into a thin film transistor (TFT), a metal insulator metal (MIM) and so forth. The TFT is further classified into amorphous silicon and polycrystal silicon. The latter is classified into a high temperature type and a low temperature type based on a production process. A classification based on a light source includes a reflective type utilizing natural light, a transmissive type utilizing backlight and a transflective type utilizing both the natural light and the backlight.
The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal composition having a nematic phase. The composition has suitable characteristics. An AM device having good characteristics can be obtained by improving characteristics of the composition. Table 1 below summarizes a relationship in the characteristics. The characteristics of the composition will be further described based on a commercially available AM device. A temperature range of the nematic phase relates to a temperature range in which the device can be used. A preferred maximum temperature of the nematic phase is about 70° C. or higher, and a preferred minimum temperature of the nematic phase is about −10° C. or lower. Viscosity of the composition relates to a response time in the device. A short response time is preferred for displaying moving images on the device. A shorter response time even by one millisecond is desirable. Accordingly, a small viscosity in the composition is preferred. A small viscosity at low temperature is further preferred. An elastic constant of the composition relates to a contrast of the device. In order to increase the contrast of the device, a large elastic constant in the composition is further preferred.
Optical anisotropy of the composition relates to a contrast ratio in the device. According to a mode of the device, large optical anisotropy or small optical anisotropy, more specifically, suitable optical anisotropy is required. A product (Δn×d) of the optical anisotropy (Δn) of the composition and a cell gap (d) in the device is designed so as to maximize the contrast ratio. A suitable value of the product depends on a type of the operating mode. In a device having a mode such as TN mode, a suitable value is about 0.45 micrometer. In the above case, a composition having the large optical anisotropy is preferred for a device having a small cell gap. Large dielectric anisotropy in the composition contributes to low threshold voltage, small electric power consumption and a large contrast ratio in the device. Accordingly, the large dielectric anisotropy is preferred. In particular, in a device having the FFS mode, alignment of a part of liquid crystal molecules is not formed into parallel with a panel substrate caused by an oblique electric field, and therefore a dielectric constant (ε⊥) of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction is preferably large for suppressing tilt-up of liquid crystal molecules. Transmittance in the device having the FFS mode can be increased by suppressing tilt-up of liquid crystal molecules, and therefore contributes to the large contrast ratio. Large specific resistance in the composition contributes to a large voltage holding ratio and the large contrast ratio in the device. Accordingly, a composition having large specific resistance at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature of the nematic phase in an initial stage is preferred. The composition having large specific resistance at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature of the nematic phase even after the device has been used for a long period of time is preferred. Stability of the composition to ultraviolet light and heat relates to a service life of the liquid crystal display device. In the case where the stability is high, the device has a long service life. Such characteristics are preferred for an AM device use in a liquid crystal projector, a liquid crystal television and so forth.
A composition having positive dielectric anisotropy is used in an AM device having the TN mode. A composition having negative dielectric anisotropy is used in an AM device having the VA mode. In an AM device having the IPS mode or the FFS mode, a composition having positive or negative dielectric anisotropy is used. In an AM device having a polymer sustained alignment (PSA) mode, a composition having positive or negative dielectric anisotropy is used. A compound contained in a first component of the invention is disclosed in Patent Document 1 described below.
The invention provides a liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, low minimum temperature of the nematic phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, a large dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light, high stability to heat and a large elastic constant. The invention also provides a liquid crystal composition having a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics. The invention further provides a liquid crystal display device including such a composition. The invention additionally provides an AM device having characteristics such as a short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio and a long service life.
The invention concerns a liquid crystal composition that has a nematic phase, and contains at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1) as a first component and at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (2) as a second component, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition.
In formula (1) and formula (2), R1 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons; R2 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons; ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,6-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl; ring B is 1,4-cycloxylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, chroman-2,6-diyl, or chroman-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring C is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z1 is a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or difluoromethyleneoxy; Z2 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy; X1 and X2 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; a is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and b is 1, 2 or 3.
One of advantages of the invention is to provide a liquid crystal composition satisfying at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, low minimum temperature of the nematic phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, a large dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light, high stability to heat and a large elastic constant. Another advantage is to provide a liquid crystal composition having a suitable balance regarding at least two of the characteristics. Another advantage is to provide a liquid crystal display device including such a composition. Another advantage is to provide an AM device having characteristics such as a short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio and a long service life.
Usage of terms herein is as described below. Terms “liquid crystal composition” and “liquid crystal display device” may be occasionally abbreviated as “composition” and “device,” respectively. “Liquid crystal display device” is a generic term for a liquid crystal display panel and a liquid crystal display module. “Liquid crystal compound” is a generic term for a compound having a liquid crystal phase such as a nematic phase and a smectic phase, and a compound having no liquid crystal phase but to be mixed with the composition for the purpose of adjusting characteristics such as a temperature range of the nematic phase, viscosity and dielectric anisotropy. The compound has a six-membered ring such as 1,4-cyclohexylene and 1,4-phenylene, and has rod-like molecular structure. “Polymerizable compound” is a compound to be added for the purpose of forming a polymer in the composition. A liquid crystal compound having alkenyl is not polymerizable in the above meaning.
The liquid crystal composition is prepared by mixing a plurality of liquid crystal compounds. An additive such as an optically active compound, an antioxidant, an ultraviolet light absorber, a dye, an antifoaming agent, the polymerizable compound, a polymerization initiator, a polymerization inhibitor and a polar compound is added to the liquid crystal composition when necessary. A proportion of the liquid crystal compound is expressed in terms of mass percent (% by mass) based on the mass of the liquid crystal composition containing no additive even after the additive has been added. A proportion of the additive is expressed in terms of mass percent (% by mass) based on the mass of the liquid crystal composition containing no additive. More specifically, a proportion of the liquid crystal compound or the additive is calculated based on the total mass of the liquid crystal compound. Mass parts per million (ppm) may be occasionally used. A proportion of the polymerization initiator and the polymerization inhibitor is exceptionally expressed based on the mass of the polymerizable compound.
