Liquid crystal device

FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART
This invention relates to a liquid crystal device to be used in a liquid crystal display device or a liquid crystal-optical shutter, etc., particularly a liquid crystal device using a ferroelectric liquid crystal, more particularly to a liquid crystal device improved in display characteristics through improvement in initial alignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
A display device of the type which controls transmission of light in combination with a polarizing device by utilizing the refractive index anisotropy of ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules has been proposed by Clark and Lagerwall U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,924, etc. ). The ferroelectric liquid crystal has generally chiral smectic C phase (SmC*) or H phase (SmH*) of a non-helical structure and, in the SmC* or SmH* phase, shows a property of assuming either one of a first optically stable state and a second optically stable state responding to an electrical field applied thereto and maintaining such a state in the absence of an electrical field, namely bistability, and also has a quick responsiveness to the change in electrical field. Thus, it is expected to be utilized in a high speed and memory type display device and particularly to provide a large-area, high-resolution display in view of its excellent function.
For an optical modulating device using a liquid crystal having such bistability to exhibit desirable driving characteristics, it is required that the liquid crystal disposed between a pair of substrates should be in such a molecular alignment state that conversion between the above two stable states may occur effectively irrespective of the application of an electrical field.
Further, in a liquid crystal device utilizing birefringence of a liquid crystal, the transmittance under right angle cross nicols is given by the following equation:
I/I.sub.0 =sin.sup.2 4.theta..multidot.sin.sup.2 (.DELTA.nd/.lambda.).pi.,
wherein
I.sub.0 : incident light intensity,
I: transmitted light intensity,
.theta.: tilt angle,
.DELTA.n: refractive index anisotropy,
d: thickness of the liquid crystal layer,
.lambda.: wavelength of the incident light.
The tilt angle .theta. in the above-mentioned non-helical structure is recognized as a half of an angle between the average molecular axis directions of liquid crystal molecules in a twisted alignment in a first orientation state and a second orientation state. According to the above equation, it is shown that a tilt angle .theta. of 22.5 degrees provides a maximum transmittance and the tilt angle .theta. in a non-helical structure for realizing bistability should desirably be as close as possible to 22.5 degrees in order to provide a high transmittance and a high contrast.
A method for aligning a ferroelectric liquid crystal should desirably be such that molecular layers each composed of a plurality of molecules of a smectic liquid crystal are aligned uniaxially along their normals, and it is desirable to accomplish such an alignment state by a rubbing treatment which requires only a simple production step.
As an alignment method for a ferroelectric liquid crystal, particularly a chiral smectic liquid crystal in a non-helical structure, one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,726 has been known for example.
However, when a conventional alignment method, particularly one using a polyimide film treated by rubbing, is applied for alignment of a ferroelectric liquid crystal in a non-helical structure exhibiting bistability reported by Clark and Lagerwall, the following problems are encountered.
That is, according to our experiments, it has been found that a tilt angle .theta. (an angle shown in FIG. 3 as described below) in a ferroelectric liquid crystal with a non-helical structure obtained by alignment with an alignment control film of the prior art has become smaller as compared with a tilt angle H (the angle H is a half of the apex angle of the cone shown in FIG. 2 as described below) in the ferroelectric liquid crystal having a helical structure. Particularly, the tilt angle .theta. in a ferroelectric liquid crystal with a non-helical structure obtained by alignment with alignment control films of the prior art was found to be generally on the order of 3-8 degrees, and the transmittance at that time was at most about 3 to 5%.
Thus, according to Clark and Lagerwall, the tilt angle in a ferroelectric liquid crystal with a non-helical structure realizing bistability should have the same angle as the tilt angle in the ferroelectric liquid crystal having a helical structure, but in fact the tilt angle .theta. in a non-helical structure is smaller than the tilt angle H in a helical structure. More specifically, it has been found that the tilt angle .theta. in a non-helical structure becomes smaller than the tilt angle H because of a twist alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the non-helical structure. Thus, in a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a non-helical structure, liquid crystal molecules are aligned with a twist from a molecular axis adjacent to an upper substrate to a molecular axis adjacent to a lower substrate continuously at a certain twist angle. This leads to a phenomenon that the tilt angle .theta. in the non-helical structure is smaller than the tilt angle H in the helical structure.
