Patent Grant
11179940
This patent application is based on and claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-222039, filed on Nov. 28, 2018 in the Japan Patent Office, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
The present disclosure relates to a liquid discharging device and a wiping method.
In a liquid discharging device represented by an inkjet printer, foreign matter on a nozzle forming surface causes a problem such as defective discharging. Therefore, the nozzle forming surface requires regular cleaning. A cleaning method using a wiping member for cleaning a nozzle forming surface formed by combining a sheet-shaped wiping member represented by non-woven fabric and woven fabric has been proposed.
A wiping device has been proposed which relatively moves a liquid spraying head that sprays a liquid dispersion in which solid particles are dispersed in liquid against a wiping member to wipe off the liquid dispersion adhering to a nozzle forming surface. This wiping member has a first layer on the nozzle forming surface side and a second layer sandwiching the nozzle forming surface with the first layer. The first layer has a void that can guide liquid droplets as the dispersion medium of the liquid dispersion that adheres to the nozzle forming surface to the second layer due to the capillary action and can capture and contain the dispersoid of the liquid dispersion. The second layer absorbs the dispersion medium.
According to embodiments of the present disclosure, provided is a liquid discharging device which includes a liquid discharging head including a nozzle and having a nozzle forming surface, the liquid discharging head configured to discharge a liquid through the nozzle, a wiping member configured to wipe the nozzle forming surface, the wiping member having a first layer configured to be brought into contact with the nozzle forming surface and at least one more layer, and a cleaning liquid, wherein the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is greater than the static surface tension of the liquid.
Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood from the detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters designate like corresponding parts throughout and wherein:
The accompanying drawings are intended to depict example embodiments of the present invention and should not be interpreted to limit the scope thereof. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted. Also, identical or similar reference numerals designate identical or similar components throughout the several views.
In describing embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that have a similar function, operate in a similar manner, and achieve a similar result.
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
Moreover, image forming, recording, printing, modeling, etc., in the present disclosure represent the same meaning, unless otherwise specified.
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to accompanying drawing(s). In describing embodiments illustrated in the drawing(s), specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that have a similar function, operate in a similar manner, and achieve a similar result.
For the sake of simplicity, the same reference number will be given to identical constituent elements such as parts and materials having the same functions and redundant descriptions thereof omitted unless otherwise stated.
In the cleaning method using a typical wiping member, it is difficult to remove attached matter dried on a nozzle forming surface. Moreover, when the nozzle forming surface is wiped using a cleaning liquid, it is difficult to prevent the cleaning liquid from entering a nozzle orifice.
According to the present disclosure, provided is a liquid discharging device which is capable of easily removing dried liquid matter adhering to a nozzle forming surface and preventing a cleaning liquid from entering a nozzle orifice when wiping the nozzle forming surface with the cleaning liquid.
The aspects of the present disclosure are, for example, as follows:
1. A liquid discharging device includes a liquid discharging head including a liquid discharging head including a nozzle and having a nozzle forming surface, the liquid discharging head configured to discharge a liquid through the nozzle, a wiping member configured to wipe the nozzle forming surface, the wiping member having a first layer configured to be brought into contact with the nozzle forming surface and at least one more layer, and a cleaning liquid that is applied to the nozzle forming surface, wherein the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is greater than the static surface tension of the liquid.
2. The liquid discharging device according to 1 mentioned above, wherein the first layer has a porosity less than a porosity of at least one layer of the at least one more layer.
3. The liquid discharging device according to 1 or 2 mentioned above, wherein the first layer has a porosity of from 0.60 to 0.85.
4. The liquid discharging device according to any one of 1 to 3 mentioned above, further includes a cleaning liquid applying device configured to apply the cleaning liquid to the wiping member.
5. The liquid discharging device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the cleaning liquid contains an alkylene glycol surfactant.
6. The liquid discharging device according to any one of 1 to 5 mentioned above, wherein the cleaning liquid contains a glycol ether compound.
7. The liquid discharging device according to 6 mentioned above, wherein the proportion of the glycol ether compound to the cleaning liquid is from 1.0 to 30.0 percent by mass.
8. The liquid discharging device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the liquid contains a coloring material and an organic solvent.
9. The liquid discharging device according to any one of 1 to 7 mentioned above, wherein the liquid contains a resin and no coloring material.
10. A wiping method includes applying a cleaning liquid to a nozzle forming surface of a liquid discharging head that discharges a liquid through a nozzle and wiping the nozzle forming surface with a wiping member, wherein the wiping member has at least two layers, wherein the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is greater than the static surface tension of the liquid.
11. The wiping method according to 10 mentioned above, wherein the cleaning liquid contains an alkylene glycol surfactant.
12. The wiping method according to 10 or 11 mentioned above, wherein the cleaning liquid contains a glycol ether compound.
Next, embodiments of the present disclosure are described.
Liquid Discharging Device Having Wiping Member and Wiping Device
The liquid discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a liquid discharging head that discharges liquid through a nozzle, a wiping device, and other optional devices (for example, devices relating to feeding, conveying, and ejecting a recording medium and devices referred to as a pre-processing device and a post-processing device). The wiping device includes a wiping member, a cleaning liquid, and other optional devices. Moreover, the wiping method executed by the liquid discharging device including a wiping device includes applying a cleaning liquid to a nozzle forming surface of a liquid discharging head that discharges liquid through a nozzle, wiping the nozzle forming surface, and other optional steps. The wiping device applies a cleaning liquid to a nozzle forming surface of a liquid discharging head that discharges liquid through a nozzle and brings the wiping member into contact with the nozzle forming surface to wipe the nozzle forming surface. In the present embodiment, wiping refers to relatively moving the wiping member against the liquid discharging head while bringing the wiping member and the nozzle forming surface into contact with each other. By wiping the nozzle forming surface using the wiping member, for example, it is possible to remove dried liquid matter adhering to the nozzle forming surface from the nozzle forming surface. In addition, for example, it is possible to prevent the liquid from drying and adhering to the nozzle forming surface by absorbing extra liquid overflowing from the nozzle. In this embodiment, the wiping device holds the cleaning liquid but a part other than the wiping device of the liquid discharging device may hold the cleaning liquid.