“Maximum temperature of the nematic phase” may be occasionally abbreviated as “maximum temperature.” “Minimum temperature of the nematic phase” may be occasionally abbreviated as “minimum temperature.” An expression “having large specific resistance” means that the composition has large specific resistance at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature of the nematic phase in an initial stage, and the composition has the large specific resistance at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature of the nematic phase even after the device has been used for a long period of time. An expression “having a large voltage holding ratio” means that the device has a large voltage holding ratio at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature of the nematic phase in the initial stage, and the device has the large voltage holding ratio at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature of the nematic phase even after the device has been used for a long period of time. In the composition or the device, the characteristics may be occasionally examined before and after an aging test (including an acceleration deterioration test). An expression “increase the dielectric anisotropy” means that a value of dielectric anisotropy positively increases in a composition having positive dielectric anisotropy, and the value of dielectric anisotropy negatively increases in a composition having negative dielectric anisotropy.
A compound represented by formula (1) may be occasionally abbreviated as “compound (1).” At least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1) may be occasionally abbreviated as “compound (1).” “Compound (1)” means one compound, a mixture of two compounds or a mixture of three or more compounds represented by formula (1). A same rule applies also to any other compound represented by any other formula. An expression “at least one piece of ‘A’” means that the number of ‘A’ is arbitrary. An expression “at least one piece of ‘A’ may be replaced by ‘B’” means that, when the number of ‘A’ is 1, a position of ‘A’ is arbitrary, and also when the number of ‘A’ is 2 or more, positions thereof can be selected without restriction. A same rule applies also to an expression “at least one piece of ‘A’ is replaced by ‘B’.”
An expression such as “at least one piece of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—” is used herein. In the above case, —CH2—CH2—CH2— may be converted into —O—CH2—O— by replacement of non-adjacent —CH2— by —O—. However, a case where —CH2— adjacent to each other is replaced by —O— is excluded. The reason is that —O—O—CH2-(peroxide) is formed in the above replacement. More specifically, the expression means both “one piece of —CH2— may be replaced by —O—” and “at least two pieces of non-adjacent —CH2— may be replaced by —O—.” A same rule applies not only to replacement to —O— but also to replacement to a divalent group such as —CH═CH— or —COO—.
A symbol of terminal group R1 is used in a plurality of compounds in chemical formulas of component compounds. In the compounds, two groups represented by two pieces of arbitrary R1 may be identical or different. For example, in one case, R1 of compound (1-1) is ethyl and R1 of compound (1-2) is ethyl. In another case, R1 of compound (1-1) is ethyl and R1 of compound (1-2) is propyl. A same rule applies also to a symbol of any other terminal group or the like. In formula (2), when a subscript ‘b’ is 2, two of ring B exists. In the compound, two rings represented by two of ring B may be identical or different. A same rule applies also to two of arbitrary ring B when the subscript ‘b’ is larger than 2. A same rule applies also to Z2, ring D or the like.
Then, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene means two divalent groups described below. In a chemical formula, fluorine may be leftward (L) or rightward (R). A same rule applies also to a left-right asymmetrical divalent group formed by removing two pieces of hydrogen from a ring, such as tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl. A same rule applies also to a divalent bonding group such as carbonyloxy (—COO— or —OCO—).
Alkyl of the liquid crystal compound is straight-chain alkyl or branched-chain alkyl, and includes no cyclic alkyl. Straight-chain alkyl is preferred to branched-chain alkyl. A same rule applies also to a terminal group such as alkoxy and alkenyl. With regard to the configuration of 1,4-cyclohexylene, trans is preferred to cis for increasing the maximum temperature.
The invention includes items described below.
Item 1. A liquid crystal composition that has a nematic phase, and contains at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1) as a first component and at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (2) as a second component.
In formula (1) and formula (2), R1 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons; R2 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons; ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,6-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl; ring B is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, chroman-2,6-diyl, or chroman-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring C is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z1 is a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or difluoromethyleneoxy; Z2 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy; X1 and X2 are independently hydrogen or fluorine; Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; a is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and b is 1, 2 or 3.
Item 2. The liquid crystal composition according to item 1, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (1-1) to formula (1-35) as the first component.
In formula (1-1) to formula (1-35), R1 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons.
Item 3. The liquid crystal composition according to item 1 or 2, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (2-1) to formula (2-5) as the second component.
In formula (2-1) to formula (2-5), R2 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine.
Item 4. The liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 3, wherein a proportion of the first component is in the range of 15% by mass to 70% by mass, and a proportion of the second component is in the range of 5% by mass to 50% by mass, based on the mass of the liquid crystal composition.
Item 5. The liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 4, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (3) as a third component.
In formula (3), R4 and R5 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring D and ring E are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene; Z3 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy; and c is 1, 2 or 3.
Item 6. The liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 5, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (3-1) to formula (3-13) as the third component.
In formula (3-1) to formula (3-13), R4 and R5 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine.
Item 7. The liquid crystal composition according to item 5 or 6, wherein a proportion of the third component is in the range of 10% by mass to 70% by mass based on the mass of the liquid crystal composition.
Item 8. The liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 7, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4) as a fourth component.
In formula (4), R6 and R7 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons; ring F and ring I are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, chroman-2,6-diyl, or chroman-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine; ring G is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl; Z4 and Z5 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy; and d is 1, 2 or 3, e is 0 or 1, and a sum of d and e is 3 or less.
Item 9. The liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 8, containing at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by formula (4-1) to formula (4-22) as the fourth component.
In formula (4-1) to formula (4-22), R6 and R7 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons.
Item 10. The liquid crystal composition according to item 8 or 9, wherein a proportion of the fourth component is in the range of 2% by mass to 40% by mass based on the mass of the liquid crystal composition.
Item 11. The liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 10, wherein a maximum temperature of a nematic phase is 70° C. or higher, an optical anisotropy (measured at 25° C.) at a wavelength of 589 nanometers is 0.07 or more and a dielectric anisotropy (measured at 25° C.) at a frequency of 1 kHz is 2 or more.
