The disclosure relates to liquid lenses and liquid lens articles with low reflectivity electrode structures and, more particularly, to such liquid lenses and articles with electrode structures suitable for laser bonding process steps.
Liquid lenses generally include two immiscible liquids disposed within a chamber. Varying an electric field applied to the liquids can vary the wettability of one of the liquids relative to walls of the chamber, which has the effect of varying the shape of a meniscus formed between the two liquids. Further, in various applications, changes to the shape of the meniscus can drive controlled changes to the focal length of the lens.
One challenge associated with manufacturing a liquid lens is forming a hermetic bond between the substrates of the lens. These substrates may be made from glass, glass-ceramics, ceramics, polymers, and other high modulus materials, which present difficulties in forming reliable, hermetic bonds. Further, the bonding steps are often conducted in a wet environment in close proximity to the liquids employed by the lens for its optical function. In addition, the substrates of the liquid lens also comprise conductive electrodes, which are often dissimilar in composition and structure relative to the substrates.
Accordingly, there is a need for liquid lens and liquid lens article configurations suitable for substrate bonding, particularly laser bonding processes.
According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a liquid lens article is provided that includes: a first substrate; and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate. The electrode comprises an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Further, the absorber structure comprises at least two metal oxide layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the metal oxide layers.
According to other aspects of the present disclosure, a liquid lens article is provided that includes: a first substrate; and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate. The electrode comprises an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Further, the absorber structure comprises at least two metal oxide layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the metal oxide layers. In addition, the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq.
According to further aspects of the present disclosure, a liquid lens article is provided that includes: a first substrate; and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate. The electrode comprises an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Further, the absorber structure comprises at least two conductive dielectric layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the conductive dielectric layers. In addition, the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq and each of the at least two conductive dielectric layers of the absorber structure comprises a resistivity of less than about 1E-2 Ω·cm and a band gap of at least about 3.5 eV.
According to other aspects of the present disclosure, a liquid lens is provided that includes: a first substrate; an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate and comprising an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure; a second substrate disposed on the absorber structure of the electrode; a bond defined at least in part by the electrode, wherein the bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate; a cavity defined at least in part by the bond; and a first liquid and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. Further, the electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. The absorber structure comprises at least two metal oxide layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the metal oxide layers. In addition, the first liquid and the second liquid are substantially immiscible such that an interface between the first liquid and the second liquid defines a lens of the liquid lens.
According to additional aspects of the present disclosure, a liquid lens is provided that includes: a first substrate; an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the electrode; a bond defined at least in part by the electrode, wherein the bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate; a cavity defined at least in part by the bond; and a first liquid and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. The first liquid and the second liquid are substantially immiscible such that an interface between the first liquid and the second liquid defines a lens of the liquid lens. Further, the electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm, and a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq. In addition, the bond comprises an optical transmittance of at least about 70% at an infrared wavelength within a range of 800 nm to 1.7 μm.
Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understanding the nature and character of the disclosure and the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of principles of the disclosure, and are incorporated in, and constitute a part of, this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s) and, together with the description, serve to explain, by way of example, principles and operation of the disclosure. It is to be understood that various features of the disclosure disclosed in this specification and in the drawings can be used in any and all combinations. By way of non-limiting examples, the various features of the disclosure may be combined with one another according to the following embodiments.
The following is a description of the figures in the accompanying drawings. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and certain features and certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or in schematic in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
In the drawings:
Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows and will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description, or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the following description, together with the claims and appended drawings.
As used herein, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
Modifications of the disclosure will occur to those skilled in the art and to those who make or use the disclosure. Therefore, it is understood that the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the following claims, as interpreted according to the principles of patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.
As used herein, the term “about” means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. When the term “about” is used in describing a value or an end-point of a range, the disclosure should be understood to include the specific value or end-point referred to. Whether or not a numerical value or end-point of a range in the specification recites “about,” the numerical value or end-point of a range is intended to include two embodiments: one modified by “about,” and one not modified by “about.” It will be further understood that the end-points of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other end-point, and independently of the other end-point.
The terms “substantial,” “substantially,” and variations thereof as used herein are intended to note that a described feature is equal or approximately equal to a value or description. For example, a “substantially planar” surface is intended to denote a surface that is planar or approximately planar. Moreover, “substantially” is intended to denote that two values are equal or approximately equal. In some embodiments, “substantially” may denote values within about 10% of each other, such as within about 5% of each other, or within about 2% of each other.
