Liquid crystal display

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display and an improvement in the contrast of a projection-type liquid crystal display using a reflection-type liquid crystal display element.

A projection-type liquid crystal display of a conventional type produces a display by projecting light onto a screen, so that it needs to produce a brightness sufficient for the display to be recognized under the normal level of illumination light present in a house. In order to enhance the brightness of the display without increasing the power consumption, it is also necessary to increase the aperture ratio. For an increase in the aperture ratio, a reflection-type liquid crystal display element in which the upper part of a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) is covered by a reflection electrode and can be also used for display is suitable. In a conventional projection-type liquid crystal display, a twisted nematic liquid crystal is used for a liquid crystal layer, and two polarizing plates are disposed in front of and behind the liquid crystal layer to produce the display.

However, since the aperture ratio is low, a sufficient brightness to make it possible to recognize the display under the normal level of indoor illumination has not been obtained. Even if a polarization beam splitter is used in place of the polarizing plate, sufficient brightness cannot be obtained. According to Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 64-7021, a reflection plate is disposed between the liquid crystal layer and the lower substrate. The liquid crystal display having such a construction will be referred to herein as a reflection plate type liquid crystal display apparatus.

In the conventional reflection plate type liquid crystal display apparatus, since the wavelength dispersion of a polarization state of light transmitted through the liquid crystal layer is large, the polarization state of the light passing through the liquid crystal layer has to be controlled for the whole visible wavelength in order to obtain a high-contrast display.

However, a method of controlling the wavelength dispersion is not described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 64-7021. Since the reflection plate type liquid crystal display has a high aperture ratio for the reason mentioned above, it has the potential ability to obtain a brightness which is sufficient to allow one to easily recognize the display under the normal level of indoor illumination. Consequently, there has been a desire to obtain sufficient brightness and contrast ratio at the same time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a liquid crystal display having excellent visibility in which a sufficient brightness and contrast ratio are provided at the same time.

A liquid crystal display achieving the above object and having a projection optical system in which a polarizing plate, a phase plate, a liquid crystal layer, and a reflection plate are arranged in parallel and a transmitted light is reflected by the reflection plate is characterized in that the phase plate comprises first and second phase plates in which a retardation of each of the phase plates and a gradient of wavelength dispersion of the retardation can be freely set, and the gradient of the first phase plate is set so as to be larger than the gradient of the liquid crystal layer and the gradient of the second phase plate is set so as to be smaller than the gradient of the liquid crystal layer, and wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value in the projection optical system, which is a combination of the liquid crystal layer and the first and second phase plates, is brought asymptotically closer to a retardation curve expressed by the relational expression (0.25+0.5n)λ.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display in which a polarizing plate, first and second phase plates, an upper substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a drive device, and a lower substrate also serving as a reflection plate are sequentially laminated in a travelling direction of transmitted light, and an absorption axis direction of the polarizing plate and an orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer, which is on the side adjacent to the polarizing plate have a non-parallel relation, wherein each of the first and second phase plates, respectively, has a wavelength dispersion of a retardation such that a wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value of the phase plates and the liquid crystal layer in a range from 400 (nm) to 700 (nm) of a wavelength of the transmitted light is substantially approximated to a retardation curve expressed by the relational expression (0.25+0.5n)λ.

Further, according to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display in which a polarizing means, first and second phase plates, an upper substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a drive device, and a lower substrate also serving as a reflection plate are sequentially laminated in a travelling direction of transmitted light, and an absorption axis direction of the polarizing means and an orientation direction on the side adjacent to the polarizing means of the liquid crystal layer have a non-parallel relation, wherein the polarizing means is a polarizing plate of a type in which a vibration direction of a transmission polarization component of the polarizing means rotates by 90° when the passing direction of the transmitted light is changed, and each of the first and second phase plates has a wavelength dispersion of a retardation, such that a wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value of the phase plates and the liquid crystal layer in a range from 400 (nm) to 700 (nm) of a wavelength of the transmitted light is set so as to be substantially approximated to a retardation curve expressed by the relational expression (0.5n)λ, where n is an integer and λ is a wavelength (nm) of the transmitted light.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be understood more clearly from the following detailed description, when taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1

is a schematic diagram showing a pixel construction of a liquid crystal display forming an embodiment according to the invention;

FIG. 2

is a diagram showing component elements relating to a polarization state of transmitted light in the liquid crystal display of

FIG. 1

;

FIG. 3

is a diagram showing an optical system optically equivalent

FIG. 2

;

FIG. 4

is a diagram for explaining a composition of retardations in case of using two transparent birefringence media;

FIG. 5

is a diagram for explaining a wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value in the case of

FIG. 4 and a

retardation curve of a ¼ wavelength by comparison;

FIG. 6

is a diagram showing applied voltage dependency of retardation of a liquid crystal layer in an embodiment according to he invention;

FIG. 7

is a cross section showing the pixel construction taken on line A-A′ of the liquid crystal display of

FIG. 1

;

FIG. 8

is a cross section showing the pixel construction taken on line B-B′ of the liquid crystal display of

FIG. 1

;

FIG. 9

is a diagram showing wavelength dispersion of each of the retardations of first and second phase plates and a liquid crystal layer in an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10

is a diagram showing wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value of the first and second phase plates and the liquid crystal panel at the time of the dark display in

FIG. 9 and a

retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength;

FIG. 11

is a diagram showing applied voltage dependency of reflectance in Embodiment 1;

FIG. 12

is a diagram showing wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value of the first and second phase plates and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display in Embodiment 2 and a retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength;

FIG. 13

is a diagram showing applied voltage dependency of reflectance in Embodiment 2;

FIG. 14

is a diagram showing wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value of the first and second phase plates and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display in Embodiment 3 and a retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength;

FIG. 15

is a diagram showing applied voltage dependency of reflectance in Embodiment 3;

FIG. 16

is a diagram showing temperature dependency of reflectance upon light display, reflectance upon dark display, and contrast ratio in Embodiment 4;

FIG. 17

is a diagram showing wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value of the first and second phase plates and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display and a retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength in a comparison example;

FIG. 18

is a diagram showing applied voltage dependency of reflectance in the comparison example;

FIG. 19

is a characteristics diagram showing retardation wavelength dispersion for each of three liquid crystal display elements in a projection-type liquid crystal display of the invention;

FIG. 20

is a characteristics diagram showing some examples of wavelength dispersion of retardations reducing reflectance of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the invention for the whole visible wavelength range;

FIG. 21

is a characteristics diagram showing retardation wavelength dispersion of each of the phase plates and a single liquid crystal layer;

FIG. 22

is a characteristics diagram showing an example of retardation wavelength dispersion obtained by synthesizing retardations of one phase plate and the liquid crystal layer;

FIG. 23

is a characteristics diagram showing an example of retardation wavelength dispersion obtained by synthesizing retardations of two phase plates and the liquid crystal layer;

FIG. 24

is a characteristics diagram showing a reflection spectrum of black display of a conventional projection-type liquid crystal display;