Item 12. A liquid crystal display device, including the liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 11.
Item 13. The liquid crystal display device according to item 12, wherein an operating mode in the liquid crystal display device is one of a TN mode, an ECB mode, an OCB mode, an IPS mode, an FFS mode or an FPA mode, and a driving mode in the liquid crystal display device is an active matrix mode.
Item 14. Use of the liquid crystal composition according to any one of items 1 to 11 in a liquid crystal display device.
The invention further includes the following items: (a) the composition, further containing at least one of additives such as an optically active compound, an antioxidant, an ultraviolet light absorber, a dye, an antifoaming agent, a polymerizable compound, a polymerization initiator, a polymerization inhibitor and a polar compound; (b) an AM device including the composition; (c) the composition further containing a polymerizable compound, and a polymer sustained alignment (PSA) mode AM device including the composition; (d) the polymer sustained alignment (PSA) mode AM device, wherein the device includes the composition, and the polymerizable compound in the composition is polymerized; (e) a device including the composition and having the PC mode, the TN mode, the STN mode, the ECB mode, the OCB mode, the IPS mode, the VA mode, the FFS mode or the FPA mode; (f) a transmissive device including the composition; (g) use of the composition as the composition having the nematic phase; and (h) use as an optically active composition by adding the optically active compound to the composition.
The composition of the invention will be described in the following order. Firstly, a constitution of the composition will be described. Secondly, main characteristics of the component compounds and main effects of the compounds on the composition will be described. Thirdly, a combination of components in the composition, a preferred proportion of the components and the basis thereof will be described. Fourthly, a preferred embodiment of the component compounds will be described. Fifthly, a preferred component compound will be described. Sixthly, an additive that may be added to the composition will be described. Seventhly, methods for synthesizing the component compounds will be described. Lastly, an application of the composition will be described.
Firstly, the constitution of the composition will be described. The composition of the invention is classified into composition A and composition B. Composition A may further contain any other liquid crystal compound, an additive or the like in addition to the liquid crystal compound selected from compound (1), compound (2), compound (3) and compound (4). An expression “any other liquid crystal compound” means a liquid crystal compound different from compound (1), compound (2), compound (3) and compound (4). Such a compound is mixed with the composition for the purpose of further adjusting the characteristics. The additive is the optically active compound, the antioxidant, the ultraviolet light absorber, the dye, the antifoaming agent, the polymerizable compound, the polymerization initiator, the polymerization inhibitor, the polar compound or the like.
Composition B consists essentially of liquid crystal compounds selected from compound (1), compound (2), compound (3) and compound (4). An expression “essentially” means that the composition may contain the additive, but contains no any other liquid crystal compound. Composition B has a smaller number of components than composition A has. Composition B is preferred to composition A in view of cost reduction. Composition A is preferred to composition B in view of possibility of further adjusting the characteristics by mixing any other liquid crystal compound.
Secondly, the main characteristics of the component compounds and the main effects of the compounds on the composition will be described. The main characteristics of the component compounds are summarized in Table 2 on the basis of advantageous effects of the invention. In Table 2, a symbol L stands for “large” or “high,” a symbol M stands for “medium” and a symbol S stands for “small” or “low.” The symbols L, M and S represent a classification based on a qualitative comparison among the component compounds, and 0 (zero) means that “a value is nearly zero.”
1)A value of dielectric anisotropy is negative, and the symbol shows magnitude of an absolute value.
Upon mixing the component compounds with the composition, the main effects of the component compounds on the characteristics of the composition are as described below. Compound (1) increases the dielectric anisotropy. Compound (2) increases the dielectric constant in a minor axis direction. Compound (3) increases the maximum temperature or decreases the viscosity. Compound (4) increases the dielectric constant in a minor axis direction, and decreases the minimum temperature.
Thirdly, the combination of components in the composition, the preferred proportion of the component compounds and the basis thereof will be described. A preferred combination of the components in the composition includes a combination of the first component and the second component, a combination of the first component, the second component and the third component, a combination of the first component, the second component and the fourth component, or a combination of the first component, the second component, the third component and the fourth component. A further preferred combination includes a combination of the first component, the second component and the third component, or a combination of the first component, the second component, the third component and the fourth component.
A preferred proportion of the first component is about 15% by mass or more for increasing the dielectric anisotropy, and about 70% by mass or less for decreasing the minimum temperature, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 20% by mass to about 65% by mass based thereon. A particularly preferred proportion is in the range of about 25% by mass to about 60% by mass based thereon.
A preferred proportion of the second component is about 5% by mass or more for increasing a dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction, and about 50% by mass or less for decreasing the minimum temperature, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 10% by mass to about 45% by mass based thereon. A particularly preferred proportion is in the range of about 20% by mass to about 40% by mass based thereon.
A preferred proportion of the third component is about 10% by mass or more for increasing the maximum temperature or decreasing the viscosity, and about 70% by mass or less for increasing the dielectric anisotropy, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 15% by mass to about 65% by mass based thereon. A particularly preferred proportion is in the range of about 20% by mass to about 60% by mass based thereon.
A preferred proportion of the fourth component is about 2% by mass or more for increasing the dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction, and about 40% by weight or less for decreasing the minimum temperature, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 5% by mass to about 35% by mass based thereon. A particularly preferred proportion is in the range of about 10% by mass to about 30% by mass based thereon.
Fourthly, the preferred embodiment of the component compounds will be described. In formula (1), formula (2), formula (3) and formula (4), R1 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons. Preferred R1 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons for increasing the stability to ultraviolet light and heat. R2 and R3 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons. Preferred R2 or R3 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons for increasing the stability to ultraviolet light or heat, and alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons for increasing the dielectric constant in a minor axis direction. R4 and R5 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons, or alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. Preferred R4 or R5 is alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons for decreasing the viscosity, and alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons for increasing the stability to ultraviolet light or heat. R6 and R7 are independently alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 12 carbons or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons. Preferred R6 or R7 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons for increasing the stability to ultraviolet light or heat, and alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons for increasing the dielectric constant in a minor axis direction.
