Liquid laundry detergent compositions containing surfactants and silicone emulsions

TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to stable heavy duty liquid laundry detergents comprising cationic surfactants and an emulsion of silicone and selected surfactants to provide exceptional cleaning and softening benefits. The silicone emulsions preferably have an average particle size of from about 5 to about 500 microns. Moreover, the detergent compositions her(at can be structured to provide stability as well as improved cleaning and softening benefits. Methods for cleaning and softening fabrics with the detergent compositions herein are also included.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Consumers of laundry cleaning products have consistently preferred fleshly washed laundry to be both clean and have a soft feel; this is especially true for such laundry items as linens, bedding materials, towels, and cotton clothing. Generally, fabric softening agents have been introduced in the laundry process after the wash cycle. Typically, these fabric softening agents have taken the form of softening compositions which are introduced in the rinse cycle or in the drying process.
Numerous attempts have been made in the past to formulate laundry detergent compositions which have good cleaning properties and which are capable of softening fabrics and textiles. This provides a convenience to consumers in that the laundry detergent and the fabric softener do not have to be added to the wash liquor separately. However, such detergent/fabric softening compositions have not been totally satisfactory for a variety of reasons, including reduced cleaning ability of the detergent composition, reduced softening performance, and undesirable appearance of the product. This is especially true for liquid laundry detergents. Without being limited by theory, the reduced cleaning ability is believed due to compatibility problems between good cleaning anionic surfactants and fatty cationic agents which are effective conditioning agents.
Many formulators in the past have also relied on clays, especially impalpable smectite clay, and similar ingredients to provide softening benefits. Clays are believed to work by depositing a thin layer on the fabric to provide a slippery (or "soft") feel to the touch. Clay softeners have also been used in combination with amine and cationic softeners as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,416, Crisp et al, Mar. 1, 1983 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,071, Harris et al, issued Sep. 22, 1981. However, problems associated with the use of clays in detergent compositions include undesirable product appearance and reduced cleaning performance.
Thus, the use of cationic conditioners, alone or in combination with clays, in liquid laundry detergent compositions have failed to deliver a high level of cleaning performance with acceptable levels of softening.
Another material which can provide increased softness is silicone. Typically, in the past, the use of silicone has involved microemulsions of silicone oils. Emulsions with a particle size of less than 5 microns, usually less than 1 micron, have been found to provide unsatisfactory softening benefits in conventional detergent compositions. Microemulsions of silicones in laundry detergent compositions have been disclosed in a number of different publications. While these references disclose silicone containing compositions, they do not provide answers to all of the problems encountered in making a totally satisfactory product. Still unsolved is the problem of providing liquid detergent compositions which provide softening benefits without a reduction in the level of cleaning.
Another problem is a poorer than desired level of softening when clays, cationic agents or microemulsions of silicone are included in the detergents.
Therefore, it is an object if the invention herein to provide a superior heavy duty liquid laundry detergent composition with a combination of novel emulsions of silicone with specially selected cationic surfactants to provide excellent softening benefits. It is a further object of the present invention to provide such laundry detergent compositions which possess good stability and wherein the cleaning and softening agents are compatible and provide a combination of superior cleaning and softening benefits. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved method of cleaning and softening fabrics and textiles.
These and other objects will become readily apparent from the detailed description which follows.
BACKGROUND ART
Publications which have disclosed the use of silicone in detergent compositions include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,846,982;. 5,234,495; 5,254,269; 5,164,100; 5,258,451; 4,814,376; 4,624,794; 4,585,563; 4,639,321; 5,104,555; 5,174,912; 5,302,658; 5,026,489; 5,091,105; 5,057,240.; 5,041,590; and 4,986,922. See also WO 95/11746; EP 396,457; EP 288,137; and GB 2,206,902.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, it has now been found that heavy duty liquid detergent compositions which provide very good cleaning, especially oil/grease stains, and softening properties are surprisingly formed when relatively large size silicone emulsions are included in detergent compositions comprising cationic surfactants in the relative proportions specified hereinafter.
The present invention encompasses a heavy duty liquid laundry detergent compositions comprising:
a) from about 0.1% to about 12%, preferably from about 1% to about 5%, by weight of composition, of a silicone emulsion, wherein said silicone emulsion comprises from about 1% to about 90%, preferably from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the emulsion, of silicone and from about 0.1% to about 30%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, by weight of the emulsion, of an emulsifier, and wherein said emulsion has a particle size of from about 5 to about 500 microns, preferably from about 20 to about 300 microns, more preferably from about 50 to about 200 microns; and
b) from about 0.1% to about 15%, by weight of composition, of a cationic detersive surfactant;
wherein said silicone and said cationic detersive surfactant are present in a weight ratio of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, preferably from about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably from about 1:1 to about 5:1.
The emulsifier can be selected from the group consisting of nonionic emulsifying surfactant, anionic emulsifying surfactant, cationic emulsifying surfactant, amine oxide emulsifying surfactant, and mixtures thereof preferably the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of anionic emulsifying surfactant, nonionic emulsifying surfactant, and mixtures thereof. Examples of nonionic emulsifying surfactants include surfactants selected from the group consisting of alkyl phenyl polyether, alkyl ethoxylates, polysorbate surfactants and mixtures thereof. Examples of anionic emulsifying surfactants include surfactants selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate, alkyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl ether sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
These large sized silicone emulsions of this invention can be stably suspended in a detergent composition that has a sufficient viscosity (approximately 100,000 cps) or a shear-thinning matrix. The detergent composition may comprise additional detersive ingredients including one or more secondary detersive surfactants. These secondary detersive surfactants will typically comprise, by weight of the detergent composition, from about 1% to about 50% of said detergent composition. Examples of suitable secondary surfactants are detersive surfactants selected from nonionic detersive surfactant, anionic detersive surfactant, zwitterionic detersive surfactant, amine oxide detersive surfactant, and mixtures thereof. Additional detersive ingredients can be selected from one or more additives selected from builders, enzymes, brighteners, soil release agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-static agents, and dispersing agents. Said additional ingredients are normally present at cleaning effective amounts.
Also disclosed herein is a method of cleaning and softening fabrics comprising contacting said fabrics with an effective amount of a liquid laundry detergent composition comprising:
a) from about 0.1% to about 12%, by weight of composition, of an emulsion, wherein said emulsion comprises from about 1% to about 90%, by weight of the emulsion, of silicone and from about 0.1% to about 30%, by weight of the emulsion, of an emulsifier, and wherein said emulsion has a particle size of from about 5 to about 500 microns, preferably from about 20 to about 300 microns; and
b) from about 0.1% to about 15%, by weight of composition, of a cationic detersive surfactant;
wherein said silicone and said cationic detersive surfactant are present in a weight ratio of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, preferably from about 1:5 to about 5:1, more preferably from about 1:1 to about 5:1.
Preferably the liquid laundry detergent composition of the method further comprises a cleaning effective amount of a second detersive surfactant selected from anionic detersive surfactant and nonionic detersive surfactant and a cleaning effective amount of one or more detersive additives selected from builders, enzymes, brighteners, soil release agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-static agents, and dispersing agents.
An example of a particularly preferred detergent composition comprises:
a) from about 0.5% to about 5%, by weight of composition, of a silicone emulsion, wherein said emulsion has a particle size of from about 5 to about 500 microns;
b) from about 0.1% to about 10%, by weight of composition, of a cationic detersive surfactant;
c) from about 1% to about 30%, by weight of composition, of an anionic detersive surfactant selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfates, ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, linear alkyl benzene sulfates, and mixtures thereof,
d) from about 1% to about 20%, by weight of composition, of a nonionic detersive surfactant; and
e) from about 0.5% to about 15% of a detersive builder.
All percentages and proportions herein are by weight, and all references cited are hereby incorporated by reference, unless otherwise specifically indicated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION ##STR1## wherein each R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 in each repeating unit, --(Si(R.sub.1)(R.sub.2)O)--, are independently selected from C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl or alkenyl radicals, phenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted phenyl, or units of --�--R.sub.1 R.sub.2 Si--O--!--; x is from about 50 to about 300,000, preferably from about 100 to about 100,000, more preferably from about 200 to about 50,000; wherein said substituted alkyl or substituted phenyl are substituted with halogen, amino, hydroxyl groups, or nitro groups; and wherein said polymer is terminated by a hydroxyl group, hydrogen or --SiR.sub.3 wherein R.sub.3 is hydroxyl, hydrogen or methyl.