FIG. 25

is a characteristics diagram showing a reflection spectrum of black display of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the invention;

FIG. 26

is a diagram illustrating an arrangement of a light source, an optical system, and liquid crystal display elements of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the invention;

FIG. 27

is a cross section of a liquid crystal display element used for the projection-type liquid crystal display of the invention;

FIG. 28

is a characteristics diagram showing retardation composite values at the time of the dark display of a projection-type liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1;

FIG. 29

is a characteristics diagram showing applied voltage dependency of surface brightness of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1;

FIG. 30

is a characteristics diagram showing applied voltage dependency of hue of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1;

FIG. 31

is a characteristics diagram showing applied voltage dependency of surface brightness of a projection-type liquid crystal display of a comparison example 1;

FIG. 32

is a characteristics diagram showing applied voltage dependency of hue of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the comparison example 1; and

FIG. 33

is a characteristics diagram showing retardation composite values at the time of the dark display of the projection-type liquid crystal display of the comparison example 1.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention will be described hereinbelow with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1

is a diagram showing a pixel construction of a liquid crystal display of an embodiment according to the invention. An example of a cross section of a reflection plate type liquid crystal display element according to the invention is illustrated. A polarizing plate is used as polarizing means for changing light from a light source from natural light to polarized light.

There is a TFT on the lower substrate, which is connected to a pixel electrode also serving as a reflection plate on the same lower substrate. The liquid crystal layer is made of a nematic liquid crystal, the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer near the upper substrate and that near the lower substrate being the same, and the twist angle is 0°. Phase plates

1

and

2

(PH

1

and PH

2

in

FIGS. 7 and 8

) and a polarizing plate are laminated on the upper substrate.

FIG. 2

is a diagram showing component elements regarding the polarization state of transmission light in the liquid crystal display of FIG.

1

. That is, component elements relating to the polarization state of the light are extracted from

FIG. 1

, and are shown in a simplified diagram.

In

FIG. 2

, the polarizing plate, phase plates

1

and

2

, liquid crystal layer, and a reflection plate are related to the polarization state of the light. Delay axes of the phase plates

1

and

2

are in parallel to or perpendicularly cross an orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. The angle between an absorption axis (or transmission axis) of the polarizing plate and the delay axis of the phase plate or the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer is set to 45°. Retardations at a wavelength λ of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer are expressed as Δnd

PH1

(λ), Δnd

PH2

(λ), and Δnd

Lc

(λ), respectively, in FIG.

2

.

In

FIG. 2

, a light passes through the liquid crystal display element sequentially from the polarizing plate, the phase plate

1

, the phase plate

2

, and the liquid crystal layer and is reflected by the reflection plate. Then, the light passes through the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

2

, phase plate

1

, and polarizing plate in the opposite order and reaches the user. A change in the polarization state of the light in this step can be replaced by a change in the polarization state in the optical system of

FIG. 3

on the assumption that they are equivalent.

FIG. 3

is a diagram showing the optical system which is optically equivalent to the arrangement of FIG.

2

. That is, the transmission axes of the polarizing plates

1

and

2

are in parallel, and a retardation of each of the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

1

, and phase plate

2

is twice as much as that in FIG.

2

.

Conditions to improve the contrast of the reflection plate type liquid crystal display element, that is, conditions to reduce reflectance at the time of dark display may be studied by using the optical system of FIG.

3

. The reflectance R(λ) of the light at the wavelength λ in the optical system of

FIG. 3

is expressed by the following equation.

R (λ)=0.5 (1+cos (4π Δnd″(λ)/λ)) (1)

where, Δnd″(λ) is a composite value of retardations of the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

1

, and phase plate

2

, which will be described hereinafter.

In order to reduce the reflectance of the dark display, it is sufficient that R(λ) approaches zero over almost the whole range of the visible wavelength, that is, from 400 nm to 700 nm. That is, in a range from 400 nm to 700 nm of the visible wavelength, when a voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display is set to V

B

, it is sufficient that a retardation composite value Δnd″(λ) obtained by combining the retardations of the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

1

, and phase plate

2

, when V

B

is applied, substantially satisfies Δnd′(λ) of the following equation; namely, it can be said that when the second term of the equation 1 is almost equal to (−1), R(λ) approaches zero.

Δnd′(λ)=(0.25+0.5n)λ (2)

where, n is an integer.

Equation 2 shows a wavelength dispersion characteristics curve (hereinbelow, also abbreviated to wavelength dispersion) in which the retardation increases in proportion to the wavelength when n is 0 or larger. In the case where n is smaller than 0, wavelength dispersion in which the retardation decreases in proportion to the wavelength is shown. All of the retardations of transparent birefringence media (e.g., the phase plate, liquid crystal layer, and the like) which have been known until now are positive and show wavelength dispersion in which the retardation decreases as the wavelength increases.

Retardation satisfying the equation 2 using a combination of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plate is therefore attempted. When transparent birefringence media

1

and

2

whose retardations at the wavelength λ are Δnd

1

(λ) and Δnd

2

(λ), respectively, (Δnd

1

(λ)>Δnd

1

(λ)) are laminated so that the delay axes are in parallel, a retardation composite value Δnd″(λ) of the two transparent birefringence media is obtained by the following equation.

Δnd″(λ)=Δnd

1

(λ)+Δnd

2

(λ) (3)

When they are laminated so that the delay axes perpendicularly cross each other, Δnd″(λ) is obtained by the following equation.

Δnd″(λ)=Δnd

1

(λ)−Δnd

1

(λ) (4)

When the wavelength dispersion of the retardation of the transparent birefringence medium

1

is different from that of the medium

2

, the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value Δnd″(λ) is different from those of both of the transparent birefringence media

1

and

2

.

In other words, the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value can be controlled by properly combining the retardations of the transparent birefringence media

1

and

2

, the gradients of the wavelength dispersion of the retardations, and the laminating methods (laminating methods of setting the delay axes in parallel or to cross perpendicularly).

By using such a composite value of the retardations, the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value Δnd″(λ) can be made close to the equation 2.

Especially, in order to realize the wavelength dispersion of the retardation as specified in equation 2, with respect to the gradients of the wavelength dispersion of the retardations of the transparent birefringence media

1

and

2

, one gradient has to be made extremely steep and the other gradient has to be made extremely flat, and/or the retardations of the transparent birefringence media

1

and

2

have to be increased.

Meanwhile, when only one phase plate is used, one of the transparent birefringence media serves as a liquid crystal layer and the other serves as a phase plate. However, for the purpose of maintaining display characteristics, the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation of the liquid crystal layer cannot be extremely steep nor flat. Also, the retardation of the liquid crystal layer cannot be increased. Therefore, in the case of using only one phase plate, the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation of the phase plate can be set either larger or smaller than that of the liquid crystal layer. Consequently, it can be said that the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value cannot be brought sufficiently close to equation 2.

