Methods and systems directed to recovery of lithium (e.g., lithium salts) from liquids are provided.
Lithium is a commercially valuable resource that can be recovered from a variety of sources, such as brines (e.g., seawater, salt lake brines, underground water), ores, and waste products such as lithium ion batteries. Lithium is often found as a solubilized ion in liquid mixtures along with other non-lithium species. Improved methods and systems for obtaining lithium (including lithium salts of relatively high purity in some instances) are desirable.
Methods and systems directed to recovery of lithium (e.g., lithium salts) from liquid streams are provided. The subject matter of the present invention involves, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of one or more systems and/or articles.
In one aspect, methods are provided. In some embodiments, a method comprises removing at least a portion of liquid from a feed stream comprising the liquid, a solubilized lithium cation, and a solubilized non-lithium cation, to form a concentrated stream having a higher concentration of the solubilized lithium cation compared to the feed stream, wherein the removing comprises: (a) transporting an osmotic unit inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the feed stream to a retentate side of an osmotic unit such that: an osmotic unit retentate outlet stream exits the retentate side of the osmotic unit, the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream having a concentration of solubilized lithium cations that is greater than a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream, such that at least a portion of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream is part of the concentrated stream, and at least a portion of liquid from the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream is transported from the retentate side of the osmotic unit, through an osmotic membrane of the osmotic unit, to a permeate side of the osmotic unit; and/or (b) transporting a humidifier liquid inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the feed stream to a humidifier and allowing at least a portion of liquid of the humidifier liquid inlet stream to evaporate within the humidifier to produce a humidified gas stream and a humidifier liquid outlet stream having a higher concentration of the solubilized lithium cation compared to the humidifier liquid inlet stream, such that at least a portion of the humidifier liquid outlet stream is part of the concentrated stream; and removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream to form an impurity-depleted concentrated steam having an atomic ratio of solubilized lithium cations to solubilized non-lithium cations that is larger than an atomic ratio of solubilized lithium cations to solubilized non-lithium cations in the concentrated stream.
In some embodiments, a method for obtaining a solid lithium salt from a liquid is provided. In some embodiments, a method comprises applying a voltage to an electrochemical cell comprising an initial solution comprising a liquid, solubilized lithium cations, and solubilized first anions, such that at least a portion of the first anions are replaced by second, different anions, thereby forming an electrochemically-treated solution comprising the liquid, solubilized lithium cations, and solubilized second anions at a concentration greater than a concentration of the solubilized second anions in the initial solution; allowing at least a portion of liquid from the electrochemically-treated solution to evaporate within a humidifier to produce a humidified gas stream and a humidifier liquid outlet stream having a higher concentration of the solubilized lithium cations and the solubilized second anions compared to the electrochemically-treated solution; and obtaining solid lithium salt comprising at least a portion of the lithium cations and at least a portion of the second anions from the humidifier liquid outlet stream.
In some embodiments, a method comprises removing at least a portion of liquid from a feed stream comprising a liquid and a solubilized lithium cation to form a concentrated stream having a higher concentration of the solubilized lithium cation compared to the feed stream, wherein the removing comprises: transporting a first osmotic unit inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the feed stream to a retentate side of a first osmotic unit such that: a first osmotic unit retentate outlet stream exits the retentate side of the first osmotic unit, the first osmotic unit retentate outlet stream having a concentration of solubilized lithium cations that is greater than a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the first osmotic unit retentate inlet stream, and at least a portion of liquid from the first osmotic unit retentate inlet stream is transported from the retentate side of the first osmotic unit, through an osmotic membrane of the osmotic unit, to a permeate side of the first osmotic unit; and transporting a second osmotic unit retentate inlet stream comprising at least a portion of the first osmotic unit retentate outlet stream to a retentate side of a second osmotic unit such that: a second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream exits the retentate side of the second osmotic unit, the second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream having a higher concentration of solubilized lithium cations than a concentration of solubilized lithium cations of the second osmotic unit retentate inlet stream, such that at least a portion of the second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream is part of the concentrated stream, and at least a portion of liquid from the second osmotic unit retentate inlet stream is transported from the retentate side of the second osmotic unit, through an osmotic membrane of the second osmotic unit, to a permeate side of the second osmotic unit where the portion of the liquid is combined with a second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream to form a second osmotic unit permeate outlet stream that is transported out of the permeate side of the second osmotic unit; wherein: a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the feed stream is greater than or equal to 10 mg/L, and a ratio of a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the concentrated stream to the concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the feed stream is greater than or equal to 4.
Other advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. In cases where the present specification and a document incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure, the present specification shall control.
Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. In the figures:
Methods and systems directed to recovery of lithium (e.g., as lithium salts) from liquid streams are provided. In some embodiments, methods relate to obtaining lithium (e.g., as a solid lithium salt) by removing at least a portion of liquid from a feed stream to form a concentrated stream with respect to solubilized lithium cations. Liquid removal may include transporting at least a portion of the feed stream to an osmotic unit and/or a humidifier. Some methods include removing impurities (e.g., non-lithium cations) from the concentrated stream (e.g., via precipitation and/or crystallization). In some embodiments, solutions containing solubilized lithium cations and anions are electrochemically-treated such that first solubilized anions are replaced with second, different anions. In some embodiments, solid lithium salt containing at least a portion of the lithium cations and the second anions are obtained (e.g., via precipitation and/or crystallization following concentration of an electrochemically-treated solution in a humidifier).
Recovery of lithium (e.g., lithium salts) from liquids (e.g., brines, ores, battery waste) is a commercially and industrially important process. However, such recovery can be difficult because typical lithium sources also include one or more impurities. For example, typical brines having appreciable lithium ion content have orders of magnitude greater concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and, in some instances, other ions such as magnesium, iron, aluminum, manganese, strontium, and/or barium. Certain strategies for separating lithium ions from potential impurities rely on chemical treatment of liquid sources. The chemical treatment may be used to selectively precipitate non-lithium cations. For example, liquid sources comprising lithium, potassium, and sodium may be chemically treated to form sulfates (e.g., by salt metathesis). Lower solubilities of potassium sulfates and sodium sulfates compared to lithium sulfates can be leveraged for separation (e.g., via selective precipitation and/or concentration). These typical lithium separation techniques tend to require energy-intensive and/or slow concentration (e.g., via solar concentration) and chemical treatment/separation processes that are expensive and capital-intensive.
It has been realized in the context of this disclosure that improved liquid concentration techniques (e.g., in terms of energy expenditure and/or speed) are possible by using different liquid concentration and/or ion exchange techniques than are typically employed for lithium recovery. For example, osmotic separation and humidification/dehumidification techniques, either alone or in combination, can provide relatively high concentrations of lithium ions from a variety of sources at greater speed and/or lower energy expenditure than typical techniques. Furthermore, osmotic separation and humidification/dehumidification processes can promote greater liquid recovery, lower liquid consumption, and less waste production requiring discharge than typical lithium recovery techniques. It has also been realized that electrochemical treatment of solutions rich in lithium can, in some instances, reliably and efficiently exchange anions to produce commercially valuable lithium salts, such as lithium hydroxides. Electrochemical treatment techniques (e.g., electrolysis) can, in some embodiments, be readily integrable with osmotic separation and/or humidification/dehumidification techniques to yield lithium in a desirable form (e.g., solid lithium salts such as crystallized lithium hydroxide).
One aspect of this disclosure is directed to the recovery of lithium from liquids (e.g., from liquid streams). Lithium recovery may comprise obtaining lithium (e.g., as lithium salt) from such liquids. Lithium recovery may be performed using a lithium recovery system.