First, with reference to
The image forming device illustrated in
As illustrated in
The image forming device illustrated in
At one end in the main-scanning direction of the carriage 3, a maintenance and recovery assembly 20 configured to maintain and recover the recording head 4 is disposed lateral to the conveyor belt 12. On the other end, a dummy discharging receiver 21 configured to receive dummy discharge by the recording head 4 is disposed lateral to the conveyor belt 12. The maintenance and recovery assembly 20 includes, for example, a capping member 20a to cap the nozzle forming surface (surface on which the nozzle is formed) 41 of the recording head 4, a wiping assembly 20b that wipes the nozzle forming surface 41, and the dummy discharging receiver 21 that receives droplets not used for forming an image.
Further, the image forming device includes an encoder scale 23 that has a predetermined pattern and is stretched between both side plates along the main scanning direction of the carriage 3. Further, the carriage 3 includes an encoder sensor 24 formed of a transmission type photo sensor that reads the pattern of the encoder scale 23. These encoder scale 23 and the encoder sensor 24 constitute a linear encoder (main scanning encoder) to detect the movement of the carriage 3.
In addition, a code wheel 25 is mounted onto the shaft of the conveyor roller 13, and an encoder sensor 26 is provided which has a transmissive photosensor to detect the pattern formed on the code wheel 25. These code wheel 25 and encoder sensor 26 constitute a rotary encoder (sub-scanning encoder) to detect the moving and the position of the conveyor belt 12.
In the image forming device having such a configuration, the sheet 10 is fed onto the charged conveyor belt 12, adsorbed thereto, and conveyed along the sub-scanning direction in accordance with the rotation of the conveyor belt 12. By driving the recording head 4 in response to the image signal while moving the carriage 3 in the main-scanning direction, ink droplets are discharged onto the sheet 10 standing still to record an image in an amount of one line. After the sheet 10 is conveyed in a predetermined amount, the next line is recorded. On receiving a signal indicating that the recording is finished or the rear end of the sheet 10 has reached the image recording region, the recording operation stops, and the sheet 10 is ejected to an ejection tray.
In addition, the carriage 3 is moved in the printing (recording) standby mode to the maintenance and recovery assembly 20 to clean the recording head 4 by the maintenance and recovery assembly 20. Alternatively, the recording head 4 may not be moved and the maintenance and recovery assembly 20 may move to clean the recording head 4. The recording head 4 illustrated in
An example of the wiping device is the wiping assembly 20b that wipes the nozzle forming surface. As illustrated in
When the wiping assembly 20b includes a rubber blade, etc., an assembly of bringing the rubber blade, etc., into contact with the sheet-like wiping member 320 is provided to impart a cleaning ability of the rubber blade, etc., to the sheet-like wiping member 320. Moreover, although it is preferable that the sheet-like wiping member be held in a roll-up state as illustrated in
In the present embodiment, as an example of the wiping, after applying the cleaning liquid to the wiping member in a predetermined amount, the recording head 4 and the maintenance and recovery assembly 20 relatively move to each other while the wiping member is pressed against the nozzle forming surface 41 to wipe off foreign matter 500 adhering to the nozzle forming surface 41. Examples of the foreign matter 500 adhering to the nozzle forming surface 41 include, but are not limited to, mist ink produced during discharging of the ink from the nozzles 4n, ink adhering to the nozzle forming surface 41 when the ink is sucked from the nozzles 4n during, for example, cleaning, adhesion ink which is mist ink or ink adhering to the cap member dried on the nozzle forming surface 41, and paper dust produced from printed matter. In the present embodiment, the foreign matter 500 is wiped off after the cleaning liquid is applied to the wiping member that does not contain the cleaning liquid. However, a wiping member that contains the cleaning liquid in advance can be used instead of the cleaning liquid applying device. Moreover, the cleaning liquid can be applied to a portion other than the wiping member. For example, the cleaning liquid can be directly applied to the nozzle forming surface 41. That is, the cleaning liquid applied to the nozzle forming surface means all types of cleaning liquids applied to the nozzle forming surface. For example, it includes a cleaning liquid directly applied to the nozzle forming surface and a cleaning liquid indirectly applied to the nozzle forming surface via a wiping member containing the cleaning liquid. The latter is preferable to the former. Furthermore, if the ink is assumed to be dried and adhere to the nozzle forming surface as a result of a long standby period of time, etc., a configuration is preferable which wipes the nozzle forming surface multiple times with the wiping member containing the cleaning liquid to remove the dried ink. In addition to the wiping of the nozzle forming surface using the cleaning liquid, it is possible to add wiping the nozzle forming surface without using a cleaning liquid.