On the contrary, according to the invention, since two phase plates are used, the gradient of the phase plate

1

is set larger (steeper) than the gradient of the liquid crystal layer and the gradient of the phase plate

2

is set smaller (flatter) than the gradient of the liquid crystal layer, thereby enabling the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value in the projection optical system in which the liquid crystal layer and the two phase plates are incorporated to be brought extremely close to the retardation curve expressed by the relational expression of (0.25+0.5n)λ of equation 2. In other words, as mentioned above, with respect to the gradients of the wavelength dispersion of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

serving as transparent birefringence media

1

and

2

, one gradient has to be set extremely larger (steeper) than that of the liquid crystal layer and the other gradient has to be set extremely flatter (smaller) than that of the liquid crystal layer.

The above will be described by using

FIGS. 4 and 5

.

FIG. 4

is a diagram showing the composition of the retardation value in case of using the two transparent birefringence media.

FIG. 5

is a diagram illustrating the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value in case of

FIG. 4 and a

¼ wavelength retardation curve by comparison. An example is shown in which the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value between the liquid crystal layer and one phase plate, as two transparent birefringence media of the conventional technique, is compared with retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength.

Specifically speaking, polysulfone in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is the steepest is used for the phase plate. A retardation value at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display is set to 200 nm and a retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate is set to 62.5 nm. The phase plate is set so that its delay axis perpendicularly crosses the liquid crystal orientation direction. In this instance, the retardation composite values are shown by the hatched portion in FIG.

4

. This is rewritten as FIG.

5

.

In

FIG. 5

, for comparison, wavelength dispersion of the retardation when (n=0) in equation 2, namely, a retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength in which R(λ) is equal to 0 in equation 1 is also shown.

As is obvious from

FIG. 5

, when only one phase plate is used, the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value is not sufficiently close to equation 2.

On the contrary, the invention is characterized in that two phase plates are used so as to bring the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value close to equation 2. That is, one phase plate is added in place of the liquid crystal layer, in which the retardation and the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation cannot be freely changed, and two phase plates in which the retardation and the gradient can be changed are used, thereby enabling a wide range adjustment. The wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value of the three is brought close to the retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength. It can be said that the above is equivalent to a case where the number of parameters which provide for adjustment is increased from one to two.

In other words, the liquid crystal display according to the invention comprises the liquid crystal layer, drive device, polarizing plate, two phase plates, and upper and lower transparent substrates. Each of the two substrates has a display electrode and an orientation film. The display electrode on the lower substrate also serves as a reflection plate. The display electrode on the lower substrate is connected to an active element as a drive device. The two substrates are arranged so as to face each other by interposing the liquid crystal layer therebetween. The polarizing plate is arranged on the upper substrate. The two phase plates are arranged between the polarizing plate and the upper substrate. The absorption axis direction of the polarizing plate and the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer near the upper substrate are not in parallel. When the two phase plates are provided as phase plates

1

and

2

, n is an integer, and λ is the wavelength of light, and when an optional voltage V

B

is applied to the liquid crystal layer by using the drive device, the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value of the phase plate

1

, phase plate

2

, and liquid crystal layer is substantially approximated to the retardation curve expressed by the relational expression (0.25+0.5n)λ in a range from 400 nm to 700 nm of the visible wavelength.

When the retardation of the liquid crystal is set to Δnd

LC

(λ), the two phase plates are provided as the phase plates

1

and

2

, the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

are set to Δnd

PH1

(λ) and Δnd

PH

2

(λ), the retardation composite value Δnd(λ)″ of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plates

1

and

2

is expressed by the following equation.

Δnd″(λ)=Δnd

LC

(λ)±Δnd

PH1

(λ)±Δnd

PH2

(λ) (5)

where, the double sign (± sign) is not sequential.

In equation 5, the signs in the second and third terms are + when the delay axes of the phase plates

1

and

2

are in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and the sign becomes − when the delay axes perpendicularly cross the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. An example of the wavelength dispersion of each of the retardations when the liquid crystal layer and two phase plates are used will now be described.

FIG. 9

is a diagram showing the wavelength dispersion of each of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer of the embodiment according to the invention. As the phase plates

1

and

2

, a phase plate made of polysulfone and a phase plate made of polyvinyl alcohol are used. The retardations of the phase plates at the wavelength 550 (nm) are set to 331 nm and 408 nm, respectively. The phase plate

1

is arranged so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the liquid crystal orientation direction. The phase plate

2

is arranged so that the delay axis is in parallel with the liquid crystal orientation direction. The retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the liquid crystal layer is set to 60 nm. The results are shown in FIG.

10

.

FIG. 10

is a diagram showing wavelength dispersion of a retardation composite value of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display in

FIG. 9 and a

retardation curve of ¼ wavelength. As shown in

FIG. 10

, the wavelength dispersion (characteristics curve) of the retardation composite value increases with the wavelength in a manner similar to equation 2 and coincides with the retardation curve of ¼ wavelength at the wavelength 550 nm. The wavelength dispersion is an extremely close line which is almost approximated to the retardation curve of ¼ wavelength in the visible wavelength range (range from 400 nm to 700 nm).

There are only two settings of the delay axis of the phase plate, that is, the delay axis may be set in parallel with or perpendicularly cross the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. Therefore, when three or more phase plates are used, the delay axes of at least two of them are in parallel and the two phase plates whose delay axes are in parallel can be replaced by one phase plate. Therefore, even if three or more phase plates are used, there is not much difference in the substantial effects from the case in which two phase plates are used. The retardation composite value is not approximated to equation 2 more than that shown in FIG.

10

. In consideration of the increase in cost, the optimum number of phase plates is two.

When a polarization beam splitter is used as polarizing means, equation 1 and equation 2 are replaced by equation 6 and equation 7, respectively.

R(λ)=0.5(1−cos (4π Δnd″(λ)/(λ)) (6)

Δnd′(λ)=0.5nλ (7)

This is because the vibration direction of a transmission polarization component is rotated by 900 in the polarization beam splitter when the travelling direction of the light is changed. The foregoing argument is similarly satisfied in this case as well. The optimum number of the phase plates is two in order to improve the contrast ratio.

When the retardation of the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display is sufficiently small, the change in the contrast ratio in association with a temperature change is also small. For example, when the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is changed by 5% due to a temperature change, if the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is 200 nm, the amount of change in the retardation is 10 nm. When the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is 40 nm, the amount of change in the retardation is only 2 nm.

That is, it is set so that a dark display is produced when the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is low, thereby suppressing the change in retardation of the liquid crystal layer due to the temperature change. Consequently, the deterioration in the contrast ratio due to a temperature change can be suppressed. In other words, it can be said that reduction in retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display is a necessary requirement to avoid a deterioration in contrast ratio due to a temperature change.

It has been determined that, when the dark display is performed, if the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is a sufficiently and properly low value, for example, 40 (nm), as will be described later by tables 1 and 2, the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

2

becomes larger than the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

1

. In other words, when the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

2

is set so as to be larger than the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

1

, it can be said that the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the liquid crystal layer is a low value effective to solve the problems.

