Patent Application
20060113508
The present invention relates generally to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), methods of using OLEDs and method of making OLEDs, and more particularly, to (OLEDs) having a certain emitter, methods of using OLEDs having a certain emitter and method of making OLEDs having a certain emitter.
Photoluminescent polarizers may be fabricated by the stretching or by otherwise elongating a photoluminescent polarizer film to align the emitter molecules. Unfortunately, these photoluminescent polarizer films may have a variation in the emitter molecule orientation and may have a relatively low polarization ratio for their emitted light. Furthermore, such stretched films are difficult to pattern. This makes such photoluminescent films neither cost effective nor consistently reproducible. Thus, such photoluminescent polarizer films are often poorly suited to many display applications such as high quality liquid crystal displays. Accordingly, there is a strong need in the art for photoluminescent polarizers that may be easily manufactured, have highly uniform, have high polarization ratios and easily patterned.
An aspect of the present invention is to provide a polymerizable photoluminescent mixture including a polymerizable mixture of an alignable photoluminescent reactive mesogen and a sensitizer.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide a photoluminescent polymer including a polymer formed from alignable photoluminescent reactive mesogens and from sensitizers.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide a method of forming a photoluminescent polymer including depositing a polymerizable mixture of an alignable photoluminescent reactive mesogen and a sensitizer on a surface, and polymerizing the polymerizable mixture.
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following drawing:
Emissive materials with very high polarization ratios may be achieved by polymerizing reactive mesogens that have a sufficiently high anisotropy of emission and are sufficiently aligned (e.g., liquid crystalline). For example, isotropically absorbing and emitting sensitizers may be dissolved in solutions of photoluminescent reactive mesogens that are solvent cast and then photocrosslinked to form the photoluminescent films. The reactive mesogen films may be aligned by coating the photoluminescent film on the surface of a film of rubbed polymer such as polyimide, on the surface of a photoalignment layer or any other suitable alignment means. For example, photoalignment layers such as are described in M. O'Neill and S. M. Kelly, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. [2000], 33, R67 or surface topology may also be used to align a photoluminescent film. After an aligned photoluminescent film has been photocrosslinked, the aligned photoluminescent film functions as photoluminescent polarizer film.
Because the otherwise solvent soluble photoluminescent polarizer film is locked into place by photocrosslinking, the aligned photoluminescent film may be patterned by a photolithographic process. If alignment is achieved with a photoalignment layer, areas of varying alignment direction may be patterned by successive exposures to light with varying polarization directions through a series of photomasks. Alternatively, a single exposure with varying polarization directions may be performed. Thus arrays of polarizer “pixels” may be produced with alternating colors and/or polarization directions.
One approach to achieving highly anisotropic and well aligned liquid crystal molecules is to increase the length of the emitter molecules so that the length to width ratio of the molecules is maximized. Unfortunately, the longer and more rigid molecules cause the melting point to increase and/or decrease the solubility. Thus, molecules that were sufficiently long to achieve desirable polarization ratios (e.g., in the range of 20:1) had such a high melting point and/or were so insoluble that coating a useful reactive mesogen film to be polymerized was extremely difficult if not impossible.
However, certain materials, such as reactive mesogens with very long molecular lengths with the general formula:
B—S-A-S—B
wherein
A is a chromophore of general formula —(Ar—Fl)n—Ar—
wherein
One example of the above materials is the below compound:
which has a melting point of 80° C., a monotropic nematic to isotropic liquid phase transition at 39° C. and has good solubility in solvents like dichloromethane.
Prior to polymerization, sensitizer chromophores may be introduced into the above reactive mesogens. The sensitizer chromophores absorb excitation light of all polarizations and then transfer the excitation energy to the reactive mesogen for re-emission as polarized light. The sensitizer chromophores may be in the form of individual luminescent molecules. For example,
If the above reactive mesogens and sensitizer is to be patterned photolithographically, the sensitizer molecules may be washed out of the polymer matrix on development of the exposed material. This problem may be avoided by using fluorescent molecules derivatized with an endgroup that is susceptible to radical photopolymerization as sensitizers in the photoluminescent polarizer film. Exemplary crosslinkable sensitizer materials of this type may have the formula:
D(—S—B)n
wherein
For example, the following materials:
may be used as sensitizers.
Another issue with mixing the above photoinitiator molecules into reactive mesogens and then polymerizing them to form photoluminescent polarizer films is that these sensitizer films are non-liquid crystalline and therefore they reduce the liquid crystal order of the resulting films. This in turn reduces the polarization ratio of light emitted from the films.
This problem may be minimized by incorporating the sensitizer chromophores into long rod-shaped molecules where the chromophores are isolated from other delocalized chemical structures so as to not alter their spectral characteristics or the symmetry of their light absorption. For example, this may be accomplished by using sigmatropically bonded structures to bind the chromophoric units into the molecules.
One such sensitizer molecule family may be represented by the formula:
B—S—Ar—Sg-(D-Sg—Ar)n—S—B
wherein
Another family of molecules of this type may in general be represented by the formula:
B—S-D-Sg—(Ar—Sg-D)n—S—B
B represents an endgroup susceptible to radical photopolymerization;
S represents a flexible spacer;
each Ar may be independently selected from a aromatic or heteroaromatic diradical (e.g., a 9,9-dialkylfluoren-2,7-diyl diradical), or a single bond;
Sg represents a substantially rigid, sigmatropically bonded connecting diradical;
D represents a sensitizer chromophore; and
n=1 to 10. The diradicals that constitute the molecules are bonded together in a substantially linear fashion.
Some examples of molecules of the above types are:
Sensitizer molecules advantageously adsorb equally regardless of polarization direction. Therefore the dichroic ratio of the sensitizer chromophores in the photoluminescent polarizer film preferably has a dichroic ratio that substantially equal 1:1. At maximum the dichroic ratio should be less than 3:1.
The above photoluminescent films may be stand alone films or may be incorporated into devices with other elements. For example, a wavelength selective reflector may be used on the light source side of a photoluminescent polarizer. This is illustrated in
Although several embodiments of the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that changes, substitutions, transformations, modifications, variations, permutations, and alterations may be made therein without departing from the teachings of the present invention or the spirit and scope of the invention being set forth by the appended claims.