Further, in an alignment state of a chiral smectic liquid crystal attained by a conventional polyimide alignment film subjected to a rubbing treatment, when a liquid crystal is supplied with a voltage of one polarity for switching from a first optically stable state (e.g., a white display state) to a second optically stable state (e.g., a black display state) and then the voltage of one polarity is removed, the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer is supplied with a reverse electric field Vrev due to the presence of the polyimide film as an insulating layer between the electrode and the liquid crystal layer, and the reverse electric field Vrev has caused an after-image during display. The generation of the above-mentioned reverse electric field has been reported in "Switching characteristic of SSFLC" by Akio Yoshida, "Preprint for Liquid Crystal Forum, October 1987" p.p. 142-143.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal device having solved the above-mentioned problems, particularly a chiral smectic liquid crystal device which provides a large tilt angle of a chiral smectic liquid crystal in a non-helical structure and provides a display capable of displaying a high-contrast image and yet free from after-image.
According to the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal device, comprising: a pair of substrates each provided with a transparent electrode, and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates; at least one of said pair of substrates having thereon an alignment film comprising
(i) a polyimide including principally a recurring unit of the following structural formula (I): ##STR5## wherein R.sub.11 denotes a tetravalent organic group, and R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, preferably 1-5 carbon atoms, and also at most 20 mol. % of a recurring monoamine unit of the following structural formula (II): ##STR6## wherein R.sub.21 and R.sub.22 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, preferably 1-5 carbon atoms, and X denotes an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group or a derivative group thereof; or
(ii) a polyimide obtained through a reaction of at least two species of tetracarboxylic anhydrides of the following formula (III): ##STR7## wherein R.sub.31 denotes a tetravalent organic group, and a diamine of the following formula (IV): ##STR8## wherein R.sub.41 and R.sub.42 denote the same or different alkyl or perfluoroalkyl groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, preferably 1-5 carbon atoms.
These and other objects features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon a consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an embodiment of the liquid crystal device according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing schematically an alignment of a chiral smectic liquid crystal having a helical structure.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing schematically an alignment state of a chiral smectic liquid crystal having a non-helical structure.
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view showing an alignment state of a chiral smectic liquid crystal aligned according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an illustration of C-director alignments in a uniform alignment state.
FIG. 6 is an illustration of C-director alignments in a splay alignment state.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are plan views illustrating tilt angles .theta. in a uniform alignment state and a splay alignment state, respectively.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing a charge distribution, a direction of a spontaneous polarization P.sub.S and a direction of a reverse electric field Vrev.
FIG. 9 is a schematic plan view illustrating changes in tilt angle .theta. during and after application of an electric field.
FIGS. 10 and 11 are graphs showing optical response characteristics according to a conventional device and the present invention, respectively.
FIG. 12 is a waveform diagram illustrating driving waveforms used in an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an embodiment of the liquid crystal device according to the present invention.
The liquid crystal device comprises a pair of substrates (glass plates) 11a and 11b which are coated with transparent electrodes 12a and 12b of In.sub.2 O.sub.3, ITO (indium tin oxide), etc., 200-1000 .ANG.-thick insulating films 13a and 13b of SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5, etc., and 50-1000 .ANG.-thick alignment control films 14a and 14b.
In this instance, the alignment control films 14a and 14b have been treated by rubbing, as a uniaxial aligning treatment, in directions which are parallel to each other and in the same direction (indicated by arrows A in FIG. 1). Alternatively, it is also possible to rub the alignment control films 14a and 14b in directions which are parallel and opposite to each other, or mutually crossing at a certain intersection angle. A chiral smectic liquid crystal 15 is disposed between the substrates 11a and 11b, and the spacing between the substrates 11a and 11b is set to provide the liquid crystal layer 15 with a thickness (e.g., 0.1-3 microns) which is sufficiently small to suppress the formation of a helical structure of the chiral smectic liquid crystal 15 by disposing spacer beads 16 of, e.g., silica, alumina, etc. between the substrates 11a and 11b, whereby the chiral smectic liquid crystal 15 assumes a bistable alignment state. The thus formed cell structure is sandwiched between a pair of polarizers 17a and 17b arranged in cross nicols.
The polyimide alignment film used in the present invention may be obtained by synthesizing a polyamide acid by condensation of a carboxylic dianhydride with a diamine (and a monoamine), and subjecting the polyamide acid to dehydrocyclization under heating.
