Patent Grant
10047321
Liquid detergents are useful for a variety of cleaning operations and can be provided in single or multiple use packaging. In order to perform a cleaning operation, a user dispenses an appropriate quantity of the liquid detergent from the packaging into a device that assists with the particular cleaning operation, for example, a washing machine for laundry. Single use packaging typically contains a volume of liquid detergent that is only sufficient for a single wash cycle and as such, the entire amount is dispensed from the package. Because multiple use packaging contains a liquid detergent volume that is sufficient for multiple loads, a measuring device, such as a measuring cup is often used to dispense an amount that is appropriate for the wash cycle.
Liquid detergents typically have a suitable rheology that allows the detergent to be easily and thoroughly dispensed from the packaging. It is also important for liquid detergents to have good stability over time and over a variety of temperatures to allow transportation and storage in various climates. It is additionally important that liquid detergents have properties that provide effective cleaning during wash cycles at various temperatures.
Although the following detailed description contains many specifics for the purpose of illustration, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details can be made and are considered to be included herein. Accordingly, the following embodiments are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, any claims set forth. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
As used in this written description, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include express support for plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a polymer” can include a plurality of such polymers.
In this application, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like, and are generally interpreted to be open ended terms. The terms “consisting of” or “consists of” are closed terms, and include only the components, structures, steps, or the like specifically listed in conjunction with such terms, as well as that which is in accordance with U.S. Patent law. “Consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially of” have the meaning generally ascribed to them by U.S. Patent law. In particular, such terms are generally closed terms, with the exception of allowing inclusion of additional items, materials, components, steps, or elements, that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics or function of the item(s) used in connection therewith. For example, trace elements present in a composition, but not affecting the compositions nature or characteristics would be permissible if present under the “consisting essentially of” language, even though not expressly recited in a list of items following such terminology. When using an open ended term, like “comprising” or “including,” in this written description it is understood that direct support should be afforded also to “consisting essentially of” language as well as “consisting of” language as if stated explicitly and vice versa.
The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that any terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments described herein are, for example, capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein. Similarly, if a method is described herein as comprising a series of steps, the order of such steps as presented herein is not necessarily the only order in which such steps may be performed, and certain of the stated steps may possibly be omitted and/or certain other steps not described herein may possibly be added to the method.
As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, an object that is “substantially” enclosed would mean that the object is either completely enclosed or nearly completely enclosed. The exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context. However, generally speaking the nearness of completion will be so as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total completion were obtained. The use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, a composition that is “substantially free of” particles would either completely lack particles, or so nearly completely lack particles that the effect would be the same as if it completely lacked particles. In other words, a composition that is “substantially free of” an ingredient or element may still actually contain such item as long as there is no measurable effect thereof.
As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint. Unless otherwise stated, use of the term “about” in accordance with a specific number or numerical range should also be understood to provide support for such numerical terms or range without the term “about”. For example, for the sake of convenience and brevity, a numerical range of “about 50 angstroms to about 80 angstroms” should also be understood to provide support for the range of “50 angstroms to 80 angstroms.” Furthermore, it is to be understood that in this written description support for actual numerical values is provided even when the term “about” is used therewith. For example, the recitation of “about” 30 should be construed as not only providing support for values a little above and a little below 30, but also for the actual numerical value of 30 as well.
As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary.
Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed or presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and thus should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. As an illustration, a numerical range of “about 1 to about 5” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 1 to about 5, but also include individual values and sub-ranges within the indicated range. Thus, included in this numerical range are individual values such as 2, 3, and 4 and sub-ranges such as from 1-3, from 2-4, and from 3-5, etc., as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, individually.
This same principle applies to ranges reciting only one numerical value as a minimum or a maximum. Furthermore, such an interpretation should apply regardless of the breadth of the range or the characteristics being described.
Reference in this application may be made to compositions, systems, or methods that provide “improved” or “enhanced” performance. It is to be understood that unless otherwise stated, such “improvement” or “enhancement” is a measure of a benefit obtained based on a comparison to compositions, systems or methods in the prior art. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the degree of improved or enhanced performance may vary between disclosed embodiments and that no equality or consistency in the amount, degree, or realization of improvement or enhancement is to be assumed as universally applicable.
Reference throughout this specification to “an example” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in an example” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
An initial overview of invention embodiments is provided below and specific embodiments are then described in further detail. This initial summary is intended to aid readers in understanding the technological concepts more quickly, but is not intended to identify key or essential features thereof, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In some embodiments, a liquid surfactant composition is provided that can include a variety of components. For example, the liquid surfactant composition can include a C9-C20 alkylbenzene sulfonate, a first alcohol ether sulfate or alcohol ethoxysulfate (AES), and a nonionic surfactant. The first AES surfactant can have a molecular formula of R1—O—(CH2—CH2—O)m—SO3M, where R1 represents a C10-C20 alkyl group, m represents a number from 6 to 8, and M represents a monovalent cation. In some examples, the first AES surfactant can be a modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactant. In some embodiments, a liquid surfactant composition can also be included in a liquid surfactant system where the liquid surfactant composition can be enclosed, contained, or held in a container.
In some embodiments, methods of manufacturing liquid surfactant compositions are also provided. In one example, such a method can include providing an aqueous vehicle, combining a C9-C20 alkylbenzene sulfonate with the aqueous vehicle, combining a nonionic surfactant with the aqueous vehicle, and combining a first AES surfactant with the aqueous vehicle. In one embodiment, the first AES surfactant can have a molecular formula of R1—O—(CH2—CH2—O)m—SO3M, wherein R1 represents a C10-C20 alkyl group, m represents a number from 6 to 8, and M represents a monovalent cation. Additionally, in some embodiments, the first AES surfactant can be a modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactant.
With this overview in mind, it is noted that when discussing the liquid surfactant compositions, the methods of manufacturing the liquid surfactant compositions, and the liquid surfactant systems, each discussion can be considered applicable to any example, whether or not they are explicitly discussed in the context of that example. Thus, for example, in discussing details about liquid surfactant compositions per se, such discussion also refers to methods of manufacturing liquid surfactant compositions and the liquid surfactant systems described herein, and vice versa.