FIG. 6

is a diagram showing the dependence of the retardation of the liquid crystal layer of the embodiment according to the invention on the applied voltage. As shown in the diagram, the retardation of the liquid crystal layer is changed by the applied voltage. The axis of ordinate of

FIG. 6

shows the retardations of the liquid crystal layer obtained by dividing retardations by a value at the applied voltage 0V. The retardation of the liquid crystal layer sharply decreases from 1V to 2V. Therefore, when the dark display is performed on the higher voltage side than 2V, the display at a high contrast ratio can be obtained without being influenced by the temperature.

Specific contents and effects of the invention will be described hereinbelow by reference to various embodiments.

EMBODIMENT 1

FIG. 1

is a plan view showing an example of the construction of one pixel of a liquid crystal display according to embodiment 1 and its periphery.

FIG. 7

is a cross section showing the pixel construction taken on line A-A′ of the liquid crystal display of FIG.

1

.

FIG. 8

is a cross section showing the pixel construction taken on line B-B′ of the liquid crystal display of FIG.

1

. The construction of the liquid crystal display according to the embodiment 1 will be described.

A lower substrate

10

is made of no-alkali boro-silicate glass and has silicon oxide layers on and under the substrate. A gate electrode

20

is made of an aluminum film formed by sputtering and has an anodic aluminum oxide film thereon. An insulating film

25

is a silicon nitride film having a film thickness of 2000 Å and is formed by a plasma CVD method. A TFT operates so that the channel resistance is reduced by a positive bias application to the gate electrode and the channel resistance is increased by zero bias. The TFT is formed by the gate electrode

20

, insulating film

25

and an i-type semiconductor layer

30

.

The i-type semiconductor layer is made of an amorphous silicon and has a film thickness of 2000 Å. Phosphorus is doped on a portion in which its source electrode and drain electrode are overlapped, thereby forming an N(+)-type amorphous silicon semiconductor layer. Each of a source electrode

40

and a drain electrode

45

is formed of two layers. The upper layer is made of aluminum having a film thickness of 3000Å formed by sputtering and the lower layer is made of chrome having a film thickness of 600Å similarly formed by sputtering. A planarization film 50 on the TFT is a silicon nitride film having a film thickness of 1 μm formed by a plasma CVD system.

A pixel electrode 57 on the planarization film is made of aluminum and is connected to the source electrode by a through hole

55

. A polyimide organic high polymer is used for an organic orientation film

60

. HA-5073XX supplied from Chisso K. K. is used for a liquid crystal layer

70

. The maximum of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer in the pixel electrode is set to 3.0 μm and the retardation of the liquid crystal layer when no voltage is applied is set to 0.25 μm.

The organic orientation film

60

on the upper substrate

80

is the same as that of the lower substrate. The orientation processing directions of the organic orientation films on the upper and lower substrates are not parallel and the pre-tilt angle is 5°. A common transparent pixel electrode

75

of the upper substrate is made of an Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) film formed by sputtering and the film thickness is 1400Å. The upper substrate

80

is made of no-alkali boro-silicate glass, which is the same as the lower substrate, and silicon oxide layers are provided on and under the upper substrate.

A phase plate made of polysulfone and a phase plate made of polyvinyl alcohol are used for a phase plate

1

PH

1

and a phase plate

2

PH

2

. The wavelength dispersion of each of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer are shown in FIG.

9

.

FIG. 9

is a diagram showing the wavelength dispersion of each of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer. The axis of ordinate of

FIG. 9

is the retardation expressed in a ratio obtained by dividing the retardation by a value at the wavelength 550 nm.

The retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

are determined by using a least square so that a dark display is obtained at the applied voltage 3.0V when the retardation of the liquid crystal layer becomes a small value. The method will be described hereinbelow.

Equation 8 is the square of the difference between the wavelength dispersion of the equation 2 and the retardation composition value of the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

1

, and phase plate

2

at each wavelength and shows a deviation between the wavelength dispersion of the retardation composite value and the equation 2.

Σ{Δnd″(λ)−Δnd″(λ)}

2

=S (8)

Δnd″(λ) in equation 8 denotes the retardation composite value of the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

1

, and phase plate

2

in a manner similar to the equation 5. This can be rewritten as equation 9.

Δnd″(λ)=Δnd

LC

(λ)+R

PH1

×Δnd

PH1

(λ)/Δnd

PH1

(λ=550 nm)+R

PH2

×Δnd

PH2

(λ)/Δnd

PH2

(λ=550 nm) (9)

R

PH1

and R

PH2

in equation 9 are retardations of the phase plate

1

and phase plate

2

at the wavelength 550 nm. The signs of R

PH1

and R

PH2

are related to the direction of the delay axis of the phase plate. The sign is + when the delay axis is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and is − when the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer.

In equation 8, the sum of five wavelengths (450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, and 650 nm) in the visible wavelength range is obtained. R

PH1

and R

PH2

satisfying the following two equations are also obtained.

∂s/∂R

PH1

=0 (10)

Δnd

LC

(λ=550 nm)+R

PH1

+R

PH1

=0.25×550 nm (11)

Finally, R

PH1

and R

PH2

satisfying equation 10 and equation 11 minimize S in equation 8 and give the retardation composite value of the phase plate

1

, phase plate

2

, and liquid crystal layer which satisfies (coincides with) equation 2.

Specifically speaking, the retardation at the wavelength 550 nm of the liquid crystal layer when the applied voltage is 3.0V is 50 (nm). This value and n=0 are substituted ((0.25)λ, that is, ¼ wavelength) and calculations are executed according to the (expression 8) to (expression 11), R

PH1

=−331 nm and R

PH2

=408 nm.

Accordingly, the retardations of the phase plate

1

and phase plate

2

are set to 331 nm and 408 nm, respectively. The phase plate

1

and phase plate

2

are disposed so that the delay axis of one of them perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and the other delay axis is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. A polarizing plate

95

is arranged so that the angle between its absorption axis and the liquid crystal orientation direction is 45°.

The retardation composite value of the phase plate

1

, phase plate

2

, and liquid crystal layer at the applied voltage of 3.0V is shown in FIG.

10

.

FIG. 10

is a diagram showing the retardation composite value of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display in the embodiment 1 and also a retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength.

In

FIG. 10

, the retardation composite value coincides with the ¼ wavelength at the wavelength 550 nm and is close to the retardation curve of the ¼ wavelength in other portions of the visible wavelength range (range from 400 nm to 700 nm). It can be said the retardation composite value is substantially approximated to the retardation curve. “Substantially” means that it is in a range of practical use which can obtain sufficiently preferable visibility even when manufacturing tolerance is included.

Results when a drive device is incorporated in the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1 and the applied voltage dependency of the reflectance is measured at 20° C. are shown in FIG.

11

.

FIG. 11

is a diagram showing the applied voltage dependency of reflectance in the embodiment 1.

The reflectance is 0.15% when the applied voltage is 3.0V, and the contrast ratio is 100:1 or higher. A conventional contrast ratio is 28:1.