In some embodiments, a lithium salt is obtained at least in part by removing at least a portion of liquid from a feed stream comprising the liquid, a solubilized lithium cation, and a solubilized non-lithium cation, to form a concentrated stream. As described in more detail below, the concentrated stream may be subjected to one or more further downstream processes as part of the method of obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt), such as removal of impurities (e.g., non-lithium cations), anion exchange, and/or solid lithium salt formation (e.g., via precipitation or crystallization). In some embodiments, at least some (e.g., at least 75 wt %, at least 80%, at least, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 98 wt %, at least 99 wt %, at least 99.9 wt %, or even 100 wt %) of the liquid of the feed stream is removed during formation of the concentrated stream. In some embodiments, at least some of the liquid is removed from the feed stream via an osmotic unit and/or a humidifier, as described in more detail below.
The methods and systems described herein can be used to process a variety of feed streams. Generally, the feed stream comprises at least one liquid and at least one solubilized species (also referred to herein as a solute). According to certain embodiments, the feed stream comprises solubilized ions. The solubilized ion(s) may originate, for example, from a salt that has been dissolved in the liquid of the feed stream. A solubilized ion is generally an ion that has been solubilized to such an extent that the ion is no longer ionically bonded to a counter-ion. As mentioned above, the feed stream may comprise a solubilized lithium cation and at least one solubilized non-lithium cation. The solubilized non-lithium cation may be a non-lithium monovalent cation (i.e., a cation having a redox state of +1 when solubilized). In some embodiments, the non-lithium cation is a divalent cation (i.e., a cation having a redox state of +2 when solubilized). In some embodiments, the non-lithium cation is chosen from one or more of sodium cation (Na+), potassium cation (K+), magnesium cation (Mg2+), and calcium cation (Ca2+). In addition to the solubilized lithium cation and non-lithium cation(s), the feed stream may comprise any of a variety of other solubilized species. For example, the feed stream may comprise solubilized anions. The solubilized anions may include monovalent anions (i.e., anions having redox state of −1 when solubilized) and/or divalent anions (i.e., anions having redox state of −2 when solubilized). In some embodiments, the feed stream comprises an anion chosen from one or more of chloride, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, borate, phosphate, bromide, citrate, oxide, and hydride. Cations and/or anions having other valencies may also be present in feed streams (e.g., an aqueous feed stream), in some embodiments.
In some embodiments, the total concentration of solubilized ions in the feed stream can be relatively high. One advantage associated with certain embodiments is that initial feed streams (e.g., aqueous feed streams) with relatively high solubilized ion concentrations can undergo liquid removal (e.g., for lithium concentrating) without the use of energy intensive desalination methods. In certain embodiments, the total concentration of solubilized ions in the feed stream transported into a lithium recovery system is at least 1,000 mg/L, at least 5,000 mg/L, at least 10,000 mg/L, at least 12,000 mg/L, at least 14,000 mg/L, and/or up to 50,000 mg/L, up to 60,000 mg/L, up to 100,000 mg/L, up to 500,000 mg/L, or greater.
According to certain embodiments, the feed stream that is transported to the lithium recovery system comprises a suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase. Generally, a suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase is a material that is not soluble in water to a level of more than 10% by weight at the temperature and other conditions at which the stream is operated. In some embodiments, the suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase comprises oil and/or grease. The term “oil” generally refers to a fluid that is more hydrophobic than water and is not miscible or soluble in water, as is known in the art. Thus, the oil may be a hydrocarbon in some embodiments, but in other embodiments, the oil may comprise other hydrophobic fluids. In some embodiments, at least 0.1 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 5 wt %, or at least 10 wt % (and/or, in some embodiments, up to 20 wt %, up to 30 wt %, up to 40 wt %, up to 50 wt %, or more) of a feed stream (e.g., an aqueous feed stream) is made up of a suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase.
In some embodiments, the feed stream is treated to remove at least some impurities prior to liquid removal steps described below. For example, impurities such as heavy metals (e.g., iron, aluminum, manganese, barium, strontium) or silica can be removed from the feed stream prior to liquid removal (e.g., prior to the osmotic separation and/or humidifier concentration processes described below). In some instances, at least some of these impurities are removed via chemical precipitation. Such a chemical precipitation process may include addition of reagents including, but not limited to, aluminates (e.g., sodium aluminate), inorganic compounds (e.g., FeCl3), activated alumina, hypochlorites (e.g., sodium hypochlorite), bases (e.g., caustic soda (NaOH)), acids, and/or polymers. The feed stream may also be fed through one or more ion exchange media, such as an ion exchange column, prior to undergoing the liquid removal steps described below.
While one or more components of the lithium recovery system can be used to separate a suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase from an incoming feed stream, such separation is optional. For example, in some embodiments, the feed stream transported to the lithium recovery system is substantially free of a suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase. In certain embodiments, one or more separation units upstream of the lithium recovery system can be used to at least partially remove a suspended and/or emulsified immiscible phase from a feed stream before the feed stream is transported to a component of the lithium recovery system (e.g., an osmotic unit and/or humidifier). Non-limiting examples of such systems are described, for example, in International Patent Publication No. WO 2015/021062, published on Feb. 12, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
In some embodiments, the feed stream can be derived from seawater, ground water, brackish water, and/or the effluent of a chemical process. In some cases, the systems and methods described herein can be used to recover lithium from and in some instances at least partially desalinate aqueous feed streams derived from such process streams. As one example, the feed stream may be derived from water used in applications that expose water to salts and minerals, such as some mining methods. As another example, the feed stream may be a product of an ion extraction process from waste sources, such as spent lithium ion batteries. In some embodiments, the feed stream is or is derived from a lithium-containing brine. Such brines may be sourced from, for example, the Dead Sea in Israel, the Great Salt Lake in the USA, Searles Lake in the USA, Clayton Valley in the USA, Salton Sea in the USA, Bonneville in the USA, Sua Pan in India, Zabuye in China, Taijinaier in China, Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia, Salton Sea in the USA, Salar del Hombre Muerto in Argentina, and/or Salar de Atacama in Chile.
A variety of types of liquids could also be used in the feed stream. In some embodiments, the liquid of the feed stream comprises water. For example, in some embodiments, at least 10 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 98 wt %, at least 99 wt %, at least 99.9 wt %, or more (e.g., all) of the liquid is water. Other examples of potential liquids for the feed steam include, but are not limited to alcohols and/or hydrocarbons. The liquid of the feed stream may be a mixture of different liquid-phase species. For example, the liquid may be a mixture of water and a water-miscible organic liquid, such as an alcohol.
The feed stream may have any of a variety of concentrations of solubilized lithium cations, depending on the feed stream source and/or desired application. The versatility of the techniques described in this disclosure may allow for lithium recovery from relatively lithium-poor liquid sources due to an ability in some embodiments to effectively concentrate liquids by orders of magnitude. Alternatively or in addition, the versatility of the techniques described in this disclosure may allow for lithium recovery from relatively lithium-rich sources due to an ability in some embodiments to remove liquid from highly concentrated streams with comparatively low energy input and/or stress on system components compared to typical concentration techniques. In some embodiments, the feed stream has a concentration of solubilized lithium cations of greater than or equal to 10 mg/L, greater than or equal to 50 mg/L, greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL, greater than or equal to 200 mg/L, greater than or equal to 500 mg/L, or higher. In some embodiments, the feed stream has a concentration of solubilized lithium cations of less than or equal to 2,000 mg/L, less than or equal to 1,600 mg/mL, less than or equal to 1,200 mg/L, less than or equal to 1,000 mg/L, less than or equal to 800 mg/L, less than or equal to 680 mg/L, less than or equal to 600 mg/L, or less. Combinations of these ranges (e.g., greater than or equal to 10 mg/L and less than or equal to 2,000 mg/L or greater than or equal to 10 mg/L and less than or equal to 680 mg/L) are possible. The concentration of one or more solubilized ions (e.g., lithium cations, non-lithium cations, etc.) may be measured according to any method known in the art. For example, suitable methods for measuring the concentration of one or more solubilized ions include inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy (e.g., inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy). As one non-limiting example, an Optima 8300 ICP-OES spectrometer may be used.