Particle Size Measurement - Silicone emulsion particle sizes are measured using a light scattering particle size analyzer, such as a Coulter LS 230.
General Method of Making Larger-Sized Silicone Emulsions - The silicone emulsion is typically made by mixing silicone fluid with a solution of emulsifying surfactants at a specific viscosity ratio using an impeller mixer for a certain period of time. In one specific example of this procedure, a 70% by weight of silicone fluid, which is composed of 40% silicone gum and 60% dimethicone fluid (350 cst), is mixed with a 30% by weight surfactant solution, which is made of approximately 25% alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxylate sulfate. After mixing for approximately one to two hours at 250 rpm speed in a beaker, the mixing is stopped and the mean particle size is found to be approximately 200 .mu.m.
See also "Colloidal Systems and Interfaces" by Sydney Ross and Ian D. Morrison. by John Willey & Sons, Inc 1988, and "Emulsion Science" by Philip Sherman, Academic Press, 1968, for procedures for making emulsions.
Typically, commercially available silicone emulsions, such as Dow Corning Emulsion 8.RTM. and GE 8M2061.RTM., are less than 5 microns, many less than 1 micron. For example Dow Coming Emulsion 8.RTM. contains 35% of 1000 cst (centistokes) polydimethyl-siloxane fluid and has a particle size of approximately 0.280 microns.
The emulsions herein may also comprise water or other solvents in an effective amount to aid in the emulsion.
Cationic Surfactant - The cationic surfactant of this invention is believed to provide synergistic softening benefits when combined in the detergent compositions with the silicone emulsions disclosed herein. The cationic detersive surfactants are present in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 15%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, by weight of composition. One class of preferred cationic surfactants are the mono alkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants although any cationic surfactant useful in detergent compositions are suitable for use herein. The cationic surfactants listed below may also be used for purposes of emulsifying the silicone fluids herein.
Preferred cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium surfactants of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are individually selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydroxy alkyl, benzyl, and --(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.x H where x has a value from about 2 to about 5; X is an anion; and (1) R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 alkyl or (2) R.sub.3 is a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 alkyl, and R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 hydroxyalkyl, benzyl, and --(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.x H where x has a value from 2 to 5.
Preferred quaternary ammonium surfactants are the chloride, bromide, and methylsulfate salts. Examples of preferred mono-long chain alkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants are those wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.4 are each methyl and R.sub.3 is a C.sub.8 -C.sub.16 alkyl; or wherein R.sub.3 is C.sub.8-18 alkyl and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.4 are selected from methyl and hydroxyalkyl moieties. Lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, myristyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, palmityl trimethyl ammonium chloride, coconut trimethylammonium chloride, coconut trimethylammonium methylsulfate, coconut dimethyl-monohydroxy-ethylammonium chloride, coconut dimethylmonohydroxyethylammonium methylsulfate, steryl dimethyl-monohydroxy-ethylammonium chloride, steryl dimethyl-monohydroxyethylammonium methylsulfate, di- C.sub.12 -C.sub.14 alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and mixtures thereof are particularly preferred. ADOGEN 412.TM., a lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride commercially available from Witco, is also preferred. Even more highly preferred are the lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride and myristyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.
Another group of suitable cationic surfactants are the alkanol amidal quaternary surfactants of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 can be C.sub.10-18 alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; R.sup.2 can be a C.sub.1-4 alkyl, H, or (EO).sub.y, wherein y is from about 1 to about 5; Y is O or --N(R.sup.3)(R.sup.4); R.sup.3 can be H, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or (EO).sub.y, wherein y is from about 1 to about 5; R.sup.4, if present, can be C.sub.1-4 alkyl or (EO).sub.y, wherein y is from about 1 to about 5; each n is independently selected from about 1 to about 6, preferably from about 2 to about 4; X is hydroxyl or --N(R.sup.5)(R.sup.6)(R.sup.7), wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 are independently selected from C.sub.1-4 alkyl, H, or (EO).sub.y, wherein y is from about 1 to about 5.
Emulsifying Surfactants - The emulsifiers useful in the silicone emulsions herein can be selected from the group consisting of nonionic emulsifying surfactant, anionic emulsifying surfactant, cationic emulsifying surfactant, amine oxide emulsifying surfactant, (a type of nonionic containing a semi-polar N.fwdarw.O bond) and mixtures thereof. The emulsifying surfactant is present in the emulsion in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 30%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20%, more preferably from about 1% to about 10%, by weight of the emulsion. Suitable surfactants for use as emulsifying surfactants are discussed below. Examples of preferred nonionic emulsifying surfactants include surfactants selected from the group consisting of alkyl phenyl polyether, alkyl ethoxylates, polysorbate surfactants and mixtures thereof. Examples of preferred anionic emulsifying surfactants include surfactants selected from the group consisting of alkyl sulfate, alkyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl ether sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
By emulsifying surfactant is meant the surfactant added to the silicone fluids to form an emulsion. By detersive surfactant is meant the surfactant added to the detergent composition for detersive, soil removal purposes.
Detersive Surfactant - The heavy duty laundry detergent compositions herein preferably contain a second noncationic detersive surfactant which can be selected from nonionic detersive surfactant, anionic detersive surfactant, zwitterionic detersive surfactant, amine oxide detersive surfactant, and mixtures thereof. The detergent compositions typically comprise from about 1% to about 50%, preferably from about 15% to about 30%, by weight of the detergent composition, of one or more second detersive surfactant components.
Surfactants for Emulsifying and Detersive Purposes Anionic Surfactant - Anionic surfactants include C.sub.11 -C.sub.18 alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) and primary, branched-chain and random C.sub.10 -C.sub.20 alkyl sulfates (AS), the C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfates of the formula CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.x (CHOSO.sub.3.sup.- M.sup.+) CH.sub.3 and CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.y (CHOSO.sub.3.sup.- M.sup.+) CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 where x and (y+1) are integers of at least about 7, preferably at least about 9, and M is a water-solubilizing cation, especially sodium, unsaturated sulfates such as oleyl sulfate, the C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 alkyl alkoxy sulfates ("AE.sub.x S"; especially EO 1-7 ethoxy sulfates), C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 alkyl alkoxy carboxylates (especially the EO 1-5 ethoxycarboxylates), the C.sub.10-18 glycerol ethers, the C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 alkyl polyglycosides and their corresponding sulfated polyglycosides, and C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 alpha-sulfonated fatty acid esters.
Generally speaking, anionic surfactants useful herein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,841, Barrat et al, issued Aug. 25, 1981, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,919,678, Laughlin et al, issued Dec. 30, 1975.
Useful anionic surfactants include the water-soluble salts, particularly the alkali metal, ammonium and alkylolammonium (e.g., monoethanolammonium or triethanolammonium) salts, of organic sulfuric reaction products having in their molecular structure an alkyl group containing from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and a sulfonic acid or sulfuric acid ester group. (Included in the term "alkyl" is the alkyl portion of aryl groups.) Examples of this group of synthetic surfactants are the alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the higher alcohols (C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 carbon atoms) such as those produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut oil.
Other anionic surfactants herein are the water-soluble salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from about 1 to about 4 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
Other useful anionic surfactants herein include the water-soluble salts of esters of .alpha.-sulfonated fatty acids containing from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group and from about 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group; water-soluble salts of 2-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonic acids containing from about 2 to 9 carbon atoms in the acyl group and from about 9 to about 23 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety; water-soluble salts of olefin sulfonates containing from about 12 to 24 carbon atoms; and .beta.-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates containing from about 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from about 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety.
Particularly preferred anionic surfactants herein are the alkyl polyethoxylate sulfates of the formula
RO(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.x SO.sub.3.sup.- M.sup.+
wherein R is an alkyl chain having from about 10 to about 22 carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated, M is a cation which makes the compound water-soluble, especially an alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium cation, and x averages from about 1 to about 15.