Examples of the diamine component (used for constituting the recurring unit of the formula (I) or represented by the formula (IV) used for forming the polyimide may include the following: ##STR9##
Example the monoamine component giving the recurring unit of the formula (II) may include: ##STR10##
Further, preferred examples of the carboxylic anhydride component giving the recurring unit of the formula (I) may include: ##STR11##
The polyimide constituting the alignment film according the first aspect of the present invention is characterized by including principally a recurring unit of the following structural formula (I): ##STR12## and at most 20 mol. %, preferably at most 10 mol. % (based on the total mols of the tetracarboxylic acid unit, the diamine unit and the monoamine unit) of the monoamine unit of the following formula (II): ##STR13##
If the monoamine unit of the formula (II) exceeds 20 mol. %, the progress of the reaction may be hindered, so that it becomes difficult to provide a sufficiently large polymerization degree. As a result, the resultant alignment film is liable to lack uniformity and resistance to rubbing.
R.sub.11 in the above formula (I) denotes a tetravalent organic group, particularly an aromatic ring-containing organic group, examples of which may include: ##STR14##
R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 denote the same or different groups including alkyl groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, preferably alkyl groups having 1-5 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and amyl, and the corresponding perfluoroalkyl groups, such as trifluoromethyl.
X in the above formula (II) denotes an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group or a derivative group thereof. Examples of the aromatic group or derivative group thereof may include: phenyl or phenyl derivative groups, such as ##STR15## and .alpha.- or .beta.-naphthyl group. Examples of the heterocyclic group or derivative group thereof may include: nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups, such as ##STR16##
R.sub.21 and R.sub.22 may be selected from the above-mentioned class for the groups R.sub.12 and R.sub.13.
Examples of the tetracarboxylic dianhydride of the formula (III) may include those wherein R.sub.31 is a tetravalent organic group, particularly a tetravalent aromatic ring-containing organic group, which may for example include: ##STR17##
The group R.sub.41 and R.sub.42 in the formula (IV) may be selected from the above-mentioned class for the groups R.sub.12 and R.sub.13.
In order to provide an alignment film capable of providing a uniform alignment state free from zigzag defects, it is preferred to use a diamine component (providing the unit of the formula (I) or represented by the formula (IV)) having a fluorine-containing group, such as trifluoromethyl, particularly in the group R.sub.12 and R.sub.13 or R.sub.41 and R.sub.42.
In the present invention, the polyimide (or the polyamide acid as the precursor) may preferably have a number-average molecular weight of 10,000-100,000, particularly 30,000-80,000.
In order to form a film 14a or 14b of the polyimide on a substrate, a solution of a polyamide acid as a precursor of the polyimide prepared as described above in a solvent, such as dimethyl formamide, dimethylacetoamide, dimethylsulfoxide or N-methylpyrrolidone at a concentration of 0.01-40 wt. % may be applied onto the substrate by spinner coating, spray coating, roller coating, etc., and heated at 100.degree.-350.degree. C., preferably 200.degree.-300.degree. C., to cause dehydro-cyclization. The thus-formed polyimide film may be rubbed with a cloth, etc. The polyimide film may be formed in a thickness of, e.g., 30 .ANG.-1 .mu.m, preferably 200-2000 .ANG., so as to also function as an insulating film. In this case, the insulating films 13a and 13b can be omitted. Further, in case of forming the polyimide film on the insulating film 13a or 13b, the polyimide film thickness may be set to 200 .ANG. or less, preferably 100 .ANG. or less.
The liquid crystal material 15 used in the present invention may preferably be one showing a phase transition from isotropic phase through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase into chiral smectic C phase in the course of temperature decrease. Particularly, a chiral smectic liquid crystal showing a helical pitch of 0.8 micron or longer in cholesteric phase (measured at a mid temperature in the cholesteric range). Preferred examples of such a liquid crystal material may include liquid crystal materials (1)-(5) below comprising the following liquid crystals "LC-1", "80B" and "80SI*" in the indicated proportions by weight. ##STR18##
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell (device) for explaining operation thereof. Reference numerals 21a and 21b denote substrates (glass plates) on which a transparent electrode of, e.g., In.sub.2 O.sub.3, SnO.sub.2, ITO (indium-tin-oxide), etc., is disposed, respectively. A liquid crystal of an SmC*-phase (chiral smectic C phase) or SmH*-phase (chiral smectic H phase) in which liquid crystal molecular layers 22 are aligned perpendicular to surfaces of the glass plates is hermetically disposed therebetween. (This model is rather simplified for easy comprehension. In an actual device, the liquid crystal molecular layers generally assume a chevron structure as reported in Proceedings of the 16th International Display Research Conference (Japan Display '86, Sept. 30-Oct. 2, 1986), p.p. 456-458.) Full lines 23 show liquid crystal molecules. Each liquid crystal molecule 23 has a dipole moment (P.perp.) 24 in a direction perpendicular to the axis thereof. The liquid crystal molecules 23 continuously form a helical structure in the direction of extension of the substrates. The apex angle of a helical cone in this state is two times a tilt angle H in chiral smectic phase of such a helical structure.