Preferred alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl or octyl. Further preferred alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl for decreasing the viscosity.
Preferred alkoxy is methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy or heptyloxy. Further preferred alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy for decreasing the viscosity.
Preferred alkenyl is vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl or 5-hexenyl. Further preferred alkenyl is vinyl, 1-propenyl, 3-butenyl or 3-pentenyl for decreasing the viscosity. A preferred configuration of —CH═CH— in the alkenyl depends on a position of a double bond. Trans is preferred in alkenyl such as 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 3-pentenyl and 3-hexenyl for decreasing the viscosity, for instance. Cis is preferred in alkenyl such as 2-butenyl, 2-pentenyl and 2-hexenyl. In the alkenyl, straight-chain alkenyl is preferred to branched-chain alkenyl.
Preferred alkenyloxy is vinyloxy, allyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, 3-pentenyloxy or 4-pentenyloxy. Further preferred alkenyloxy is allyloxy or 3-butenyloxy for decreasing the viscosity.
Preferred examples of alkyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine include fluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-fluorobutyl, 5-fluoropentyl, 6-fluorohexyl, 7-fluoroheptyl or 8-fluorooctyl. Further preferred examples include 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-fluorobutyl or 5-fluoropentyl for increasing the dielectric anisotropy.
Preferred examples of alkenyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine include 2,2-difluorovinyl, 3,3-difluoro-2-propenyl, 4,4-difluoro-3-butenyl, 5,5-difluoro-4-pentenyl or 6,6-difluoro-5-hexenyl. Further preferred examples include 2,2-difluorovinyl or 4,4-difluoro-3-butenyl for decreasing the viscosity.
Ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,6-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl or tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl. Preferred ring A is 1,4-cyclohexylene for increasing the maximum temperature, 1,4-phenylene for increasing the optical anisotropy, and 2,6-difluoro-1,4-phenylene for increasing the dielectric anisotropy. Tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl includes:
Ring B is 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, chroman-2,6-diyl, or chroman-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. Preferred ring B is 1,4-cyclohexylene for decreasing the viscosity, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl for increasing the dielectric anisotropy, and 1,4-phenylene for increasing the optical anisotropy. Ring C is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl. Preferred ring C is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene for decreasing the viscosity, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene for decreasing the optical anisotropy, and 7, 8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl for increasing the dielectric anisotropy.
Ring D and ring E are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 2,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene. Preferred ring D or ring E is 1,4-cyclohexylene for decreasing the viscosity or increasing the maximum temperature, and 1,4-phenylene for decreasing the minimum temperature.
Ring F and ring I are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl, 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, chroman-2,6-diyl, or chroman-2,6-diyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. Preferred ring F or ring I is 1,4-cyclohexylene for decreasing the viscosity, tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl for increasing the dielectric anisotropy, and 1,4-phenylene for increasing the optical anisotropy. Ring G is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2,3-difluoro-5-methyl-1,4-phenylene, 3,4,5-trifluoronaphthalene-2,6-diyl or 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl. Preferred ring G is 2,3-difluoro-1,4-phenylene for decreasing the viscosity, 2-chloro-3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene for decreasing the optical anisotropy, and 7,8-difluorochroman-2,6-diyl for increasing the dielectric anisotropy.
Z1 is a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or difluoromethyleneoxy. Preferred Z1 is a single bond for decreasing the viscosity, and difluoromethyleneoxy for increasing the dielectric anisotropy. Z2 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy. Preferred Z2 is a single bond for increasing the stability. Z3 is a single bond, ethylene or carbonyloxy. Preferred Z3 is a single bond for decreasing the viscosity. Z4 and Z5 are independently a single bond, ethylene, carbonyloxy or methyleneoxy. Preferred Z4 or Z5 is a single bond for decreasing the viscosity, ethylene for decreasing the minimum temperature, and methyleneoxy for increasing the dielectric anisotropy.
X1 and X2 are independently hydrogen or fluorine. Preferred X1 or X2 is fluorine for increasing the dielectric anisotropy.
Y1 is fluorine, chlorine, alkyl having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, alkoxy having 1 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine, or alkenyloxy having 2 to 12 carbons in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine. Preferred Y1 is fluorine for decreasing the minimum temperature. Preferred examples of alkyl in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine include trifluoromethyl. Preferred examples of alkoxy in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine include trifluoromethoxy. Preferred examples of alkenyloxy in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by fluorine or chlorine include trifluorovinyloxy.
Then, a is 1, 2, 3 or 4. Preferred a is 2 or 3 for increasing the dielectric anisotropy. Then, b is 1, 2 or 3. Preferred b is 1 for decreasing the viscosity, and 2 or 3 for increasing the maximum temperature. Then, c is 1, 2 or 3. Preferred c is 1 for decreasing the viscosity, and 2 or 3 for increasing the maximum temperature. Then, d is 1, 2 or 3, e is 0 or 1, and a sum of d and e is 3 or less. Preferred d is 1 for decreasing the viscosity, and 2 or 3 for increasing the maximum temperature. Preferred e is 0 for decreasing the viscosity, and 1 for decreasing the minimum temperature.
Fifthly, the preferred component compound will be described. Preferred compound (1) includes compound (1-1) to compound (1-35) described in item 2. In the compounds, at least one of the first components preferably includes compound (1-4), compound (1-12), compound (1-14), compound (1-15), compound (1-17), compound (1-18), compound (1-23), compound (1-24), compound (1-27), compound (1-29) or compound (1-30). At least two of the first components preferably includes a combination of compound (1-12) and compound (1-15), a combination of compound (1-14) and compound (1-27), a combination of compound (1-18) and compound (1-24), a combination of compound (1-18) and compound (1-29), a combination of compound (1-24) and compound (1-29), or a combination of compound (1-29) and compound (1-30).
Preferred compound (2) includes compound (2-1) to compound (2-5) described in item 3. In the compounds, at least one of the second components preferably includes compound (2-1) or compound (2-3). At least two of the second components preferably includes a combination of compound (2-1) and compound (2-3).