In the above embodiment 1, the phase plates

1

and

2

having different wavelength dispersion of the retardations are used and the composite value of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer is brought sufficiently close to the ¼ wavelength in the whole visible wavelength, the display of the high contrast ratio can be obtained.

EMBODIMENT 2

According to the embodiment 2, in a liquid crystal display which is the same as that of the embodiment 1, the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the liquid crystal layer is set to 200 nm and the retardations at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plates

1

and

2

are set to 322 nm and 420 nm, respectively. The retardation composite value of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer when the applied voltage is 3.0V is shown in FIG.

12

.

FIG. 12

is a diagram showing the retardation composite value of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display in the embodiment

2

and a ¼ wavelength retardation curve.

The composite value is equal to the ¼ wavelength at the wavelength 550 nm and is close to the ¼ wavelength in other portions of the visible wavelength range (400 nm to 700 nm). It is substantially approximated to the ¼ wavelength.

The drive device is incorporated in the liquid crystal display and results when the applied voltage dependence of the reflectance at 20° C. is measured are shown in FIG.

13

.

FIG. 13

is a diagram showing the applied voltage dependency of the reflectance in the embodiment 2.

The reflectance is 0.14% and the contrast ratio is 100:1 when the applied voltage is 3.0V.

As mentioned above, the composite value of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer is brought sufficiently close to the ¼ wavelength in the whole visible wavelength range by using the phase plates

1

and

2

having different wavelength dispersion of the retardations, thereby obtaining a display having a high contrast ratio.

EMBODIMENT 3

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 2, the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the liquid crystal layer is set to 200 nm and the retardations at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plates

1

and

2

are set to 386 nm and 333 nm, respectively. The composite value of the retardations of the phase plate

1

, phase plate

2

, and liquid crystal layer when the applied voltage is 1.0V is shown in FIG.

14

.

FIG. 14

is a diagram showing the retardation composite values of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer at the time of the dark display in the embodiment 3 and a ¼ wavelength retardation curve.

The composite value is equal to the ¼ wavelength at the wavelength 550 nm and is close to the ¼ wavelength in other portion of the visible wavelength range (range from 400 nm to 700 nm) and is substantially approximated.

Results when the drive device is incorporated into the liquid crystal display and the applied voltage dependence of the reflectance at 20° C. is measured are shown in FIG.

15

.

FIG. 15

is a diagram showing the applied voltage dependency of the reflectance in the embodiment 3. The reflectance is 0.16% and the contrast ratio is 100:1 when the applied voltage is 1.0V.

As mentioned above, the composite value of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer is brought sufficiently close to the ¼ wavelength in the whole visible wavelength range by using phase plates

1

and

2

having the different wavelength dispersion of retardations, thereby obtaining a display having a high contrast ratio.

In case of the embodiment 3, the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

1

is larger than the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

2

. Although the contrast ratio deteriorates due to temperature change as compared with the embodiments 5, 6, 8, and 9, which will be described later, it is on a no-problematic level as compared with the conventional technique.

EMBODIMENT 4

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 2, display characteristics are measured by changing the temperature from 0° C. to 50° C. The results are shown in FIG.

16

.

FIG. 16

is a diagram showing the temperature dependency of reflectance upon the light display, reflectance upon the dark display, and the contrast ratio in the embodiment 4. Although the contrast ratio deteriorates especially on the high temperature side, display at the high contrast ratio of 70:1 or higher can be obtained in the above temperature range.

EMBODIMENT 5

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1, R

PH1

and R

PH2

are obtained with respect to the cases where (n) in equation 2 is from 4 to 0. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

n

R

PHI

R

PH2

+4

−2767

nm

+3955

nm

+3

−2157

nm

+3069

nm

+2

−1547

nm

+2184

nm

+1

−937

nm

+1299

nm

0

−326

nm

+414

nm

−1

+284

nm

−471

nm

−2

+894

nm

−1357

nm

−3

+1504

nm

−2242

nm

−4

+2115

nM

−3127

nm

In any case, the sign of P

Ph1

is − and the sign of R

PH2

is +. The absolute value of R

PH2

is larger than the absolute value of R

PH1

.

When the liquid crystal display of the invention is designed in such a manner that a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is steeper than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

1

, a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is flatter than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

2

, and (n) in the equation 2 is 0 or larger, the phase plate

1

is arranged so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plate

2

is set so that the delay axis is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. When the retardation of the phase plate

2

is set so as to be larger than that of the phase plate

1

, a display having a high contrast ratio can be obtained.

EMBODIMENT 6

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1, RPH

1

and R

PH2

are obtained with respect to the cases where (n) in equation 2 is from −1 to −4. The results are shown in Table 1.

In any case, the sign of R

PH1

is + and the sign of R

PH2

is −. The absolute value of R

PH2

is larger than the absolute value of R

PH1

.

When the liquid crystal display of the invention is designed in such a manner that a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is steeper than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

1

, a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is flatter than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

2

, and (n) in the equation 2 is set to −1 or smaller, the phase plate

1

is arranged so that the delay axis is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plate

2

is set so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. When the retardation of the phase plate

2

is set so as to be larger than that of the phase plate

1

, a display having a high contrast ratio can be obtained.

EMBODIMENT 7

This relates to a case where the polarizing plate is replaced by a polarization beam splitter in the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 1. That is, it relates to a case which is substantially approximated to the retardation curve expressed by the relational expression of (0.5n)λ. When Δnd′(λ) in the equation 8 is set to the wavelength dispersion of the retardation defined by the equation 7 and n=0 (0 wavelength), R

PH1

and R

PH2

are obtained. As shown in Table 2, R

PH1

=−21 nm and R

PH2

=−29 nm.

TABLE 1

n

R

PHI

R

PH2

+4

−2462

nm

+3512

nm

+3

−1852

nm

+2627

nM

+2

−1242

nm

+1742

nm

+1

−631

nm

+856

nm

0

−21

nm

−29

nm

−1

+589

nm

−914

nm

−2

+1199

nm

−1799

nm

−3

+1810

nm

−2684

nm

−4

+3420

nm

−3570

nm

Therefore, the retardations at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plates

1

and

2

are set to 21 nm and 29 nm, respectively, a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is steeper than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

1

, a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is flatter than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

2

, (n) in the equation 7 is set to 0, and the delay axis of each of them is arranged so as to perpendicularly cross the liquid crystal orientation direction.

When the drive device is incorporated in the liquid crystal display and the applied voltage dependency of the reflectance at 20° C. is measured, the reflectance is 0.12% when the applied voltage is 3.0V and the contrast ratio is 100:1 or higher.

As mentioned above, the phase plates

1

and

2

each having a different wavelength dispersion of the retardation are used and the composite value of the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

and the liquid crystal layer is brought sufficiently close to the zero wavelength in the whole visible wavelength range, thereby obtaining a display having a high contrast ratio.

EMBODIMENT 8

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 7, R

PH1

and R

PH2

are obtained with respect to cases where (n) in equation 7 is from 4 to 1. The results are shown in Table 2.

In any case, the sign of R

PH1

is − and the sign of R

PH2

is +. The absolute value of R

PH2

is larger than the absolute value of R

PH2

.