Liquid surfactant compositions can include a variety of surfactants, including, but not limited to, fatty alcohol based surfactants. Fatty alcohols can be produced from a variety of feedstocks and processes. For example, fatty alcohols can be produced from natural raw materials (i.e. oleochemicals), such as fats and/or oils of plant or animal origin, or wax esters from sources such as whale oil or the jojoba plant. Natural fatty alcohols can be produced from natural sources by a variety of processes, such as reduction of methyl esters with hydrogen at high pressure in the presence of a catalyst, for example copper chromite, aluminum oxide, or others. Oleochemical sources can typically produce only even numbered carbon chains with essentially no branching.
In addition to oleochemical sources, fatty alcohols can also be produced from petrochemical sources using a variety of different methods. One such method is known as the Ziegler alcohol process. Ziegler-based fatty alcohols are typically produced by the oxidation of trialkyl aluminum alkoxylates, followed by fatty alcohol chain growth and subsequent hydrolysis of the desired fatty alcohol. This process typically produces only even numbered carbon chains with minimal to no branching.
Another method of producing fatty alcohols from petrochemical sources is known as the oxo-process (or hydroformylation). This method includes the reaction of olefins with a H2/CO gas mixture in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as a cobalt compound. The reaction occurs in two parts. The first part is the preparation of an aldehyde. It is noted that two different aldehyde compounds can be produced in this process. One of the aldehyde compounds can be linear, while the other can include a methyl branch. In the second part of the reaction, the aldehyde can be reduced to a fatty alcohol. The oxo-process can produce fatty alcohols having both even and odd numbered carbon chains and can produce branched fatty alcohols. In some examples, oxo-based fatty alcohols can include a distribution of from about 50% to about 60% branched fatty alcohols.
A modified oxo-alcohol process (Shell's Higher Olefin Process) can also be used. In this process the basic oxo-alcohol process can be followed, but a different catalyst, such as a cobalt carbonyl/phosphine complex, can be used. In the modified oxo-alcohol process, fatty alcohols can be obtained directly from olefins due to the greater hydrogenating activity of the catalyst. As such, the aldehyde hydrogenation step is unnecessary. This can improve the overall linearity of the fatty alcohol product such that the distribution of branched fatty alcohols can be from about 10% to about 20%.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, a number of other processes can also be used to produce fatty alcohols from oleochemicals and/or petrochemicals. The processes described above are merely used as non-limiting examples of processes that can be used to prepare fatty alcohols. Where fatty alcohol based surfactants are used in the liquid surfactant compositions disclosed herein, any suitable process can be used to prepare fatty alcohol based surfactants, unless otherwise specified.
One specific example of a fatty alcohol based surfactant that can be included in the liquid surfactant composition is a first AES surfactant. As described above, the first AES surfactant can have a molecular formula of R1—O—(CH2—CH2—O)m—SO3M.
In one embodiment, R1 can represent a C10-C20 alkyl group or a C12-C18 alkyl group. It is noted that where R1 is designated as being an alkyl group within a specific distribution range, such as a C12-C18 alkyl group, it is meant that less than 5%, less than 2%, or less than 1% of the alkyl groups of R1 fall outside of the designated range. In further detail, in some examples R1 can be a C10-C15 alkyl group. In some other examples, R1 can be a C14-C20 alkyl group. In some examples, R1 can include about 1% or less of alkyl groups having a chain length of C13 or less. In some examples, R1 can include about 1% or less of alkyl groups having a chain length of C16 or greater. In some specific examples, R1 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C12-C13 alkyl groups. In some other specific examples, R1 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C13-C14 alkyl groups. In some specific examples, R1 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C14-C15 alkyl groups. In some other specific examples, R1 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C15-C16 alkyl groups.
The variable m can be a number from about 6 to about 8. This number can represent the average number of moles of CH2—CH2—O relative to the number of moles of R1 or can represent the predominant number of moles of CH2—CH2—O relative to the number of moles of R′. In some examples, m can be from about 6 to about 7. In some examples, m can be from about 7 to about 8. In some specific examples, m can be about 6. In other specific examples, m can be about 7. In yet other specific examples, m can be about 8.
The variable M can represent a monovalent cation. The first AES surfactant can be paired with a number of suitable monovalent cations. Non-limiting examples can include Na+, K+, HO—CH2CH2NH3+, (HO—CH2CH2)3NH+, the like, or combinations thereof.
As previously discussed, in one example, the first AES surfactant can be a modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactant. In other words, the first AES surfactant can be prepared via the modified oxo-alcohol process. As such, the first AES surfactant can be derived from a petrochemical-based feedstock. The nonionic alcohol ether (AE) feedstock can have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of from about 10.0 to about 14, or from about 11.0 to about 12.5. Further, in some examples, the first AES surfactant can include a distribution where the alkyl groups have odd numbered carbon chains. In such examples, the first AES surfactant can have a distribution of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, or at least 40% C11, C13, C15, C17, or C19 alkyl groups, or a combination thereof. Further, in some examples, the first AES surfactant can have a distribution of branched alkyl groups. In such examples, the first AES surfactant can include a distribution of at least 10% or at least 15% branched alkyl groups. In some examples, the first AES surfactant can include a distribution ranging from about 10% to about 25% branched alkyl groups.
The first AES surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in a variety of amounts. In some examples, the first AES surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 8 wt %. In other examples, the first AES surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 2 wt % to about 6 wt %. It is noted that these weight percentages are calculated with Na+ as the counterion. Thus, where it is desirable to use a different monovalent counterion, the appropriate weight percentage can be calculated by first converting the first AES surfactant to include Na+ as the counterion.
The liquid surfactant composition can also include a C9-C20 alkylbenzene sulfonate. The alkyl group of the alkylbenzene sulfonate can be linear, branched, or can include a distribution of both linear and branched products. In some examples, the alkyl group of the alkylbenzene sulfonate can be unsubstituted. In some specific examples, the alkylbenzene sulfonate can be a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. In some other examples, the alkylbenzene sulfonate can be a branched alkylbenzene sulfonate.
The alkylbenzene sulfonate can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or from about 2 wt % to about 8 wt % or from about 2 wt % to about 6 wt %. It is noted that these weight percentages are calculated with Na+ as the counterion. Thus, where it is desirable to use a different monovalent counterion, the appropriate weight percentage can be calculated by first converting the alkylbenzene sulfonate to include Na+ as the counterion.
