Patent Grant
10650765
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a system for performing light irradiation in a desired pattern in front of an own vehicle for example, and a liquid crystal element suitable for use in the apparatus and the system.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-183327 discloses a vehicular lamp comprising a light emitting part 11 including at least one LED 11a and a light shielding part 12 where a part of the light irradiated forward from the light emitting part is shielded forming a cutoff line suited for a light distribution pattern of the vehicular lamp. The light shielding part 12 consists of an electro-optical element having a dimming function and a control part 14 which performs light dimming control of the electro-optical element. The control part selectively performs a light dimming control by electrically switching the electro-optical element, thereby changing the shape of the light distribution pattern. A liquid crystal element is used as the electro-optical element, for example.
In the vehicular lamp as described above, the electro-optical element such as a liquid crystal element or the like is configured to have a plurality of pixel electrodes in order to achieve selective dimming. These pixel electrodes are separated from one another so as to be able to apply voltages individually, and a gap is provided between each of the pixel electrodes for electrical insulation. Here, the gap between the pixel electrodes is approximately 10 μm although it varies depending on the required forming precision. Further, in the case where three or more rows of pixel electrodes are provided, since it is necessary to extend a wiring part between the pixel electrodes for applying voltage to each pixel electrode in the middle row, the gap between the pixel electrodes eventually becomes larger. The gap between the pixel electrodes is a portion that does not contribute to the image formation and becomes a factor for generating a dark line in the light distribution pattern. In a vehicular lamp, since the image formed by the electro-optical element (the image corresponding to the light distribution pattern) is enlarged by the lens or the like and projected to the front of the own vehicle, the dark line as described above is also enlarged causing it to become conspicuous, thereby resulting in poor appearance in the light distribution pattern which is a disadvantage.
To overcome this disadvantage, narrowing the gap between the pixel electrodes may be considered. However, this option is not preferable because this would increase manufacturing cost and is likely to cause troubles such as a short circuit between the pixel electrodes. Further, to overcome this disadvantage, thinning the wiring part extended between the pixel electrodes may be considered. However, this option is not preferable because the increase in the resistance of the wiring part makes it difficult to apply necessary and sufficient voltage to the pixel electrode and disconnection occurrence probability increases due to the thinning of the wiring part. Here, such disadvantages are not limited to a vehicle lamp and is likely to occur in a lighting apparatus in general that controls light distribution patterns using a liquid crystal element or the like.
In a specific aspect, it is an object of the present invention to provide a technique capable of improving the appearance of a light distribution pattern in a lighting apparatus that controls the light distribution pattern using liquid crystal elements or the like.
[1] A liquid crystal element according to one aspect of the present invention includes (a) a first substrate and a second substrate disposed facing each other, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, where (b) the first substrate has a counter electrode provided on its one surface side, where (c) the second substrate includes a plurality of inter-pixel electrodes and a plurality of wiring parts provided on its one surface side, an insulating layer provided above the plurality of inter-pixel electrodes and the plurality of wiring parts, and a plurality of pixel electrodes provided above the insulating layer, where (d) the plurality of pixel electrodes is arranged along a first direction and a second direction intersecting the first direction in plan view, where (e) each of the plurality of inter-pixel electrodes is arranged, in plan view, so as to at least overlap with a gap between the two pixel electrodes adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of pixel electrodes, and is connected to one of the two pixel electrodes through a through hole provided in the insulating layer, and where (f) each of the plurality of wiring parts is connected to one of the plurality of inter-pixel electrodes and is arranged on the lower layer side of the plurality of pixel electrodes.
[2] A lighting apparatus according to one aspect of the present invention is (a) a lighting apparatus capable of variably setting a light distribution pattern including (b) a light source; (c) a liquid crystal element for forming an image corresponding to the light distribution pattern using light from the light source, and (d) an optical system for projecting the image formed by the liquid crystal element, where (e) the liquid crystal element described in the above-stated paragraph [1] is used as the liquid crystal element.
According to each of the configurations described above, it is possible to improve the appearance of a light distribution pattern in a lighting apparatus that controls the light distribution pattern using liquid crystal elements or the like.