When a voltage higher than a certain threshold level is applied between electrodes formed on the substrates 21a and 21b, a helical structure of the liquid crystal molecule 23 is unwound or released to change the alignment direction of respective liquid crystal molecules 23 so that the dipole moment (P.perp.) 24 are all directed in the direction of the electric field. The liquid crystal molecules 23 have an elongated shape and show refractive anisotropy between the long axis and the short axis thereof. Accordingly, it is easily understood that when, for instance, polarizers arranged in a cross nicol relationship, i.e., with their polarizing directions crossing each other, are disposed on the upper and the lower surfaces of the glass plates, the liquid crystal cell thus arranged functions as a liquid crystal optical modulation device of which optical characteristics vary depending upon the polarity of an applied voltage.
Further, when the liquid crystal cell is made sufficiently thin (e.g., 0.1-3 microns), the helical structure of the liquid crystal molecules is unwound to provide a non-helical structure even in the absence of an electric field, whereby the dipole moment assumes either of the two states, i.e., Pa in an upper direction 34a or Pb in a lower direction 34b as shown in FIG. 3, thus providing a bistable condition. When an electric field Ea or Eb higher than a certain threshold level and different from each other in polarity as shown in FIG. 3 is applied to a cell having the above-mentioned characteristics by voltage application means 31a and 33b, the dipole moment is directed either in the upper direction 34a or in the lower direction 34b depending on the vector of the electric field Ea or Eb. In correspondence with this, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented in either of a first stable state 33a and a second stable state 33b.
A first advantage attained by using such a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell is that the response speed is quite fast, and a second advantage is that the orientation of the liquid crystal shows bistability. The second advantage will be further explained, e.g., with reference to FIG. 3. When the electric field Ea is applied to the liquid crystal molecules, they are oriented in the first stable state 33a. This state is stably retained even if the electric field is removed. On the other hand, when the electric field Eb of which direction is opposite to that of the electric field Ea is applied thereto, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented to the second stable state 33b, whereby the directions of molecules are changed. This state is similarly stably retained even if the electric field is removed. Further, as long as the magnitude of the electric field Ea or Eb being applied is not above a certain threshold value, the liquid crystal molecules are placed in the respective orientation states.
FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view showing an alignment state of liquid crystal molecules attained by the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a view showing alignment of corresponding C-directors.
Reference numerals 51a and 51b in FIG. 4 denote upper and lower substrates, respectively. Numeral 50 denotes a molecular layer composed of liquid crystal molecules 52, and liquid crystal molecules 52 are aligned so as to change their positions along the bottom face 54 (circular) of a cone 53. FIG. 5 more specifically shows a change in C-directors. Referring to FIG. 5, at U.sub.1 are shown C-directors 81 (each being a projection of a molecular long axis onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the normal to a molecular layer 50) in one stable orientation state, and at U.sub.2 are shown C-directors 81 in the other stable orientation state.
On the other hand, an alignment state attained by a conventional rubbing-treated polyimide film may be represented by a C-director diagram of FIG. 6, which shows an alignment state wherein molecular axes are twisted in a large degree from the upper substrate 51a to the lower substrate 51b to provide a smaller tilt angle .theta..
FIG. 7A is a schematic plan view illustrating a tilt angle .theta. in an alignment state where C-directors 81 assume a state shown in FIG. 5 (referred to as "uniform alignment state"), and FIG. 7B is a schematic plan view illustrating a tilt angle .theta. in an alignment state where C-directors 81 assume a state shown in FIG. 6 (referred to as "splay alignment state"). In these figures, reference numeral 70 denotes a rubbing axis provided to the above-mentioned fluorine-containing polyimide film, numeral 71a denotes an average molecular axis in the orientation state U.sub.1, numeral 71b denotes an average molecular axis in the orientation state U.sub.2, numeral 72a denotes an average molecular axis in the orientation state S.sub.1, and numeral 72b denotes an average molecular axis in the orientation state S.sub.2. The average molecular axes 71a and 71b can be switched to each other by applying voltages of mutually opposite polarities. Similar switching is caused between the average molecular axes 72a and 72b.