In some examples, the alkylbenzene sulfonate can be a C10-C15 alkylbenzene sulfonate. In some specific examples, the alkyl benzene sulfonate can have a molecular formula of:
Where this is the case, R′ and R″ can represent linear or branched alkyl groups. In some examples, R′ and R″ can jointly have from 8 to 19 carbon (C) atoms, or from 9 to 14 carbon atoms, or from 9 to 12 carbon atoms. X+ can represent a monovalent cation. Non-limiting examples of suitable cations can include Na+, K+, HO—CH2CH2NH3+, (HO—CH2CH2)3NH+, the like, or combinations thereof. In some specific examples, the alkyl benzene sulfonate can have a molecular formula of:
The liquid surfactant composition can also include a nonionic surfactant. Any suitable nonionic surfactant can be used. For example, in some cases, the nonionic surfactant can be derived from an oleochemical source. In some additional examples, the nonionic surfactant can be derived from a petrochemical source. Where the nonionic surfactant is derived from a petrochemical source, the nonionic surfactant can be produced via any suitable process, such as the Ziegler process, oxo-alcohol process, modified oxo-alcohol process, or other suitable process.
The nonionic surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in various amounts. In one specific example, the nonionic surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %. In other examples, the nonionic surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 2 wt % to about 8 wt % or from about 2 wt % to about 6 wt %.
In some specific examples, the nonionic surfactant can have a molecular formula of R2—O-(AO)n—H. Where this is the case, R2 can represent a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl group. In some examples, R2 can include a decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, or eicosyl group, or combinations thereof. In some examples, R2 can represent a C10-C20 alkyl group. In yet other examples, R2 can represent a C12-C18 alkyl group. It is noted that where R2 is designated as being an alkyl group within a specific range, such as a C12-C18 alkyl group, it is meant that less than 5%, less than 2%, or less than 1% of the alkyl groups of R2 fall outside of the designated range. In further detail, in some examples R2 can be a C10-C15 alkyl group. In some other examples, R2 can be a C14-C20 alkyl group. In some examples, R2 can include about 1% or less of alkyl groups having a chain length of C13 or less. In some examples, R2 can include about 1% or less of alkyl groups having a chain length of C16 or greater. In some specific examples, R2 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C12-C13 alkyl groups. In some specific examples, R2 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C13-C14 alkyl groups. In some specific examples, R2 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C14-C15 alkyl groups. In some specific examples, R2 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C15-C16 alkyl groups.
The AO group of the nonionic surfactant can represent an ethylene oxide or propylene oxide group. In some examples, the AO group of the nonionic surfactant can be ethylene oxide. In some examples, AO can be propylene oxide. In some other examples, the nonionic surfactant can include a distribution of compounds where AO is ethylene oxide and a distribution of compounds where AO is propylene oxide.
In some embodiments, the variable n for the nonionic surfactant can be a number from about 1 to about 20. The variable n can represent the average number of moles of AO relative to the number of moles of R2 or can represent the predominant number of moles of AO relative to the number of moles of R2. In some examples, n can be a number from about 2 to about 8 (i.e. any of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8). In some examples, n can be from about 6 to about 8. In some further examples, n can be from about 6 to about 7. In additional examples, n can be from about 7 to about 8. In some specific examples, n can be about 6. In other specific examples, n can be about 7. In yet other specific examples, n can be about 8.
Further still, in some examples, the nonionic surfactant can be a modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactant. In other words, the nonionic surfactant can be prepared via the modified oxo-alcohol process. Further, in some examples, the nonionic surfactant can include a distribution of compounds with alkyl groups having odd numbered carbon chains. In such examples, the nonionic surfactant can have a distribution of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, or at least 40% C11, C13, C15, C17, or C19 alkyl groups, or a combination thereof. Further, in some examples, the nonionic surfactant can have a distribution of branched alkyl groups. In such examples, the nonionic surfactant can include a distribution of at least 10% or 15% branched alkyl groups. In some examples, the nonionic surfactant can include a distribution of about 10% to about 25% branched alkyl groups.
In some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can also include a second AES surfactant. The second AES surfactant can be prepared from any suitable feedstock via any suitable process. In some examples, the second AES surfactant can have a molecular formula of R3—O—(CH2—CH2—O)q—SO3M′.
Where this is the case, R3 can represent a linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl group. In some examples, R3 can include a decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, or eicosyl group, or combinations thereof. In some specific examples, R3 can be a C10-C20 alkyl group, or a C12-C18 alkyl group. It is noted that where R3 is designated as being an alkyl group within a specific range, such as a C12-C18 alkyl group, it is meant that less than 5%, less than 2%, or less than 1% of the alkyl groups of R3 fall outside of the designated range. In further detail, in some examples R3 can be a C10-C15 alkyl group. In some other examples, R3 can be a C14-C20 alkyl group. In some examples, R3 can include about 1% or less of alkyl groups having a chain length of C13 or less. In some examples, R3 can include about 1% or less of alkyl groups having a chain length of C16 or greater. In some specific examples, R3 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C12-C13 alkyl groups. In some additional specific examples, R3 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C13-C14 alkyl groups. In some specific examples, R3 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C14-C15 alkyl groups. In some specific examples, R3 can include at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% C15-C16 alkyl groups.
With respect to the variable q, this variable can represent the average number of moles of CH2—CH2—O relative to the number of moles of R3 or the predominant number of moles of CH2—CH2—O relative to the number of moles of R3. In some examples, q can be a number from about 1 to about 10 (i.e. any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10). In some specific examples, q can be a number from about 1 to about 3. In some additional examples, q can be a number from about 2 to about 3. In some examples, q can be about 2. In other examples, q can be about 3.
The second AES surfactant can be paired with a number of suitable monovalent cations, represented by the variable M′. Non-limiting examples can include Na+, K+, HO—CH2CH2NH3+, (HO—CH2CH2)3NH+, the like, or combinations thereof.
In some examples, the second AES surfactant can be a modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactant. In other words, the second AES surfactant can be prepared via the modified oxo-alcohol process. As such, the second AES surfactant can be derived from a petrochemical-based feedstock. Further, in some examples, the second AES surfactant can include a distribution of compounds with alkyl groups having odd numbered carbon chains. In such examples, the second AES surfactant can have a distribution of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, or at least 40% C11, C13, C15, C17, or C19 alkyl groups, or a combination thereof. Further, in some examples, the second AES surfactant can have a distribution of branched alkyl groups. In such examples, the second AES surfactant can include a distribution of at least 10% or 15% branched alkyl groups. In some examples, the second AES surfactant can include a distribution of about 10% to about 25% branched alkyl groups.