Preferred alkyl sulfate surfactants are the non-ethoxylated C.sub.12-15 primary and secondary alkyl sulfates. Under cold water washing conditions, i.e., less than abut 65.degree. F. (18.3.degree. C.), it is preferred that there be a mixture of such ethoxylated and non-ethoxylated alkyl sulfates. Examples of fatty acids include capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and behenic acid. Other fatty acids include palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and ricinoleic acid.
Nonionic Surfactant - Conventional nonionic and amphoteric surfactants include C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 alkyl ethoxylates (AE) including the so-called narrow peaked alkyl ethoxylates and C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 alkyl phenol alkoxylates (especially ethoxylates and mixed ethoxy/propoxy). The C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 N-alkyl polyhydroxy fatty acid amides can also be used. Typical examples include the C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 N-methylglucamides. See WO 9,206,154. Other sugar-derived surfactants include the N-alkoxy polyhydroxy fatty acid amides, such as C.sub.10 -C.sub.18 N-(3-methoxypropyl) glucamide. The N-propyl through N-hexyl C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 glucamides can be used for low sudsing. C.sub.10 -C.sub.20 conventional soaps may also be used. If high sudsing is desired, the branched-chain C.sub.10 -C.sub.16 soaps may be used. Examples of nonionic surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,841, Barrat et al, issued Aug. 25, 1981.
Preferred examples of these surfactants include ethoxylated alcohols and ethoxylated alkyl phenols of the formula R(OC.sub.2 H.sub.4).sub.n OH, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing from about 8 to about 15 carbon atoms and alkyl phenyl radicals in which the alkyl groups contain from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms, and the average value of n is from about 5 to about 15. These surfactants are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,532, Leikhim et al, issued Aug. 18, 1981. Particularly preferred are ethoxylated alcohols having an average of from about 10 to about 15 carbon atoms in the alcohol and an average degree of ethoxylation of from about 6 to about 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are especially useful.
Other conventional useful surfactants are listed in standard texts, including C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 betaines and sulfobetaines (sultaines).
Amine Oxide Surfactants - The compositions herein also contain amine oxide surfactants of the formula:
R.sup.1 (EO).sub.x (PO).sub.y (BO).sub.z N(O)(CH.sub.2 R').sub.2.qH.sub.2 O(I)
In general, it can be seen that the structure (I) provides one long-chain moiety R.sup.1 (EO).sub.x (PO).sub.y (BO).sub.z and two short chain moieties, CH.sub.2 R'. R' is preferably selected from hydrogen, methyl and --CH.sub.2 OH. In general R.sup.1 is a primary or branched hydrocarbyl moiety which can be saturated or unsaturated, preferably, R.sup.1 is a primary alkyl moiety. When x+y+z=0, R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbyl moiety having chainlength of from about 8 to about 18. When x+y+z is different from 0, R.sup.1 may be somewhat longer, having a chainlength in the range C.sub.12 -C.sub.24. The general formula also encompasses amine oxides wherein x+y+z=0, R.sup.1 =C.sub.8 -C.sub.18, R' is H and q is 0-2, preferably 2. These amine oxides are illustrated by C.sub.12-14 alkyldimethyl amine oxide, hexadecyl dimethylamine oxide, octadecylamine oxide and their hydrates, especially the dihydrates as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,075,501 and 5,071,594, incorporated herein by reference.
The invention also encompasses amine oxides wherein x+y+z is different from zero, specifically x+y+z is from about 1 to about 10, R.sup.1 is a primary alkyl group containing 8 to about 24 carbons, preferably from about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms; in these embodiments y+z is preferably 0 and x is preferably from about 1 to about 6, more preferably from about 2 to about 4; EO represents ethyleneoxy; PO represents propyleneoxy; and BO represents butyleneoxy. Such amine oxides can be prepared by conventional synthetic methods, e.g., by the reaction of alkylethoxysulfates with dimethylamine followed by oxidation of the ethoxylated amine with hydrogen peroxide.
Highly preferred amine oxides herein are solids at ambient temperature, more preferably they have melting-points in the range 30.degree. C. to 90.degree. C. Amine oxides suitable for use herein are made commercially by a number of suppliers, including Akzo Chemic, Ethyl Corp., and Procter & Gamble. See McCutcheon's compilation and Kirk-Othmer review article for alternate amine oxide manufacturers. Preferred commercially available amine oxides are the solid, dihydrate ADMOX 16 and ADMOX 18, ADMOX 12 and especially ADMOX 14 from Ethyl Corp.
Preferred embodiments include dodecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate, hexadecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate, octadecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate, hexadecyltris(ethyleneoxy)dimethyl-amine oxide, tetradecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate, and mixtures thereof.
Whereas in certain of the preferred embodiments R' is H, there is some latitude with respect to having R' slightly larger than H. Specifically, the invention further encompasses embodiments wherein R' is CH.sub.2 OH, such as hexadecylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, tallowbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, stearylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide and oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide.
Builders - The compositions herein also optionally, but preferably, contain up to about 50%, more preferably from about 1% to about 40%, even more preferably from about 5% to about 30%, by weight of a detergent builder material. Lower or higher levels of builder, however, are not meant to be excluded. Detergent builders can optionally be included in the compositions herein to assist in controlling mineral hardness. Inorganic as well as organic builders can be used. Builders are typically used in fabric laundering compositions to assist in the removal of particulate soils. Detergent builders are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,165, Smith et al, issued Mar. 23, 1982. Preferred builders for use in liquid detergents herein are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,532, Leikhim et al, issued Aug. 18, 1981.
Examples of silicate builders are the alkali metal silicates, particularly those having a SiO.sub.2 :Na.sub.2 O ratio in the range 1.6:1 to 3.2:1 and layered silicates, such as the layered sodium silicates described in, U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,839, issued May 12, 1987 to H. P. Rieck. NaSKS-6 is the trademark for a crystalline layered silicate marketed by Hoechst (commonly abbreviated herein as "SKS-6"). Unlike zeolite builders, the Na SKS-6 silicate builder does not contain aluminum. NaSKS-6 has the delta-Na.sub.2 SiO.sub.5 morphology form of layered silicate. It can be prepared by methods such as those described in German DE-A-3,417,649 and DE-A-3,742,043. SKS-6 is a highly preferred layered silicate for use herein, but other such layered silicates, such as those having the general formula NaMSi.sub.x O.sub.2x+1.yH.sub.2 O wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4, preferably 2, and y is a number from 0 to 20, preferably 0 can be used herein. Various other layered silicates from Hoechst include NaSKS-5, NaSKS-7 and NaSKS-11, as the alpha, beta and gamma forms. As noted above, the delta-Na.sub.2 SiO.sub.5 (NaSKS-6 form) is most preferred for use herein. Other silicates may also be useful such as for example magnesium silicate, which can serve as a stabilizing agent for oxygen bleaches and as a component of suds control systems.
Examples of carbonate builders are the alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates as disclosed in German Patent Application No. 2,321,001 published on Nov. 15, 1973.
Aluminosilicate builders are useful in the present invention. Aluminosilicate builders can be a significant builder ingredient in liquid detergent formulations. Aluminosilicate builders include those having the empirical formula:
M.sub.z (zAlO.sub.2).sub.y !.xH.sub.2 O
wherein z and y are integers of at least 6, the molar ratio of z to y is in the range from 1.0 to about 0.5, and x is an integer from about 15 to about 264.
Useful aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are commercially available. These aluminosilicates can be crystalline or amorphous in structure and can be naturally-occurring aluminosilicates or synthetically derived. A method for producing aluminosilicate ion exchange materials is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,669, Krummel, et al, issued Oct. 12, 1976. Preferred synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials useful herein are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite P (B), Zeolite MAP and Zeolite X. In an especially preferred embodiment, the crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange material has the formula:
Na.sub.12 �(AlO.sub.2).sub.12 (SiO.sub.2).sub.12!.xH.sub.2 O
wherein x is from about 20 to about 30, especially about 27. This material is known as Zeolite A. Dehydrated zeolites (x=0-10) may also be used herein. Preferably, the aluminosilicate has a particle size of about 0.1-10 microns in diameter.