As used herein the terms “the,” “a,” or “an,” mean “at least one,” and should not be limited to “only one” unless explicitly indicated to the contrary. Thus, for example, reference to “a component” includes embodiments having two or more such components unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As used herein, the terms “reflectance” and “reflectivity” are synonymous and used interchangeably in this disclosure.
In various embodiments of the disclosure, a liquid lens article is provided that includes a first substrate and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the substrate (e.g., the liquid lens articles 100a depicted in
The electrode structures detailed in this disclosure can enable, or otherwise positively influence, the achievement of various technical requirements and performance aspects of the devices employing the implementations of the liquid lens articles and lenses of the disclosure. Among these technical considerations, the electrodes should provide enough current carrying capability to allow for the induced voltage variations for proper operation of the liquid lens device. Higher current density carrying capabilities in the electrodes can be advantageous, however, to enable the patterning of resistance-based heaters from the electrode that can heat the device to improve liquid lens operation under sub-zero temperature evolutions. The liquid lens device should also be configured to suppress optical reflections in the cone containing the liquids of the liquid lens. As such, the electrodes of the disclosure are configured to have low reflectivity in the visible wavelength regime to suppress stray optical reflections within the core for optimal liquid lens device performance. Another technical consideration is that the sealing of the substrates of the liquid lens can be limited by the materials and configuration of the electrodes. In view of this consideration, the electrodes of the disclosure can enable the laser bonding of the substrates by exhibiting a low reflectivity in the ultraviolet wavelength regime, particularly at those wavelengths of the laser employed by the bonding process. Further, the electrodes of the disclosure can facilitate laser dicing of liquid lens devices from an array of such devices. In particular, the electrodes of the disclosure are amenable to a laser bond formed from the substrates and the electrode that is substantially transparent to the wavelength of infrared lasers employed to dice the individual liquid lens devices from an array of such devices. Interconnection performance is another important technical consideration of liquid lens devices. The electrodes of the disclosure have the advantage of not requiring additional etching or patterning process steps prior to the development of an electrical connection to the electrode. In contrast, conventional liquid lens electrodes with non-conductive topmost layers need to be etched or patterned prior to interconnection to reveal and expose the conductive layers or materials within the electrode.
Referring to
According to an exemplary implementation of the liquid lens 100 of the disclosure depicted in
In some embodiments, the liquid lens 100 has an optical axis 114. The first outer layer 108 has an external surface 116. In embodiments, the liquid lens 100 has a third substrate 110 (also referred herein as “second outer layer 110”), which likewise has an external surface 118. The thickness 106 of the liquid lens 100 is defined by the distance between the external surface 116 of the first outer layer 108 and the external surface 118 of the second outer layer 110. The intermediate layer 112 (also referred herein as the “first substrate 112”) has a through hole 120 denoted by dotted lines A′ and B′. The optical axis 114 extends through the through hole 120. The through hole 120 is rotationally symmetric about the optical axis 114, and can take a variety of shapes, for example, as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 8,922,901, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The first outer layer 108, the second outer layer 110, and the through hole 120 of the intermediate layer 112 define a cavity 122. In other words, the cavity 122 is disposed between the first outer layer 108 and the second outer layer 110, and within the through hole 120 of the intermediate layer 112. In implementations of the liquid lens 100, the first outer layer 108, the second outer layer 110, and the intermediate layer 112 are all transparent (e.g., with an optical transmittance of at least 70%) to the wavelength of a laser (e.g., 1060 nm for an infrared CO2 laser) employed for liquid lens dicing operations (e.g., to dice or otherwise separate a liquid lens 100 from a plurality of liquid lenses 100). A small gap (not illustrated) may separate each of the first outer layer 108, the second outer layer 110, and the intermediate layer 112 from their adjacent layer. The through hole 120 has a narrow opening 160 and a wide opening 162. The narrow opening 160 has a diameter 164. The wide opening 162 has a diameter 166. In some embodiments, the diameter 166 of the wide opening 162 is greater than the diameter 164 of the narrow opening 160.
Referring again to
Again referring to
The first outer layer 108 and/or the second outer layer 110 can comprise a sufficient transparency to enable passage of the image light. For example, the first outer layer 108 and/or the second outer layer 110 can comprise a polymeric, a glass, ceramic (e.g., a silicon wafer), or glass-ceramic material. Because image light can pass through the through hole 120 in the intermediate layer 112, the intermediate layer 112 need not be transparent to the image light. However, the intermediate layer 112 can be transparent to the image light. As noted earlier, the first outer layer 108, the second outer layer 110, and the intermediate layer 112 can all be transparent to the wavelength of a laser employed for liquid lens dicing operations. The intermediate layer 112 can comprise a metallic, polymeric, a glass, ceramic, or glass-ceramic material. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the first outer layer 108, the second outer layer 110, and the intermediate layer 112 comprise a glass material.