The second AES surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in various amounts. In some examples, the second AES surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %. In other examples, the second AES surfactant can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 8 wt % to about 20 wt %, or from about 10 wt % to about 18 wt %. It is noted that these weight percentages are calculated with Na+ as the counterion. Thus, where it is desirable to use a different monovalent counterion, the appropriate weight percentage can be calculated by first converting the second AES surfactant to include Na+ as the counterion.
The liquid surfactant composition can also include a variety of additional components. Non-limiting examples can include water, organic solvents, optical brighteners, opacifiers, colorants, additional surfactants, fatty acids or salts thereof, anti-foaming agents, enzymes, polymers, bleaching agents, chelating agents, builders, electrolytes, pH adjusters, fragrances, fragrance carriers, anti-redepositing agents, shrinkage inhibitors, anti-wrinkle agents, color transmission inhibitors, anti-microbials, germicides, fungicides, anti-oxidants, preservatives, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic agents, ironing aids, swelling agents, softening components, the like, or combinations thereof.
For example, water can be included in the liquid surfactant composition in a variety of amounts. In some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include from 20 wt % to 80 wt % water. In yet other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include from 30 wt % to 70 wt % water. In other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include from 40 wt % to 60 wt % water.
In some other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include an organic solvent. The organic solvent can be a solvent that has a covalent bond between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Further, the organic solvent can be a liquid that has a solubility of at least 1 g in 100 g distilled water at 20° C. In some examples, the organic solvent can be free of an amino group. Non-limiting examples of suitable organic solvents can include ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, butanols, glycol, propanediol, butanediol, methylpropanediol, glycerol, diglycol, propyl diglycol, butyl diglycol, hexylene glycol, ethylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, ethylene glycol propyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, or propylene glycol propylene ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, methoxy triglycol, ethoxy triglycol, butoxy triglycol, 1-butoxyethoxy-2-propanol, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanol, propylene glycol-t-butylether, di-n-octylether, the like, or combinations thereof. In some specific examples, the organic solvent can include ethanol and/or glycerol and/or 1,2-propanediol. Where the organic solvent is included in the liquid surfactant composition, it can be included in an amount from about 1 wt % to 10 wt % or from about 1.5 wt % to about 8 wt %.
In some other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a variety of suitable polymers. Non-limiting examples can include diquaternium ethoxy sulfates, polyalkoxylated polyamines, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyethylene glycol polyester copolymers, the like, or combinations thereof.
In some specific examples, the liquid surfactant can include a polyalkoxylated polyamine. The polyalkoxylated polyamine can be a polymer having an N-atom-containing backbone, which can carry the polyalkoxy groups at the N atoms. The polyamine can have primary amino groups at the ends (terminus and/or side chains). The polyamine can also have secondary and/or tertiary amino groups internally. In some specific examples, the polyamine can have solely secondary amino groups internally, such that a branched-chain, but also a linear polyamine results. In some examples, the ratio between the primary and secondary amino groups in the polyamine can range from 1:0.5 to 1:1.5, or from 1:0.7 to 1:1, but any suitable range can be used. In some further examples, the ratio between the primary and tertiary amino groups in the polyamine can range from 1:0.2 to 1:1, or from 1:0.5 to 1:0.8, but any suitable range can be used. In some examples, the polyamine can have an average molecular weight in a range of from 500 g/mol to 50,000 g/mol, or from 550 g/mol to 5000 g/mol.
The N atoms in the polyamine can be separated from one another by alkylene groups, such as alkylene groups having from 2 to 16 carbon (C) atoms, or from 2 to 6 C atoms, wherein not all alkylene groups necessarily have the same number of C atoms. In some specific examples, the alkylene groups can include ethylene groups, 1,2-propylene groups, 1,3-propylene groups, and mixtures thereof. Polyamines that include ethylene groups as the said alkylene group can also be characterized as polyethylenimine, or PEI. In some examples, the polyalkoxylated polyamine can be a PEI.
In some specific examples, the primary amino groups in the polyamine can carry 1 or 2 polyalkoxy groups and/or the secondary amino groups can carry 1 polyalkoxy group, wherein not every amino group has to be alkoxy-group-substituted. The average number of alkoxy groups per primary and secondary amino function in the polyalkoxylated polyamine can generally range from 1 to 100, or in some examples from 5 to 50. Further, in some examples, the alkoxy groups in the polyalkoxylated polyamine can be polypropoxy groups that are directly bound to N atoms and/or polyethoxy groups that are bound to optionally available propoxy radicals and to N atoms, which do not carry any propoxy groups.
Polyethoxylated polyamines can be obtained in a variety of ways, such as by converting polyamines with ethylene oxide (EO). In other examples, polyalkoxylated polyamines can be obtained by converting polyamines with propylene oxide (PO).
Conversion with PO can also be followed by subsequent conversion with ethylene oxide. Thus, the polyalkoxylated polyamines can include various proportions of ethyoxy and/or propoxy groups. For example, in some cases, the portion of propylene oxide in the total quantity of the alkylene oxide can be from 2 molar % to 18 molar %, or from 8 molar % to 15 molar %. In yet other examples, the average number of propoxy groups per primary and secondary amino group in the polyalkoxylated polyamine can range from 1 to 40, or from 5 to 20. In yet additional examples, the average number of ethoxy groups per primary and secondary amino group in the polyalkoxylated polyamine can be from 10 to 60, or from 15 to 30. In some examples, where desired, a terminal OH group of a polyalkoxy substituent in the polyalkoxylated polyamine can be partially or completely etherized with a C1-C10, or C1-C3, alkyl group.
In some specific examples, the polyalkoxylated polyamines can be selected from the group consisting of a polyamine converted with 45 EO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEI converted with 43 EO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEI converted with 5 EO+5 PO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEI converted with 15 PO+30 EO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEI converted with 5 PO+39.5 EO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEIs converted with 5 PO+15 EO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEI converted with 10 PO+35 EO per primary and secondary amino group, a PEI converted with 15 PO+30 EO per primary and secondary amino function, a PEI converted with 15 PO+5 EO per primary and secondary amino group, and combinations thereof. In one specific example, the alkoxylated polyamine can be a PEI with a content of from about 10 to about 20 nitrogen atoms converted with about 20 EO units per primary or secondary amino function of the polyamine.
Where the liquid surfactant composition includes a polyalkoxylated polyamine, the polyalkoxylated polyamine can be present in the composition in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %. In some additional examples, the polyalkoxylated polyamine can be present in the composition in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 5.0 wt %.