The light source 1 includes, for example, a white light LED configured by combining a yellow phosphor in a light emitting element (LED) that emits blue light. The light source 1 includes, for example, a plurality of white light LED arranged in a matrix or in a line. Here, instead of the above-stated LED, light source commonly used in a lamp unit for vehicles such as a laser, a light bulb or a discharge lamp can be used for the light source 1. The on/off state of the light source 1 is controlled by a control device 3. The light emitted from the light source 1 is made incident on the liquid crystal element 5 (the liquid crystal panel) via the polarizer 6a. Note that another optical system, for example, a lens, a reflecting mirror, or a combination thereof, may exist on the path from the light source 1 to the liquid crystal element 5.
The camera 2 is for photographing the front of its own vehicle and outputting its image (information), and is installed at a predetermined position (for example, the upper portion of the front windshield) inside the vehicle. Here, note that if the own vehicle is equipped with a camera for other purposes (for example, an automatic braking system or the like), the camera may be shared.
The control device 3 detects the position of the forward vehicle or the like by performing image processing based on the image obtained by the camera 2 photographing the front of the vehicle. The control device 3 then sets a light distribution pattern where the the position (area) of the detected forward vehicle or the like is defined as the non-irradiation range and the remaining area is defined as the irradiation range. The control device 3 then generates a control signal for forming an image corresponding to the light distribution pattern and supplies it to the liquid crystal driving device 4. The control device 3 carries out a predetermined operation program in a computer system comprising a CPU, ROM, RAM and the like, for example.
The liquid crystal driving device 4 supplies a driving voltage to the liquid crystal element 5 based on the control signal supplied from the control device 3, thereby individually controlling the alignment state of the liquid crystal layer in each pixel region of the liquid crystal element 5.
The liquid crystal element 5 has, for example, a plurality of individually controllable pixel regions (light modulating regions), and the transmittance of each pixel region is variably set according to the magnitude of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer provided by the liquid crystal driving device 4. By transmitting light from the light source 1 to the liquid crystal element 5, the image having brightness and darkness corresponding to the light irradiation range and the non-irradiation range described above is formed. For example, the liquid crystal element 5 is provided with a vertical alignment type liquid crystal layer and is disposed between the pair of polarizers 6a and 6b arranged in crossed Nicol arrangement. The liquid crystal element 5 is set in a state in which the light transmittance is extremely low (light shielding state) when the voltage to the liquid crystal layer is not applied (or a voltage is equal to or lower than a threshold value) and is set in a state in which the light transmittance is relatively high (transmission state) when the voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer.
The polarizing axes of the pair of polarizers 6a and 6b are substantially orthogonal to each other, for example, and are arranged to face each other with the liquid crystal element 5 interposed therebetween. In this embodiment, the liquid crystal element is assumed to be set in a state where light is shielded (the light transmittance is extremely low) when no voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, which is so-called a normally black mode type liquid crystal element. For each of the polarizers 6a and 6b, an absorptive polarizer made of a general organic material (iodine type, dye type) can be used, for example. Further, if heat resistance is highly desired, it is also preferable to use a wire grid polarizer. A wire grid polarizer is a polarizer in which ultra thin lines (wires) made of metal such as aluminum are arranged in an array. Further, an absorptive polarizer and a wire grid polarizer may be stacked and used.
The projection lens 7 enlarges the image formed by the light transmitted through the liquid crystal element 5 (the image having light and dark portions each corresponding to the light irradiation range and the non-irradiation range) so as to provide light distribution suited for a headlight and projects the image forward of the own vehicle, and a suitably designed lens is used in the system to achieve its purpose. In this embodiment, a projector lens which forms an inverted image is used.
Each of the upper substrate 11 and the lower substrate 12 is a rectangular substrate in a plan view and are arranged to face each other. As each substrate, for example, a transparent substrate such as a glass substrate, a plastic substrate or the like can be used. A plurality of spacers is dispersed uniformly and arranged between the upper substrate 11 and the lower substrate 12, for example, and as a result of these spacers, a predetermined gap (approximately a few μm, for example) is maintained between the two substrates.
The common electrode 13 is provided on one surface side of the upper substrate 11. The common electrode 13 is integrally provided so as to face each pixel electrode 14 of the lower substrate 12. The common electrode 13 is configured, for example, by suitably patterning a transparent conductive film made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or the like.