Wiping Member
First, the wiping member will be described with reference to
Examples of materials constituting the wiping member may include, but are not limited to, woven fabric, knitted fabric, and porous materials in addition to non-woven fabric. In particular, it is preferable to use a non-woven fabric because the thickness and porosity can be controlled relatively easily and various types of fibers can be easily mixed. Materials of fibers, such as non-woven fabric, woven fabric, and knitted fabric include, but are not limited to, cotton, hemp, silk, pulp, nylon, vinylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, rayon, cupra, acrylic, and polylactic acid. Non-woven fabric may be made not only of one type of fiber but also be of mixed plural types of fibers. Examples of the porous materials include, but are not limited to, polyurethane, polyolefin, and PVA. A method of manufacturing a non-woven fabric wiping member will be described. Examples of the method of forming a non-woven fabric include, but are not limited to, wet, dry, spun-bond, melt-blown and flash spinning. Moreover, the non-woven fabric can be bonded by, for example, methods such as spun lace, needle punch, thermal bond, chemical bond, etc. In the spun lace method, jet water stream is sprayed onto accumulated fibers to entangle the fibers due to the pressure, thereby bonding the fibers like a sheet. The needle-punch method forms a non-woven fabric by stabbing a needle with a protrusion called a barb into accumulated fibers several ten times or more to mechanically intertwine the fibers. The first layer of the wiping member is desirably made of non-woven fabric. The thickness and the porosity of the first layer can be easily controlled to be within a desired numerical range when non-woven fabric is used.
Further, when the porosity of the first layer is smaller than the porosity of at least one layer other than the first layer, scraping property for the attached ink is improved and the attached ink wiping property is improved. The porosity is calculated as follows:
Hollow ratio (percent)=1−(apparent density)/(true density)
Regarding sheet-shaped non-woven fabric, etc., the “true density” is the true density of the fiber forming the sheet, and “apparent density” can be obtained by dividing the basis weight of the sheet-shaped material by thickness [basis weight/thickness].
The wiping member has a high scraping property when it has a small porosity. However, when the porosity is small, it is difficult to retain liquid components of ink and cleaning liquid. As a result, cleaning properties may be insufficient for a case of a single layer. Therefore, it is preferable to provide a layer other than the first layer capable of holding the liquid component therein. Although ink or a cleaning liquid is not sufficiently held or absorbed or attached matter is not sufficiently wiped in typical technology, function of holding (absorbing) ink or cleaning liquid and function of wiping off attached matter is separated into a configuration having two or more layers, which makes it possible to enhance the holding ability of ink and a cleaning liquid and wiping property of an attached material. Even when the amount of the cleaning liquid applied varies, the wiping member has a high holding power, so that it is possible to prevent the cleaning liquid at a portion where an excessive amount of the cleaning liquid is applied from overflowing into a nozzle orifice. In addition, for the layers of the wiping member, as described above, when the porosity of the first layer is determined to be smaller than the porosity of at least one of the one or more layers other than the first layer, ability of wiping off attached ink is enhanced.
The porosity of the first layer is preferably from 0.60 to 0.85 and more preferably from 0.75 to 0.80. When the porosity of the first layer is from 0.60 to 0.85, the ability of wiping off the attached ink can be improved and preventing the wiping member from becoming filmy but ameliorating permeability.
The porosity of at least one of the one or more layers other than the first layer is preferably from 0.80 to 0.99. When the porosity of the layer other than the first layer is within the above-specified range, absorbency of the liquid and cleaning liquid can be improved. By combining the first layer and the layers other than the first layer, the wiping member can strike a balance between scraping ability of the attached ink and absorbency of the liquid and cleaning liquid, thereby improving wiping ability.
The thickness of the wiping member can be appropriately adjusted according to restrictions on the device configuration and a desired liquid retaining force (liquid absorption force). For example, the thickness is preferably from 0.1 to 3.0 mm.
Cleaning Liquid
The cleaning liquid held in the liquid discharging device has a predetermined relationship with the liquid described later with respect to static surface tension. The cleaning liquid is not particularly limited, it is preferable that a cleaning liquid contain an alkylene glycol surfactant and/or a glycol ether compound and may contain other organic solvents, water, another optional component. The wiping member wipes off this cleaning liquid after the cleaning liquid is directly or indirectly applied to the nozzle forming surface so that viscosity of attached matter formed on the nozzle forming surface decreases, thereby easily removing the attached material. It is preferable that the cleaning liquid storage container be filled with the cleaning liquid and mounted on the liquid discharging device.
Static Surface Tension
In the cleaning liquid held in the liquid discharging device of the present embodiment and the liquid described later, the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is higher than the static surface tension of the liquid. Under the condition that the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is higher than the static surface tension of the liquid, it is possible to prevent the cleaning liquid from entering the nozzle orifice when the wiping member wipes the nozzle forming surface. Reduction of the cleaning liquid entering nozzle orifices leads to prevention of deterioration of function of the liquid caused by mixture of the liquid and the cleaning liquid in the nozzle orifice. For example, when the liquid is ink, a decrease of image density of an image formed with the ink after wiping can be prevented because the cleaning liquid does not enter a nozzle orifice or mix with the ink. Specifically, at 25 degrees C., the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is preferably 2.0 mN/m or more higher than the static surface tension of the liquid. Further, the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid is preferably from 26.0 to 35.0 mN/m at 25 degrees C. Static surface tension of the cleaning liquid can be measured at 25 degrees C. by using a fully-automatic surface tensiometer (CBVP-Z, manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science, Inc.).
The method of adjusting the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid higher than the static surface tension of the liquid is not particularly limited.