The concentrated stream formed by the removal of the liquid from the feed stream may have a higher concentration of solubilized lithium cations compared to the feed stream. It has been realized in the context of this disclosure that concentrating lithium cations (e.g., by removing liquid) can promote, in some instances, effective removal of impurities such as non-lithium cations. For example, as described below, some embodiments leverage solubility differences between at least some lithium salts and non-lithium-containing salts. First achieving relatively high concentrations of solubilized lithium cations (and/or non-lithium cations as well) can facilitate such separation processes. Some techniques described below (e.g., osmotic separation, humidification) can in some instances accomplish lithium cation concentration relatively efficiently in terms of energy and/or operational expenditure. In some embodiments, a ratio of a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the concentrated stream to a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the feed stream is greater than or equal to 4, greater than or equal to 5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 25, and/or up to 30, up to 40, up to 50, or greater.
In some embodiments, the concentrated stream has a relatively high concentration of solubilized lithium cations. For example, in some embodiments, the concentrated stream has a concentration of solubilized lithium cations of greater than or equal to 40 mg/L, greater than or equal to 50 mg/L, greater than or equal to 100 mg/L, greater than or equal to 200 mg/L, greater than or equal to 500 mg/L, greater than or equal to 1,000 mg/L, greater than or equal to 2,000 mg/L, greater than or equal to 5,000 mg/L, greater than or equal to 10,000 mg/L, greater than or equal to 20,000 mg/L, greater than or equal to 30,000 mg/L, and/or up to 50,000 mg/L, or greater.
In some embodiments, at least some (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the liquid removed during the removing step is removed using one or more osmotic units. An osmotic unit refers to a collection of components including one or more osmotic membranes configured to perform an osmotic process (e.g., a reverse osmosis process) on at least one input stream and produce at least one output stream. An osmotic unit may comprise at least one osmotic membrane defining a permeate side of the first osmotic unit and a retentate side of the first osmotic unit. For example, referring to
In some embodiments, an osmotic unit retentate inlet stream (which may comprise at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of liquid from the feed stream, optionally via one or more other streams, is transported to a retentate side of the osmotic unit such that an osmotic unit retentate outlet stream exits the retentate side of the osmotic unit, the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream having a concentration of solubilized lithium cations that is greater than a concentration solubilized lithium cations in the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream (e.g., by a factor of at least 1.03, at least 1.035, at least 1.05, at least 1.10, at least 1.25, and/or up to 1.40, up to 1.50, up to 2, up to 3, up to 4, up to 5 or greater). For example, referring again to
In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of liquid from the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream is transported from the retentate side of the osmotic unit, through an osmotic membrane of the osmotic unit, to a permeate side of the osmotic unit. Referring again to
In some embodiments, the method of obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) is performed such that at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream is part of the concentrated stream. For example, in
Transport of liquid (e.g., water) through osmotic membrane(s) of osmotic units can be achieved via a transmembrane net driving force (i.e., a net driving force through the thickness of the membrane(s)), according to certain embodiments. Generally, the transmembrane net driving force (Δχ) is expressed as:
Δχ=ΔP−ΔΠ=(P1−P2)−(Π1−H2) [1]
wherein P1 is the hydraulic pressure on the retentate side of the osmotic membrane, P2 is the hydraulic pressure on the permeate side of the osmotic membrane, Π1 is the osmotic pressure of the stream on the retentate side of the osmotic membrane, and Π2 is the osmotic pressure of the stream on the permeate side of the osmotic membrane. (P1−P2) can be referred to as the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference, and (Π1−Π2) can be referred to as the transmembrane osmotic pressure difference.
Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with the concept of osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure of a particular liquid is an intrinsic property of the liquid. The osmotic pressure can be determined in a number of ways, with the most efficient method depending upon the type of liquid being analyzed. For certain solutions with relatively low molar concentrations of ions, osmotic pressure can be accurately measured using an osmometer. In other cases, the osmotic pressure can simply be determined by comparison with solutions with known osmotic pressures. For example, to determine the osmotic pressure of an uncharacterized solution, one could apply a known amount of the uncharacterized solution on one side of a non-porous, semi-permeable, osmotic membrane and iteratively apply different solutions with known osmotic pressures on the other side of the osmotic membrane until the differential pressure through the thickness of the membrane is zero.
The osmotic pressure (17) of a solution containing n solubilized species may be estimated as:
Π=Σj=1nijM1RT [2]
wherein ij is the van′t Hoff factor of the jth solubilized species, Mj is the molar concentration of the jth solubilized species in the solution, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature of the solution. Equation 2 generally provides an accurate estimate of osmotic pressure for liquid with low concentrations of solubilized species (e.g., concentrations at or below between about 4 wt % and about 6 wt %). For many liquid comprising solubilized species, at species concentrations above around 4-6 wt %, the increase in osmotic pressure per increase in salt concentration is greater than linear (e.g., slightly exponential).
Reverse osmosis generally occurs when the osmotic pressure on the retentate side of the osmotic membrane is greater than the osmotic pressure on the permeate side of the osmotic membrane, and a pressure is applied to the retentate side of the osmotic membrane such that the hydraulic pressure on the retentate side of the osmotic membrane is sufficiently greater than the hydraulic pressure on the permeate side of the osmotic membrane such that the osmotic pressure difference is overcome and solvent (e.g., water) is transported from the retentate side of the osmotic membrane to the permeate side of the osmotic membrane. Generally, such situations result when the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference (P1−P2) is greater than the transmembrane osmotic pressure difference (Π1−Π2) such that liquid (e.g., water) is transported from the retentate side of the osmotic membrane to the permeate side of the osmotic membrane (rather than having liquid transported from the permeate side of the osmotic membrane to the first side of the osmotic membrane, which would be energetically favored in the absence of the pressure applied to the retentate side of the osmotic membrane).
In some embodiments, some or all of the osmotic units in the lithium recovery system are configured and operated to perform reverse osmosis (e.g., during methods of obtaining lithium).
In some embodiments, at least a portion of a stream exiting one or more osmotic unit is recirculated and fed back into the same osmotic unit. Such recycle processes may allow for relatively high amounts of liquid to be removed by the osmotic unit (in some instances using fewer system components) prior to further downstream processes compared to some embodiments in which no such recycle occurs.
As one example of a recycle process, in some embodiments the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream comprises at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream. The osmotic unit retentate inlet stream may comprise at least a portion of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream during at least a period of time (e.g., an entirety or a subset of time) during operation of the osmotic unit as part of the methods described in this disclosure. As an illustrative example, the embodiment shown in
During a recycle process, in accordance with some embodiments, at least some (or all) of a remainder of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream not recirculated back to the retentate side of the osmotic unit may become a part (or all) of the concentrated stream. In some embodiments, a hydraulic pressure of the recycle stream may be increased (e.g., by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 50%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or more) prior to becoming part of the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream. Such an increase in pressure can be accomplished using any of a variety of techniques, such as using a pump. In some instances, a recycle process involving an osmotic unit (e.g., incorporating a portion of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream into the osmotic unite retentate inlet stream) is performed in a batch manner. In some embodiments, a recycle process is performed in a continuous manner. In some embodiments, a recycle process is performed using a semi-batch process. Batch operation, semi-batch operation, and continuous operation of osmotic units are generally known. During batch operation, a hydraulic pressure of the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream is increased over time during operation, as quantities of streams are fed to the retentate side inlet stream. It has been realized in the context of this disclosure that batch or semi-batch operation of a process involving an osmotic unit (e.g., a recycle process) can reduce an amount of energy required to operate the osmotic unit by gradually increasing a concentration (and in some instances the hydraulic pressure) of the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream rather than maintaining an entirety of the osmotic unit's streams at a high pressure, as is generally the case during continuous operation. Such a reduction in energy usage may allow for lithium recovery with greater energy efficiency and/or lower cost than typical existing lithium recovery technologies.