Next, the effectiveness of the uniform alignment state with respect to a delay in optical response (after-image) due to a reverse electric field Vrev is explained.
If the capacitance of an insulating layer constituting a liquid crystal cell is denoted by Ci, the capacitance of a liquid crystal layer is denoted by C.sub.LC and the spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal is denoted by P.sub.S, Vrev causing after-image is expressed by the following equation:
Vrev=2P.sub.S /(Ci+C.sub.LC)
FIG. 8 is a schematic sectional view illustrating changes in charge distribution direction of P.sub.S and direction of the reverse electric field in a liquid crystal cell. At FIG. 8(a), there is shown a distribution of + and - charges in a memory state before application of a pulse electric field, where the spontaneous polarization is directed from + charges to - charges. At FIG. 8(b) is shown a state immediately after removal of a pulse electric field, when the direction of the spontaneous polarization P.sub.S is opposite to that shown at FIG. 8(a) (thus, the liquid crystal molecules are inverted from one stable orientation state to the other orientation state) but the distribution of the + and - charges is similar to that shown at FIG. 8(a), so that a reverse electric field Vrev is generated as indicated by an arrow shown at FIG. 8(b). The reverse electric field Vrev disappears in a short time to provide a distribution of + and - charges as shown at FIG. 8(c).
FIG. 9 is a plan view showing a change in optical response in a splay alignment state given by a conventional polyimide alignment film in terms of a change in tilt angle .theta.. Referring to FIG. 9, at the time of application of a pulse electric field, the orientation of liquid crystal molecules is changed from an average molecular axis S(A) in a splay alignment state to be overshot to an average molecular axis U.sub.2 in a uniform alignment state close to that providing a maximum tilt angle H along a path denoted by an arrow X.sub.1, and immediately after the removal of the pulse electric field, the orientation is changed along a path denoted by an arrow X.sub.2 to an average molecular axis S(B) in a splay alignment state providing a decreased tilt angle .theta. due to the action of the reverse electric field Vrev shown at FIG. 8(b). Then, as the reverse electric field Vrev attenuates as shown at FIG. 8(c), the orientation is changed along a path denoted by an arrow X.sub.3 to an average molecular axis S(C) in a splay alignment state providing a stable orientation state having a somewhat increased tilt angle .theta.. The resultant optical response in this case is shown in FIG. 10.
In the alignment state given by using the polyimide film of the above-mentioned specific chemical structure of the present invention, the average molecular axes S(A), S(B) and S(C) in the splay alignment state shown in FIG. 9 are not caused but it is possible to form an alignment state with an average molecular axis giving a tilt angle .theta. which is close to a maximum tilt angle H. An optical response at this time according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 shows that a delay in optical response causing after-image is obviated and a high contrast in memory states is caused.
By using the specific polyimide alignment film treated by rubbing, the liquid crystal device according to the present invention realizes an alignment state, which provides a large optical contrast between the bright and dark states, particular at non-selected pixels during multiplexing drive as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,561, and obviates a delay in optical response at the time of switching (i.e., multiplexing drive) causing an after-image on a display.
Hereinbelow, the present invention will be explained based on Examples.
Example 1
Two 1.1 mm-thick glass plates each provided with a 1000 .ANG.-thick ITO film were respectively coated with a 3.0 wt. % solution of a polyamide acid formed by condensation reaction of a mixture including 2 mols of a tetracarboxylic anhydride, 2 mols of a diamine and 0.1 mol of a monoamine respectively represented by the formulae shown below and dissolved in a mixture solvent of N-methylpyrrolidone/n-butylcellosolve=2/1 by means of a spinner rotating at 3000 rpm. ##STR19##
After the coating, the film was subjected to curing under heating at 250.degree. C. for about an hour to form a 400 .ANG.-thick film. The coating film was then rubbed in one direction with a nylon-planted cloth.