Other suitable polymers can also be included in the liquid surfactant composition, such as a polymer thickening agent. A polymer thickening agent can be understood to be a polymer compound having an average molecular weight (weight average Mw) of more than 1500 g/mol. In some examples, the polymer thickening agent can include a polyacrylate. Non-limiting examples of polyacrylates can include polyacrylate or polymethacrylate thickeners, such as, for example, high-molecular-weight homopolymers of acrylic acid (INCI name of carbomer according to the “International Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients” of the “The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA)”) that are cross-linked with a polyalkenyl polyether, such as an allyl ether of saccharose, pentaerythrite, or propylene. These homopolymers can also be characterized as carboxyvinyl polymers. Such polyacrylic acids can be obtained, for example, from 3V Sigma under the trade name Polygel®, e.g. Polygel DA, and from Noveon under the trade name Carbopol®, e.g. Carbopol 940 (approximate molecular weight 4,000,000), Carbopol 941 (approximate molecular weight 1,250,000), or Carbopol 934 (approximate molecular weight 3,000,000). The polymer thickening agent can also include copolymers of two or more monomers from the group of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and its monovalent esters (INCI: Acrylates Copolymer), which can be formed with C1-4 alkanols. Such examples can include the copolymers of methacrylic acid, butylacrylate, and methyl methacrylate (CAS designation according to the Chemical Abstracts Service: 25035-69-2) or of butylacrylate and methyl methacrylate (CAS 25852-37-3), and those that can be obtained, for example, from Rohm & Haas under the trade names Aculyn® and Acusol®, as well as polymers that can be obtained from Degussa (Goldschmidt) under the trade name Tego®, among others, e.g. the anionic non-associative polymers known as Aculyn 22, Aculyn 28, and Aculyn 33 (cross-linked), Acusol 810, Acusol 823, and Acusol 830 (CAS 25852-37-3). In yet other examples, the polymer thickening agent can include cross-linked high-molecular-weight acrylic acid copolymers, which can include the copolymers of C10-30 alkyl acrylates cross-linked with an allyl ether of the saccharose or of the pentaerythrite with one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and its monovalent esters (INCI: Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer), which can also be formed with C1-4 alkanols. Non-limiting examples of commercially available cross-linked high-molecular-weight acrylic acid copolymers can be obtained from Noveon under the Carbopol® trade names, e.g. hydrophobized Carbopol ETD 2623 and Carbopol 1382 Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer), as well as Carbopol Aqua 30 (previously known as Carbopol EX 473).
Where a polymer thickening agent is included in the liquid surfactant composition, the polymer thickening agent can be present in an amount from about 0 wt % to about 0.1 wt %, from about 0 wt % to about 0.05 wt %, or from about 0 wt % to about 0.01 wt %. In some specific examples, the composition can be free or substantially free of a polymer thickening agent.
In some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include additional soap(s) as an anionic surfactant. Soaps are the water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms, such as the resin acids of rosin (yellow resin soaps) and naphthenic acids, which are primarily used for washing and cleaning purposes as solid or semi-solid mixtures. In some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a salt (e.g. a sodium or potassium salt) of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. In yet other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a salt (e.g. sodium or potassium salt) of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having 12 to 18 carbon atoms. In some examples, the salt of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt %, or from 0.2 wt % to 12 wt %, or from 0.3 wt % to 10 wt %.
In some specific examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a betaine surfactant. The betaine surfactant can include a C10-C20 or C12-C16 saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl or acyl group. In some examples, the betaine surfactant can have a structure according to the following formula:
where R is a C10-C20 saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or acyl group. In some specific examples, R can be —R′NC3H6— where R′ is a C8-C16 acyl group. Where the betaine surfactant is included in the liquid surfactant composition, it can be present in a variety of amounts. In some examples, the betaine surfactant can be present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %. In yet other examples, the betaine surfactant can be included in an amount from about 0.5 wt % to about 2 wt %.
In some other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include one or more bleaching agents that break down or absorb dyes through oxidation, reduction, or adsorption and thereby remove color from materials. Non-limiting examples can include hypohalogenite-containing bleaching agents, hydrogen peroxide, perborate, percarbonate, peroxoacetic acid, diperoxo azelaic acid, diperoxo dodecanoic diacid, hypochlorite, oxidative enzyme systems, the like, or combinations thereof.
In yet other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a variety of builders. Non-limiting examples can include silicates, aluminum silicates (such as zeolites), carbonates, diethylenetriamine pentaacetate, salts of polycarboxylic acids, the like, or combinations thereof. Polycarboxylic acids can include citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, amino carboxylic acids, the like, or combinations thereof.
Other polymer polycarboxylates are also suitable as builder substances. These can include the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, such as those with a relative molecular weight of from 600 to 750,000 g/mol. In some specific examples, the polymer polycarboxylate can have a molecular weight of from 1,000 to 15,000 g/mol. In some further examples, due to favorable solubility, short-chain polyacrylates having molecular weights of from 1,000 to 10,000 g/mol, or from 1,000 to 5,000 g/mol, can be used.
Additionally, copolymer polycarboxylates, such as those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid, or either acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid, can be used. To improve water-solubility, the polymers can also contain allyl sulfonic acids such as allyloxy benzene sulfonic acid and methallyl sulfonic acid, as a monomer.
In additional examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a variety of enzymes. Any suitable enzyme for use in a liquid detergent composition can be used. Non-limiting examples can include any suitable amylase, mannanase, pectinase, protease, cellulase, lipase, the like, or combinations thereof.
As used herein, a “variant” is at the level of proteins of the term corresponding with “mutant” at the nucleic acid level. The predecessor or starting molecules can be wild-type enzymes, i.e. those that can be obtained from natural sources. They can also be enzymes that represent variants that have already been modified, i.e. with respect to the wild-type molecules. These can include, for example, point mutants, those with changes in the amino acid sequence over multiple positions or longer contiguous areas, or even hybrid molecules that are composed from complementary sections of various wild-type enzymes.
Addition of a suitable enzyme can improve the overall cleaning performance of the liquid surfactant composition. Cleaning performance is understood to mean the capacity to brighten one or more stains, particularly on laundry or dishes. The cleaning performance of an enzyme thus contributes to the overall cleaning performance of the liquid surfactant composition or the wash or cleaning bath formed by the liquid surfactant composition.