In some embodiments, at least some (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the liquid removed from the feed stream during the removing step is performed using one or more humidifiers. A humidifier of may have any configuration that allows for the production of a gaseous stream comprising vapor (e.g., water vapor) transferred from a liquid stream (e.g., a stream comprising liquid water) via an evaporation process. In some embodiments, the humidifier is configured to produce such a gaseous stream comprising vapor (e.g., a “humidified gas stream”) by transferring the vapor (e.g., water vapor) from the liquid stream (e.g., a stream comprising liquid water) to a carrier gas via an evaporation process. In some embodiments, the humidifier comprises a liquid inlet configured to receive the liquid stream and/or a gas inlet configured to receive the carrier gas. The humidifier may further comprise a liquid outlet and/or a gas outlet. In certain embodiments, the carrier gas comprises a non-condensable gas. Non-limiting examples of suitable non-condensable gases include air, nitrogen, oxygen, helium, argon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides (SOx) (e.g., SO2, SO3), and/or nitrogen oxides (NOx) (e.g., NO, NO2). Examples of potentially suitable humidifiers include, but are not limited to bubble column humidifiers and packed bed humidifiers, further details of which are provided below.
In some embodiments, the process of removing liquid from the feed stream comprises transporting a humidifier liquid inlet stream comprising at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the feed stream to a humidifier (e.g., via a humidifier liquid inlet).
In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of liquid of the humidifier liquid inlet stream is allowed to evaporate within the humidifier (e.g., within a vessel of the humidifier) to produce a humidified gas stream and a humidifier liquid outlet stream. Referring again to
The humidifier liquid outlet stream may have a higher concentration of solubilized lithium cations compared to the humidifier liquid inlet stream. In some embodiments, the humidifier liquid outlet stream has a higher concentration of solubilized lithium cations than does the humidifier liquid inlet stream by a factor of at least 1.03, at least 1.05, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.25, and/or up to 1.5, up to 2, up to 4, up to 5, or more. As mentioned above, increasing a concentration of solubilized lithium ions may facilitate downstream separation processes, such as processes involving removal of non-lithium cations (e.g., by selective thermal precipitation).
In some embodiments, the method of obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) is performed such that at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the humidifier liquid outlet stream is part of the concentrated stream. For example, in
In some embodiments, the humidifier is part of a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) apparatus that also comprises a dehumidifier. In some embodiments, the process of removing liquid from the feed stream further comprises condensing at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the liquid within the humidified gas within a dehumidifier to produce a condensed liquid stream. The dehumidifier may be configured to receive the humidified gas stream from the humidifier. In some embodiments in which the liquid comprises water, the dehumidifier may be configured to transfer at least a portion of the water (e.g., water vapor) from the humidified gas stream to a substantially pure water stream through a condensation process, thereby producing a substantially pure water stream. In
In some embodiments, the process of removing liquid from the feed stream (e.g., comprising the liquid, solubilized lithium cations, and solubilized non-lithium cations) is performed using both an osmotic unit and a humidifier. In some embodiments, the osmotic unit and the humidifier are arranged fluidically in series. For example, in some embodiments, the humidifier liquid inlet stream comprises at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream. As an illustrative example,
While the above disclosure describes a series configuration of the osmotic unit and the humidifier, other arrangements are possible. For example, in some embodiments, the osmotic unit and the humidifier are arranged in parallel, such that (a) the osmotic unit retentate inlet stream comprises a first portion of the feed stream, and (b) the humidifier liquid inlet stream comprises a second portion of the feed stream. In some embodiments, the concentrated stream is produced at least in part by combining at least a portion of the osmotic unit retentate outlet stream and at least a portion of the humidifier liquid outlet stream.
While in some embodiments the methods described herein employ a single osmotic unit for removing the liquid from the feed stream (e.g., as shown in
In some embodiments, the second osmotic unit retentate inlet stream (which may comprise at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of liquid from the first osmotic unit retentate outlet stream (in some instances via one or more other streams) is transported to a retentate side of the second osmotic unit such that a second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream exits the retentate side of the second osmotic unit, the second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream having concentration of solubilized lithium cations that is greater than a concentration of solubilized lithium cations of the second osmotic unit retentate inlet stream (e.g., by a factor of at least 1.03, at least 1.035, at least 1.05, at least 1.10, at least 1.25, and/or up to 1.40, up to 1.50, up to 2, up to 3, up to 4, up to 5, up to 6, or greater). For example, referring to
In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of liquid from the second osmotic unit retentate inlet stream is transported from the retentate side of the second osmotic unit, through an osmotic membrane of the second osmotic unit, to a permeate side of the second osmotic unit. Referring again to
In some, but not necessarily all embodiments, a second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream is transported to the permeate side of the second osmotic unit. In some embodiments, liquid transported from the retentate side to the permeate side of the second osmotic unit is combined with the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream to form the second osmotic unit permeate outlet stream. The second osmotic unit permeate outlet stream may be transported out of the permeate side, e.g., for further processing, recycling, discharge, or combinations thereof. As an example, in the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments in which the osmotic system includes a second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream, the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream comprises a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream. Such a configuration may, in some instances, contribute to beneficial performance of the osmotic system by providing a relatively low-pressure draw stream with dissolved solute, the presence of which may reduce the hydraulic pressure required at the retentate side for performing a reverse osmosis process (thereby saving energy and/or increasing system durability). As an illustrative example, in
In some embodiments, the method of obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) is performed such that at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream is part of the concentrated stream. For example, in
In some embodiments in which the osmotic unit and the humidifier are arranged in series, the second osmotic unit is also employed, such that the humidifier liquid inlet stream comprises at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the second osmotic unit retentate outlet stream. For example,
It should be understood that while
As mentioned above, some methods for obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) comprise removing at least some (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the solubilized non-lithium cations (e.g., sodium cations, potassium cations, magnesium cations, calcium cations) from the concentrated stream to form an impurity-depleted concentrated stream. Such a process can be advantageous in a lithium recovery process because it can result in a stream having a relatively high concentration of lithium cations compared to a concentration of non-lithium cations, which may be considered impurities in applications in which a substantially pure form of lithium (e.g., a lithium salt) is desired. In the context of this disclosure, any material that is not and does not contain lithium is considered an impurity. For example, lithium cations and lithium salts are not considered impurities, but all other non-solvent components are considered impurities. Referring to
In some embodiments, the impurity-depleted concentrated stream has a lower concentration of the solubilized non-lithium cation compared to the concentrated stream. For example, in some embodiments, a ratio of a concentration of a non-lithium cation (e.g., sodium cation, potassium cation, magnesium cation, or calcium cation) in the concentrated stream to the concentration of that non-lithium cation in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream is greater than or equal to 1.1, greater than or equal to 1.2, greater than or equal to 1.5, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 50, greater than or equal to 100, and/or up to 200, up to 500, up to 1,000, or greater. In some embodiments, a ratio of a total concentration of all non-lithium cations (e.g., a sum of the concentration of sodium cations, potassium cations, magnesium cations, calcium cations) in the concentrated stream to the total concentration of all non-lithium cations in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream is greater than or equal to 1.1, greater than or equal to 1.2, greater than or equal to 1.5, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 50, greater than or equal to 100, and/or up to 200, up to 500, up to 1,000, or greater.