Organic detergent builders suitable for the purposes of the present invention include, but are not restricted to, a wide variety of polycarboxylate compounds. As used herein, "polycarboxylate" refers to compounds having a plurality of carboxylate groups, preferably at least 3 carboxylates. Polycarboxylate builder can generally be added to the composition in acid form, but can also be added in the form of a neutralized salt. When utilized in salt form, alkali metals, such as sodium, potassium, and lithium, or alkanolammonium salts are preferred.
Included among the polycarboxylate builders are a variety of categories of useful materials. One important category of polycarboxylate builders encompasses the ether polycarboxylates, including oxydisuccinate, as disclosed in Berg, U.S. Pat. No. 3,128,287, issued Apr. 7, 1964, and Lamberti et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,830, issued Jan. 18, 1972. See also "TMS/TDS" builders of U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,071, issued to Bush et al, on May 5, 1987. Suitable ether polycarboxylates also include cyclic compounds, particularly alicyclic compounds, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,923,679; 3,835,163; 4,158,635; 4,120,874 and 4,102,903.
Other useful detergency builders include the ether hydroxypolycarboxylates, copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene or vinyl methyl ether, 1, 3, 5-trihydroxy benzene-2, 4, 6-trisulphonic acid, and carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid, the various alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of polyacetic acids such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid, as well as polycarboxylates such as mellitic acid, succinic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, polymaleic acid, benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid, and soluble salts thereof.
Citrate builders, e.g., citric acid and soluble salts thereof (particularly sodium salt), are polycarboxylate builders of particular importance for heavy duty liquid detergent formulations due to their availability from renewable resources and their biodegradability. Oxydisuccinates are also especially useful in such compositions and combinations.
Also suitable in the detergent compositions of the present invention are the 3,3-dicarboxy-4-oxa-1,6-hexanedioates and the related compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,984, Bush, issued Jan. 28, 1986. Useful succinic acid builders include the C.sub.5 -C.sub.20 alkyl and alkenyl succinic acids and salts thereof. A particularly preferred compound of this type is dodecenylsuccinic acid. Specific examples of succinate builders include: laurylsuccinate, myristylsuccinate, palmitylsuccinate, 2-dodecenylsuccinate (preferred), 2-pentadecenylsuccinate, and the like. Laurylsuccinates are the preferred builders of this group, and are described in European Patent Application 86200690.5/0,200,263, published Nov. 5, 1986.
Other suitable polycarboxylates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,226, Crutchfield et al, issued Mar. 13, 1979 and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,067, Diehl, issued Mar. 7, 1967. See also Diehl U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,322.
Fatty acids, e.g., C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 monocarboxylic acids, can also be incorporated into the compositions alone, or in combination with the aforesaid builders, especially citrate and/or the succinate builders, to provide additional builder activity. Such use of fatty acids will generally remit in a diminution of sudsing, which should be taken into account by the formulator.
In situations where phosphorus-based builders can be used the various alkali metal phosphates such as the well-known sodium tripolyphosphates, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium orthophosphate can be used. Phosphonate builders such as ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate and other known phosphonates (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,159,581; 3,213,030; 3,422,021; 3,400,148 and 3,422,137) can also be used.
Enzymes Enzymes can be included in the formulations herein for a wide variety of fabric laundering purposes, including removal of protein-based, carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based stains, for example, and for fabric restoration. The enzymes to be incorporated include proteases, amylases, lipases, and cellulases, as well as mixtures thereof. Other types of enzymes may also be included. They may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. However, their choice is governed by several factors such as pH-activity and/or stability optima, thermostability, stability versus active detergents, builders and so on. In this respect bacterial or fungal enzymes are preferred, such as bacterial amylases and proteases, and fungal cellulases.
Enzymes are normally incorporated at levels sufficient to provide up to about 5 mg by weight, more typically about 0.01 mg to about 3 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the composition. Stated otherwise, the compositions herein will typically comprise from about 0.001% to about 5%; preferably 0.01% to 1% by weight of a commercial enzyme preparation. Protease enzymes are usually present in such commercial preparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1 Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition.
Suitable examples of proteases are the subtilisins which are obtained from particular strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniforms. Another suitable protease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus, having maximum activity throughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold by Novo Industries A/S under the registered tradename ESPERASE. The preparation of this enzyme and analogous enzymes is described in British Patent Specification No. 1,243,784 of Novo. Proteolytic enzymes suitable for removing protein-based stains that are commercially available include those sold under the trade names ALCALASE and SAVINASE by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark) and MAXATASE by International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. (The Netherlands). Other proteases include Protease A (see European Patent Application 130,756, published Jan. 9, 1985) and Protease B (see European Patent Application Serial No. 87303761.8, filed Apr. :28, 1937, and European Patent Application 130,756, Bott et al, published Jan. 9, 1985).
Amylases include, for example, .alpha.-amylases described in British Patent Specification No. 1,296,839 (Novo), RAPBASE, International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. and TERMAMYL, Novo Industries.
The cellulase usable in the present invention include both bacterial or fungal cellulase. Preferably, they will have a pH optimum of between 5 and 9.5. Suitable cellulases are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, Barbesgoard et al, issued Mar. 6, 1984, which discloses fungal cellulase produced from Humicola insolens and Humicola strain DSM1800 or a cellulase 212-producing fungus belonging to the genus Aeromonas, and cellulase extracted from the hepatopancreas of a marine mollusk (Dolabella Auricula Solander). Suitable cellulases are also disclosed in GB-A-2.075.028; GB-A-2.095.275 and DE-OS-2.247.832. CAREZYME (Novo) is especially useful.
Suitable lipase enzymes for detergent usage include those produced by microorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in British Patent 1,372,034. See also lipases in Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open to public inspection on Feb. 24, 1978. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P "Amano," hereinafter referred to as "Amano-P." Other commercial lipases include Amano-CES, lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRLB 1673, commercially available from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; and further Chromobacter viscosm lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Diosynth Co., The Netherlands, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli. The LIPOLASE enzyme derived from Humicola lanuginosa and commercially available from Novo (see also EPO 341,947) is a preferred lipase for use herein.
A wide range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into synthetic detergent compositions are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,139, issued Jan. 5, 1971 to McCarty et al. Enzymes are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,457, Place et al, issued Jul. 18, 1978, and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,219, Hughes, issued Mar. 26, 1985, both. Enzyme materials useful for liquid detergent formulations, and their incorporation into such formulations, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,868, Hora et al, issued Apr. 14, 1981. Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilized by various techniques. Enzyme stabilization techniques are disclosed and exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,319, issued Aug. 17, 1971 to Gedge, et al, and European Patent Application Publication No. 0 199 405, Application No. 86200586.5, published Oct. 29, 1986, Venegas. Enzyme stabilization systems are also described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,570.
The enzymes employed herein may be stabilized by the presence of water-soluble sources of calcium and/or magnesium ions in the finished compositions which provide such ions to the enzymes. (Calcium ions are generally somewhat more effective than magnesium ions and are preferred herein if only one type of cation is being used.) Additional stability can be provided by the presence of various other art-disclosed stabilizers, especially borate species. See Severson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,706. Typical detergents, especially liquids, will comprise from about 1 to about 30, preferably from about 2 to about 20, more preferably from about 5 to about 15, and most preferably from about 8 to about 12, millimoles of calcium ion per liter of finished composition. A small amount of calcium ion, generally from about 0.05 to about 0.4 millimoles per liter, is often also present in the composition due to calcium in the enzyme slurry and formula water.
It is to be understood that the foregoing levels of calcium and/or magnesium ions are sufficient to provide enzyme stability. More calcium and/or magnesium ions can be added to the compositions to provide an additional measure of grease removal performance. Accordingly, as a general proposition the compositions herein will typically comprise from about 0.05% to about 2% by weight of a water-soluble source of calcium or magnesium ions, or both. The amount can vary, of course, with the amount and type of enzyme employed in the composition.
The compositions herein may also optionally, but preferably, contain various additional stabilizers, especially borate-type stabilizers. Typically, such stabilizers will be used at levels in the compositions from about 0.25% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.75% to about 4%, by weight of boric acid or other borate compound capable of forming boric acid in the composition (calculated on the basis of boric acid). Boric acid is preferred, although other compounds such as boric oxide, borax and other alkali metal borates (e.g., sodium ortho-, recta- and pyroborate, and sodium pentaborate) are suitable. Substituted boric acids (e.g., phenylboronic acid, butane boronic acid, and p-bromo phenylboronic acid) can also be used in place of boric acid.