Referring again to the liquid lens 100 depicted in
As noted earlier, the liquid lens 100 further includes a first electrode 134 and a second electrode 136. The first electrode 134 is disposed between the first outer layer 108 and the intermediate layer 112 (first substrate 112). In embodiments, one or more intermediate layer(s) (e.g., intermediate layer(s) of varying compositions to match the refractive indices of the layers 108, 112 with the electrodes 134, 136; e.g., intermediate layer(s) of varying compositions to promote deposition of the electrodes 134, 136 over the layers 108 and/or 112, etc.) are present between the electrode 134 and either or both of the first outer layer 108 and the first substrate 112 (not shown). The second electrode 136 is disposed between the intermediate layer 112 and the second outer layer 110 and extends through the through hole 120 in the intermediate layer 112. The first electrode 134 and the second electrode 136 can be applied (such as by coating or sputtering) to the intermediate layer 112 as one contiguous electrode layer structure before the first outer layer 108 and the second outer layer 110 are attached to the intermediate layer 112. In other words, substantially all of the intermediate layer 112 can be coated with an electrode. The electrode layer or layer structure can then be segmented into the first electrode 134 and the second electrode 136. For example, the liquid lens 100 can include a scribe 138 in the electrode layer or structure to form or otherwise define the first electrode 134 and the second electrode 136 such that these electrodes are electrically isolated from one another.
In some embodiments, the first electrode 134 and the second electrode 136 are not transparent to the wavelength of a laser employed in laser dicing operations (e.g., at 1060 nm for an infrared CO2 laser). Various configurations and materials that can be employed in the electrodes 134, 136 are shown in
Referring again to the liquid lens 100 depicted in
Once again referring to the liquid lens 100 depicted in
Once again referring to the liquid lens 100 depicted in
The second electrode 136 is insulated from the first liquid 124 and the second liquid 126, via an insulating layer 140. The insulating layer 140 can comprise an insulating coating applied to the intermediate layer 112 before attaching the first outer layer 108 and/or the second outer layer 110 to the intermediate layer 112. The insulating layer 140 can comprise an insulating coating applied to the second electrode 136 and the second window 132 after attaching the second outer layer 110 to the intermediate layer 112 and before attaching the first outer layer 108 to the intermediate layer 112. Thus, the insulating layer 140 covers at least a portion of the second electrode 136 within the cavity 122 and the second window 132. The insulating layer 140 can be sufficiently transparent to enable passage of image light through the second window 132 as described herein. The insulating layer 140 can cover at least a portion of the second electrode 136 (acting as the driving electrode) (e.g., the portion of the second electrode 136 disposed within the cavity 122) to insulate the first liquid 124 and the second liquid 126 from the second electrode 136. Additionally, or alternatively, at least a portion of the first electrode 134 (acting as the common electrode) disposed within the cavity 122 is uncovered by the insulating layer 140. Thus, the first electrode 134 can be in electrical communication with the first liquid 124 as described herein.
The liquid lens 100 depicted in
Likewise, the liquid lens 100 depicted in
Referring again to the liquid lens 100 depicted in
According to an embodiment of the liquid lens 100 depicted in
Referring now to
Referring again to the liquid lens article 100a depicted in
Referring again to the liquid lens article 100a depicted in
Referring to the liquid lens article 100a depicted in
Referring again to the liquid lens article 100a depicted in
Referring now to
Referring now to
The following examples describe various features and advantages provided by the disclosure, and are in no way intended to limit the disclosure and appended claims.
In this example, a liquid lens article consistent with the liquid lens articles 100a of the disclosure was prepared (see
Referring now to
In this example, a liquid lens article consistent with the liquid lens articles 100a of the disclosure was prepared (see
In this example, a liquid lens article consistent with the liquid lens articles 100a of the disclosure was prepared (see
In this example, a liquid lens article consistent with the liquid lens articles 100a of the disclosure was prepared (see
In this example, a liquid lens article consistent with the liquid lens articles 100a of the disclosure was prepared (see
Referring now to
Samples of each of these liquid lens devices, as fabricated with these electrode configurations (Comp. Ex. 6 and Ex. 6), were placed on an optical test bench with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor optical instrument. A collimated light source was then used to generate incident light that passed through each of the liquid lens devices to reach the wavefront sensor. Data from the wavefront sensor was then employed to calculate power, tilt and wavefront error (WFE). More particularly,
According to a first embodiment of the disclosure, a liquid lens article is provided that includes: a first substrate; and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate. The electrode comprises an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Further, the absorber structure comprises at least two metal oxide layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the metal oxide layers. In addition, the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq.