In some embodiments in which at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations are removed from the concentrated stream to form the impurity-depleted concentrated stream, both the absolute concentration of the non-lithium cations and the absolute concentration of the lithium cations are increased with respect to the concentrated stream, but the absolute concentration of the lithium ions increases to a greater extent than the absolute concentration of the non-lithium ions. As such, use of the term “impurity-depleted concentrated stream” does not necessarily mean that an absolute concentration of non-lithium cations in the liquid is lowered. Such an increase in concentration of non-lithium cations despite removal of at least some of the non-lithium cations can occur, for example, via concentration-induced precipitation. For example, the non-lithium cations may be solubilized in the concentrated stream at a concentration below a saturation point for those non-lithium cations. During the removal process, such a concentrated stream may be subjected to a liquid removal process and/or heating process (e.g., via boiling) such that the non-lithium cations are concentrated to the point of saturation. At saturation, precipitates of salts comprising at least some of the non-lithium cations may be formed and separated from the stream, thereby removing at least some of the non-lithium cations from the stream while the concentration of the non-lithium cations remains at the saturation point. Meanwhile, the lithium cations may also be solubilized in the concentrated stream at a concentration below a saturation point for the lithium cations. During the same removal process where the concentrated stream is subjected to a liquid removal process to form the impurity-depleted concentrated stream, the lithium cations are also concentrated, but to a greater extent than the non-lithium cations because the lithium cations have a higher saturation point than the non-lithium cations under the operative conditions. Therefore, the lithium cations may continue to be concentrated while the concentration of the non-lithium cations reaches and remains at their saturation point as at least some of the non-lithium cations are removed via precipitation.
In some embodiments, the process of the process of removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream forms an impurity-depleted concentrated stream having an atomic ratio of lithium cations to non-lithium cations that is larger than an atomic ratio of lithium cations to non-lithium cations in the concentrated stream. In some embodiments, during the process of removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream, a greater amount of the solubilized non-lithium cations is removed compared to any amount of solubilized lithium cation that is removed (which may none or a non-zero amount). Such a selective removal of non-lithium cations with respect to lithium cations may result in a lithium-enriched stream useful for obtaining relatively pure lithium-containing products (e.g., lithium salts). In some embodiments, little to no amount of solubilized lithium cations are removed during such a process, while in some embodiments a concentration of solubilized lithium cations is increased (e.g., due to a reduction in liquid volume). In some embodiments, a ratio of a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the concentrated stream to the concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream is less than or equal to 1.05, less than or equal to 1.02, less than or equal to 1, less than or equal to 0.9, less than or equal to 0.8, less than or equal to 0.5, less than or equal to 0.2, less than or equal to 0.1, and/or as low as 0.01, or less. In some embodiments, a ratio of a total concentration of all solubilized non-lithium cation (e.g., sodium cation, potassium cation, magnesium cation, or calcium cation) in the concentrated stream to the total concentration of all solubilized non-lithium cations in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream is greater than or equal to 1.1, greater than or equal to 1.2, greater than or equal to 1.5, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 50, greater than or equal to 100, and/or up to 200, up to 500, up to 1,000, or greater, while a ratio of a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the concentrated stream to the concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream is less than or equal to 1.05, less than or equal to 1.02, less than or equal to 1, less than or equal to 0.9, less than or equal to 0.8, less than or equal to 0.5, less than or equal to 0.2, less than or equal to 0.1, and/or as low as 0.01, or less. In some embodiments, the process of removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream results in a ratio of a concentration of solubilized lithium cations to a total concentration of all solubilized non-lithium cations in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream that is greater than that in the concentrated stream by a factor of at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, and/or up to 1,000, up to 10,000, or greater. As would be readily understood, these ranges may also be expressed in terms of atomic ratios rather than ratios of concentrations. For example, in addition to or instead of satisfying the above ratios of concentrations on a mass basis, in some embodiments the process of removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream results in an atomic ratio of solubilized lithium cations to total solubilized non-lithium cations in the impurity-depleted concentrated stream that is greater than that in the concentrated stream by a factor of at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, and/or up to 1,000, up to 10,000, or greater.
Any of a variety of suitable techniques may be used to remove the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream to a greater extent than the solubilized lithium cations. In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of non-lithium cations removed from the concentrated stream during production of the impurity-depleted concentrated stream are removed as solid non-lithium-containing salts comprising at least a portion of the non-lithium cations. Other techniques for the removal of non-lithium cations that can be used include, but are not limited to, extraction (e.g., liquid-liquid extraction, solvent extraction, extraction with compounds and/or solvents with preferential affinity for non-lithium cations) and membrane-based techniques (e.g., dialysis, electrodialysis, nanofiltration). Removing non-lithium cations as solid non-lithium-containing salts may be advantageous in some instances where ease of separation of non-lithium and lithium-containing materials is desired, and in some instances where concentrations of non-lithium ions are relatively high (such as following the liquid removal steps described above, in some embodiments). Removing solid non-lithium-containing salts may be convenient in some instances, as doing so may simply require collection of a mother liquor/supernatant following solid non-lithium-containing salt removal.
Any of a variety of non-lithium-containing salts may be formed from one or more solutions (e.g., streams) described in this disclosure, depending on the composition of the solution. In some embodiments, the non-lithium-containing salt comprises a cation chosen from one or more of sodium and potassium and an anion chosen from one or more of chloride, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, borate, phosphate, bromide, citrate, oxide, and hydride. For example, in some embodiments where the concentrated stream comprises solubilized sodium and potassium cations and solubilized chloride anions, an amount of solid sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride may be removed from the concentrated stream during production of the impurity-depleted concentrated stream.
In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the solid non-lithium-containing salt is formed via precipitation from the concentrated stream (or a stream comprising at least a portion of the concentrated stream). In some embodiments, the solid non-lithium-containing salt is formed via crystallization from the concentrated stream (or a stream comprising at least a portion of the concentrated stream). Precipitation and/or crystallization of the non-lithium-containing salt may occur in a non-lithium-containing salt production unit. In the embodiment shown in
One process for inducing precipitation of a non-lithium-containing salt is to remove non-lithium-containing salts from solutions comprising lithium and non-lithium cations via chemical treatment. Such chemical treatment may result in selective precipitation of non-lithium-containing salts relative to lithium salts due to different solubilities of lithium and non-lithium-containing salts under certain conditions. One such example is addition of aluminum sulfates to solutions comprising solubilized lithium cations and non-lithium cations such as alkalis or alkaline earth metals. Addition of aluminum sulfate can result in precipitation of non-lithium-containing sulfate salts (e.g., alunite and/or alum) to a greater extent than any lithium-containing sulfates.
A different approach to selective precipitation of non-lithium-containing salts is to vary the temperature of the liquid comprising the solubilized lithium and non-lithium cations. Such a process may be performed without chemically treating the concentrated stream. The solubility of lithium salts and non-lithium-containing salts are generally temperature-dependent. However, the solubility of at least some lithium salts may be greater and vary with temperature to a greater extent than do at least some non-lithium-containing salts. For example, in going from 20° C. to 140° C., the solubility of lithium chloride (LiCl) in water increases from approximately 80 g/100 g of water to approximately 140 g/100 g of water—an increase in solubility of ˜75%. However, in going from 20° C. to 140° C., the solubility of potassium chloride (KCl) in water only increases from approximately 39 g/100 g water to approximately 65 g/100 g water—an increase of only 67% from a lower absolute value than that of lithium chloride. Even more starkly, the solubility of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water only increases from approximately 39 g/100 g water to approximately 42 g/100 g water—an increase of only about 8% from a lower absolute value than that of lithium chloride. Therefore, elevating the temperature of aqueous solutions comprising lithium cations, potassium cations, sodium cations, and chloride anions to sufficiently high temperatures (e.g., by boiling and/or evaporating at least some of the aqueous solution) can cause precipitation of potassium chloride and sodium chloride to a greater extent compared to any precipitation of lithium chloride. As a result, the remaining aqueous solution may be enriched in lithium cations compared to any remaining potassium cations or sodium cations.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream (e.g., comprising a liquid such as water, solubilized lithium cations, and solubilized non-lithium cations) comprises elevating a temperature of the concentrated stream to form a heated concentrated stream such that an amount of a solid non-lithium-containing salt comprising at least a portion of the non-lithium cations is formed. In some such embodiments, the heated stream has a temperature of greater than or equal to 100° C., greater than or equal to 110° C., greater than or equal to 120° C., greater than or equal to 140° C., and/or up to 160° C., or higher. In some embodiments, a temperature of the heated concentrated stream is greater than a temperature of the concentrated stream by at least 5° C., at least 10° C., at least 20° C., at least 50° C., at least 100° C., at least 120° C., at least 140° C., and/or up to 150° C. or more.