For example, it is suitable to employ a method of adjusting the type and amount of a surfactant for use in the cleaning liquid and liquid or a method of adjusting components in consideration of the static surface tension of each organic solvent to be used. For ink, which is an example of the liquid, a surfactant having a high ability to reduce the surface tension, such as a fluorochemical surfactant or a silicone surfactant is mostly added in order to obtain quick drying. When using such an ink and a cleaning liquid in combination, the cleaning liquid preferably contains, for example, an alkylene glycol surfactant and/or a glycol ether compound in order to prevent the cleaning liquid from entering a nozzle orifice.
Alkylene Glycol Surfactant
It is preferable to contain an alkylene glycol surfactant in order to adjust the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid within a predetermined range. An example of the alkylene glycol surfactant is a glycol surfactant having an alkylene group such as an ethylene oxide group or a propylene oxide group. Any suitably synthesized alkylene glycol surfactant and any product available on the market can be used.
Specific examples of the commercially available products include, but are not limited to, Emulgen LS-106 (manufactured by Kao Corporation), Emulgen LS-110 (manufactured by Kao Corporation), and Softanol EP7025 (manufactured by Nissin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.).
The proportion of the alkylene glycol surfactant to the total amount of the cleaning liquid is preferably from 0.1 to 5.0 percent by mass. When the proportion is from 1.0 to 5.0 percent by mass, the cleaning liquid is less likely to enter a nozzle orifice, thereby enhancing wettability of the cleaning liquid to an attached material.
Glycol Ether Compound
It is preferable to contain a glycol ether compound in order to adjust the static surface tension of the cleaning liquid within a predetermined range.
Specific examples of the glycol ether compounds include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol methylethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol-n-propyl ether, triethylene glycol monometyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and tetra ethylene glycol diethyl ether. These can be used alone or in combination. Of these, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and diethylene glycol methylethyl ether are preferable, and diethylene glycol diethyl ether is particularly preferable.
The proportion of the glycol ether compound to the total amount of the cleaning liquid is preferably from 1.0 to 30.0 percent by mass and more preferably from 10.0 to 20.0 percent by mass. If the proportion is 1.0 percent by mass or more, it is easy to wipe off attached matter (foreign matter). Moreover, when the proportion is 30.0 percent by mass or less, an impact of the glycol ether compound on the member for use in the wiping member or the wiping process can be reduced.
Other Organic Solvent
The other organic solvent has no specific limit and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, it is preferable to use a polyol compound having 8 to 11 carbon atoms.
Specific examples of the polyol compound having 8 to 11 carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol. Due to the polyol compound having 8 to 11 carbon atoms in the cleaning liquid, it is possible to enhance permeability of the cleaning liquid to attached matter.
The other organic solvent other than the polyol compound having 8 to 11 carbon atoms is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, water-soluble organic solvents are usable. The water-soluble organic solvent is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application.
Specific examples include, but are not limited to, polyols, ethers such as polyol alkyl ethers and polyol aryl ethers, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, amides, amines, sulfur-containing compounds, propylene carbonates, and ethylene carbonates. These can be used alone or in combination.
Specific examples of the polyol include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycerin, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, ethyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, and petriol.
Specific examples of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound include, but are not limited to, 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethyle-2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazoline, ε-caprolactam, and γ-butylolactone.
Specific examples of the amide include, but are not limited to, formamide, N-methyl formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl propionamide, and 3-buthoxy-N,N-dimethylpropionamide.
Specific examples of the amine include, but are not limited to, monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, and triethyl amine.
Specific examples of the sulfur-containing compound include, but are not limited to, dimethyl sulphoxide, sulfolane, and thiodiethanol.
The proportion of the organic solvent to the total amount of the cleaning liquid is preferably from 10.0 to 50.0 percent by mass and more preferably from 20.0 to 30.0 percent by mass.
Water
As the water, for example, pure water and ultra pure water such as deionized water, ultrafiltered water, reverse osmosis water, and distilled water are suitable.
The proportion of the water is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, it is preferably from 50.0 to 95.0 percent by mass and more preferably from 55.0 percent by mass to 90.0 percent by mass to the total amount of the cleaning liquid.
Other Optional Component
The other optional components are not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Examples include, but are not limited to, defoaming agents, preservatives and fungicides, pH regulators, and corrosion inhibitors.
Liquid
The liquid held in the liquid discharging device has a predetermined relationship with the cleaning liquid with respect to static surface tension. Ink is described as an example of this liquid. It is preferable that an ink container be filled with the ink as an example of the liquid and mounted on the liquid ejection device. The liquid is not limited to ink, and may be, for example, a pre-processing liquid to be applied to a recording medium before ink discharging and a post-processing liquid to be applied to an ink-discharged surface of the recording medium after ink discharging.
The ink as an example of the liquid preferably contains an organic solvent and a coloring material and may furthermore contain other optional substances such as water, a resin, a surfactant, and other additives. The ink may be a clear ink containing a resin without containing a color material.
Static Surface Tension
Further, the static surface tension of the liquid is preferably from 20.0 to 30.0 mN/m at 25 degrees C. Static surface tension of the ink can be measured at 25 degrees C. by using a fully-automatic surface tensiometer (CBVP-Z, manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science, Inc.).
Organic Solvent
There is no specific limitation to the organic solvent for use in the ink. For example, water-soluble organic solvents can be used. Examples include, but are not limited to, polyols, ethers such as polyol alkylethers and polyol arylethers, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, amides, amines, and sulfur-containing compounds.