Polymeric Soil Release Agent - Any polymeric soil release agent known to those skilled in the art can optionally be employed in the compositions and processes of this invention. Polymeric soil release agents are characterized by having both hydrophilic segments, to hydropbilize the surface of hydrophobic fibers, such as polyester and nylon, and hydrophobic segments, to deposit upon hydrophobic fibers and remain adhered thereto through completion of washing and rinsing cycles and, thus, serve as an anchor for the hydrophilic segments. This can enable stains occurring subsequent to treatment with the soil release agent to be more easily cleaned in later washing procedures.
Examples of polymeric soil release agents useful herein include U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,580, issued Jan. 26, 1988 to Gosselink; U.S. Pat. No. 4,000,093, issued Dec. 28, 1976 to Nicol, et al.; European Patent Application 0 219 048, published Apr. 22, 1987 by Kud, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,857, issued Oct. 27, 1987 to Gosselink; U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,451, issued Nov. 6, 1990 to J. J. Scheibel. Commercially available soil release agents include the SOKALAN type of material, e.g., SOKALAN HP-22, available from BASF (West Germany). Also see U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,230 to Hays, issued May 25, 1976 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,929 to Basadur issued Jul. 8, 1975. Examples of this polymer include the commercially available material ZELCON 5126 (from Dupont) and MILEASE T (from ICI). Other suitable polymeric soil release agents include the terephthalate polyesters of U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,730, issued Dec. 8, 1987 to Gosselink et al, the anionic end-capped oligomeric esters of U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,580, issued Jan. 26, 1988 to Gosselink, and the block polyester oligomeric compounds of U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,857, issued Oct. 27, 1987 to Gosselink. Preferred polymeric soil release agents also include the soil release agents of U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,896, issued Oct. 31, 1989 to Maldonado et al.
If utilized, soil release agents will generally comprise from about 0.01% to about 10.0%, by weight, of the detergent compositions herein, typically from about 0.1% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.2% to about 3.0%.
Chelating Agents - The detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more iron and/or manganese chelating agents. Such chelating agents can be selected from the group consisting of amino carboxylates, amino phosphonates, polyfunctionally-substituted aromating chelating agents and mixtures therein, all as hereinafter defined. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the benefit of these materials is due in part to their exceptional ability to remove iron and manganese ions from washing solutions by formation of soluble chelates.
Amino carboxylates useful as optional chelating agents include ethylenediamine-tetracetates, N-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetates, nitrilo-triacetates, ethylenediamine tetraproprionates, triethylenetetraaminehexacetates, diethylenetriaminepentaacetates, and ethanoldiglycines, alkali metal, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts therein and mixtures therein.
Amino phosphonates are also suitable for use as chelating agents in the compositions of the invention when at lease low levels of total phosphorus are permitted in detergent compositions, and include ethylenediaminetetrakis (methylenephosphonates) as DEQUEST. Preferred, these amino phosphonates to not contain alkyl or alkenyl groups with more than about 6 carbon atoms.
Polyfunctionally-substituted aromatic chelating agents are also useful in the compositions herein. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,044, issued May 21, 1974, to Connor et al. Preferred compounds of this type in acid form are dihydroxydisulfobenzenes such as 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-disulfobenzene.
A preferred biodegradable chelator for use herein is ethylenedime disuccinate ("EDDS"), especially the �S,S! isomer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,233, Nov. 3, 1987, to Hartman and Perkins.
If utilized, these chelating agents will generally comprise from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the detergent compositions herein. More preferably, if utilized, the chelating agents will comprise from about 0.1% to about 3.0% by weight of such compositions.
Clay Soil Removal/Anti-redeposition Agents - The compositions of the present invention can also optionally contain water-soluble ethoxylated amines having clay soil removal and antiredeposition properties. Liquid detergent compositions typically contain about 0.01% to about 5%.
The most preferred soil release and anti-redeposition agent is ethoxylated tetraethylenepentamine. Exemplary ethoxylated amines are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,898, VanderMeer, issued Jul. 1, 1986. Another group of preferred clay soil removal-antiredeposition agents are the cationic compounds disclosed in European Patent Application 111,965, Oh and Gosselink, published Jun. 27, 1984. Other clay soil removal/antiredeposition agents which can be used include the ethoxylated amine polymers disclosed in European Patent Application 111,984, Gosselink, published Jun. 27, 1984; the zwitterionic polymers disclosed ha European Patent Application 112,592, Gosselink, published Jul. 4, 1984; and the amine oxides disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,744, Connor, issued Oct. 22, 1985. Other clay soil removal and/or anti redeposition agents known in the art can also be utilized in the compositions herein. Another type of preferred antiredeposition agent includes the carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) materials. These materials are well known in the art.
Polymeric Dispersing Agents - Polymeric dispersing agents can advantageously be utilized at levels from about 0.1% to about 7%, by weight, in the compositions herein, especially in the presence of zeolite and/or layered silicate builders. Suitable polymeric dispersing agents include polymeric polycarboxylates and polyethylene glycols, although others known in the art can also be used. It is believed, though it is not intended to be limited by theory; that polymeric dispersing agents enhance overall detergent builder performance, when used in combination with other builders (including lower molecular weight polycarboxylates) by crystal growth inhibition, particulate soil release peptization, and anti-redeposition.
Polymeric polycarboxylate materials can be prepared by polymerizing or copolymerizing suitable unsaturated monomers, preferably in their acid form. Unsaturated monomeric acids that can be polymerized to form suitable polymeric polycarboxylates include acrylic acid, maleic acid (or maleic anhydride), fumeric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalonic acid. The presence in the polymeric polycarboxylates herein or monomeric segments, containing no carboxylate radicals such as vinylmethyl ether, styrene, ethylene, etc. is suitable provided that such segments do not constitute more than about 40% by weight.
Particularly suitable polymeric polycarboxylates can be derived from acrylic acid. Such acrylic acid-based polymers which are useful herein are the water-soluble salts of polymerized acrylic acid. The average molecular weight of such polymers in the add form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 10,000, more preferably from about 4,000 to 7,000 and most preferably from about 4,000 to 5,000. Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid polymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts. Soluble polymers of this type are known materials. Use of polyacrylates of this type in detergent compositions has been disclosed, for example, in Diehl, U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,067, issued Mar. 7, 1967.
Acrylic/maleic-based copolymers may also be used as a preferred component of the dispersing/anti-redeposition agent. Such materials include the water-soluble salts of copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid. The average molecular weight of such copolymers in the acid form preferably ranges from about 2,000 to 100,000, more preferably from about 5,000 to 75,000, most preferably from about 7,000 to 65,000. The ratio of acrylate to maleate segments in such copolymers will generally range from about 30:1 to about 1:1, more preferably from about 10:1 to 2:1. Water-soluble salts of such acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymers can include, for example, the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts. Soluble acrylate/maleate copolymers of this type are known materials which are described in European Patent Application No. 66915, published Dec. 15, 1982, as well as in EP 193,360, published Sep. 3, 1986, which also describes such polymers comprising hydroxypropylacrylate. Still other useful dispersing agents include the maleic/acrylic/vinyl alcohol terpolymers. Such materials are also disclosed in EP 193,360, including, for example, the 45/45/10 terpolymer of acrylic/maleic/vinyl alcohol.
Another polymeric material which can be included is polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG can exhibit dispersing agent performance as well as act as a clay soil removal-antiredeposition agent. Typical molecular weight ranges for these purposes range from about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000 to about 50,000, more preferably from about 1,500 to about 10,000.
Polyaspartate and polyglutamate dispersing agents may also be used, especially in conjunction with zeolite builders. Dispersing agents such as polyaspartate preferably have a molecular weight (avg.) of about 10,000.