On one of the two glass plates thus treated, 1.5 microns alumina beads were dispersed, and the other glass plate was superposed thereon so that their rubbing axes were parallel to each other and disposed in the same direction to form a blank cell.
The blank cell was filled with a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal ("CS-1014" (trade name), available from Chisso K.K.) under vacuum and, after sealing, was gradually cooled from isotropic phase at a rate of 0.5.degree. C./hour to 30.degree. C., whereby an alignment was effected. The "CS-1014" liquid crystal in the cell showed the following phase transition series. ##STR20##
The above-prepared liquid crystal cell was sandwiched between a pair of 90 degrees-cross nicol polarizers to provide a liquid crystal device and was supplied with a pulse of 50 .mu.sec and 30 V. Then, the cross nicol polarizers were set at the extinction position (providing the darkest state), and the transmittance through the liquid crystal device at this time was measured by a photo-multiplier. Then, a pulse of 50 .mu.sec and -30 V was applied to the device, and the transmittance (brightest state) at this time was measured in the same manner, whereby the following data were obtained.
Tilt angle .theta.=15 degrees, transmittance in the brightest state=38%, transmittance in the darkest state=2%, contrast ratio=19:1.
The delay in optical response causing after-image was 0.2 sec or less.
The liquid crystal device was subjected to multiplexing drive for display using driving waveforms shown in FIG. 12, whereby a high-quality display with a high contrast was attained. Further, after an image display of a prescribed character image, the whole picture area was erased into "white", whereby no after-image was recognized. Referring to FIG. 12, at S.sub.N, S.sub.N+1 and S.sub.n+2 are shown voltage waveforms applied to scanning lines, at I is shown a voltage waveform applied to a representative date line, and at (I-S.sub.N) is shown a combined voltage waveform applied to the data line I and the scanning line S.sub.N. In the above embodiment, the drive was performed under the conditions of V.sub.0 =5-8 volts and .DELTA.T=20-70 .mu.sec.
Examples 2-5
Liquid crystal cells were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the alignment control films (preferred from precursor polyamide acids obtained by reacting 2 mols of tetracarboxylic anhydrides, 2 mols of diamines and 0.3 mol of monoamines) and liquid crystal materials shown in Table 1 below were used.
The respective cells were tested in the same manner as in Example 1, whereby measured data of contrast ratio and delay time in optical response shown in Table 2 appearing hereinafter were obtained.
The respective cells were subjected to the multiplexing drive for display in the same manner as in Example 1, whereby similar results were attained with respect to contrast and after-image.
TABLE 1 - Liquid crystal Tetracarboxylic anhydride Diamine Monoamine material Ex. 2 ##STR21## ##STR22## ##STR23## "CS-1014"(trade name)(FLC, Chisso K.K.) Ex. 3 ##STR24## ##STR25## ##STR26## "CS-1014"(trade name)(FLC, Chisso K.K.) Ex. 4 ##STR27## ##STR28## ##STR29## "CS-1014"(trade name)(FLC, Chisso K.K.) Ex. 5 ##STR30## ##STR31## ##STR32## "CS-1014"(trade name)(FLC, Chisso K.K.)
TABLE 2______________________________________ Contrast Delay in opticalExample ratio response (sec)______________________________________2 15:1 0.13 25:1 0.24 20:1 0.35 17:1 0.3______________________________________
Comparative Examples 1-4
Liquid crystal cells were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the alignment control films (in terms of commercially available precursor polyamide acid varnish) and liquid crystal materials shown in Table 3 below were used. The measured data of contrast ratio and delay in optical response measured for each of the cells are shown in Table 4 below.
The respective cells were subjected to the multiplexing drive for display in the same manner as in Example 1, whereby the resultant contrasts were smaller than that given by Example 1 and after-image was recognized for each cell.
TABLE 3______________________________________Comparative Alignment film Liquid crystalExample (polyamide acid varnish) material______________________________________1 "SP-710" (trade name) "CS-1014" (aromatic polyimide varnish, (trade name) Toray K.K.) (FLC, Chisso K.K.)2 "SP-710" (trade name) Liquid crystal mat- (aromatic polyimide varnish, erial (3) described Toray K.K.) hereinbefore3 "LQ-5200" (trade name) "CS-1014" (polyimide varnish, Hitachi Kasei K.K.)4 "LQ-5200" (trade name) Liquid crystal (polyimide varnish, material (3) Hitachi Kasei K.K.)______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Comp. Contrast Delay in opticalExample ratio response (sec)______________________________________1 8:1 1.52 7:1 2.53 10:1 1.24 8:1 2.2______________________________________
As is understood from the above Examples and Comparative Examples, the liquid crystal device according to the present invention, provides a high-quality display which is characterized by a high contrast between the bright and dark states, particularly a very large contrast at the time of multiplexing drive and yet free from unpleasant after-image.