Any of a variety of techniques and suitable equipment may be used to elevate the temperature of the concentrated stream such that a non-lithium-containing salt is formed (e.g., via precipitation). In some embodiments, the temperature elevation is performed in a precipitation unit of a non-lithium-containing salt production unit as described above (e.g., heated concentration stream 128 may be produced by precipitation unit 126 of non-lithium-containing salt production unit 125 in
In some embodiments, some (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) or all of the non-lithium-containing salts formed during the temperature elevation of the concentrated stream are separated from the heated concentrated stream. Such a separation of solids from the heated concentrated stream may be performed using any suitable technique known in the art (e.g., filtration, centrifugation, decantation, etc.).
In some embodiments, the method of obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) is performed such that at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the heated concentrated stream is part of the impurity-depleted concentrated stream. Incorporation of the heated concentration steam into the impurity-depleted concentrated stream may be direct or indirect.
In some embodiments, the process of removing at least some of the solubilized non-lithium cations from the concentrated stream comprises lowering a temperature of the heated concentrated stream such that an additional amount of the solid non-lithium-containing salt is formed. Such a lowering of the temperature may reduce the solubilities of the salts potentially formed by the solubilized lithium cations and non-lithium cations. It is believed that the differences in solubility of at least some lithium-containing salts and non-lithium-containing salts, and the temperature-dependences thereof, can result in solid non-lithium-containing salts being formed to a greater extent than is formed the lithium-containing salts during the temperature-lowering. In some embodiments, the temperature of the heated concentrated stream is lowered to a temperature of less than or equal to 40° C., less than or equal to 35° C., and/or as low as 30° C., or less.
Any of a variety of techniques and suitable equipment may be used to lower the temperature of the heated concentrated stream such that an additional amount of a non-lithium-containing salt is formed (e.g., via precipitation). In some embodiments, the temperature lowering is performed in a cooling unit of a non-lithium-containing salt production unit as described above (e.g., cooling unit 127 of non-lithium-containing salt production unit 125 in
In some embodiments, some (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) or all of the non-lithium-containing salts formed during the temperature lowering of the heated concentrated stream are separated from the resulting solution (e.g., stream). Such a separation of solids from the resulting solution may be performed using any suitable technique known in the art (e.g., filtration, centrifugation, decantation, etc.).
In some embodiments, the method of obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) is performed such that at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the solution produced by the lowering of the temperature of the heated concentrated stream is part of the impurity-depleted concentrated stream. Incorporation of the resulting liquid from the lowering of the temperature of the heated concentrated stream may be direct (e.g., as illustrated by impurity-depleted concentrated stream exiting cooling unit 127 in
In some embodiments, a method for obtaining lithium (e.g., as a lithium salt) from a liquid involves treating a solution via an electrochemical process. Such an electrochemical process may promote the at least partial replacement of counter-ions of solubilized lithium ions with different counter-ions. It has been realized that for at least some commercial/industrial applications, the lithium salts with certain counter-ions are generally more desirable or useful than those with counter-ions that may be more prevalent in feed streams. For example, in some instances, solid lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a desirable product, while an available source of lithium ions (e.g., a salar brine) or treated product thereof is relatively rich in solubilized chloride anions but relatively lean in dissolved hydroxide ions. In some such instances, it is desirable to replace some or all of the chloride anions with hydroxide anions. It has been realized in the context of this disclosure that certain electrochemical processes may be well-suited (e.g., in terms of energy expenditure and ease of integration into lithium recovery systems) for some such lithium counter-ion replacements.
In some embodiments, a lithium recovery system comprises an electrochemical cell.
In some embodiments, an initial solution (e.g., liquid solution) is associated with the electrochemical cell. For example, in some embodiments the electrochemical cell comprises a first electrode and a second electrode and at least a portion of the initial solution is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode and/or the second electrode. The embodiment shown in
The initial solution may comprise a liquid, solubilized lithium cations, and solubilized first anions. For example, in
Some embodiments comprise applying a voltage to an electrochemical cell comprising the initial solution. In some such embodiments, the voltage is applied such that at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the first anions are replaced by second, different anions, thereby forming an electrochemically-treated solution comprising the liquid, solubilized lithium cations, and solubilized second anions. For example, referring to
In some embodiments, the electrochemically-treated solution comprises the solubilized second anions at a concentration greater than a concentration of the solubilized second anions in the initial solution. For example, in some embodiments, a ratio of a concentration of the solubilized second anions in the electrochemically-treated solution to the concentration of the solubilized second anions in the initial solution is greater than or equal to 1.1, greater than or equal to 1.2, greater than or equal to 1.5, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 100, greater than or equal to 1,000, greater than or equal to 10,000, greater than or equal to 100,000, and/or up to 1,000,000, or greater. A concentration of solubilized lithium cations may be relatively unchanged upon application of the voltage. For example, in some embodiments, a ratio of a concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the initial solution to the concentration of solubilized lithium cations in electrochemically-treated solution is less than or equal to 1.2, less than or equal to 1.1, less than or equal to 1.05, less than or equal to 1.02, less than or equal to 1, and/or as low as 0.98, as low as 0.95, as low as 0.9, or as low as 0.8.
As an illustrative example of an embodiment in which the electrochemical cell is an electrolytic cell, the initial solution may be an initial aqueous solution comprising solubilized lithium cations and solubilized chloride anions (e.g., from a brine). A voltage may be applied to drive an electrolytic reaction in which (a) the lithium ions are reduced at a first electrode to form Li0 (e.g., lithium metal), which may rapidly react with water to produce hydrogen gas (H2), hydroxide anions (OH−), and lithium cations (Li+), and (b) the chloride ions are oxidized to form a product such as chlorine gas (Cl2). The hydrogen gas and chlorine gas may be removed from the resulting electrochemically-treated solution (e.g., via bubbling), leaving the lithium cations and hydroxide anions remaining in the solution (thereby accomplishing the at least partial replacement of chloride anions with hydroxide anions).
In some embodiments, the initial solution in the electrochemical cell (e.g., initial solution 130 in
In some embodiments, liquid is removed from the electrochemically-treated solution produced by the electrochemical cell (e.g., comprising a liquid, solubilized lithium cations, and the second anions). Such liquid removal may be useful in some instances where a relatively concentrated stream of lithium cations and the second anions is desired (e.g., for obtaining a solid salt of the lithium cation and second anion). In some embodiments, at least a portion of liquid from the electrochemically-treated solution is allowed to evaporate within a humidifier to produce a humidified gas stream and a humidifier liquid outlet stream. In some embodiments, the humidifier is the same humidifier as described above with respect to the removal of liquid from the feed stream. However, in other embodiments, more than one humidifier (which can be the same or different types) can be used.
As an example, in
In some embodiments, the humidifier liquid outlet stream (e.g., second humidifier liquid outlet stream 137) has a higher concentration of the solubilized lithium cations and the solubilized second anions compared to the electrochemically-treated solution that is transported to the humidifier. For example, a ratio of a concentration of the solubilized lithium cations in the humidifier liquid outlet stream to the concentration of solubilized lithium cations in the electrochemically-treated solution may be greater than or equal to 1.1, greater than or equal to 1.2, greater than or equal to 1.5, greater than or equal 2, greater than or equal to 5, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 25, greater than or equal to 50, and/or up to 100, or greater.