When the liquid crystal display of the invention is designed in such a manner that a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is steeper than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

1

, a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is flatter than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

2

, and (n) in equation 7 is set to 1 or larger, the phase plate

1

is arranged so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plate

2

is arranged so that the delay axis is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. When the retardation of the phase plate

2

is set so as to be larger than that of the phase plate

1

, a display having a high contrast ratio can be obtained.

EMBODIMENT 9

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 7, R

PH1

and R

PH2

are obtained with respect to cases where (n) in equation 7 is from −1 to −4. The results are shown in Table 2.

In any case, the sign of R

PH1

is + and the sign of R

PH2

is The absolute value of R

PH2

is larger than the absolute value of R

PH1

′

Therefore, when the liquid crystal display of the invention is designed in such a manner that a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is steeper than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

1

, a phase plate in which the gradient of the wavelength dispersion of the retardation is flatter than that of the liquid crystal layer is used as the phase plate

2

, and (n) in equation 7 is set to −1 or smaller, the phase plate

1

is arranged so that the delay axis is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plate

2

is arranged so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer. When the retardation of the phase plate

2

is set so as to be larger than that of the phase plate

1

, a display having a high contrast ratio can be obtained.

Example for Comparison

In the liquid crystal display of the embodiment 2, the phase plate

2

is eliminated and the retardation at the wavelength 550 (nm) of the phase plate

1

is set to 174 nm. A composite value of retardations of the phase plate

1

and the liquid crystal layer when the applied voltage is 3.0V is shown in FIG.

17

. The composite value is equal to the ¼ wavelength at the wavelength 550 nm, but is very far from the ¼ wavelength in the other portion of the visible wavelength range.

The drive device is incorporated in the liquid crystal display and the applied voltage dependency of the reflectance at 20° C. is measured. The results are shown in FIG.

18

. The reflectance is 1.05% when the applied voltage is 3.0V and the contrast ratio is 28:1.

As mentioned above, if only one phase plate is used, the composite value of the retardations cannot be brought sufficiently close to the ¼ wavelength in the whole visible wavelength range and a display having a high contrast ratio cannot be obtained.

According to the embodiments of the invention, the composite value of the retardations of the liquid crystal layer and the phase plates

1

and

2

is brought close to the ¼ wavelength for the whole visible wavelength range and a display having a high contrast ratio can be obtained. Consequently, a reflection-type liquid crystal display having a high contrast ratio and high aperture ratio can be obtained.

The liquid crystal layer of the embodiment has a “layer construction having a homogeneous orientation”. However, even when using “a layer structure having a twist”, similar effects can be obtained by determining the delay axis of the phase plate and the transmission axis of the polarizing plate by using the orientation direction of the liquid crystal layer on the side near the polarizing plate as a reference.

The phase plate and the polarizing plate need not be made of an organic high polymer film. Similar effects can be also obtained by using a phase plate and a polarizing plate made of an inorganic material. Further, similar effects can be also obtained by using a polysilicon TFT or an MOS as the active element.

Now, a liquid crystal display element to be used for a projection-type liquid crystal display, and particularly, a method of controlling retardation wavelength dispersion of a reflection plate built-in type liquid crystal display element using a double refraction mode will be described.

First, a reason why a display is colored at low contrast in a conventional projection-type liquid crystal display will be considered. In the projection-type liquid crystal display, a transmission component (linear polarization) is selected from light source light by using a polarization beam splitter. Reflectance R(λ) of the light having the wavelength of λ in this case is expressed by the following equation.

R(λ)=0.25 (1−cos (δ(λ))) (12)

When a composite value of a retardation of the liquid crystal layer and that of the phase plate is set to Δnd

to

(λ), δ(λ) is expressed by the following equation.

δ(λ)=2π×2Δnd

to

(λ)/λ (13)

In equation 13, the “2” before Δnd

to

(λ) denotes that the light is reflected by the reflection plate and passes the phase plate and the liquid crystal layer twice. In order to obtain a high contrast when R(λ)=0, the following equation has to be satisfied for the whole visible wavelength range.

Δnd

to

(λ)=0.5n λ (14)

where, n is an integer. When equation 14 is plotted with respect to cases where n=−2, −1, 0, 1, and 2, the equation 14 shows a linear line, as shown in

FIG. 20

, in the cases where n is any one of them. When n≧0, (n) monotonously increases with the wavelength. In case of n<0, it monotonously decreases with the wavelength. On the contrary, the retardations of the phase plate and the liquid crystal layer are quite different from those in FIG.

20

and downwardly convexed curves as shown in

FIG. 21

, and monotonously decrease with the wavelength.

The case of n=0 is taken as an example, where an attempt is made to bring Δnd

to

(λ) close to the equation 14 over the whole visible wavelength range by optimizing the retardations of the phase plate and the liquid crystal layer and the laminating method. Equation 15 shows Δnd

to

(λ) of the liquid crystal layer and one phase plate and equation 16 shows Δnd

tot

(λ) of the liquid crystal layer and two phase plates.

Δnd

to

(λ)=Δnd

LC

(λ)±Δnd

PH

(λ) (15)

Δnd

to

(λ)=Δnd

LC

(λ)±Δnd

PH1

(λ)±Δnd

PH2

(λ) (16)

Δnd

LC

(λ) denotes the retardation of the liquid crystal layer. Δnd

PH

(λ), Δnd

PH1

(λ), and Δnd

PH2

(λ) are retardations of the phase plates. The double signs in equations 15 and 16 are not sequential. When the delay axis of the phase plate is in parallel with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal, the sign is +. When the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the orientation direction, the sign is −. An example of Δnd

to

(λ) of the liquid crystal layer and one phase plate is shown in FIG.

22

. Δnd

LC

(λ) and Δnd

PH

(λ) are determined so that Δnd

to

(λ) coincides with the equation 14 at the wavelength 550 nm. Although a retardation which monotonously increases with the wavelength is obtained, it becomes close to the equation 14 only around the wavelength of 550 nm. An example of Δnd

to

(λ) of the liquid crystal layer and one phase layer is shown in FIG.

23

. Although it becomes an extremely close line which coincides at the wavelength 550 nm, it becomes close to the equation 14 only around the wavelength of 550 nm.

A reflection spectrum of the dark display obtained by the retardation wavelength dispersion of the equation 16 is shown in FIG.

24

. Although the reflectance is sufficiently reduced around the wavelength 550 nm at which the retardation composite value is close to equation 14, the reflectance is not sufficiently reduced except for the above. Therefore, high contrast cannot be obtained. Since the reflection spectrum of the black display is not flat, black is colored in the display. Since the display colors continuously change on color coordinates, a gray display near a black display is also colored. The retardation wavelength dispersion of each of the phase plate and the single polarizing plate always shows a downwardly convexed curve. Consequently, even when the number of phase plates is increased to three or more, the retardation wavelength dispersion always shows an upwardly convexed curve and the result is the same as the case of two phase plates. As mentioned above, the low contrast and color display of the conventional projection-type liquid crystal display occur because the retardation wavelength dispersion necessary for the dark display cannot be principally realized for the whole visible region.