Brightener - Any optical brighteners or other brightening or whittening agents known in the art can be incorporated at levels typically from about 0.05% to about 1.2%, by weight, into the detergent compositions herein. Commercial optical brighteners which may be useful in the present invention can be classified into subgroups, which include, but are not necessarily limited to, derivatives of stilbene, pyrazoline, coumarin, carboxylic acid, methinecyanines, dibenzothiphene-5,5-dioxide, azoles, 5- and 6-membered-ring heterocycles, and other miscellaneous agents. Examples of such brighteners are disclosed in "The Production and Application of Fluorescent Brightening Agents", M. Zahradnik, Published by John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982).
Specific examples of optical brighteners which are useful in the present compositions are those identified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,856, issued to Wixon on Dec. 13, 1988. These brighteners include the PHORWHITE series of brighteners from Verona. Other brighteners disclosed in this reference include: Tinopal UNPA, Tinopal CBS and Tinopal 5BM; available from Ciba-Geigy; Artic White CC and Attic White CWD, available from Hilton-Davis, located in Italy; the 2-(4-stryl-phenyl)-2H-napthol�1,2-d!tdazoles; 4,4'-bis- (1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-stil-benes; 4,4'-bis(stryl)bisphenyls; and the aminocoumarins. Specific examples of these brighteners include 4-methyl-7-diethyl- amino coumarin; 1,2-bis(-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethylene; 1,3-diphenyl-pyrazolines; 2,5-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene; 2-stryl-napth-�1,2-d!oxazole; and 2-(stilbene-4-yl)-2H-naphtho- �1,2-d!triazole. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,015, issued Feb. 29, 1972 to Hamilton. Anionic brighteners are preferred herein.
Suds Suppressors - Compounds for reducing or suppressing the formation of suds can be incorporated into the compositions of the present invention. Suds suppression can be of particular importance in the so-called "high concentration cleaning process" as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,489,455 and 4,489,574 and in front-loading European-style washing machines.
A wide variety of materials may be used as suds suppressors, and suds suppressors are well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 7, pages 430-447 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979).. One category of suds suppressor of particular interest encompasses monocarboxylic fatty acid and soluble salts therein. See U.S. Pat. No. 2,954,347, issued Sep. 27, 1960 to Wayne St. John. The monocarboxylic fatty acids and salts thereof used as suds suppressor typically have hydrocarbyl chains of 10 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Suitable salts include the alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and ammonium and alkanolammonium salts.
The detergent compositions herein may also contain non-surfactant suds suppressors. These include, for example: high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as paraffin, fatty acid esters (e.g., fatty acid triglycerides), fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols, aliphatic C.sub.18 -C.sub.40 ketones (e.g., stearone), etc. Other suds inhibitors include N-alkylated amine triazines such as tri- to hexa-alkylmelamines or di- to tetra-alkyldiamine chlortriazines formed as products of cyanuric chloride with two or three moles of a primary or secondary amine containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, propylene oxide, and monostearyl phosphates such as monostearyl alcohol phosphate ester and monostearyl di-alkali metal (e.g., K, Na, and Li) phosphates and phosphate esters. The hydrocarbons such as paraffin and haloparaffin can be utilized in liquid form. The liquid hydrocarbons will be liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and will have a pour point in the range of about -40.degree. C. and about 50.degree. C., and a minimum boiling point not less than about 110.degree. C. (atmospheric pressure). It is also known to utilize waxy hydrocarbons, preferably having a melting point below about 100.degree. C. The hydrocarbons constitute a preferred category of suds suppressor for detergent compositions. Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al. The hydrocarbons, thus, include aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons having from about 12 to about 70 carbon atoms. The term "paraffin," as used in this suds suppressor discussion, is intended to include mixtures of true paraffins and cyclic hydrocarbons.
Another preferred category of non-surfactant suds suppressors comprises silicone suds suppressors. This category includes the use of polyorganosiloxane oils, such as polydimethylsiloxane, dispersions or emulsions of polyorganosiloxane oils or resins, and combinations of polyorganosiloxane with silica particles wherein the polyorganosiloxane is chemisorbed or fused onto the silica. Silicone suds suppressors are well known in the art and are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al and European Patent Application No. 89307851.9, published Feb. 7, 1990, by Starch, M. S.
Other silicone suds suppressors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,839 which relates to compositions and processes for defoaming aqueous solutions by incorporating therein small amounts of polydimethylsiloxane fluids.
Mixtures of silicone and silanated silica are described, for instance, in German Patent Application DOS 2, 124,526.
In the preferred silicone suds suppressor used herein, the solvent for a continuous phase is made up of certain polyethylene glycols or polyethylene-polypropylene glycol copolymers or mixtures thereof (preferred), or polypropylene glycol. The primary silicone suds suppressor is branched/crosslinked and preferably not linear.
To illustrate this point further, typical liquid laundry detergent compositions with controlled suds will optionally comprise from about 0.001 to about 1, preferably from about 0.01 to about 0.7, most preferably from about 0.05 to about 0.5, weight % of said silicone suds suppressor, which comprises (1) a nonaqueous emulsion of a primary antifoam agent which is a mixture of (a) a polyorganosiloxane, (b) a resinous siloxane or a silicone resin-producing silicone compound, (c) a finely divided filler material, and (d) a catalyst to promote the reaction of mixture components (a), (b) and (c), to form silanolates; (2) at least one nonionic silicone surfactant; and (3) polyethylene glycol or a copolymer of polyethylene-polypropylene glycol having a solubility in water at room temperature of more than about 2 weight %; and without polypropylene glycol. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,978,471, Starch, issued Dec. 18, 1990, and 4,983,316, Starch, issued Jan. 8, 1991, 5,288,431, Huber et al., issued Feb. 22, 1994, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,639,489 and 4,749,740, Aizawa et al at column 1, line 46 through column 4, line 35.
The silicone suds suppressor herein preferably comprises polyethylene glycol and a copolymer of polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol, all having an average molecular weight of less than about 1,000, preferably between about 100 and 800. The polyethylene glycol and polyethylene/polypropylene copolymers herein have a solubility in water at room temperature of more than about 2 weight %, preferably more than about 5 weight %.
The preferred solvent herein is polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of less than about 1,000, more preferably between about 100 and 800, most preferably between 200 and 400, and a copolymer of polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol, preferably PPG 200/PEG 300. Preferred is a weight ratio of between about 1:1 and 1:10, most preferably between 1:3 and 1:6, of polyethylene glycol:copolymer of polyethylene-polypropylene glycol.
The preferred silicone suds suppressors used herein do not contain polypropylene glycol, particularly of 4,000 molecular weight. They also preferably do not contain block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, like PLURONIC L101.
Other suds suppressors useful herein comprise the secondary alcohols (e.g., 2-alkyl alkanols) and mixtures of such alcohols with silicone oils, such as the silicones disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,679, 4,075,118 and EP 150,872. The secondary alcohols include the C.sub.6 -C.sub.16 alkyl alcohols having a C.sub.1 -C.sub.16 chain. A preferred alcohol is 2-butyl octanol, which is available from Condea under the trademark ISOFOL 12. Mixtures of secondary alcohols are available under the trademark ISALCHEM 123 from Enichem. Mixed suds suppressors typically comprise mixtures of alcohol+silicone at a weight ratio of 1:5 to 5:1.
For any detergent compositions to be used in automatic laundry washing machines, suds should not form of the extent that they overflow the washing machine. Suds suppressors, when utilized, are preferably present in a "suds suppressing amount. By "suds suppressing amount" is meant that the formulator of the composition can select an amount of this suds controlling agent that will sufficiently control the suds to result in a low-sudsing laundry detergent for use in automatic laundry washing machines.
The compositions herein will generally comprise from 0% to about 5% of suds suppressor. When utilized as suds suppressors, monocarboxylic fatty acids, and salts therein, will be present typically in amounts up to about 5%, by weight, of the detergent composition. Preferably, from about 0.5% to about 3% of fatty monocarboxylate suds suppressor is utilized. Silicone suds suppressors are typically utilized in amounts up to about 2.0%, by weight, of the detergent composition, although higher amounts may be used. This upper limit is practical in nature, due primarily to concern with keeping costs minimized and effectiveness of lower amounts for effectively controlling sudsing. Preferably from about 0.01% to about 1% of silicone suds suppressor is used, more preferably from about 0.25% to about 0.5%. As used herein, these weight percentage values include any silica that may be utilized in combination with polyorganosiloxane, as well as any adjunct materials that may be utilized. Monostearyl phosphate suds suppressors are generally utilized in amounts ranging from about 0.1% to about 2%, by weight, of the composition. Hydrocarbon suds suppressors are typically utilized in amounts ranging from about 0.01% to about 5.0%, although higher levels can be used. The alcohol suds suppressors are typically used at 0.2%-3% by weight of the finished compositions.