Specific examples of the water-soluble organic solvent include, but are not limited to, polyols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 3-methyl-1,3-butane diol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,3-pentanediol, 1,4-pentanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 1,5-hexanediol, glycerin, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, ethyl-1,2,4-butane triol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, and petriol; polyol alkylethers such as ethylene glycol monoethylether, ethylene glycol monobutylether, diethylene glycol monomethylether, diethylene glycol monoethylether, diethylene glycol monobutylether, tetraethylene glycol monomethylether, and propylene glycol monoethylether; polyol arylethers such as ethylene glycol monophenylether and ethylene glycol monobenzylether; nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds such as 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, ε-caprolactam, and γ-butyrolactone; amides such as formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl propioneamide, and 3-buthoxy-N,N-dimethyl propioneamide; amines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethylamine; sulfur-containing compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, and thiodiethanol; propylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate.
To serve as a humectant and impart a good drying property, it is preferable to use an organic solvent having a boiling point of 250 degrees C. or lower.
Polyol compounds having eight or more carbon atoms and glycol ether compounds are also suitable.
Specific examples of the polyol compounds having eight or more carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol.
Specific examples of the glycol ether compounds include, but are not limited to, polyol alkylethers such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and propylene glycol monoethyl ether; and polyol aryl ethers such as ethylene glycol monophenyl ether and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether.
The polyhydric alcohol compounds having eight or more carbon atoms and glycol ether compounds enhance permeability of ink for paper used as a recording medium.
The proportion of the organic solvent in the ink has no particular limit and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application.
In terms of drying property and discharging reliability of the ink, the proportion is preferably from 10 to 60 percent by mass and more preferably from 20 to 60 percent by mass.
Coloring Material
The coloring material has no particular limit. For example, pigments and dyes are suitable. As the pigment, inorganic pigments or organic pigments can be used. These can be used alone or in combination. In addition, it is possible to use a mixed crystal.
As the pigments, for example, black pigments, yellow pigments, magenta pigments, cyan pigments, white pigments, green pigments, orange pigments, and gloss pigments and metallic pigments of gold, silver, etc., can be used.
As the inorganic pigments, in addition to titanium oxide, iron oxide, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, barium yellow, cadmium red, and chrome yellow, carbon black manufactured by known methods such as contact methods, furnace methods, and thermal methods can be used.
As the organic pigments, it is possible to use azo pigments, polycyclic pigments (phthalocyanine pigments, perylene pigments, perinone pigments, anthraquinone pigments, quinacridone pigments, dioxazine pigments, indigo pigments, thioindigo pigments, isoindolinone pigments, and quinophthalone pigments, etc.), dye chelates (basic dye type chelates, acid dye type chelates, etc.), nitro pigments, nitroso pigments, and aniline black can be used. Of those pigments, pigments having good affinity with solvents are preferable.
Also, hollow resin particles and hollow inorganic particles can be used.
Specific examples of the pigments for black include, but are not limited to, carbon black (C.I. Pigment Black 7) such as furnace black, lamp black, acetylene black, and channel black, metals such as copper, iron (C.I. Pigment Black 11), and titanium oxide, and organic pigments such as aniline black (C.I. Pigment Black 1).
Specific examples of the pigments for color include, but are not limited to, C.I.
Pigment Yellow 1, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 24, 34, 35, 37, 42 (yellow iron oxide), 53, 55, 74, 81, 83, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 108, 109, 110, 117, 120, 138, 150, 153, 155, 180, 185, and 213; C.I. Pigment Orange 5, 13, 16, 17, 36, 43, and 51; C.I. Pigment Red (PR) 1, 2, 3, 5, 17, 22, 23, 31, 38, 48:2, 48:2 {Permanent Red 2B(Ca)}, 48:3, 48:4, 49:1, 52:2, 53:1, 57:1 (Brilliant Carmine 6B), 60:1, 63:1, 63:2, 64:1, 81, 83, 88, 101 (rouge), 104, 105, 106, 108 (Cadmium Red), 112, 114, 122 (Quinacridone Magenta), 123, 146, 149, 166, 168, 170, 172, 177, 178, 179, 184, 185, 190, 193, 202, 207, 208, 209, 213, 219, 224, 254, and 264; C.I. Pigment Violet 1 (Rhodamine Lake), 3, 5:1, 16, 19, 23, and 38; C.I. Pigment Blue 1, 2, 15 (Phthalocyanine Blue), 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, (Phthalocyanine Blue), 16, 17:1, 56, 60, and 63; C.I. Pigment Green 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, and 36.
The dye is not particularly limited and includes, for example, acidic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, basic dyes. These can be used alone or in combination.
Specific examples of the dye include, but are not limited to, C.I. Acid Yellow 17, 23, 42, 44, 79, and 142, C.I. Acid Red 52, 80, 82, 249, 254, and 289, C.I. Acid Blue 9, 45, and 249, C.I. Acid Black 1, 2, 24, and 94, C. I. Food Black 1 and 2, C.I. Direct Yellow 1, 12, 24, 33, 50, 55, 58, 86, 132, 142, 144, and 173, C.I. Direct Red 1, 4, 9, 80, 81, 225, and 227, C.I. Direct Blue 1, 2, 15, 71, 86, 87, 98, 165, 199, and 202, C.I. Direct Black 19, 38, 51, 71, 154, 168, 171, and 195, C.I. Reactive Red 14, 32, 55, 79, and 249, and C.I. Reactive Black 3, 4, and 35.
The proportion of the coloring material in the ink is preferably from 0.1 to 15 percent by mass and more preferably from 1 to 10 percent by mass in terms of enhancement of image density, fixability, and discharging stability.