In general, an enzyme can be added to the liquid surfactant compositions in any form that yields a desirable product, process, performance, characteristic, or result. For example, an enzyme included in the liquid surfactant composition can be absorbed onto support substances and/or embedded in shell substances to protect them against premature inactivation. Non-limiting examples can include solid preparations obtained through granulation, extrusion, or lyophilization, advantageously as concentrated as possible, with small amounts of water and/or offset with stabilizers. In an alternative form of administration, the enzymes can also be encapsulated. This can be accomplished, for example, through spray-drying or extrusion of an enzyme solution together with natural polymer or in the form of a capsule. For example, the enzyme can be enclosed as if in a solid gel or those of the core-shell type, in which an enzyme-containing core is coated with a protective layer that is impermeable to water, air, and/or chemicals. Additional ingredients can be applied, for example stabilizers, emulsifiers, pigments, bleaching agents, or dyes, optionally in layers. These types of capsules can be created according to known methods, for example through agitating or rolled granulation or in fluid-bed processes. Advantageously, these types of granular masses can be low-dust grains due to the application of polymeric film formers and can have a long shelf life due to the coating.
With this in mind, in some specific examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a protease enzyme. A protease is an enzyme that cleaves off peptide bonds by means of hydrolysis, or an enzyme that has protease activity. “Protease activity” is considered to be present when the enzyme has proteolytic activity. In one aspect, protease activity can be determined according to the method described in Surfactants, Volume 7 (1970), pgs. 125-132. Accordingly protease activity is stated in PE (protease units). The protease activity of an enzyme can be determined according to common standard methods such as, in particular, using BSA as a substrate (bovine albumin) and/or using the AAPF method. For example, each of the enzymes from class E.C. 3.4 can be considered a protease enzyme (including each of the 13 sub-classes). The EC number corresponds to the 1992 Enzyme Nomenclature of the NC-IUBMB, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., including supplements 1 to 5, published in Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 223, 1-5; Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 232, 1-6; Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 237, 1-5; Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 250, 1-6; and Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 264, 610-650. In some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.5 wt % to about 3 wt % of protease enzyme.
In some additional examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a cullulase. Synonymous terms can be used for cellulases, particularly endoglucanase, endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, carboxymethylcellulase, endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase, beta-1,4-glucanase, beta-1,4-endoglucanhydrolase, celludextrinase, or avicelase. A cellulose enzyme can be determined by its ability to hydrolyze 1,4-ß-D-glucosidic bonds in cellulose. Commercially available examples can include the fungal, endoglucanase(EG)-rich cellulase preparation or the further developments thereof sold by Novozymes under the trade name Celluzyme®. Additionally, products called Endolase® and Carezyme®, which are also sold by Novozymes, are based on 50 kD-EG or 43 kD-EG from Humicola insolens DSM 1800. Other usable commercial products from this company are Cellusoft®, Renozyme®, and Celluclean®. Also usable are cellulases, for example, sold by AB Enzymes, in Finland, under the trade names Ecostone® and Biotouch®, and which are at least partially based on the 20 kD-EG from Melanocarpus. Other cellulases from AB Enzymes are Econase® and Ecopulp®. Additional suitable cellulases are from Bacillus sp. CBS 670.93 and CBS 669.93, wherein the one from Bacillus sp. CBS 670.93 sold by Danisco/Genencor is available under the trade name Puradax®. Additional usable commercial products from Danisco/Genencor include “Genencor detergent cellulase L” and IndiAge®Neutra. However, any suitable cellulase enzyme can be used. In some examples, the cellulase can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 0.01 wt % to 1 wt %, or from 0.05 wt % to 0.5 wt %.
In some additional examples, the liquid surfactant composition can also include a lipase enzyme. Non-limiting examples of lipase enzymes can include an enzyme of the group that is formed from triacylglycerol lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3), lipoprotein lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.34), monoglyceride lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.23), and combinations thereof. In some examples, the lipase can be active in an alkaline medium. Furthermore, in some examples, the lipase can be naturally available from a microorganism such as Thermomyces lanuginosus or Rhizopus oryzae or Mucor javanicus species, or can be derived from the aforementioned naturally available lipases via mutagenesis. In one specific example, the lipase can be naturally available from a microorganism of the Thermomyces lanuginosus species or derived from the aforementioned lipases naturally available from Thermomyces lanuginosus via mutagenesis.
In this context, naturally available means that the lipase is an inherent enzyme of the microorganism. The lipase can consequently be expressed by a nucleic acid sequence, which is part of the chromosomal DNA of the microorganism in its wild-type form. It or the nucleic acid sequence coding for it is consequently available in the wild-type form of the microorganism and/or can be isolated from the wild-type form of the microorganism. Contrary to this, a lipase that is not naturally available in the microorganism and/or the nucleic acid sequence coding for it can be incorporated into the microorganism in a targeted manner with the assistance of genetic processes, such that the microorganism can be enriched by the lipase and/or the nucleic acid sequence coding for it. However, a lipase that is naturally available from a microorganism of the Thermomyces lanuginosus or Rhizopus oryzae or Mucor javanicus species can be produced by a different organism, but can be quite recombinant in nature.
Lipase is commercially available from a variety of sources, such as Amano Pharmaceuticals under the designations Lipase M-AP10®, Lipase LE®, and Lipase F® (as well as Lipase JV®). Lipase F® is naturally available, for example, in Rhizopus oryzae. Lipase M-AP10® is naturally available, for example, in Mucor javanicus. Lipex® from Novozymes (Denmark) is another non-limiting example of a commercially available lipase enzyme.
The lipase enzyme can be included in the composition in various amounts. In some examples, the lipase can be present in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %, or from about 0.05 wt % to about 0.2 wt %.
In some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can also include a mannanase enzyme. A mannanase can catalyze the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-mannosidic bonds in mannans, galactomannans, glucomannans, and galactoglucomannans, within the scope of their mannanase activity. Said mannanase enzymes can be classified as E.C. 3.2.1.78 according to the enzyme nomenclature. The mannanase activity of a polypeptide or enzyme can be determined according to the test methods known in the literature. In doing so, a test solution can be placed in 4 mm-diameter holes of an agar plate containing 0.2% by weight AZGL galactomannan (carob), i.e. a substrate for the endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanase assay, obtainable from Megazyme.
In some examples, the mannanase enzyme can be obtained or derived from the gram-positive alkalophilic phyla of Bacillus, such as a member of the group consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus agaradhaerens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cheniformis, and Bacillus sp. In some specific examples, the mannanse enzyme can be obtained from Bacillus sp. 1633, Bacillus sp. AAI 12, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus agaradhaerens, or Bacillus licheniformis. Non-limiting examples of commercially available mannanase enzylnes can be obtained from Novozymes under the name Mannaway®.