Dye Transfer Inhibiting Agents - The compositions of the present invention may also include one or more materials effective for inhibiting the transfer of dyes from one fabric to another during the cleaning process. Generally, such dye transfer inhibiting agents include polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymers, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, manganese phthalocyanine, peroxidases, and mixtures thereof. If used, these agents typically comprise from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.01% to about 5%, and more preferably from about 0.05% to about 2%.
More specifically, the polyamine N-oxide polymers preferred for use herein contain units having the following structural formula: R-A.sub.x -P; wherein P is a polymerizable unit to which an N--O group can be attached or the N--O group can form part of the polymerizable unit or the N--O group can be attached to both units; A is one of the following structures: --NC(O)--, --C(O)O--, --S--, --O--, --N.dbd.; x is 0 or 1; and R is aliphatic, ethoxylated aliphatics, aromatics, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups or any combination thereof to which the nitrogen of the N--O group can be attached or the N--O group is part of these groups. Preferred polyamine N-oxides are those wherein R is a heterocyclic group such as pyridine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrrolidine, piperidine and derivatives thereof.
The N--O group can be represented by the following general structures: ##STR4## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 are aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups or combinations thereof, x, y and z are 0 or 1; and the nitrogen of the N--O group can be attached or form part of any of the aforementioned groups. The amine oxide unit of the polyamine N-oxides has a pKa<10, preferably pKa<7, more preferred pKa<6.
Any polymer backbone can be used as long as the amine oxide polymer formed is water-soluble and has dye transfer inhibiting properties. Examples of suitable polymeric backbones are polyvinyls, polyalkylenes, polyesters, polyethers, polyamide, polyimides, polyacrylates and mixtures thereof. These polymers include random or block copolymers where one monomer type is an amine N-oxide and the other monomer type is an N-oxide. The amine N-oxide polymers typically have a ratio of amine to the amine N-oxide of 10:1 to 1:1,000,000. However, the number of amine oxide groups present in the polyamine oxide polymer can be varied by appropriate copolymerization or by an appropriate degree of N-oxidation. The polyamine oxides can be obtained in almost any degree of polymerization. Typically, the average molecular weight is within the range of 500 to 1,000,000; more preferred 1,000 to 500,000; most preferred 5,000 to 100,000. This preferred class of materials can be referred to as "PVNO".
The most preferred polyamine N-oxide useful in the detergent compositions herein is poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) which as an average molecular weight of about 50,000 and an amine to amine N-oxide ratio of about 1:4.
Copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole polymers (referred to as a class as "PVPVI") are also preferred for use herein. Preferably the PVPVI has an average molecular weight range from 5,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably from 5,000 to 200,000, and most preferably from 10,000 to 20,000. (The average molecular weight range is determined by light scattering as described in Barth, et al., Chemical Analysis, Vol 113. "Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization", the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.) The PVPVI copolymers typically have a molar ratio of N-vinylimidazole to N-vinylpyrrolidone from 1:1 to 0.2:1, more preferably from 0.8:1 to 0.3:1, most preferably from 0.6:1 to 0.4:1. These copolymers can be either linear or branched.
The present invention compositions also may employ a polyvinylpyrrolidone ("PVP") having an average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 400,000, preferably from about 5,000 to about 200,000, and more preferably from about 5,000 to about 50,000. PVP's are known to persons skilled in the detergent field; see, for example, EP-A-262,g97 and EP-A-256,696, incorporated herein by reference. Compositions containing PVP can also contain polyethylene glycol ("PEG") having an average molecular weight from about 500 to about 100,000, preferably from about 1,000 to about 10,000. Preferably, the ratio of PEG to PVP on a ppm basis delivered in wash solutions is from about 2:to about 50:1, and more preferably from about 3:1 to about 10:1.
The detergent compositions herein may also optionally contain from about 0.005% to 5% by weight of certain types of hydrophilic optical brighteners which also provide a dye transfer inhibition action. If used, the compositions herein will preferably comprise from about 0.01% to 1% by weight of such optical brighteners.
The hydrophilic optical brighteners useful in the present invention are those having the structural formula: ##STR5## wherein R.sub.1 is selected from anilino, N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and NH-2-hydroxyethyl; R.sub.2 is selected from N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino, morphilino, chloro and amino; and M is a salt-forming cation such as sodium or potassium.
When in the above formula, R.sub.1 is anilino, R.sub.2 is N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4',-bis�(4-anilino-6-(N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino!-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid and disodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal-UNPA-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Tinopal-UNPA-GX is the preferred hydrophilic optical brightener useful in the detergent compositions herein. When in the above formula, R.sub.1 is anilino, R.sub.2 is N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-2-methylamino and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4'-bis�(4-anilino-6-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino!2,2-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal 5BM-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation.
When in the above formula, R.sub.1 is anilino, R.sub.2 is morphillno and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener-is 4,4'-bis�(4-anilino-6-morphilino-s-triazine-2-yl)amino!2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, sodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal AMS-GX by Ciba Geigy Corporation.
The specific optical brightener species selected for use in the present invention provide especially effective dye transfer inhibition performance benefits when used in combination with the selected polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents hereinbefore described. The combination of such selected polymeric materials (e.g., PVNO and/or PVPVI) with such selected optical brighteners (e.g., Tinopal UNPA-GX, Tinopal 5BM-GX and/or Tinopal AMS-GX) provides significantly better dye transfer inhibition in aqueous wash solutions than does either of these two detergent composition components when used alone. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that such brighteners work this way because they have high affinity for fabrics in the wash solution and therefore deposit relatively quick on these fabrics. The extent to which brighteners deposit on fabrics in the wash solution can be defined by a parameter called the "exhaustion coefficient". The exhaustion coefficient is in general as the ratio of a) the brightener material deposited on fabric to b) the initial brightener concentration in the wash liquor. Brighteners with relatively high exhaustion coefficients are the most suitable for inhibiting dye transfer in the context of the present invention.
Of course, it will be appreciated that other, conventional optical brightener types of compounds can optionally be used in the present compositions to provide conventional fabric "brightness" benefits, rather than a true dye transfer inhibiting effect. Such usage is conventional and well-known to detergent formulations.
Bleaching Compounds - Bleaching Agents and Bleach Activators - The detergent compositions herein may optionally contain bleaching agents or bleaching compositions containing a bleaching agent and one or more bleach activators. When present, bleaching agents will typically be at levels of from about 1% to about 30%, more typically from about 5% to about 20%, of the detergent composition, especially for fabric laundering. If present, the amount of bleach activators will typically be from about 0.1% to about 60%, more typically from about 0.5% to about 40% of the bleaching composition comprising the bleaching agent-plus-bleach activator.
The bleaching agents used herein can be any of the bleaching agents useful for detergent compositions in textile cleaning, hard surface cleaning, or other cleaning purposes that are now known or become known. These include oxygen bleaches as well as other bleaching agents. Perborate bleaches, e.g., sodium perborate (e.g., mono- or tetra-hydrate) and percarbonate bleaches can be used herein.
Another category of bleaching agent that can be used without restriction encompasses percarboxylic acid bleaching agents and salts thereof. Bleaching agents are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,781, Hartman, issued Nov. 20, 1984 and European Patent Application 0,133,354, Banks et al, published Feb. 20, 1985.
Mixtures of bleaching agents can also be used.