According to a second embodiment, the first embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity of about 10% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm to 400 nm.
According to a third embodiment, the first embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 1% or less at the visible wavelength within the range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 5% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm to 400 nm.
According to a fourth embodiment, any one of the first through the third embodiments is provided wherein each of the electrically conductive structure and the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure is, independently, selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Au, Ag, Ni, Ti, Cu, Al, a Ni/Au alloy, a Au/Si alloy, Zr, V, a Cu/Ni alloy, other alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
According to a fifth embodiment, any one of the first through the fourth embodiments is provided wherein each of the at least two metal oxide layers comprises a resistivity of less than 1E-2 Ωcm.
According to a sixth embodiment, any one of the first through the fifth embodiments is provided wherein each of the at least two metal oxide layers comprises a thickness from about 20 nm to about 60 nm, each of the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure comprises a thickness from about 2 nm to about 20 nm, and the electrically conductive structure comprises a thickness from about 30 nm to about 200 nm.
According to a seventh embodiment, any one of the first through the sixth embodiments is provided that includes: a second substrate disposed on the optical absorber structure of the electrode; and a bond defined at least in part by the electrode. The bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate. The bond comprises an optical transmittance of at least 70% at an infrared wavelength within a range of 800 nm to 1.7 μm.
According to an eighth embodiment, the fifth embodiment is provided wherein each of the metal oxide layers comprises, independently, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc tin oxide (ZTO), titanium niobium oxide (TNO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), and combinations thereof.
According to a ninth embodiment of the disclosure, a liquid lens article is provided that includes: a first substrate; and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate. The electrode comprises an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 555 nm to 620 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. The absorber structure comprises at least two metal oxide layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the metal oxide layers, and further wherein the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq.
According to a tenth embodiment, the ninth embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity of about 10% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm and 400 nm.
According to an eleventh embodiment, the ninth embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about less than about 1% at a visible wavelength within a range of 550 nm to 620 nm, and a reflectivity of about 5% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm and 400 nm.
According to a twelfth embodiment, any one of the ninth through the eleventh embodiments is provided wherein each of the electrically conductive structure and the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure is, independently, selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Au, Ag, Ni, Ti, Cu, Al, a Ni/Au alloy, a Au/Si alloy, Zr, V, a Cu/Ni alloy, other alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
According to a thirteenth embodiment, any one of the ninth through the twelfth embodiments is provided wherein each of the at least two metal oxide layers of the absorber structure comprises a resistivity of less than 1E-2 Ω·cm.
According to a fourteenth embodiment, any one of the ninth through the thirteenth embodiments is provided wherein each of the at least two metal oxide layers comprises a thickness from about 20 nm to about 60 nm, each of the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure comprises a thickness from about 2 nm to about 20 nm, and the electrically conductive structure comprises a thickness from about 30 nm to about 200 nm.
According to a fifteenth embodiment, any one of the ninth through the fourteenth embodiments is provided which includes: a second substrate disposed on the optical absorber structure of the electrode; and a bond defined at least in part by the electrode. The bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate, and further wherein the bond comprises an optical transmittance of at least 70% at an infrared wavelength within a range of 800 nm to 1.7 μm.
According to a sixteenth embodiment, any one of the ninth through the fifteenth embodiments is provided wherein the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 3 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq.
According to a seventeenth embodiment, the thirteenth embodiment is provided wherein each of the metal oxide layers comprises, independently, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc tin oxide (ZTO), titanium niobium oxide (TNO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), and combinations thereof.
According to an eighteenth embodiment, a liquid lens article is provided that includes: a first substrate; and an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate. The electrode comprises an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 555 nm to 620 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. The absorber structure comprises at least two conductive dielectric layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the conductive dielectric layers, and the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq, and each of the at least two conductive dielectric layers of the absorber structure comprises a resistivity of less than about 1E-2 Ω·cm and a band gap of at least about 3.5 eV.
According to a nineteenth embodiment, the eighteenth embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity of about 10% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm to 400 nm.
According to a twentieth embodiment, the eighteenth embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 1% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 5% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm and 400 nm.
According to a twenty-first embodiment, any one of the eighteenth through the twentieth embodiments is provided wherein each of the electrically conductive structure and the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure is, independently, selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Au, Ag, Ni, Ti, Cu, Al, a Ni/Au alloy, a Au/Si alloy, Zr, V, a Cu/Ni alloy, other alloys thereof, and combinations thereof.