To obtain an ink by pigment dispersion, for example, a hydrophilic functional group is introduced into a pigment to prepare a self-dispersible pigment, the surface of a pigment is coated with a resin followed by dispersion, or a dispersant is used to disperse a pigment.
To prepare a self-dispersible pigment by introducing a hydrophilic functional group into a pigment, for example, it is possible to add a functional group such as a sulfone group and a carboxyl group to the pigment (e.g., carbon) to disperse the pigment in water.
To coat the surface of a pigment with a resin, the pigment is encapsulated by microcapsules to make the pigment dispersible in water. This can be referred to as a resin-coated pigment. In this case, all the pigments to be added to ink are not necessarily entirely coated with a resin. Pigments uncoated or partially uncoated with a resin may be dispersed in the ink.
In a method of using a dispersant to disperse a pigment, for example, a known dispersant having a small molecular weight or a large molecular weight, which is represented by a surfactant, is used to disperse the pigment in ink. As the dispersant, it is possible to use, for example, an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, etc. depending on a pigment. Also, a nonionic surfactant (RT-100, manufactured by TAKEMOTO OIL & FAT CO., LTD.) and a formalin condensate of naphthalene sodium sulfonate are suitable as the dispersant. Those can be used alone or in combination.
Water
The proportion of water in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, in terms of the drying property and discharging reliability of the ink, the proportion is preferably from 10 to 90 percent by mass and more preferably from 20 to 60 percent by mass.
Resin
The type of the resin contained in the ink has no particular limit and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Examples include, but are not limited to, urethane resins, polyester resins, acrylic-based resins, vinyl acetate-based resins, styrene-based resins, butadiene-based resins, styrene-butadiene-based resins, vinylchloride-based resins, acrylic styrene-based resins, and acrylic silicone-based resins. These can be used alone or in combination. Of these, urethane resins are preferable. The resin is preferably used as resin particles. It is possible to mix a resin emulsion in which such resin particles are dispersed in water as a dispersion medium with materials such as a coloring material and an organic solvent to obtain an ink.
The volume average particle diameter of the resin particle is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. The volume average particle diameter is preferably from 10 to 1,000 nm, more preferably from 10 to 200 nm, and particularly preferably from 10 to 100 nm to obtain good fixability and image robustness. The volume average particle diameter can be measured by using, for example, a particle size analyzer (Nanotrac Wave-UT 151, manufactured by MicrotracBEL Corp.).
The proportion of the resin particle is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. In terms of fixability and storage stability of ink, it is preferably from 1 to 30 percent by mass and more preferably from 5 to 20 percent by mass to the total amount of the ink.
Surfactant
Examples of the surfactant include, but are not limited to, silicone-based surfactants, fluorochemical surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and anionic surfactants.
The silicone-based surfactant has no specific limit and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application.
Of these, silicone-based surfactants not decomposed even in high pH environment are preferable. The silicone-based surfactants include, for example, side chain-modified polydimethyl siloxane, both distal end-modified polydimethyl siloxane, one distal end-modified polydimethyl siloxane, and side chain both distal end-modified polydimethyl siloxane. As the modification group, it is particularly preferable to select a polyoxyethylene group or polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene group because these demonstrate good properties as aqueous surfactants. It is possible to use a polyether-modified silicone-based surfactant as the silicone-based surfactant. A specific example is a compound in which a polyalkylene oxide structure is introduced into the side chain of the Si site of dimethyl siloxane.
Specific examples of the fluorochemical surfactant include, but are not limited to, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid compounds, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid compounds, ester compounds of perfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid, adducts of perfluoroalkyl with ethylene oxide, and polyoxyalkylene ether polymer compounds having a perfluoroalkyl ether group in its side chain. These are particularly preferable because the fluorochemical surfactant does not easily produce foams.
Specific examples of the perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid compounds include, but are not limited to, a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid and a salt of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid.
Specific examples of the perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid compounds include, but are not limited to, a perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and a salt of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid.
Specific examples of the polyoxyalkylene ether polymer compounds having a perfluoroalkyl ether group in its side chain include, but are not limited to, sulfuric acid ester salts of polyoxyalkylene ether polymer having a perfluoroalkyl ether group in its side chain, and salts of polyoxyalkylene ether polymers having a perfluoroalkyl ether group in its side chain. Counter ions of salts in these fluorochemical surfactants are, for example, Li, Na, K, NH4, NH3CH2CH2OH, NH2(CH2CH2OH)2, and NH(CH2CH2OH)3.
Specific examples of the ampholytic surfactants include, but are not limited to, lauryl aminopropionic acid salts, lauryl dimethyl betaine, stearyl dimethyl betaine, and lauryl dihydroxyethyl betaine.
Specific examples of the nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl amides, polyoxyethylene propylene block polymers, sorbitan aliphatic acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan aliphatic acid esters, and adducts of acetylene alcohol with ethylene oxides.
Specific examples of the anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether acetates, dodecyl benzene sulfonates, laurates, and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates.
These can be used alone or in combination.
The silicone-based surfactant has no particular limit and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application.
Specific examples include, but are not limited to, side-chain-modified polydimethyl siloxane, both distal-end-modified polydimethylsiloxane, one-distal-end-modified polydimethylsil oxane, and side-chain-both-distal-end-modified polydimethylsiloxane. In particular, a polyether-modified silicone-based surfactant having a polyoxyethylene group or a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene group is particularly preferable because such a surfactant demonstrates good property as an aqueous surfactant.