Where the liquid surfactant composition includes a mannanase, it can generally be present in an amount from 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt %. In some additional examples, the mannanse can be present in an amount from 0.02 wt % to 0.5 wt %.
In yet additional examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include an amylase enzyme. More specifically, α-amylases (E.C. 3.2.1.1) can hydrolyze internal α-1,4-glycosidisic bonds of starch and starch-like polymers as an enzyme. This α-amylase activity can be measured in KNU (Kilo Novo Units), wherein 1 KNU stands for the enzyme quantity that hydrolyzes 5.25 g of starch (obtainable from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) per hour at 37° C., pH 5.6 and in the presence of 0.0043 M calcium ions. An alternative activity determination method is the so-called DNS method, which is described, for example, in application WO 02/10356 A2. Specifically, the oligosaccharides, disaccharides, and glucose units released during the hydrolysis of starch are verified through oxidation of the reducing ends with dinitrosalicysic acid (DNS). The activity is obtained in μmol reducing sugar (based on maltose) per min and ml, which can result in activity values in the thousands. The same enzyme can be determined via various methods, wherein the respective conversion factors may vary depending on the enzyme and therefore must be specified by means of a standard. Approximately, it can be stated that 1 KNU is about 50,000 for calculation purposes. A further activity determination method is the measurement using the quick startNest kit from Abbott, Abott Park, Ill., USA.
In some examples, the α-amylases can be active in an alkaline medium. In some further examples, the α-amylases can be primarily produced and secreted by microorganisms, i.e. fungi or bacteria, such as those of the genera Aspergillus and Bacillus. Starting from these natural enzymes, there is a practically incalculable abundance of variants available that have been derived via mutagenesis and have specific advantages depending on the application area.
Non-limiting examples of these are the α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis, from B. amyloliquefaciens, and from B. stearothermophilus, as well as those further developments improved for use in detergents or cleaning agents. The enzyme from B. licheniformis can be obtained from Novozymes under the name Termamyl® and from Genencor under the name Purastar®ST. Further development products of this α-amylase are sold by Novozymes under the trade names Duramyl and Termamylultra, by Genencor under the name PurastarOxAm, and by Daiwa Seiko Inc., in Tokyo, Japan, as Keistase®. An α-amylase from B. amyloliquefaciens is sold by Novozymes under the name BAN and derived variants of the α-amylase from B. stearothermophilus are also sold by Novozymes under the names BSG and Novamyl. Examples of further developments of α-amylases from other organisms can include α-amylase from Aspergillus niger and A. oryzae obtainable from Novozymes under the trade name Fungamyl®. Another commercial product is, for example, Amylase-LT®.
Where α-amylase is included in the liquid surfactant composition, it can be included in various amounts. For example, α-amylase can be included in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from 0.01 wt % to 3.0 wt %, or from 0.02 wt % to 1.0 wt %.
In additional examples, the liquid surfactant composition can include a pectinase enzyme. Pectinases can be used to degrade pectins, which are a family of complex polysaccharides that contain 1,4-linked α-D-galactosyluronic acid residues. Pectinases can catalyze the cleavage of (1,4)-α-D-galacturonan to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. Thus, the pectinases can cleave pectin into smaller fragments that are easier to remove during washing and can provide additional stain removal properties to the liquid surfactant composition. For example, pectinase enzymes can help eliminate stains from fresh fruits, tomato sauces, jams, low-fat dairy products, the like, or combinations thereof.
Where a pectinase is included in the liquid surfactant composition, it can be included in various amounts. For example, pectinase can be included in the liquid surfactant composition in an amount from 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt %. In some additional examples, the pectinase can be present in an amount from 0.02 wt % to 0.5 wt %.
While the liquid surfactant composition can include a variety of components, the liquid surfactant composition can typically have a fresh viscosity of from about 350 centipoise (cps) to about 550 cps. In some specific examples, the liquid surfactant composition can have a fresh viscosity of from about 375 cps to about 425 cps. “Fresh viscosity,” as used herein, refers to the viscosity of the liquid surfactant composition at the time the liquid surfactant composition is ready for packaging and/or quality control testing prior to distribution.
Further, in some examples, the liquid surfactant composition can be clear. By clear, it is meant that the liquid surfactant composition has an NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) value of ≤5.0. In yet other examples, the liquid surfactant composition can have an NTU value of ≤2.5 or ≤1.5.
The NTU value can be determined using a variety of methods. In one specific example, the method used for determining the NTU value is DIN EN ISO 7027 “Determination of turbidity”—procedure 3. In this example, the sample is irradiated with light at a wavelength of about 860 nm and the intensity of scattered light that is diffracted at an angle of 90° relative to the incident light is measured and recorded. Typically, a greater number of particles present in the liquid detergent can cause greater scattering of the light and a higher recorded value of light diffracted at an angle of 90° relative to the incident light. The calibration can be conducted with a reference suspension with well-defined turbidity values.
The liquid surfactant composition can be included in a liquid surfactant system. The liquid surfactant system can include a container in which the liquid surfactant composition can be enclosed or contained. In some examples, the container can be clear or transparent. However, it is noted that where the container is clear, some parts of the container, such as a lid, a dispensing nozzle (when included), the like, or a combination thereof may not be clear or transparent. In some examples, the liquid surfactant system can include a measuring cup. In some specific examples, the measuring cup can also be a lid for the container. The container can be made of a variety of suitable materials. Non-limiting examples can include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyethylene-terephthalate or the like, or a combination thereof. Further, the container can include appropriate labeling that can include instructions for use, a listing of ingredients, appropriate source-identifying information, the like, or combinations thereof.
The liquid surfactant composition can be manufactured in a variety of ways. In one example, a method of manufacturing can include providing an aqueous vehicle, combining a C9-C20 alkylbenzene sulfonate with the aqueous vehicle, combining a nonionic surfactant with the aqueous vehicle, and combining a first AES surfactant with the aqueous vehicle. In some examples, a second AES surfactant can also be combined with the aqueous vehicle. The alkylbenzene sulfonate, nonionic surfactant, first AES surfactant, and optional second AES surfactant can be the same as those described above.