According to a twenty-second embodiment, any one of the eighteenth through the twenty-first embodiments is provided wherein each of the at least two conductive dielectric layers comprises a thickness from about 20 nm to about 60 nm, each of the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure comprises a thickness from about 2 nm to about 20 nm, and the electrically conductive structure comprises a thickness from about 30 nm to about 200 nm.
According to a twenty-third embodiment, any one of the eighteenth through the twenty-second embodiments is provided that include: a second substrate disposed on the optical absorber structure of the electrode; and a bond defined at least in part by the electrode. The bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate, and the bond comprises an optical transmittance of at least 70% at an infrared wavelength within a range of 800 nm to 1.7 μm.
According to a twenty-fourth embodiment, the twenty-third embodiment is provided wherein each of the conductive dielectric layers comprises, independently, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc tin oxide (ZTO), titanium niobium oxide (TNO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), and combinations thereof.
According to a twenty-fifth embodiment, a liquid lens is provided that includes: a first substrate; an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate and comprising an electrically conductive structure disposed on the primary surface of the first substrate and an optical absorber structure disposed on the electrically conductive structure; a second substrate disposed on the absorber structure of the electrode; a bond defined at least in part by the electrode. The bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate; a cavity defined at least in part by the bond; and a first liquid and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. The absorber structure comprises at least two metal oxide layers and at least one metal layer, each metal layer between two of the metal oxide layers, and the first liquid and the second liquid are substantially immiscible such that an interface between the first liquid and the second liquid defines a lens of the liquid lens.
According to a twenty-sixth embodiment, the twenty-fifth embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq.
According to a twenty-seventh embodiment, the twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth embodiment is provided wherein each of the electrically conductive structure and the at least one metal layer of the optical absorber structure is, independently, selected from the group consisting of Cr, Mo, Au, Ag, Ni, Ti, Cu, Al, a Ni/Au alloy, a Au/Si alloy, Zr, V, a Cu/Ni alloy, other alloys thereof and combinations thereof, wherein each of the at least two metal oxide layers of the absorber structure comprises, independently, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc tin oxide (ZTO), titanium niobium oxide (TNO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), and combinations thereof.
According to a twenty-eighth embodiment, any one of the twenty-fifth through the twenty-seventh embodiments is provided wherein each of the at least two metal oxide layers comprises a thickness from about 20 nm to about 60 nm, each of the at least one metal layer of the absorber structure comprises a thickness from about 2 nm to about 20 nm, and the electrically conductive structure comprises a thickness from about 30 nm to about 200 nm.
According to a twenty-ninth embodiment, any one of the twenty-fifth through the twenty-eighth embodiments is provided wherein the bond comprises an optical transmittance of at least 70% at an infrared wavelength within a range of 800 nm to 1.7 μm.
According to a thirtieth embodiment, a liquid lens is provided that includes: a first substrate; an electrode disposed on a primary surface of the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the electrode; a bond defined at least in part by the electrode, wherein the bond hermetically seals the first substrate and the second substrate; a cavity defined at least in part by the bond; and a first liquid and a second liquid disposed within the cavity. The first liquid and the second liquid are substantially immiscible such that an interface between the first liquid and the second liquid defines a lens of the liquid lens. The electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 3% or less at a visible wavelength within a range of 390 nm to 700 nm, a reflectivity of about 25% or less at an ultraviolet wavelength within a range of 100 nm to 400 nm, and a sheet resistance from about 5 Ω/sq to about 0.5 Ω/sq, and the bond comprises an optical transmittance of at least about 70% at an infrared wavelength within a range of 800 nm to 1.7 μm.
According to a thirty-first embodiment, the thirtieth embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity of about 10% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm to 400 nm.
According to a thirty-second embodiment, the thirtieth or thirty-first embodiment is provided wherein the electrode comprises a reflectivity minimum of about 1% or less at the visible wavelength within the range of 390 nm to 700 nm, and a reflectivity of about 5% or less at the ultraviolet wavelength within the range of 100 nm to 400 nm.
While exemplary embodiments and examples have been set forth for the purpose of illustration, the foregoing description is not intended in any way to limit the scope of disclosure and appended claims. Accordingly, variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments and examples without departing substantially from the spirit and various principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/796,373, filed Jan. 24, 2019, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2020/014248 | 1/20/2020 | WO | 00 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62796373 | Jan 2019 | US |