Preferred compound (3) includes compound (3-1) to compound (3-13) described in item 6. In the compounds, at least one of the third components preferably includes compound (3-1), compound (3-3), compound (3-5), compound (3-6) or compound (3-7). At least two of the third components preferably includes a combination of compound (3-1) and compound (3-5), a combination of compound (3-1) and compound (3-6), a combination of compound (3-1) and compound (3-7), a combination of compound (3-3) and compound (3-5), a combination of compound (3-3) and compound (3-6), or a combination of compound (3-3) and compound (3-7).
Preferred compound (4) includes compound (4-1) to compound (4-22) described in item 9. In the compounds, at least one of the fourth components preferably includes compound (4-1), compound (4-3), compound (4-4), compound (4-6), compound (4-8) or compound (4-10). At least two of the fourth components preferably includes a combination of compound (4-1) and compound (4-6), a combination of compound (4-3) and compound (4-6), a combination of compound (4-3) and compound (4-10), a combination of compound (4-4) and compound (4-6), a combination of compound (4-4) and compound (4-8), or a combination of compound (4-6) and compound (4-10).
Sixthly, the additive that may be added to the composition will be described. Such an additive includes the optically active compound, the antioxidant, the ultraviolet light absorber, the dye, the antifoaming agent, the polymerizable compound, the polymerization initiator, the polymerization inhibitor and the polar compound. The optically active compound is added to the composition for the purpose of inducing a helical structure in a liquid crystal to give a twist angle. Examples of such a compound include compound (5-1) to compound (5-5). A preferred proportion of the optically active compound is about 5% by mass or less based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 0.01% by mass to about 2% by mass based thereon.
The antioxidant is added to the composition for preventing a decrease in the specific resistance caused by heating in air, or for maintaining a large voltage holding ratio at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature even after the device has been used for a long period of time. Specific examples of a preferred antioxidant include compound (6) in which t is an integer from 1 to 9.
In compound (6), preferred t is 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9. Further preferred t is 7. Compound (6) in which t is 7 is effective in maintaining the large voltage holding ratio at room temperature and also at a temperature close to the maximum temperature even after the device has been used for a long period of time because such compound (6) has small volatility. A preferred proportion of the antioxidant is about 50 ppm or more for achieving an effect thereof, and about 600 ppm or less for avoiding a decrease in the maximum temperature or an increase in the minimum temperature, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm based thereon.
Specific examples of a preferred ultraviolet light absorber include a benzophenone derivative, a benzoate derivative and a triazole derivative. A light stabilizer such as an amine having steric hindrance is also preferred. A preferred proportion of the absorber or the stabilizer is about 50 ppm or more for achieving an effect thereof, and about 10,000 ppm or less for avoiding a decrease in the maximum temperature or an increase in the minimum temperature, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 100 ppm to about 10,000 ppm based thereon.
A dichroic dye such as an azo dye or an anthraquinone dye is added to the composition to be adapted for a device having a guest host (GH) mode. A preferred proportion of the dye is in the range of about 0.01% by mass to about 10% by mass based thereon. The antifoaming agent such as dimethyl silicone oil or methyl phenyl silicone oil is added to the composition for preventing foam formation. A preferred proportion of the antifoaming agent is about 1 ppm or more for achieving an effect thereof, and about 1,000 ppm or less for preventing poor display, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm based thereon.
The polymerizable compound is added to the composition to be adapted for a polymer sustained alignment (PSA) mode device. Specific examples of a preferred polymerizable compound include a compound having a polymerizable group such as acrylate, methacrylate, a vinyl compound, a vinyloxy compound, propenyl ether, an epoxy compound (oxirane, oxetane) and vinyl ketone. Further preferred examples include an acrylate derivative or a methacrylate derivative. A preferred proportion of the polymerizable compound is about 0.05% by mass or more for achieving an effect thereof, and about 10% by mass or less for preventing poor display, based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 0.1% by mass to about 2% by mass based thereon. The polymerizable compound is polymerized by irradiation with ultraviolet light. The polymerizable compound may be polymerized in the presence of an initiator such as a photopolymerization initiator. Suitable conditions for polymerization, suitable types of the initiator and suitable amounts thereof are known to those skilled in the art and are described in literature. For example, Irgacure 651 (registered trademark; BASF), Irgacure 184 (registered trademark; BASF) or Darocur 1173 (registered trademark; BASF), each being a photoinitiator, is suitable for radical polymerization. A preferred proportion of the photopolymerization initiator is in the range of about 0.1% by mass to about 5% by mass based thereon. A further preferred proportion is in the range of about 1% by mass to about 3% by mass based thereon.
Upon storing the polymerizable compound, the polymerization inhibitor may be added thereto for preventing polymerization. The polymerizable compound is ordinarily added to the composition without removing the polymerization inhibitor. Specific examples of the polymerization inhibitor include hydroquinone, a hydroquinone derivative such as methylhydroquinone, 4-t-butylcatechol, 4-methoxyphenol and phenothiazine.
Seventhly, the methods for synthesizing the component compounds will be described. The compounds can be prepared according to known methods. Examples of the synthetic methods are described. Compound (1-4) is prepared according to a method described in JP H10-204016 A. Compound (2-1) is prepared according to the method described in JP H2-25440 A. Compound (3-1) is prepared according to a method described in JP 559-176221 A. Compound (4-1) and compound (4-6) are prepared according to a method disclosed in JP H2-503441 A. The antioxidant is commercially available. A compound in which t in formula (6) is 1 is available from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation. Compound (6) in which t is 7 or the like is prepared according to a method described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,660,505 B.
Any compounds whose synthetic methods are not described above can be prepared according to methods described in books such as Organic Syntheses (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), Organic Reactions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (Pergamon Press) and New Experimental Chemistry Course (Shin Jikken Kagaku Koza in Japanese) (Maruzen Co., Ltd.). The composition is prepared according to publicly known methods using the thus obtained compounds. For example, the component compounds are mixed and dissolved in each other by heating.