Consequently, R, G, B colors are displayed by different liquid crystal display elements and they are optically added, thereby obtaining a color display. Wavelength ranges of lights transmitting the liquid crystal display elements are different. The width of the wavelength range is narrowed to about ⅓ of the whole visible wavelength range. Therefore, retardations of the phase plates of the liquid crystal display elements are set to be different values so that equation 14 is satisfied at the central wavelength of each color. A composite value of the retardations at this time is an overlap of three retardations of different wavelengths (wavelengths of R, G, and B colors) as shown in

FIG. 19

, which are close to 0.5λ. Since the reflectance of the black display is reduced for the whole visible wavelength, a high contrast can be obtained. The reflectance spectrum obtained at this time is almost flat for the whole visible wavelength range since the retardations of the three wavelengths which are close to 0.5λ become minimum as shown in FIG.

25

. The black display is consequently made colorless and a gray display near the black display is also made almost colorless.

The projection type liquid crystal display according to various embodiments of the invention will be described more in detail and specifically with reference to the accompanying drawings.

EMBODIMENT 10

Arrangement of a light source, an optical system, and liquid crystal display elements in the projection-type liquid crystal display of the invention are shown in

FIG. 26. A

light source LS is a metal halide lamp for projecting a light source light on a dichroic mirror DC 1 by using a group CL of condenser lenses. The light source light is dispersed by the dichroic mirror DC into the three colors of R, G, and B which are directed to different liquid crystal display elements LCR, LCG, and LCB via a respective polarization beam splitter PLS. The wavelength ranges of the lights entering the liquid crystal display elements LCR, LCG, and LCB are from 600 nm to 700 nm, from 500 nm to 600 nm, and from 400 nm to 500 nm, respectively. The reflection lights of the liquid crystal display elements LCR, LCG, and LCB are synthesized by the dichroic mirror DC 2, thereby producing the color display. The color display is projected onto a screen SL using the group PL of projection lenses.

The constructions of the liquid crystal display elements LCR, LCG, and LCB are the same except for phase plates

1

and

2

which will be described later. A cross section of the liquid crystal display element is shown in

FIG. 27. A

pixel is constructed by a pixel electrode AL, which also serves as a reflection plate. The pixel electrode AL is connected to a wiring layer LI and an MOS by through holes. An orientation film OL is formed on the pixel electrode AL. An upper substrate has a transparent electrode LI and the orientation film OL. The phase plate

1

and the phase plate

2

are laminated on the upper substrate.

A fluoro nematic liquid crystal material is used for a liquid crystal layer. The double refraction at 20° C. is 0.083. The thickness of the liquid crystal layer is 2.4 μm. A retardation of the liquid crystal layer when no voltage is applied is set to 200 nm. The orientation of the liquid crystal layer is set as a homogeneous orientation and pre-tilt angle is set to 4°.

A phase plate made of polyvinyl alcohol and a phase plate made of polysulfone are used for the phase plate

1

and the phase plate

2

, respectively.

FIG. 21

shows wavelength dispersion of each of the retardations of the polyvinyl alcohol phase plate, polysulfone phase plate, and liquid crystal material fluoro nematic liquid crystal material. The axis of ordinates of

FIG. 21

shows retardations standardized by a value of wavelength 550 nm. All of them show downwardly convexed curves which monotonously decrease as the wavelength increases.

Retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

laminated on each of the LCR, LCG, and LCB are determined as shown below. First, the wavelength 650 nm is set as a reference in the LCR. The wavelength 550 nm is set as a reference in the LCG. The wavelength 450 nm is set as a reference in the LCB. Each of those wavelengths is the central wavelength of the wavelength range of the light entering each liquid crystal display element. The voltage at the time of the dark display is set to 3V. The retardation of the liquid crystal layer when 3V is applied is 38 nm in the LCR, 40 nm in the LCG, and 42 nm in the LCB.

With respect to the LCR, the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

are determined so that equation 17 becomes a minimum.

Σ(0.5λ−Δnd

to

(λ))

2

(17)

Δnd

to

(λ)=Δnd

LC

(λ)±R

PH1

ΔndR

PH1′

(λ)±R

PH2

ΔndR

PH2′

(λ) (18)

0.5λ in equation 17 is one of the conditions to obtain the dark display and corresponds to a case where n=1 in equation 14. R

PH1

and R

PH2

in equation 18 are retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

, which are to be obtained. Δnd

PH1

′(λ), Δnd

PH2

′(λ) are retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

, which are standardized by the wavelength of 650 nm.

Δnd

LC

(λ) is a retardation of the liquid crystal layer in the wavelength and is equal to 38 nm on the wavelength 650 nm as mentioned above. Equation 17 obtains the sum of values on the wavelengths 600 nm, 610 nm, 620 nm, 630 nm, 640 nm, 650 nm, 660 nm, 670 nm, 680 nm, 690 nm, and 700 nm. As a result, R

PH1

=1233 nm and RPH

2

=−946 nm are obtained.

Since the sign of R

PH1

is positive, the phase plate

1

is laminated so that the delay axis is in parallel with the liquid crystal orientation direction. Since the sign of R

PH2

is negative, the phase plate

2

is laminated so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the liquid crystal orientation direction.

Similarly, the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

to be laminated on each of the LCG and LCS are determined. In the LCG, Δnd

PH1

′(λ) and Δnd

PH2

′(λ) are set to retardations standardized by the wavelength 550 nm. Equation 17 obtains the sum of values on the wavelengths 500 nm, 510 nm, 520 nm, 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm, 560 nm, 570 nm, 580 nm, 590 nm, and 600 nm. As a result, R

PH1

=862 nm and R

PH2

=−627 nm are obtained. In the LCB, Δnd

PH1

′(λ) and Δnd

PH2

′(λ) are set to retardations standardized by the wavelength 450 nm. The expression 6 obtains the sum of values on the wavelengths 400 nm, 410 nm, 420 nm, 430 nm, 440 nm, 450 nm, 460 nm, 470 nm, 480 nm, 490 nm, and 500 nm. As a result, R

PH1

=554 nm and R

PH2

=−371 nm are obtained. Since the signs of the R

PH1

′ and R

PH2

of the LCG and LCB are equal to those of the LCR, the method of laminating the phase plates

1

and

2

on each of the LCG and LCB is set to the same as that of the LCR.

FIG. 28

shows a retardation composite value of the liquid crystal layer, phase plate

1

, and phase plate

2

at the time of the dark display (when 3V is applied) of the LCR, LCG, and LCB. The lights of the wavelength ranges from 600 nm to 700 nm, from 500 nm to 600 nm, and from 400 nm to 500 nm mainly enter the LCR, LCG, and LCB, respectively. Therefore, in

FIG. 28

, values of the LCR are shown in the wavelength range from 600 nm to 700 nm, values of the LCG are shown in the wavelength range from 500 nm to 600 nm, and values of the LCB are shown in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 500 nm. Since the retardation composite value is brought close to 0.5λ by the three wavelengths (650 nm, 550 nm, and 450 nm), it is close to 0.5λ in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 700 nm. The LCR, LCG, and LCB formed as mentioned above are assembled in the projection-type display and display characteristics were evaluated. The measurement was performed in a dark room in order to eliminate the influence by external lights. The same voltage was applied to the LCR, LCG, and LCB, the display was projected onto a screen which is 2 m away, and the brightness and hue were measured. Applied voltage dependency of the screen brightness is shown in FIG.