In some embodiments, a solid lithium salt comprising at least a portion of the lithium cations derived from the feed stream is obtained (e.g., from the impurity-depleted concentrated stream, from the electrochemically-treated solution, and/or from humidifier liquid outlet stream). For example, in some embodiments, a solid lithium salt comprising at least a portion (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) of the lithium cations and at least a portion of the second anions (e.g., at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 20 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 80 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, at least 99 wt %, or more) from the humidifier liquid outlet stream is obtained. As one example, in some embodiments the humidifier liquid outlet stream of the humidifier that is fed some or all of the electrochemically-treated solution comprises solubilized lithium cations and solubilized hydroxide ions. Some embodiments involve obtaining solid lithium hydroxide (LiOH) from that humidifier liquid outlet stream. Referring to
In some embodiments, solid lithium salt obtained can be further processed and/or packaged for commercial and/or industrial purposes. For example, lithium salt products may be obtained by filling and packing containers with the solid lithium salt. Pneumatic conveying followed by sealing using commercially-available form fill seal systems is one way to package the solid lithium salt.
In some embodiments, a pressure of any of the streams described herein can be increased via one or more additional components, such as one or more booster pumps. In some embodiments, a pressure of any of the streams described herein can be decreased via one or more additional components, such as one or more additional valves or energy recovery devices. It some embodiments, an osmotic unit described herein further comprises one or more heating, cooling, or other concentration or dilution mechanisms or devices.
The osmotic units described herein (e.g., the first osmotic unit, the second osmotic unit) can each include a single osmotic membrane or a plurality of osmotic membranes.
In some embodiments, an osmotic unit (e.g., the first osmotic unit, the second osmotic unit) comprises a plurality of osmotic membranes connected in parallel. One example of such an arrangement is shown in
While
In some embodiments, an osmotic unit (e.g., the first osmotic unit, the second osmotic unit) comprises a plurality of osmotic membranes connected in series. One example of such an arrangement is shown in
While
In addition, in some embodiments, a given osmotic unit could include multiple osmotic membranes connected in parallel as well as multiple osmotic membranes connected in series.
In some embodiments, the first osmotic unit comprises a plurality of osmotic membranes. In some such embodiments, the plurality of osmotic membranes within the first osmotic unit are connected in series. In some such embodiments, the plurality of osmotic membranes within the first osmotic unit are connected in parallel. In certain embodiments, the first osmotic unit comprises a plurality of membranes a first portion of which are connected in series and another portion of which are connected in parallel.
In some embodiments, the second osmotic unit comprises a plurality of osmotic membranes. In some such embodiments, the plurality of osmotic membranes within the second osmotic unit are connected in series. In some such embodiments, the plurality of osmotic membranes within the second osmotic unit are connected in parallel. In certain embodiments, the second osmotic unit comprises a plurality of membranes a first portion of which are connected in series and another portion of which are connected in parallel.
The draw solutions described herein (e.g., the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream in some embodiments) can include any of a variety of solutes and liquids. The solute(s) in the draw streams can be the same as or different from the solute(s) in the feed stream. The solvent(s) in the draw streams are generally the same as the solvent(s) in the feed stream, although variations in solvent compositions can be present at various points in the lithium recovery system.
The draw solutions described herein can generally include any component(s) suitable for imparting an appropriate osmotic pressure to perform the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the draw stream(s) are aqueous solution(s) comprising one or more solubilized species, such as one or more dissolved ions and/or one or more dissociated molecules in water. For example, in some embodiments, the draw solution(s) (e.g., the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream in some embodiments) comprise Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cl−, Al3+, NH4+, boron, Br−, Cd2+, Cr2+, Cr3+, Co3+, Cu2+, F−, Pb2+, Lit, Mn2+, Mn3+, Hg2+, NO3−, PO43−, HPO42−, H2PO43−, Se2−, SiO2, SO42−, Sr+, Fe3+, and/or Zn2+ (at varying concentrations of each species). The draw stream(s) may have P-alkalinity or M-alkalinity in any of a variety of suitable ranges. In some embodiments, the draw solution(s) (e.g., the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream in some embodiments) comprises at least one solubilized monovalent cation, such as Na+ and/or K+. In certain embodiments, the draw solution(s) (e.g., the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream in some embodiments) comprises at least one monovalent anion, such as Cl− and/or Br−. Cations and/or anions having other valencies may also be present in the draw solution(s) (e.g., the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream in some embodiments). Other species could also be used in the draw solutions. For example, in some embodiments, the draw solution(s) (e.g., the second osmotic unit permeate inlet stream in some embodiments) can be an aqueous stream comprising a solubilized non-ionic species, such as ammonia (NH3).
Those of ordinary skill in the art, given the insight provided by the present disclosure, would be capable of selecting appropriate components for use in the various draw streams described herein.
The draw streams may be prepared, according to certain embodiments, by suspending and/or dissolving one or more species in a liquid acting as a solvent (such as an aqueous solvent) to solubilize the species in the solvent. For example, in some embodiments, one or more draw inlet streams can be made by dissolving one or more solid salts in an aqueous solvent. Non-limiting examples of salts that may be dissolved in water include NaCl, LiCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, NaOH, other inorganic salts, and the like. In some embodiments, the draw stream can be prepared by mixing ammonia with water. In certain embodiments, the draw stream can be prepared by dissolving one or more ammonia salts (e.g., ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, and/or ammonium carbamate) in water. In some embodiments, the draw stream can be prepared by dissolving ammonia and carbon dioxide gasses in water.
According to certain embodiments, the streams on either side of an osmotic membrane(s) within the osmotic unit can be operated in counter-current configuration. Operation of the osmotic system in this manner can, according to certain but not necessarily all embodiments, allow one to more easily ensure that the transmembrane net driving force is spatially uniform across the facial area of the osmotic membrane, for example, as described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2017/019944, filed Jul. 29, 2016 as International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/044663, and entitled “Osmotic Desalination Methods and Associated Systems,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. It should be understood that two streams do not have to be transported in perfectly parallel and opposite directions to be considered to be in counter-current configuration, and in some embodiments, the primary flow directions of two streams that are in a counter-current flow configuration can form an angle of up to 10° (or, in some cases, up to 5°, up to 2°, or up to 1°). In some embodiments, the second osmotic unit is operated in a counter-current configuration.
Those of ordinary skill in the art are familiar with osmotic membranes. The membrane medium can comprise, for example, a metal, a ceramic, a polymer (e.g., polyamides, polyethylenes, polyesters, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), polysulfones, polycarbonates, polypropylenes, poly(acrylates)), and/or composites or other combinations of these. Osmotic membranes generally allow for the selective transport of solvent (e.g., water) through the membrane, where solvent is capable of being transmitted through the membrane while solute (e.g., solubilized species such as solubilized ions) are inhibited from being transported through the membrane. Examples of commercially available osmotic membranes that can be used in association with certain of the embodiments described herein include, but are not limited to, those commercially available from Dow Water and Process Solutions (e.g., FilmTec™ membranes), Hydranautics, GE Osmonics, Suez, LG, Toyobo, and Toray Membrane, among others known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
According to some embodiments, the humidifier described above is a bubble column humidifier (e.g., a humidifier in which the evaporation process occurs through direct contact between an aqueous stream and bubbles of a carrier gas). As discussed in further detail below, a bubble column humidifier may be associated with certain advantages. In some embodiments, the humidifier is a packed bed humidifier (e.g., a humidifier comprising packing material). The packing material may, in some cases, facilitate turbulent gas flow and/or enhance contact between an aqueous stream flowing in a first direction through the packing material and a carrier gas flowing in a second, substantially opposite direction. A non-limiting example of suitable packing material is polyvinyl chloride (PVC) packing material. In certain cases, the humidifier is a spray tower (e.g., a humidifier configured to spray droplets of an aqueous stream). For example, a nozzle or other spraying device may be positioned at the top of the humidifier such that the aqueous stream is sprayed downward towards the bottom of the humidifier. The use of a spraying device may advantageously increase the degree of contact between an aqueous stream fed to the humidifier and a carrier gas into which water from the aqueous stream is transported. The humidifier may, in some embodiments, be a packed bed humidifier and a spray tower (e.g., the spray tower may comprise packing material). In some embodiments, the humidifier is a wetted wall tower (e.g., a humidifier in which the evaporation process occurs through direct contact between a fluid film or laminar layer and a carrier gas).