The plurality of pixel electrodes 14 (14a, 14b, 14c) is provided on one surface side of the lower substrate 12 and on the upper side of the insulating layer 17. These pixel electrodes 14 (14a, 14b, 14c) are configured, for example, by suitably patterning a transparent conductive films made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or the like. As shown in
The plurality of inter-pixel electrodes 15 (15a, 15b, 15c) is provided on one surface side of the lower substrate 12 and on the lower layer side of the insulating layer 17. These inter-pixel electrodes 15 (15a, 15b, 15c) are configured, for example, by suitably patterning a transparent conductive films made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or the like. As shown in
The plurality of wiring parts 16 (16a, 16b, 16C) is provided on one surface side of the lower substrate 12 and on the lower layer side of the insulating layer 17. These wiring parts 16 (16a, 16b, 16C) are configured, for example, by suitably patterning a transparent conductive films made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or the like. A voltage is applied from the liquid crystal driving device 4 to each of the pixel electrodes 14 (14a, 14b, 14c) via each of the wiring parts 16 (16a, 16b, 16C).
The insulating layer 17 is provided on one surface side of the lower substrate 12 so as to cover the upper side of the inter-pixel electrodes 15 (15a, 15b, 15c) and the wiring parts 16 (16a, 16b, 16C). The insulating layer 17 is, for example, a SiO2 film or a SiON film and can be formed by a gas phase process such as a sputtering method or a solution process. An organic insulating film may also be used for the insulating layer 17.
The liquid crystal layer 18 is provided between the upper substrate 11 and the lower substrate 12. In the present embodiment, the liquid crystal layer 18 is formed using a nematic liquid crystal material having a negative dielectric anisotropy Δ≥, including a chiral material and having fluidity. In the liquid crystal layer 18 of this embodiment, the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules when no voltage is applied is in a state inclined in one direction, and has a pretilt angle within the range of 88° or more and less than 90° with respect to each substrate surface and are set to be substantially vertically aligned, for example.
As described above, an alignment film is provided on one surface side of the upper substrate 11 and the lower substrate 12, respectively. As each of the alignment films, a vertical alignment film that regulates the alignment of the liquid crystal layer 18 vertically is used. Each alignment film is subjected to a uniaxial alignment treatment such as a rubbing treatment and has a uniaxial alignment regulating force that regulates the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 18 in one direction. The alignment treatment direction of the respective alignment films is set so as to be staggered (anti-parallel), for example.
The liquid crystal element 5 of the present embodiment has several tens of pixel regions to several hundreds of pixel regions defined as regions where the common electrode 13 and each pixel electrode 14 (14a, 14b, 14c) overlap in plan view, and these pixel regions are arranged in a matrix. In this embodiment, although the shape of each pixel region is a square, the shape of the pixel regions can be arbitrarily set, such as a mixture of rectangular shapes and squares, for example. The common electrode 13, the pixel electrodes 14 (14a, 14b, 14c), and the inter-pixel electrodes 15 (15a, 15b, 15c) are connected to the liquid crystal driving device 4 via the respective wiring parts 16 (16a, 16b, 16C), etc., and are statically driven.
Referring again to
Each pixel electrode 14a is connected to the inter-pixel electrode 15a and the wiring part 16a on the lower layer side via a through hole 19 provided in the insulating layer 17. Thus, the pixel electrode 14a, the inter-pixel electrode 15a, and the wiring part 16a have the same electrical potential. Each through hole 19 has a substantially triangular outer edge shape in plan view, and corresponds to one of the four corners (top left corner in the figure) of each pixel electrode 14a. And each pixel electrode 14a has a connecting part 20a formed along the wall surface of the through hole 19. The connecting part 20a is connected to the inter-pixel electrode 15a and the portion of the wiring part 16a exposed at the bottom of the through hole 19 on the lower layer side.
Similarly, each pixel electrode 14b has a connecting part 20b formed along the wall surface of the through hole 19, and is connected to the inter-pixel electrode 15b and the wiring part 16b on the lower layer side. Thus, the pixel electrode 14b, the inter-pixel electrode 15b, and the wiring part 16b have the same electrical potential. Similarly, each pixel electrode 14c has a connecting part 20c formed along the wall surface of the through hole 19, and is connected to the inter-pixel electrode 15c and the wiring part 16c on the lower layer side. Thus, the pixel electrode 14c, the inter-pixel electrode 15c, and the wiring part 16c have the same electrical potential.