The various components of the liquid surfactant composition can be combined at various weight ratios. In some examples, the alkylbenzene sulfonate and the first AES can be combined at a weight ratio of from 2:1 to 1:2, or from 2:1 to 1:1, or from 1.5:1 to 1:1. In some examples, the alkylbenzene sulfonate and the nonionic surfactant can be combined at a weight ratio of from 2:1 to 1:5, or from 1.5:1 to 1:3, or from 1:1 to 1:2. In some examples, where the second AES surfactant is included in the composition, the alkylbenzene sulfonate and the second AES surfactant can be combined at a weight ratio of from 1:9 to 1:1, or from 1:6 to 1:2, or from 1:5 to 1:3. As previously described, a variety of other components can also be included in the liquid surfactant composition in appropriate amounts and weight ratios.
A variety of liquid surfactant compositions were prepared to perform direct comparisons of color/clarity and fragrance release between the compositions. Each of the comparative sets of formulations were identical with the exception of the source of the first AES surfactant. More specifically, the control sample in each set of compositions included a Ziegler-based C12-C18 alcohol ether sulfate (derived from a NOVEL® 1218-7 feedstock, commercially available from Sasol) having an average ethoxylation of 6.5, only even numbered alkyl groups, and less than 10% branching. The test formulation in each set included a modified oxo-alcohol-based C14-C15 alcohol ether sulfate (derived from a NEODOL™ 45-7 feedstock, commercially available from Shell Chemicals) having an average ethoxylation of 7, about 49% C14 and about 50% C15 alkyl groups, and about 20% branching. The general formulations are listed in Table 1 below.
Direct comparisons of the compositions in each set of formulations revealed that the control samples including the Ziegler-based AES typically had a slightly hazy appearance and slightly yellow hue as compared to the test samples formulated with the modified oxo-alcohol-based AES. Thus, the test samples were clearer and more transparent than the control samples. More specifically, the test formulations using the oxo-alcohol-based AES had NTU values that were at least 0.25 NTU units lower than the corresponding control formulations using the Ziegler-based AES surfactants. Additionally, rankings performed by an expert panel (minimum of 10 participants) as indicated that the control samples were less clear and more turbid than the test samples. Thus, the NTU measurements were in line with the rankings performed by the expert panel.
Further, direct comparisons of compositions in each set of formulations revealed that the control compositions including the Ziegler-based AES typically had a slightly harsher odor with less fragrance release as compared to the test samples formulated with the modified oxo-alcohol-based AES. Thus, the test samples had improved fragrance release and a fresher odor than the control compositions. More specifically, the fragrance and odor evaluation of the various detergent samples was performed by a trained expert panel (minimum 5 participants). None of the panel participants was allowed to smoke, eat, drink, or chew gum within 30 minutes prior to and during the evaluation. Further, none of the panelists were permitted to wear perfume. The test samples were placed in an amber jar to mask the color and avoid any bias due to appearance. Each panelist took several quick sniffs to smell the headspace and make an evaluation for fragrance intensity (rating: 1—weak to 5—strong) and fragrance appeal (rating: 1—poor to 5—excellent). The average ratings of all panelists were used for the final evaluation and rating.
Similar sets of liquid surfactant compositions were made as described in Example 1. However, in this example the nonionic surfactant was also substituted in the test samples. Specifically, the NOVEL® 1218-7 alcohol ether or alcohol ethoxylate (AE) nonionic surfactant was used as the nonionic surfactant in the control samples and the NEODOL™ 45-7 alcohol ether or alcohol ethoxylate (AE) nonionic surfactant was used in each of the test formulations. The formulation for each of the compositions is provided generally in Table 2 below.
Similar results were also found in this example using the same methods described in Example 1. Direct comparisons of compositions in each set of formulations revealed that the test samples formulated with the modified oxo-alcohol-based AE were clearer and more transparent than the control compositions formulated with the Ziegler-based AE. Further, direct comparisons of compositions in each set of formulations revealed that the test samples formulated with the modified oxo-alcohol-based AE had improved fragrance release and a fresher odor as compared to the control compositions formulated with the Ziegler-based AE.
The washing performance of the various sets of formulations described in Examples 1 and 2 was evaluated for stain removal and whiteness maintenance. The results for these formulations are illustrated in Table 3 below.
C1
1A
1B
C1
1A
1B
C1
1A
1B
C2
2A
2B
C2
2A
2B
C2
2A
2B
Stain removal was tested in accordance with ASTM D4265-14—the Standard Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance in Home Laundering. 5 stains listed in the standard (beef tallow/pork lard, soot/olive oil, make-up, butterfat) with a high sensitivity to the surfactants were tested with the different detergent formulations in top-loader washing machines using a dosage of 1.5 oz per wash (6 repetitions each). To evaluate the effectiveness of stain removal a Spectrophotometer Spectraflash 600 (Software guided remission spectrophotometer aimed of measuring color parameters of textiles) was used. Only statistically significant differences in stain removal between the different detergent formulations were counted as “wins” or “losses”.
Whiteness Maintenance was based on a test method used to evaluate the effectiveness of whiteness retention and prevention of soil re-deposition. Similarly sized pieces of cotton and poly-cotton fabric swatches (4″×4″) were homogenously soiled with sebum soil (0.04 oz per 20 pieces) and clay soil (0.08 oz per 20 pieces) and were washed in a conventional Tergotometer™ detergent tester (Copley scientific) over multiple cycles. The detergent to be tested was dosed with 1.5 oz/5 gallon. A BYK-Gardner Color-Guide Spectrophotometer was then used to measure the whiteness of the swatches before and after the test. The fabric samples were evaluated using a scale of percentage of whiteness retention calculated as the (final whiteness value/initial whiteness value)*100. The whiteness scale 0% indicates no whiteness retention and 100% indicates complete whiteness retention.
As illustrated in Table 3, the washing performance of the compositions including the modified oxo-alcohol-based AES and AE is very comparable to the washing performance of the Ziegler-based AES and AE. Specifically, the modified oxo-alcohol-based AES and AE have at least equivalent stain removal properties as compared to the Ziegler-based AES and AE. With respect to whiteness maintenance, the best performance for cotton and poly-cotton whiteness maintenance in both formulations resulted from formulations that included one or more modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactants. Thus, in some examples, the modified oxo-alcohol-based surfactants can provide improved whiteness maintenance as compared to Ziegler-based surfactants.
It should be understood that the above-described methods are only illustrative of some embodiments of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the present invention has been described above with particularity and detail in connection with what is presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations including, may be made without departing from the principles and concepts set forth herein.
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