In some embodiments, the humidifier is configured to be a counter-flow device. For example, in certain cases, the humidifier is configured such that a humidifier liquid inlet is positioned at a first end (e.g., a top end) of the humidifier and a humidifier gas inlet is positioned at a second, opposite end (e.g., a bottom end) of the humidifier. Such a configuration may facilitate the flow of a liquid stream in a first direction (e.g., downwards) through the humidifier and the flow of a gas stream in a second, substantially opposite direction (e.g., upwards) through the humidifier, which may advantageously result in high thermal efficiency.
In some embodiments, in which a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) apparatus comprising a humidifier and a dehumidifier as described above is used, the dehumidifier of the HDH apparatus may have any configuration that allows for the transfer of water from a humidified gas stream produced by a humidifier to a substantially pure water stream through a condensation process. In some embodiments, the dehumidifier comprises a gas inlet configured to receive the humidified gas stream from the humidifier and/or a liquid inlet configured to receive a substantially pure water stream (e.g., from a source of substantially pure water). The dehumidifier may further comprise a dehumidifier liquid outlet and/or a dehumidifier gas outlet.
In certain embodiments, the dehumidifier is a bubble column dehumidifier (e.g., a dehumidifier in which the condensation process occurs through direct contact between a substantially pure water stream and bubbles of a humidified gas). In certain cases, the dehumidifier is a surface condenser (e.g., a dehumidifier in which the condensation process occurs through direct contact between a humidified gas and a cooled surface). Non-limiting examples of suitable surface condensers include a cooling tube condenser and a plate condenser.
In some embodiments, the dehumidifier is configured to be a counter-flow device. For example, in certain cases, the dehumidifier is configured such that a dehumidifier liquid inlet is positioned at a first end (e.g., a top end) of the dehumidifier and a dehumidifier gas inlet is positioned at a second, opposite end (e.g., a bottom end) of the dehumidifier. Such a configuration may facilitate the flow of a liquid stream in a first direction (e.g., downwards) through the dehumidifier and the flow of a gas stream in a second, substantially opposite direction (e.g., upwards) through the dehumidifier, which may advantageously result in high thermal efficiency.
According to some embodiments, the humidifier is a bubble column humidifier, and/or the dehumidifier is a bubble column dehumidifier. In some cases, bubble column humidifiers and bubble column dehumidifiers may be associated with certain advantages. For example, bubble column humidifiers and dehumidifiers may exhibit higher thermodynamic effectiveness than certain other types of humidifiers and dehumidifiers. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the increased thermodynamic effectiveness may be at least partially attributed to the use of gas bubbles for heat and mass transfer in bubble column humidifiers and dehumidifiers, since gas bubbles may have more surface area available for heat and mass transfer than many other types of surfaces (e.g., metallic tubes, liquid films, packing material). In addition, bubble column humidifiers and dehumidifiers may have certain features that further increase thermodynamic effectiveness, including, but not limited to, relatively low liquid level height, relatively high aspect ratio liquid flow paths, and multi-staged designs.
Suitable bubble column condensers that may be used as the dehumidifier and/or suitable bubble column humidifiers that may be used as the humidifier in certain systems and methods described herein include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,523,985, by Govindan et al., issued Sep. 3, 2013, and entitled “Bubble-Column Vapor Mixture Condenser”; U.S. Pat. No. 8,778,065, by Govindan et al., issued Jul. 15, 2014, and entitled “Humidification-Dehumidification System Including a Bubble-Column Vapor Mixture Condenser”; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0074694, by Govindan et al., filed Sep. 23, 2011, and entitled “Bubble-Column Vapor Mixture Condenser”; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0367871, by Govindan et al., filed Jun. 12, 2013, and entitled “Multi-Stage Bubble Column Humidifier”; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0083577, filed on Sep. 23, 2014, and entitled “Desalination Systems and Associated Methods”; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0129410, filed on Sep. 12, 2014, and entitled “Systems Including a Condensing Apparatus Such as a Bubble Column Condenser”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/718,483, by Govindan et al., filed May 21, 2015, and entitled “Systems Including an Apparatus Comprising both a Humidification Region and a Dehumidification Region”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/718,510, by Govindan et al., filed May 21, 2015, and entitled “Systems Including an Apparatus Comprising both a Humidification Region and a Dehumidification Region with Heat Recovery and/or Intermediate Injection”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/719,239, by Govindan et al., filed May 21, 2015, and entitled “Transiently-Operated Desalination Systems and Associated Methods”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/719,189, by Govindan et al., filed May 21, 2015, and entitled “Transiently-Operated Desalination Systems with Heat Recovery and Associated Methods”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/719,295, by St. John et al., filed May 21, 2015, and entitled “Methods and Systems for Producing Treated Brines”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/719,299, by St. John et al., and entitled “Methods and Systems for Producing Treated Brines for Desalination,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
In some embodiments in which substantially pure water is formed, the substantially pure water stream has a relatively low total solubilized ion concentration (e.g., concentration of all solubilized ions present in the water stream). In some cases, the total solubilized ion concentration of the substantially pure water stream is about 500 mg/L or less, about 200 mg/L or less, about 100 mg/L or less, about 50 mg/L or less, about 20 mg/L or less, about 10 mg/L or less, about 5 mg/L or less, about 2 mg/L or less, about 1 mg/L or less, about 0.5 mg/L or less, about 0.2 mg/L or less, about 0.1 mg/L or less, about 0.05 mg/L or less, about 0.02 mg/L or less, or about 0.01 mg/L or less. According to some embodiments, the total solubilized ion concentration of the substantially pure water stream is substantially zero (e.g., not detectable). In certain cases, the total solubilized ion concentration of the substantially pure water stream is in the range of about 0 mg/L to about 500 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 200 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 100 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 50 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 20 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 10 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 5 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 2 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 1 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 0.5 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 0.1 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 0.05 mg/L, about 0 mg/L to about 0.02 mg/L, or about 0 mg/L to about 0.01 mg/L.
In one example, lithium hydroxide is obtained from a brine (e.g., a salar brine) rich in solubilized lithium cations and solubilized chloride anions using methods and systems described in this disclosure.
In another example, solid lithium hydroxide is obtained from a solution rich in solubilized lithium cations and solubilized sulfate and carbonate anions using methods and systems described in this disclosure.
In another example, solid lithium hydroxide is obtained from a solution derived from lithium ion batteries (e.g., discarded/spent lithium ion batteries) using methods and systems described in this disclosure.
In another example, a lithium-containing stream (e.g., comprising solubilized lithium cations in an amount of at least 10 mg/L) is concentrated using methods described in this disclosure.
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/164,649, filed Mar. 23, 2021, and entitled “Lithium Recovery from Liquid Streams,” is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
While several embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the teachings of the present invention is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least a portion” means some or all. “At least a portion” may mean, in accordance with certain embodiments, at least 1 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, at least 25 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, or at least 99 wt %, and/or, in certain embodiments, up to 100 wt %.
The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”
The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified unless clearly indicated to the contrary. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B,” when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A without B (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B without A (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.
This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2021/047614, filed Aug. 25, 2021 and entitled “Lithium Recovery from Liquid Streams,” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/164,649, filed Mar. 23, 2021, and entitled “Lithium Recovery from Liquid Streams,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Number | Date | Country | |
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63164649 | Mar 2021 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | PCT/US2021/047614 | Aug 2021 | US |
Child | 17978521 | US |