Each of the inter-pixel electrodes 15a is disposed, in plan view, so as to fill the space between the two adjacent pixel electrodes 14a in the x direction. In the present embodiment, each of the inter-pixel electrodes 15a is disposed so that its own left outer edge in plan view and the right outer edge of the pixel electrode 14a arranged on the left side thereof are substantially at the same position in the vertical direction.
Further, each of the inter-pixel electrodes 15a is disposed, in plan view, so that a partial region (first region) 115a located inward from its own right edge partly overlaps with a part of the region in the vicinity of the left outer edge of the pixel electrode 14a arranged on the right side thereof. In these partial regions 115a, an oblique electric field is prevented from occurring in the vicinity of the left outer edge of the pixel electrode 14a in the figure thereby achieving the effect of suppressing the occurrence of dark region. Thus, it is preferable that the length of each partial region 115a in the y direction is set as large as possible, and thus, in the present embodiment, the length of the partial region 115a in the y direction is set to be substantially the same as the length of the corresponding pixel electrode 14a in the y direction.
Similarly, each of the inter-pixel electrodes 15b is disposed, in plan view, between two adjacent pixel electrodes 14b arranged in the x direction, and a partial region (first region) 115b partially overlaps with the pixel electrode 14b on the right side thereof. Similarly, each of the inter-pixel electrodes 15c is disposed, in plan view, between two adjacent pixel electrodes 14c arranged in the x direction, and a partial region (first region) 115c partially overlaps with the pixel electrode 14c on the right side thereof.
Here, in the figure, the lower end portions of the inter-pixel electrodes 15a, 15b, 15c are drawn so as to protrude slightly downward from the lower end portions of the respective pixel electrodes 14a, 14b, 14c, but the lower end portions may actually be aligned.
Each wiring part 16a is connected to one of the inter-pixel electrodes 15a and extends upward in the figure. In the present embodiment, each wiring part 16a is integrally formed with the corresponding inter-pixel electrode 15a sharing the same width. Each wiring part 16a is connected to the liquid crystal driving device 4.
Each wiring part 16b is connected to one of the inter-pixel electrodes 15b and extends upward in the figure. Each wiring part 16b is connected to the liquid crystal driving device 4. In the present embodiment, each wiring part 16b has, in plan view, (i) a partial region (second region) 116b partially overlapping the pixel electrode 14b adjacent in the x direction with respect to the inter-pixel electrode 15b connected to the wiring part 16b, (ii) a partial region (third region) 216b disposed between the pixel electrode 14b and the pixel electrode 14a adjacent thereto in the y direction, and (iii) a partial region 316b overlapping with the pixel electrode 14a. The partial regions 116b, 216b, 316b are integrally formed.
Each partial region 116b of each wiring part 16b has an effect of suppressing the occurrence of a dark region near the upper outer edge of the pixel electrode 14b in the figure, similar to the partial region 115b described above. Thus, it is preferable that the width of each partial region 116b in the x direction is set as wide as possible, and it is preferable to have a width of 50% or more with respect to the width of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14a or 14b, for example. In the illustrated example, the width of each partial region 216b is about 70% of the width of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14a or 14b.
Each partial region 216b of each wiring part 16b also functions as an inter-pixel electrode arranged between the two adjacent pixel electrodes 14a and 14b in the y direction. Thus, it is preferable that the x direction length of each partial region 216b is set as wide as possible, and it is preferable to have a length of 50% or more with respect to the length of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14a or 14b in the x direction, for example. In the illustrated example, the width of each partial region 216b is about 70% of the length of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14a or 14b in the x direction. By providing such a partial region 216b, it is possible to broaden a region substantially functioning as a pixel region.