Lastly, the application of the composition will be described. The composition of the invention mainly has a minimum temperature of about −10° C. or lower, a maximum temperature of about 70° C. or higher, and optical anisotropy in the range of about 0.07 to about 0.20. A device including the composition has the large voltage holding ratio. The composition is suitable for use in the AM device. The composition is particularly suitable for use in a transmissive AM device. The composition having optical anisotropy in the range of about 0.08 to about 0.25, and further the composition having optical anisotropy in the range of about 0.10 to about 0.30 may be prepared by controlling the proportion of the component compounds or by mixing any other liquid crystal compound. The composition can be used as the composition having the nematic phase, or as the optically active composition by adding the optically active compound.
The composition can be used in the AM device. The composition can also be used in a PM device. The composition can also be used in an AM device and a PM device each having a mode such as the PC mode, the TN mode, the STN mode, the ECB mode, the OCB mode, the IPS mode, the FFS mode, the VA mode and the FPA mode. Use in the AM device having the TN mode, the OCB mode, the IPS mode or the FFS mode is particularly preferred. In the AM device having the IPS mode or the FFS mode, alignment of liquid crystal molecules when no voltage is applied may be parallel or perpendicular to a glass substrate. The devices may be of a reflective type, a transmissive type or a transflective type. Use in the transmissive device is preferred. The composition can also be used in an amorphous silicon-TFT device or a polycrystal silicon-TFT device. The composition can also be used in a nematic curvilinear aligned phase (NCAP) device prepared by microencapsulating the composition or a polymer dispersed (PD) device in which a three-dimensional network-polymer is formed in the composition.
The invention will be described in greater detail by way of Examples. However, the invention is not limited by the Examples. The invention includes a mixture of a composition in Example 1 and a composition in Example 2. The invention also includes a mixture in which at least two compositions in Examples were mixed. The thus prepared compound was identified by methods such as a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Characteristics of the compound and the composition were measured by methods described below.
NMR analysis: For measurement, DRX-500 made by Bruker BioSpin Corporation was used. In 1H-NMR measurement, a sample was dissolved in a deuterated solvent such as CDCl3, and measurement was carried out under conditions of room temperature, 500 MHz and 16 times of accumulation. Tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard. In 19F-NMR measurement, CFCl3 was used as an internal standard, and measurement was carried out under conditions of 24 times of accumulation. In explaining nuclear magnetic resonance spectra obtained, s, d, t, q, quin, sex and m stand for a singlet, a doublet, a triplet, a quartet, a quintet, a sextet and a multiplet, and br being broad, respectively.
Gas chromatographic analysis: For measurement, GC-14B Gas Chromatograph made by Shimadzu Corporation was used. A carrier gas was helium (2 mL per minute). A sample vaporizing chamber and a detector (FID) were set to 280° C. and 300° C., respectively. A capillary column DB-1 (length 30 m, bore 0.32 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm; dimethylpolysiloxane as a stationary liquid phase; non-polar) made by Agilent Technologies, Inc. was used for separation of component compounds. After the column was kept at 200° C. for 2 minutes, the column was heated to 280° C. at a rate of 5° C. per minute. A sample was prepared in an acetone solution (0.1% by mass), and then 1 microliter of the solution was injected into the sample vaporizing chamber. A recorder was C-R5A Chromatopac made by Shimadzu Corporation or the equivalent thereof. The resulting gas chromatogram showed a retention time of a peak and a peak area corresponding to each of the component compounds.
As a solvent for diluting the sample, chloroform, hexane or the like may also be used. The following capillary columns may also be used for separating component compounds: HP-1 (length 30 m, bore 0.32 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) made by Agilent Technologies, Inc., Rtx-1 (length 30 m, bore 0.32 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) made by Restek Corporation and BP-1 (length m, bore 0.32 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) made by SGE International Pty. Ltd. A capillary column CBP1-M50-025 (length 50 m, bore 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) made by Shimadzu Corporation may also be used for the purpose of preventing an overlap of peaks of the compounds.
A proportion of liquid crystal compounds contained in the composition may be calculated by the method as described below. The mixture of liquid crystal compounds is detected by gas chromatograph (FID). An area ratio of each peak in the gas chromatogram corresponds to the ratio (mass ratio) of the liquid crystal compound. When the capillary columns described above were used, a correction coefficient of each of the liquid crystal compounds may be regarded as 1 (one). Accordingly, the proportion (% by mass) of the liquid crystal compounds can be calculated from the area ratio of each peak.
Sample for measurement: When characteristics of a composition were measured, the composition was used as a sample as was. Upon measuring characteristics of a compound, a sample for measurement was prepared by mixing the compound (15% by mass) with a base liquid crystal (85% by mass). Values of characteristics of the compound were calculated, according to an extrapolation method, using values obtained by measurement. (Extrapolated value)={(measured value of a sample)−0.85×(measured value of abase liquid crystal)}/0.15. When a smectic phase (or crystals) precipitates at the ratio thereof at 25° C., a ratio of the compound to the base liquid crystal was changed step by step in the order of (10% by mass:90% by mass), (5% by mass:95% by mass) and (1% by mass:99% by mass). Values of maximum temperature, optical anisotropy, viscosity and dielectric anisotropy with regard to the compound were determined according to the extrapolation method.
A base liquid crystal described below was used. A proportion of the component compound was expressed in terms of mass percent (% by mass).
Measuring method: Characteristics were measured according to the methods described below. Most of the measuring methods are applied as described in the Standard of Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (hereinafter abbreviated as JEITA) (JEITA ED-2521B) discussed and established by JEITA, or modified thereon. No thin film transistor (TFT) was attached to a TN device used for measurement.
(1) Maximum temperature of nematic phase (NI; ° C.): A sample was placed on a hot plate in a melting point apparatus equipped with a polarizing microscope, and heated at a rate of 1° C. per minute. Temperature when part of the sample began to change from a nematic phase to an isotropic liquid was measured.