Any suitably synthesized surfactant and any product available on the market is suitable. Products available on the market can be obtained from BYK-Chemie GmbH, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd., NIHON EMULSION Co., Ltd., Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd., etc.
The polyether-modified silicon-based surfactant has no particular limit and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, a compound is usable in which the polyalkylene oxide structure represented by the following Chemical formula S-1 is introduced into the side chain of the Si site of dimethyl polysiloxane.
In Chemical formula S-1, “m”, “n”, “a”, and “b” each, respectively independently represent integers, R represents an alkylene group, and R′ represents an alkyl group.
Specific examples of the polyether-modified silicone-based surfactant include, but are not limited to, KF-618, KF-642, and KF-643 (all manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), EMALEX-SS-5602 and SS-1906EX (both manufactured by NIHON EMULSION Co., Ltd.), FZ-2105, FZ-2118, FZ-2154, FZ-2161, FZ-2162, FZ-2163, and FZ-2164 (all manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.), BYK-33 and BYK-387 (both manufactured by BYK Chemie GmbH), and TSF4440, TSF4452, and TSF4453 (all manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials Inc.).
The fluorochemical surfactant is preferably a compound having 2 to 16 fluorine-substituted carbon atoms and more preferably a compound having 4 to 16 fluorine-substituted carbon atoms.
Specific examples of the fluorochemical surfactant include, but are not limited to, perfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid ester compounds, adducts of perfluoroalkyl with ethylene oxide, and polyoxyalkylene ether polymer compounds having a perfluoroalkyl ether group in its side chain. Of these, polyoxyalkylene ether polymer compounds having a perfluoroalkyl ether group in the side chain thereof are preferable because these polymer compounds do not easily foam and the fluorosurfactant represented by the following Chemical formula F-1 or Chemical formula F-2 is more preferable.
CF3CF2(CF2CF2)m—CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)nH Chemical formula F-1
In the compound represented by Chemical formula F-1, m is preferably 0 or an integer of from 1 to 10 and n is preferably 0 or an integer of from 1 to 40.
CnF2n+1—CH2CH(OH)CH2—O—(CH2CH2O)a—Y Chemical formula F-2
In the compound represented by the chemical formula F-2, Y represents H or CmF2m+1, where m represents an integer of from 1 to 6, or CH2CH(OH)CH2—CmF2m+1, where m represents an integer of from 4 to 6, or CpH2p+1, where p is an integer of from 1 to 19. n represents an integer of from 1 to 6. a represents an integer of from 4 to 14.
As the fluorochemical surfactant, products available on the market may be used.
Specific examples include, but are not limited to, SURFLON S-111, S-112, S-113, S-121, S-131, S-132, S-141, and S-145 (all manufactured by ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD.); FLUORAD FC-93, FC-95, FC-98, FC-129, FC-135, FC-170C, FC-430, and FC-431 (all manufactured by SUMITOMO 3M); MEGAFACE F-470, F-1405, and F-474 (all manufactured by DIC CORPORATION); ZONYL TBS, FSP, FSA, FSN-100, FSN, FSO-100, FSO, FS-300, UR, and Capstone™ FS-30, FS-31, FS-3100, FS-34, and FS-35 (all manufactured by The Chemours Company); FT-110, FT-250, FT-251, FT-400S, FT-150, and FT-400SW (all manufactured by NEOS COMPANY LIMITED); POLYFOX PF-136A, PF-156A, PF-151N, PF-154, and PF-159 (manufactured by OMNOVA SOLUTIONS INC.); and UNIDYNE™ DSN-403N (manufactured by DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, Ltd.). Of these, FS-3100, FS-34, and FS-300 of The Chemours Company, FT-110, FT-250, FT-251, FT-400S, FT-150, and FT-400SW of NEOS COMPANY LIMITED, POLYFOX PF-151N of OMNOVA SOLUTIONS INC., and UNIDYNE™ DSN-403N (manufactured by DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, Ltd.) are particularly preferable.
The proportion of the surfactant in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, it is preferably from 0.001 to 5 percent by mass and more preferably from 0.05 to 5 percent by mass.
Property of Ink
Properties other than static surface tension mentioned above of the ink are not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. For example, viscosity, pH, etc, are preferable if those are in the following ranges.
Viscosity of the ink at 25 degrees C. is preferably from 5 to 30 mPa·s, and more preferably from 5 to 25 mPa·s. Viscosity can be measured by, for example, a rotatory viscometer (RE-80L, manufactured by TOKI SANGYO CO., LTD.). The measuring conditions are as follows:
pH of the ink is preferably from 7 to 12 and more preferably from 8 to 11 in terms of prevention of corrosion of metal material in contact with liquid.
Recording Medium
The recording medium to which the liquid is applied is not particularly limited. Plain paper, gloss paper, special paper, cloth, etc. are usable. Also, good images can be formed on a non-permeable substrate. To the recording medium, liquid can be at least temporarily attached.
The non-permeable substrate has a surface with low moisture permeability and low absorbency and includes a material having myriad of hollow spaces inside but not open to the outside. To be more quantitative, the substrate has a water-absorption amount of 10 mL/m2 or less within 30 msec1/2 of the contact of the ink according to Bri stow method.
For example, plastic films such as vinyl chloride resin film, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polypropylene film, polyethylene film, and polycarbonate film are suitably used as the non-permeable substrate.
The recording media are not limited to articles used as typical recording media. It is suitable to use building materials such as wall paper, floor material, and tiles, cloth for apparel such as T-shirts, textile, and leather as the recording medium. In addition, the configuration of the paths through which the recording medium is conveyed can be adjusted to use ceramics, glass, metal, etc.