Each wiring part 16c is connected to one of the inter-pixel electrodes 15c and extends upward in the figure. Each wiring part 16c is connected to the liquid crystal driving device 4. In the present embodiment, each wiring part 16c has, in plan view, (i) a partial region (a second region) 116c partially overlapping the pixel electrode 14c adjacent in the x direction with respect to the inter-pixel electrode 15c connected to the wiring part 16c, (ii) a partial region (a third region) 216c disposed between the pixel electrode 14c and the pixel electrode 14b adjacent thereto in they direction, (iii) a partial region 316c disposed to overlap with the pixel electrode 14b and interposing the insulating layer 17 therebetween, (iv) a partial region 416c disposed to overlap with the pixel electrode 14a adjacent to the pixel electrode 14b in the y direction and interposing the insulating layer 17 therebetween, and (v) a connection region 516c connecting the partial region 316c and the partial region 416c disposed between the pixel electrode 14a and the pixel electrode 14b. The partial regions 116c, 216c, 316c, 416c, and the connection region 516c are integrally formed.
Each partial region 116c of each wiring part 16c has an effect of suppressing the occurrence of a dark region near the upper outer edge of the pixel electrode 14c in the figure, similar to the partial region 115c described above. Thus, it is preferable that the length of each partial region 116c in the x direction is set as wide as possible, and for example, it is preferable to have a length of 50% or more with respect to the length of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14b or 14c in the x direction. In the illustrated example, the length of each partial region 116c is about 87% of the length of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14b or 14c in the x direction.
Each partial region 216c of each wiring part 16c also functions as an inter-pixel electrode arranged between the two adjacent pixel electrodes 14b and 14c in the y direction. Thus, it is preferable that the length of each partial region 216c in the x direction is set as wide as possible, and it is preferable to have a length of 50% or more with respect to the length of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14b or 14c in the x direction, for example. In the illustrated example, the length of each partial region 216c is about 87% of the length of the corresponding pixel electrodes 14b or 14c in the x direction. By providing such a partial region 216c, it is possible to widen a region that substantially functions as a pixel region.
In
Here, in the liquid crystal element 5 of the present embodiment, the region in which voltage is applied from the respective pixel electrodes 14 (14a, 14b, 14c) to the liquid crystal layer 18 is defined as the “first region”, and the region in which voltage is applied from the inter-pixel electrode 15 to the liquid crystal layer 18 is defined as the “second region”. And the effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 18 from the first region and the effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 18 from the second region are different from each other. This is due to the difference in the presence or absence of the insulating layer 17. That is, in the second region, since the insulating layer 17 is interposed between the inter-pixel electrode 15 and the liquid crystal layer 18, the applied voltage is divided by the insulating layer 17 and the liquid crystal layer 18. Thus, as for the liquid crystal element 5, it is desirable to use element a or element b shown in
Here, the G value is defined by the following equation (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2017-206094).
G=Log(Eβ−Eβ+0.1°)
Here, Eβ is the light intensity value at the angular position β.
The G value, in the case of the prior art for example, is about 5.7 (when the distance between the pixel electrodes is 20 μm), but in the present embodiment, the G value can be made smaller. The G value is preferably 1 or less.
The difference in the effective applied voltages between the above-described first region and the second region will now be examined. The second region can be regarded as connecting the capacitance component of the liquid crystal layer 18 and the capacitance component of the insulating layer 17 in series. That is, the second region can be regarded as a series connection of two capacitors.
The capacitance component CLC of the liquid crystal layer 18 can be expressed as follows, where the dielectric constant (short axis direction) of the liquid crystal material is defined as εLC, the area of the region is defined as S, and the layer thickness of the liquid crystal layer 18 is defined as dLC. Likewise, the capacitance component Ctop of the insulating layer 17 can be expressed as follows, where the dielectric constant of the insulating layer 17 is defined as εtop, the area of the region is defined as S, and the layer thickness of the insulating layer 17 is defined as dtop.
CLC=εLC×S/dLC
Ctop=εtop×S/dtop
Since the capacitors are connected in series and the electric charge amount Q is the same between the two, the electric charge amount Q can be expressed as follows, where the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer 18 is defined as VLC and the voltage applied to the insulating layer 17 is defined as Vtop.
Q=CLC×VLC
Q=Ctop×Vtop
For example, in a liquid crystal element having a cell thickness of 6 μm, when dLC and εLC of the liquid crystal layer 18 are 5 μm and 8.0, respectively, and dtop and εtop of the insulating layer 17 are 1 μm and 3.44, respectively, each capacitance component is expressed as follows.