(2) Minimum temperature of nematic phase (Tc; ° C.): Samples each having a nematic phase were put in glass vials and kept in freezers at temperatures of 0° C., −10° C., −20° C., −30° C. and −40° C. for 10 days, and then liquid crystal phases were observed. For example, when the sample was maintained in the nematic phase at −20° C. and changed to crystals or a smectic phase at −30° C., Tc was expressed as Tc<−20° C.
(3) Viscosity (bulk viscosity; η; measured at 20° C.; mPa·s): For measurement, a cone-plate (E type) rotational viscometer made by Tokyo Keiki Inc. was used.
(4) Viscosity (rotational viscosity; γ1; measured at 25° C.; mPa·s): Measurement was carried out according to a method described in M. Imai et al., Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, Vol. 259, p. 37 (1995). A sample was put in a TN device in which a twist angle was 0 degrees and a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 5 micrometers. Voltage was applied stepwise to the device in the range of 16 V to 19.5 V at an increment of 0.5V. After a period of 0.2 second with no voltage application, voltage was repeatedly applied under conditions of only one rectangular wave (rectangular pulse; 0.2 second) and no voltage application (2 seconds). A peak current and a peak time of transient current generated by the applied voltage were measured. A value of rotational viscosity was obtained from the measured values and calculation equation (8) described on page 40 of the paper presented by M. Imai et al. A value of dielectric anisotropy required for the calculation was determined using the device by which the rotational viscosity was measured and by a method described below.
(5) Optical anisotropy (refractive index anisotropy; Δn; measured at 25° C.): Measurement was carried out by an Abbe refractometer with a polarizing plate mounted on an ocular, using light at a wavelength of 589 nanometers. A surface of a main prism was rubbed in one direction, and then a sample was added dropwise onto the main prism. A refractive index (n∥) was measured when a direction of polarized light was parallel to a direction of rubbing. A refractive index (n⊥) was measured when the direction of polarized light was perpendicular to the direction of rubbing. A value of optical anisotropy was calculated from an equation: Δn=n∥−n⊥.
(6) Dielectric anisotropy (Δε; measured at 25° C.): A sample was put in a TN device in which a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 9 micrometers and a twist angle was 80 degrees. Sine waves (10 V, 1 kHz) were applied to the device, and after 2 seconds, a dielectric constant (ε∥) of liquid crystal molecules in a major axis direction was measured. Sine waves (0.5 V, 1 kHz) were applied to the device, and after 2 seconds, a dielectric constant (ε⊥) of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction was measured. A value of dielectric anisotropy was calculated from an equation: Δε=ε∥−ε⊥.
(7) Threshold voltage (Vth; measured at 25° C.; V): For measurement, an LCD-5100 luminance meter made by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd. was used. A light source was a halogen lamp. A sample was put in a normally white mode TN device in which a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 0.45/Δn (μm) and a twist angle was 80 degrees. A voltage (32 Hz, rectangular waves) to be applied to the device was stepwise increased from 0 V to 10 V at an increment of 0.02 V. On the occasion, the device was irradiated with light from a direction perpendicular to the device, and an amount of light transmitted through the device was measured. A voltage-transmittance curve was prepared, in which the maximum amount of light corresponds to 100% transmittance and the minimum amount of light corresponds to 0% transmittance. A threshold voltage is expressed in terms of voltage at 90% transmittance.
(8) Voltage holding ratio (VHR-1; measured at 25° C.; %): A TN device used for measurement had a polyimide alignment film, and a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 5 micrometers. A sample was put in the device, and then the device was sealed with an ultraviolet-curable adhesive. A pulse voltage (60 microseconds at 5 V) was applied to the TN device and the device was charged. A decaying voltage was measured for 16.7 milliseconds with a high-speed voltmeter, and area A between a voltage curve and a horizontal axis in a unit cycle was determined. Area B is an area without decay. A voltage holding ratio is expressed in terms of a percentage of area A to area B.
(9) Voltage holding ratio (VHR-2; measured at 80° C.; %): A voltage holding ratio was measured according to procedures identical with the procedures described above except that measurement was carried out at 80° C. in place of 25° C. The thus obtained value was expressed in terms of VHR-2.
(10) Voltage holding ratio (VHR-3; measured at 25° C.; %): Stability to ultraviolet light was evaluated by measuring a voltage holding ratio after a device was irradiated with ultraviolet light. A TN device used for measurement had a polyimide alignment film and a cell gap was 5 micrometers. A sample was injected into the device, and the device was irradiated with light for 20 minutes. A light source was an ultra high-pressure mercury lamp USH-500D (made by Ushio, Inc.), and a distance between the device and the light source was 20 centimeters. In measurement of VHR-3, a decaying voltage was measured for 16.7 milliseconds. A composition having large VHR-3 has large stability to ultraviolet light. A value of VHR-3 is preferably 90% or more, and further preferably 95% or more.
(11) Voltage holding ratio (VHR-4; measured at 25° C.; %): Stability to heat was evaluated by measuring a voltage holding ratio after a TN device into which a sample was injected was heated in a constant-temperature bath at 80° C. for 500 hours. In measurement of VHR-4, a decaying voltage was measured for 16.7 milliseconds. A composition having large VHR-4 has large stability to heat.
(12) Response time (i; measured at 25° C.; ms): For measurement, an LCD-5100 luminance meter made by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd. was used. A light source was a halogen lamp. A low-pass filter was set to 5 kHz. A sample was put in a normally white mode TN device in which a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 5.0 micrometers and a twist angle was 80 degrees. A voltage (rectangular waves; 60 Hz, 5 V, 0.5 second) was applied to the device. On the occasion, the device was irradiated with light from a direction perpendicular to the device, and an amount of light transmitted through the device was measured. The maximum amount of light corresponds to 100% transmittance, and the minimum amount of light corresponds to 0% transmittance. A rise time (τr; millisecond) was expressed in terms of time required for a change from 90% transmittance to 10% transmittance. A fall time (τf; millisecond) was expressed in terms of time required for a change from 10% transmittance to 90% transmittance. A response time was expressed by a sum of the rise time and the fall time thus determined.