Peroxygen bleaching agents, the perborates, the percarbonates, etc., are preferably combined with bleach activators, which lead to the in situ production in aqueous solution (i.e., during the washing process) of the peroxy acid corresponding to the bleach activator. Various nonlimiting examples of activators are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,915,854, issued Apr. 10, 1990 to Mao et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,412,934. The nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) and tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) activators are typical, and mixtures thereof can also be used. See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,551 for other typical bleaches and activators useful herein. Examples of preferred bleach activators include (6-octanamidocaproyl)oxybenzene-sulfonate, (6-nonanarnidocaproyl)oxybenzenesulfonate, (6-decanamidocaproyl)oxybenzene-sulfonate, and mixtures thereof. Another class of bleach activators comprises the benzoxazin-type activators disclosed by Hodge et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,723, issued Oct. 30, 1990. Still another class of preferred bleach activators includes the acyl lactam activators, especially acyl caprolactams and acyl valerolactams. Highly preferred lactam activators include benzoyl caprolactam, octanoyl caprolactam, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl caprolactam, nonanoyl caprolactam, 4-nitrobenzoyl caprolactam, and mixtures thereof.
Bleaching agents other than oxygen bleaching agents are also known in the art and can be utilized herein. One type of non-oxygen bleaching agent of particular interest includes photoactivated bleaching agents such as the sulfonated zinc and/or aluminum phthalocyanines. If desired, the bleaching compounds can be catalyzed by means of a manganese compound. Such compounds are well known in the art and include, for example, the manganese-based catalysts disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,621, U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,594; U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,416; U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,606; and European Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 549,271A1, 549,272A1, 544,440A2, and 544,490A1. As a practical matter, and not by way of limitation, the compositions and processes herein can be adjusted to provide on the order of at least one part per ten million of the active bleach catalyst species in the aqueous washing liquor, and will preferably provide from about 0.1 ppm to about 700 ppm, more preferably from about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, of the catalyst species in the laundry liquor.
Organic Peroxides, especially Diacyl Peroxides - are extensively illustrated in Kirk Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 17, John Wiley and Sons, 1982 at pages 27-90 and especially at pages 63-72, all incorporated herein by reference. Suitable organic peroxides, especially diacyl peroxides, are further illustrated in "Initiators for Polymer Production", Akzo Chemicals Inc., Product Catalog, Bulletin No. 88-57.
Quaternary Substituted Bleach Activators - The present compositions can also comprise quaternary substituted bleach activators (QSBA) as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,130, Sep. 3, 1985 incorporated by reference. This patent also illustrates QSBA's in which the quaternary moiety is present in the leaving group. British Pat. 1,382,594, published Feb. 5, 1975, discloses a class of QSBA's found suitable for use herein. U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,426 issued Apr. 4., 1989; U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,022 issued Mar. 3, 1992; and U.S. Pat. No.4,904,406, issued Feb. 27, 1990 disclose other classes of QSBA's suitable for use herein. Additionally, QSBA's are described in EP 552,812 A1 published Jul. 28, 1993, and in EP 540,090 A2, published May 5, 1993. All of the foregoing documents are incorporated by reference.
Anti-Static Agents - The present compositions can also comprise anti-static agents as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,502. Preferred examples of anti-static agents include alkyl amine-anionic surfactant ion pairs, such as distearyl amine-cumene sulfonate ion pairs. If present, anti-static agents are present in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 20%, preferably from about 1% to about 10%, more preferably from about 1% to about 5%, by weight of the detergent composition.
Adjunct Ingredients
The compositions herein can optionally include one or more other detergent adjunct materials or other materials for assisting or enhancing cleaning performance, treatment of the substrate to be cleaned, or to modify the aesthetics of the detergent composition (e.g., perfumes, colorants, dyes, neutralizing agents, buffering agents, phase regulants, polyacids, suds regulants, opacifiers, antioxidants, and bactericides described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,841, Barrat et al, issued Aug. 25, 1981.
Various detersive ingredients employed in the present compositions optionally can be further stabilized by absorbing said ingredients onto a porous hydrophobic substrate, then coating said substrate with a hydrophobic coating. Preferably, the detersive ingredient is admixed with a surfactant before being absorbed into the porous substrate. In use, the detersive ingredient is released from the substrate into the aqueous washing liquor, where it performs its intended detersive function.
To illustrate this technique in more detail, a porous hydrophobic silica (trademark SIPERNAT D10, DeGussa) is admixed with a proteolytic enzyme solution containing 3%-5% of C.sub.13-15 ethoxylated alcohol (EO 7) nonionic surfactant. Typically, the enzyme/surfactant solution is 2.5 X the weight of silica. By this means, ingredients such as the aforementioned enzymes, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, photoactivators, dyes, fluorescers, fabric conditioners and hydrolyzable surfactants can be "protected" for use in detergents, including liquid laundry detergent compositions.
Liquid detergent compositions can contain water and other solvents as carriers. Low molecular weight primary or secondary alcohols exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol are suitable. Monohydric alcohols are preferred for solubilizing surfactant, but polyols such as those containing from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from 2 to about 6 hydroxy groups (e.g., 1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, glycerine, and 1,2-propanediol) can also be used. The compositions may contain from 5% to 90%, typically 10% to 50% of such carriers.
The detergent compositions herein will preferably be formulated such that, during use in aqueous cleaning operations, the wash water will have a pH of between about 6.5 and about 11, preferably between about 7.5 and 11. Techniques for controlling pH at recommended usage levels include the use of buffers, alkalis, acids, etc., and are well known to those skilled in the art.
The following non-limiting examples illustrate the compositions of the present invention. All percentages, parts and ratios used herein are by weight unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE I
Liquid laundry detergent compositions are presented below which compare the use of silicone emulsions and cationic surfactants.
__________________________________________________________________________Ingredent A B C D E__________________________________________________________________________Na C25AES surfactant 18 18 18 18 16C23EO9 surfactant 2 2 2 2 2C12alkyl glucose amide 5 5 5 5 0Citric acid builder 3 3 3 3 5Fatty acid builder 2 2 2 2 0Tetraethylenepentamine 1 1 1.2 1.2 0.5ethoxylated (15-18)Propanediol 8 8 8 8 4.5Ethanol 4 4 4 4 2Boric acid 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2Sodium Cumene 3 3 3 3 0SulfonateC12-16 dimethyl Amine 0 0 0 0 2OxideMyristyl Trimethyl 0 0 0 0 3Ammonium ChlorideLauryl Trimethyl 0 3 0 1 0Ammonium Chloridesilicone 80 um 0 0 5 4 5sodium hydroxide for pH pH = 8.0 pH = 8.0 pH = 8.0 pH = 8.0 pH = 7.0Enzymes, dyes, water balance balance balance balance BalanceSoftening grade control 0.5 1.2 2.2 1.9LSD (90%) N/A 0.4 0.33 0.3 0.2__________________________________________________________________________
The silicone emulsions are prepared in any way known to those skilled in the art. The silicone emulsion is added together with the other ingredients and mechanically agitated to insure a homogeneous product.
A: Control
B: Cationic surfactant (lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride) as a softener only
C: Silicone emulsion as a softener only
D: Both cationic surfactant and silicone emulsion
E: Both cationic surfactant and silicone emulsion
Each of the above formulas are used to treat a fabric bundle which contains approximately 60% cotton terries and polycotton fabrics, 20% polyester, and 20% other synthetic fabrics. Each bundle is loaded into a washing machine along with about one hundred grams of liquid detergent containing the silicone emulsion. The washing machine controls are established to provide a wash liquor temperature of 35.degree. C. with a cold water rinse. The bundles are washed for approximately fourteen minutes. Each bundle is then dried in a dryer for about one hour.
Sixteen pairs of cotton terries are graded for softness by a panel of three expert judges, working independently, by a paired comparison technique using a 4-point scale. Differences were recorded in panel score units (psu), positive being performance wise better and the least significant difference (LSD) at 90% confidence is also calculated.
The combinations of silicone emulsion with a particle size of 80 microns and cationic surfactant (Formulas D and E) provide synergistic softening benefit as compared to the other formulas.

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Number	Date	Country
0055606 A1	Jul 1982	EPX
0138077 A2	Apr 1985	EPX
0 194 116 A2	Sep 1986	EPX
0 288 137 A2	Oct 1988	EPX
0 396 457 A2	Nov 1990	EPX
0 526 539 B1	Jan 1994	EPX
2 206 902	Jan 1989	GBX
WO 9511746	May 1995	WOX

Liquid laundry detergent compositions containing surfactants and silicone emulsions

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