CLC=8.0×S/5=1.6×S
Ctop=3.44×S/1=3.44×S
Then, the following is derived.
VLC:Vtop=1/CLC:1/Ctop=1/1.6:1/3.44
Further, the following is derived.
VLC:Vtop=1.96:1
From the above numerical example, the divided voltage ratio of the liquid crystal layer 18 and the insulating layer 17 is 1.96:1 which is approximately 2:1. That is, since the insulating layer 17 does not exist in the first region where the voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer 18 from each pixel electrode 14, the applied voltage basically remains unchanged. However, in the second region where the voltage is applied from the inter-pixel electrode 15, the voltage obtained by dividing the applied voltage by 2:1 is applied to the liquid crystal layer 18. Therefore, in order to prevent a difference in transmittance between the first region and the second region, as described above, it is desirable to use a liquid crystal element having a wide range in which the transmittance can be regarded as substantially constant for the liquid crystal element 5, and to apply a relatively high voltage. For example, when using the liquid crystal element of the characteristic line a (element a) shown in
In other words, it is preferable to configure the liquid crystal element 5 so as to have a transmittance characteristic such that the transmittance due to the voltage divided by the insulating layer 17 and applied to the liquid crystal layer 18 and the transmittance due to the voltage without being divided by the insulating layer 17 and applied to the liquid crystal layer 18 are substantially equal (within a variation range of ±3%, for example).
Specifically, if each of the openings 23 is not provided, when voltage is applied to the pixel electrode 14c and the region is brought into a light transmitting state, since the same voltage is also applied to each of the connecting regions 516c, each of the connecting regions 516c also becomes a light transmitting state. Here, if each region corresponding to the pixel electrode 14a and the pixel electrode 14b is in a non-transmissive state (or a low transmissive state), then it is conceived that the light transmitting state of each of the connecting regions 516c can be visually recognized as a bright spot. Therefore, by providing the openings 23, occurrence of such bright spot can be avoided. Now, since the connection regions 516c are constantly in the non-transmissive state, each of the regions can be visually recognized as a black spot, but since a black spot is less conspicuous than a bright spot considering the characteristics of human eyes, it can be said that having black spots is more preferable than having bright spots. Further, as shown in the figure, since each connection region 516c exists for the purpose of electrically connecting the partial region 316c and the partial region 416c, it can be formed in a relatively small size. Therefore, it is possible to make the black spots hardly visible.
According to each of the embodiments as described above, it is possible to improve the appearance of a light distribution pattern in a vehicular lamp system that controls the light distribution pattern using liquid crystal elements or the like.
It should be noted that this invention is not limited to the subject matter of the foregoing embodiment, and can be implemented by being variously modified within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, in the above-described embodiments, the liquid crystal layer of the liquid crystal element is described as being vertically aligned, but the configuration of the liquid crystal layer is not limited thereto, and other structures (for example, TN alignment) may be implemented. Further, a viewing angle compensating plate may be disposed between the liquid crystal element and the polarizer.
Further, the above-described embodiments refer to applying the present invention to a system that selectively irradiates light to the forward direction of a vehicle, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the present invention may be applied to a system that irradiates light to the obliquely forward direction of the vehicle according to the traveling direction of the vehicle, or a system that adjusts the optical axis of the headlamp according to the inclination in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, or a system that electronically adjusts the high beam and the low beam of the headlamp or the like. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied not only to vehicular applications but also to lighting apparatus in general.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-253741 | Dec 2017 | JP | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040100676 | Fanton et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20050168794 | Fanton et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20070058123 | Um | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20150252974 | Hu | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2005183327 | Jul 2005 | JP |
| 6212218 | Sep 2017 | JP |
| 2015018729 | Feb 2015 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Related U.S. Appl. No. 16/520,393 (Title: “Vehicular Lamp”; First Named Inventor: Yasuo Toko, filed Jul. 24, 2019). |
| Extended European Search Report (EESR) dated Apr. 3, 2019, issued in counterpart European Application No. 18248296.8. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190206350 A1 | Jul 2019 | US |