(13) Elastic constant (K11: spray elastic constant, K33: bend elastic constant; measured at 25° C.; pN): For measurement, Elastic Constant Measurement System Model EC-1 made by TOYO Corporation was used. A sample was put in a vertical alignment cell in which a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 20 micrometers. An electric charge of 20 V to 0 V was applied to the cell, and electrostatic capacity and applied voltage were measured. The measured values of electrostatic capacity (C) and applied voltage (V) were fitted to equation (2.98) and equation (2.101) on page 75 of “Liquid Crystal Device Handbook (Ekisho Debaisu Handobukku in Japanese; Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Ltd.),” and values of elastic constants were obtained from equation (2.100).
(14) Specific resistance (ρ; measured at 25° C.; Ωcm): Into a vessel equipped with electrodes, 1.0 milliliter of sample was injected. A direct current voltage (10 V) was applied to the vessel, and a direct current after 10 seconds was measured. Specific resistance was calculated from the following equation: (specific resistance)={(voltage)×(electric capacity of a vessel)}/{(direct current)×(dielectric constant of vacuum)}.
(15) Helical pitch (P; measured at room temperature; μm): A helical pitch was measured according to a wedge method. Refer to page 196 in “Handbook of Liquid Crystals (Ekisho Binran in Japanese)” (issued in 2000, Maruzen Co., Ltd.). A sample was injected into a wedge cell and left to stand at room temperature for 2 hours, and then a gap (d2−d1) between disinclination lines was observed by a polarizing microscope (trade name: MM40/60 Series, Nikon Corporation). A helical pitch (P) was calculated according to the following equation in which an angle of the wedge cell was expressed as θ: P=2×(d2−d1)×tan θ.
(16) Dielectric constant (ε⊥; measured at 25° C.) in minor axis direction: A sample was put in a TN device in which a distance (cell gap) between two glass substrates was 9 micrometers and a twist angle was 80 degrees. Sine waves (0.5 V, 1 kHz) were applied to the device, and after 2 seconds, a dielectric constant (ε⊥) of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction was measured.
Examples of compositions were described below. The component compounds were represented using symbols according to definitions in Table 3 described below. In Table 3, the configuration of 1,4-cyclohexylene is trans. A parenthesized number next to a symbolized compound represents a chemical formula to which the compound belongs. A symbol (-) means any other liquid crystal compound. A proportion (percentage) of the liquid crystal compound is expressed in terms of mass percent (% by mass) based on the mass of the liquid crystal composition. Values of the characteristics of the composition were summarized in a last part.
NI=82.5° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=12.5 mPa·s; Δn=0.117; Δε=5.4; Vth=1.84 V; γ1=79.4 mPa·s; K11=11.49 pN; K33=15.28 pN; ε⊥=3.9.
The composition in Example 1 contains compound (2-3) being a second component. For comparison, a composition in which a compound being the second component in Example 1 was used in place of compound (3-5) being the third component was taken as Comparative Example 1.
NI=84.5° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=11.8 mPa·s; Δn=0.117; Δε=5.6; Vth=1.84 V; γ1=60.5 mPa·s; K11=11.29 pN; K33=15.43 pN; ε⊥=3.0.
NI=72.6° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=14.3 mPa·s; Δn=0.111; Δε=5.5; Vth=1.82 V; γ1=90.7 mPa·s; ε⊥=3.9.
NI=79.0° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=16.3 mPa·s; Δn=0.108; Δε=5.2; Vth=1.88 V; γ1=103.5 mPa·s; ε⊥=4.0.
NI=80.8° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=16.6 mPa·s; Δn=0.107; Δε=5.9; Vth=1.78 V; γ1=105.0 mPa·s; ε⊥=4.2.
NI=80.2° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=18.0 mPa·s; Δn=0.110; Δε=5.5; Vth=1.79 V; γ1=113.8 mPa·s; ε⊥=3.9.
NI=79.1° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=14.1 mPa·s; Δn=0.107; Δε=5.7; Vth=1.80 V; γ1=89.3 mPa·s; ε⊥=4.1.
NI=78.9° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=17.1 mPa·s; Δn=0.105; Δε=5.3; Vth=1.86 V; γ1=108.5 mPa·s; ε⊥=3.8.
NI=96.9° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=19.8 mPa·s; Δn=0.109; Δε=5.4; Vth=1.85 V; γ1=125.4 mPa·s; ε⊥=3.9.
NI=78.1° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=19.9 mPa·s; Δn=0.109; Δε=5.4; Vth=1.88 V; γ1=125.7 mPa·s; ε⊥=4.2.
NI=87.4° C.; Tc<−20° C.; η=20.1 mPa·s; Δn=0.114; Δε=5.4; Vth=1.89 V; γ1=127.2 mPa·s; ε⊥=4.1.
The dielectric constant (ε⊥) of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction of the composition in Comparative Example 1 was 3.0. In contrast, the dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction in Example 1 was 3.9. Thus, the composition in Examples each has a larger dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction in comparison with the composition in Comparative Example. Accordingly, the liquid crystal composition of the invention is concluded to have superb characteristics.
In addition, a production method of the invention includes a step of forming an alignment film onto at least one plane of a pair of transparent substrates, a step of facing the pair of transparent substrates with facing the alignment film inward, and a step of filling a liquid crystal composition of the invention between the pair of transparent substrates.
When the liquid crystal composition contains the polymerizable compound, the liquid crystal composition may be irradiated with ultraviolet light and cured to form a liquid crystal layer.
The production method of the invention is effective for obtaining a liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal composition that satisfies at least one of characteristics such as high maximum temperature of a nematic phase, low minimum temperature of the nematic phase, small viscosity, suitable optical anisotropy, large dielectric anisotropy, a large dielectric constant of liquid crystal molecules in a minor axis direction, large specific resistance, high stability to ultraviolet light, high stability to heat and a large elastic constant. In particular, an AM device having characteristics such as a short response time, a large voltage holding ratio, low threshold voltage, a large contrast ratio and a long service life can be obtained.
A liquid crystal composition of the invention can be used in a liquid crystal projector, a liquid crystal television and so forth.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-212026 | Oct 2016 | JP | national |