Having generally described preferred embodiments of this disclosure, further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting. In the descriptions in the following examples, the numbers represent weight ratios in parts, unless otherwise specified.
Next, the present disclosure is described in detail with reference to Examples but is not limited thereto.
Preparation of Polymer Solution
After replacement with nitrogen gas in a 1 L flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer, a nitrogen gas introducing tube, a reflux tube, and a dripping funnel, 11.2 g of styrene, 2.8 g of acrylic acid, 12.0 g of lauryl methacrylate, 4.0 g of polyethylene glycol methacrylate, 4.0 g of styrene macromer, 0.4 g of mercapto ethanol, and 40.0 g of methylethyl ketone were loaded in the flask and heated to 65 degrees C.
Next, a liquid mixture of 100.8 g of styrene, 25.2 g of acrylic acid, 108.0 g of lauryl methacrylate, 36.0 g of polyethylene glycol methacrylate, 60.0 g of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 36.0 g of styrene macromer, 3.6 g of mercapto ethanol, 2.4 g of azobisdimethyl valeronitrile, and 342.0 g of methylethyl ketone was dripped into the flask in two and a half hours. Thereafter, a liquid mixture of 0.8 g of azobismethyl valeronitrile and 18.0 g of methylethyl ketone was dropped into the flask in 0.5 hours and aged for one hour.
Next, 0.8 g of azobismethyl valeronitrile was added and thereafter aged for one hour to obtain 800 g of a 50.0 percent by mass polymer solution.
Preparation of Black Pigment Dispersion
A mixture of 28.0 g of the thus-prepared polymer solution, carbon black (#45L, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), 13.6 g of 1 mol/L potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, 20.0 g of methyl ethyl ketone, and 13.6 g of water was stirred and thereafter kneaded using a roll mill. The thus-obtained paste was charged in 200 g of water.
Subsequent to stirring, methylethyl ketone and water were distilled away by using an evaporator to obtain black pigment dispersion having a pigment of 15.0 percent by mass and a solid portion of 20.0 percent by mass.
Preparation of Black Ink
After 15.0 percent by mass 1,3-Butanediol, 15.0 percent by mass 1,2-propanediol, 0.5 percent by mass fluorochemical surfactant (Zonyl FSO-100, manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), 6.0 percent by mass urethane resin emulsion (Superflex 500M, solid content concentration of 45.0 percent by mass, manufactured by DKS Co. Ltd.), and 2.0 percent by mass (solid content) 1,8-octanediol were stirred for one hour, 20.0 percent by mass the black pigment dispersion and the balance of deionized water to make the total 100 percent by mass were added. Subsequent to further one-hour stirring, the resultant was filtered under a pressure using a polypropylene filter having an average pore diameter of 1.5 m followed by removing coarse particles to prepare black ink. The composition and amount of the thus-obtained black ink are shown in Table 1.
Preparation of Cleaning Liquid
Preparation of Cleaning Liquid 1
1.0 percent by mass alkylene glycol surfactant (Emulgen LS-106, manufactured by Kao Corporation), 20.0 percent by mass diethylene glycol diethyl ether, 1.0 percent by mass 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, and a balance of pure water to make the total amount 100 percent were mixed to prepare cleaning liquid 1.
Preparation of Cleaning Liquid 2 to 6
Cleaning liquids 2 to 6 were prepared in the same manner as for the cleaning liquid 1 except that the formulation (represented in percent by mass) was changed as shown in Table 2 below.
Measurement of Static Surface Tension
Next, static surface tension of the thus-prepared black ink and the cleaning liquids 1 to 6 was measured by the following measuring method and the results are shown in Table 2.
Measuring Method
Using an automatic surface tensiometer (CBVP-Z, manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science, Inc.), surface tension of magenta pigment ink and each cleaning liquid was measured at 25 degrees C. The surface tension was measured five times and the average of three out of the five pieces of the measuring data excluding the maximum value and the minimum value was calculated and determined as the measuring value.
The trade names and the manufacturing companies of the ingredients shown in Table 2 are as follows:
Manufacturing of Wiping Member
A sheet-like non-woven fabric made of the material shown in Table 3 below was prepared and the first layer and the second layer were pasted to manufacture a wiping member. Note that the wiping member 7 represents a single layer structure.
Next, using the produced ink, cleaning liquid, and wiping member, penetration of the cleaning liquid into a nozzle orifice and wiping property of the attached matter were evaluated.
Penetration of Cleaning Liquid Into Nozzle Orifice
The image forming discharging device illustrated in
Evaluation Criteria
A: Number of dots is less than 10
B: Number of dots is from 10 to less than 30
C: Number of dots was from 30 to less than 50
D: Number of dots is 50 or more
Wiping Property of Attached Matter
The black ink was applied onto a SUS plate with a wire bar having a diameter of 0.3 mm and thereafter dried at 50 degrees C. for 24 hours using a dryer to form an ink film having an average thickness of 15 μm. Using the wiping device illustrated in
Note that the less the number of wiping, the more excellent the wiping property, i.e., cleanliness of the nozzle forming surface can be maintained.
Evaluation Criteria
A: Ink film on SUS plate was removed by wiping five times or less
B: Ink film on SUS plate was removed by wiping six or seven times
C: Ink film on SUS plate was removed by wiping eight to ten times
D: Ink film on SUS plate remained after wiping 10 times
Numerous additional modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the above teachings, the present disclosure may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. With some embodiments having thus been described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure and appended claims.
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