Example 6
Two 1.1 mm-thick glass plates each provided with a 1000 .ANG.-thick ITO film were respectively coated with a 2.0 wt. % solution of a polyamide acid represented by the formula shown below prepared through reaction of the corresponding tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine in a mixture solvent of N-methylpyrrolidone/n-butylcellosolve=2/1 by means of a spinner rotating at 2000 rpm. ##STR33## After the coating, the film was subjected to curing under heating at 250.degree. C. for about an hour to form a 450 .ANG.-thick film. The coating film was then rubbed in one direction with a nylon-planted cloth.
On one of the two glass plates thus treated, 1.5 microns alumina beads were dispersed, and the other glass plate was superposed thereon so that their rubbing axes were parallel to each other and disposed in the same direction to form a blank cell.
The blank cell was filled with a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal ("CS-1014" (trade name), available from Chisso K.K.) used in Example 1 under vacuum and, after sealing, was gradually cooled from isotropic phase at a rate of 0.1.degree. C./min. to 30.degree. C., whereby an alignment was effected.
The above-prepared liquid crystal cell was sandwiched between a pair of 90 degrees-cross nicol polarizers to provide a liquid crystal device and was supplied with a pulse of 50 .mu.sec and 30 V. Then, the cross nicol polarizers were set at the extinction position (providing the darkest state), and the transmittance through the liquid crystal device at this time was measured by a photo-multiplier. Then, a pulse of 50 .mu.sec and -30 V was applied to the device, and the transmittance (brightest state) at this time was measured in the same manner, whereby the following data were obtained.
Tilt angle .theta.=15 degrees, transmittance in the brightest state=45%, transmittance in the darkest state=1.5%, contrast ratio=30:1.
The delay in optical response causing after-image was 0.2 sec or less.
The liquid crystal device was subjected to multiplexing drive for display using driving waveforms shown in FIG. 12, whereby a high-quality display with a high contrast was attained. Further, after an image display of a prescribed character image, the whole picture area was erased into "white", whereby no after-image was recognized.
Examples 7-10
Liquid crystal cells were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the alignment control films (in terms of precursor polyamide acids represented by the formulas) and liquid crystal materials shown in Table 5 below were used.
The respective cells were tested in the same manner as in Example 6, whereby measured data of contrast ratio and delay time in optical response shown in Table 6 appearing hereinafter were obtained.
The respective cells were subjected to the multiplexing drive for display in the same manner as in Example 6, whereby similar results were attained with respect to contrast and after-image.
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Alignment control film Liquid crystal__________________________________________________________________________ materialEx. 7 ##STR34## "CS-1014" (trade name) (FLC, Chisso K.K.) ##STR35##Ex. 8 ##STR36## "CS-1014" (trade name) (FLC, Chisso K.K.) ##STR37##Ex. 9 ##STR38## Liquid crystal material (3) described hereinbefore ##STR39##Ex. 10 ##STR40## Liquid crystal material (3) ##STR41## ##STR42##__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________ Contrast Delay in opticalExample ratio response (sec)______________________________________7 25:1 0.38 20:1 0.29 22:1 0.210 28:1 0.3______________________________________
As described above, the liquid crystal device according to the present invention, provides a high-quality display which is characterized by a high contrast between the bright and dark states, particularly a very large contrast at the time of multiplexing drive and yet free from unpleasant after-image.

Number	Date	Country	Kind
3-301310	Jan 1991	JPX
3-301311	Jan 1991	JPX

Number	Name	Date
4367924	Clark et al.	Jan 1983
4561726	Goodby et al.	Dec 1985
4655561	Kanbe et al.	Apr 1987
4883344	Okada et al.	Nov 1989
5129727	Hanyu et al.	Jul 1992

Number	Date	Country
0249881	Dec 1987	EPX
0282254	Sep 1988	EPX
0337355	Oct 1989	EPX
0400635	Dec 1990	EPX
0415447	Mar 1991	EPX

Liquid crystal device

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