29

. The minimum value 1.9 cd/m

2

was obtained at the applied voltage of 3.0V and the maximum value 250 cd/m

2

was obtained at the applied voltage of 1.2V. The contrast ratio was 130:1.

FIG. 30

shows that the applied voltage dependency of the hue is plotted to the UCS color coordinate system. The hue of the display is distributed near a C light source between the maximum and minimum values of the screen brightness and colors are almost achromatic. Even in a most colored case, the distance from the C light source is 0.03.

As mentioned above, by setting the different retardations of the phase plates of the three liquid crystal display elements to different values in accordance with the wavelengths of the lights entering, an achromatic display having a high contrast was realized.

EMBODIMENT 11

In the projection-type liquid crystal display of the embodiment 10, the retardations of the phase plates are newly set by setting the voltage at the time of the dark display to 1V.

The retardations of the liquid crystal layer when 1V is applied is 189 nm in the LCR, 195 nm in the LCG, and 205 nm in the LCB. Δnd

LC

(λ) in equation 17 is set to 189 nm at the wavelength 650 nm and Δnd

PH1

′(λ) and Δnd

PH

′(λ) are set to retardations standardized by the wavelength 650 nm, thereby obtaining R

PH1

and R

PH2

of the LCR. Similarly, the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

laminated on each of the LCG and LCB are determined. As a result, R

PH1

=1137 nm and R

PH2

=−996 nm in the LCR. R

PH1

=776 nm and R

PH2

=−691 nm in the LCG. R

PH1

=465 nm and R

PH2

=−440 nm in the LCB.

The LCR, LCG, and LCB formed as mentioned above are assembled in the projection-type display and the display characteristics were evaluated. The minimum value 2.1 cd/m

2

was obtained at the applied voltage 1.0V and the maximum value 255 cd/m2 was derived at the applied voltage 2.3V. The contrast ratio was 121:1. The hue of the display was distributed near the C light source between the maximum and minimum values of the screen brightness and colors were almost achromatic. Even in the most colored case, the distance from the C light source was 0.03.

As mentioned above, by setting the retardations of the phase plates of the three liquid crystal display elements to different values in accordance with the wavelengths of the lights entering, an achromatic display having a high contrast can be realized.

EMBODIMENT 12

In the projection-type display of the embodiment 10, the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

are obtained by changing equation 17 to the following expression.

Σ(−0.5λ−Δnd

to

(λ))

2

(19)

−0.5λ in the expression 8 corresponds to a case where n=−1 in equation 19. R

PH1

=−1283 nm and R

PH2

=920 nm in the LCR. R

PH1

=−908 nm and R

PH2

32 593 nm in the LCG. R

PH1

=−601 nm and R

PH2

=334 nm in the LCB

The sign of R

PH1

is negative and the sign of R

PH2

is positive in any of the LCR, LCG, and LCB. Therefore, the phase plate

1

is laminated so that the delay axis perpendicularly crosses the liquid crystal orientation direction and the phase plate

2

is laminated so that the delay axis is in parallel with the liquid crystal orientation direction in each of the LCR, LCG, and LCB.

The LCR, LCG, and LCB formed as mentioned above are assembled in the projection-type display and the display characteristics were evaluated. The minimum value 2.0 cd/m

2

was obtained at the applied voltage 3.0V and the maximum value 249 cd/m

2

was derived at the applied voltage 1.3V. The contrast ratio was 125:1. The hue of the display is distributed near the C light source between the maximum and minimum values of the screen brightness and colors are almost achromatic. Even in the most colored case, the distance from the C light source was 0.03.

As mentioned above, by setting the retardations of the phase plates of the three liquid crystal display elements to different values, respectively, in accordance with the wavelengths of the lights entering, an achromic display having a high contract can be realized.

Example for Comparison

In the projection-type display of the embodiment 10, the retardations of the phase plates

1

and

2

of each of the LCR and LCB are set to be equal to those of the LCG. That is, the retardations of the phase plates in all of the liquid crystal display elements used for the projection-type display are set to be equal.

FIG. 33

shows composite values at the time of the dark display. Although the composite values are close to 0.5λ near the wavelength 550 nm, they are largely apart from 0.5λ on both ends of the visible wavelength range.

FIG. 31

shows the applied voltage dependency of the screen brightness. The minimum value 5.2 cd/m

2

was obtained at the applied voltage 3.0v and the maximum value 240 cd/m

2

was derived at the applied voltage 1.2V. The contrast ratio was 46:1.

FIG. 32

shows that the applied voltage dependency of the hue is plotted to the UCS color coordinate system. Although the hue of the display approaches the C light source once between the maximum and minimum values of the screen brightness, it is largely apart at the minimum value. The distance from the C light source at the minimum value of the reflectance is 0.08 and gray at the time of the dark display and on the low luminance side is colored as purple.

As mentioned above, if the retardations of the phase plates of the three liquid crystal display elements are set to the same value without considering the wavelengths of the entering lights, the composite value of the retardations is not adapted to the condition of equation 14 except at one point in the visible wavelength range. Therefore, the light is transmitted on both sides of the visible wavelength range even at the time of dark display and the dark display is colored as purple. As a result, the contrast ratio deteriorates and gray at the time of the dark display and on the low luminance side is colored.

According to the embodiments of the invention as described above, a projection-type liquid crystal display which can display in achromatic colors with a high contrast can be obtained. Although the layer construction of the liquid crystal layer was described as having a homogeneous orientation, the invention is not limited to such an orientation. Even if a layer construction having a torsion is used, by determining the delay axis of the phase plate and the transmission axis of the polarizing plate by using the orientation direction of the liquid crystal adjacent to the polarizing plate as a reference, similar effects also can be obtained. The phase plate and the polarizing plate are not limited to the use of organic high polymer films. By using phase and polarizing plates made of an inorganic material, similar effects also can be obtained.

Number	Date	Country	Kind
8-107315	Apr 1996	JP
8-172049	Jul 1996	JP

Number	Name	Date	Kind
5150235	Haim et al.	Sep 1992	A
5157523	Yamagishi et al.	Oct 1992	A
5490006	Masumoto et al.	Feb 1996	A
5699137	Kishimoto et al.	Dec 1997	A

Number	Date	Country
0 544 015	Jun 1993	EP
0 699 938	Mar 1996	EP
64-7021	Jan 1989	JP
3-13916	Jan 1991	JP
3-263013	Nov 1991	JP
4-44006	Feb 1992	JP
8-36174	Feb 1996	JP

Liquid crystal display

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CPC

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