Patent Application
20090061288
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to batteries and more particularly to apparatus and methods for improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries.
2. Description of the Related Art
Our society has come to rely on batteries to power a myriad of devices, including computers, cell phones, portable music players, lighting devices, as well as many other electronic components. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing need for further advances in battery technology. For example, there is still a significant need for economical batteries that can power automobiles or provide load-leveling capabilities for wind, solar, or other energy technologies. Furthermore, the “information age” increasingly demands portable energy sources that provide lighter weight, higher energy, longer discharge times, more “cycles”, and smaller customized designs. To achieve these advances, technologists continue to work to develop batteries with higher and higher energy densities while still providing acceptable safety, power densities, cost, and other needed characteristics.
Lithium-sulfur (Li—S) batteries offer great potential to meet many of the above-stated needs. The theoretical specific energy of lithium-sulfur batteries is 2600 Wh/kg, which is one of the highest known energy densities for batteries that use non-gaseous constituents. The materials needed to produce these batteries are light, energetic, inexpensive, and readily available. In contrast with most cathode materials, sulfur is relatively non-toxic, making these batteries relatively safe for human contact.
Nevertheless, rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries have failed to achieve commercial success for several reasons. These reasons include: (1) rapid capacity fade on cycling; (2) high self-discharge; and (3) poor utilization of the cathode. The first two reasons, namely capacity fade on cycling and high self-discharge, are related. These problems primarily occur because some of the cathode constituents, namely lithium polysulfides, are soluble in typical electrolytes. When a porous or microporous separator is used, these cathode constituents tend to migrate to the anode with each cycle, resulting in irreversible capacity loss. Although some researchers have used polymer backbones or binders in the cathode to immobilize polysulfides and thereby improve cycle stability, the stability is undesirably accompanied by poor cathode utilization and hence disappointing specific energy.
One prior art attempt to resolve some of the above-stated problems is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,450 issued to Hwang et al. (hereinafter “Hwang”), which is herein incorporated by reference. In this reference, Hwang attempts to improve cathode utilization by recognizing the differences in dissolution characteristics between elemental sulfur, and lithium sulfide or lithium polysulfide. Hwang teaches that sulfur is apolar and dissolves best in an apolar solvent such as benzene, fluorobenzene, toluene, trifluortoluene, xylene, cyclohexane, tetrahydrofurane, or 2-methyl tetrahydrofurane. Lithium sulfide and polysulfides are polar and thus are best dissolved in polar solvents such as a carbonate organic solvent or tetraglyme. In addition, an effective electronic conductor, such as SUPER P Li™ Conductive Carbon Black (hereinafter “Super P carbon”), may be added to the cathode constituents to improve electrical conductivity.
In one example, Hwang used the solvents tetrahydrofurane/propylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate in a 20/40/40 ratio in the cathode. The third solvent was intentionally selected to be a relatively viscous solvent to reduce the impact of constituent migration through the micro-porous membrane in the Hwang battery. The cathode initially consisted of sixty percent elemental sulfur with twenty percent Super P carbon, and twenty percent polyvinyl acetate (PVA). The latter constituent was apparently added to reduce the mobility of the soluble species and to serve as a binder. By using an apolar and polar solvent mixture to partially dissolve both elemental sulfur and lithium sulfides and polysulfides. Hwang was able to achieve impressive specific capacities when cycling between 1.5V and 2.8V at various C-rates. Hwang was initially able to demonstrate about 1000 Wh/kg specific energy while cycling at a 1 C rate. However, capacity was lost with each subsequent cycle.
In view of the foregoing, what is needed is a lithium-sulfur battery that equals or improves upon the cathode utilization achieved by Hwang, while also reducing the capacity fade and self-discharge exhibited by the Hwang battery.
The invention has been developed in response to the present state of the art and, in particular, in response to the problems and needs in the art that have not yet been fully solved by currently available lithium-sulfur batteries. Accordingly, the invention has been developed to provide systems and methods to improve the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. The features and advantages of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
Consistent with the foregoing and in accordance with the invention as embodied and broadly described herein, a lithium-sulfur battery is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including an anode containing lithium and a cathode comprising elemental sulfur. The cathode may include at least one solvent selected to at least partially dissolve the elemental sulfur and Li2Sx. A substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane is provided between the anode and the cathode to keep sulfur or other reactive species from migrating between the anode and cathode.
In certain embodiments, the lithium-sulfur battery includes a separator between the anode and the non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane. This may prevent the lithium in the anode from reacting with the non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane. In certain embodiments, the separator is a porous separator infiltrated with a lithium-ion-conductive electrolyte.
In selected embodiments, the non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane is a thin LISICON ceramic membrane. In certain embodiments, the LISICON membrane is a slightly porous structure treated with a sealer to fill any pores in the structure, thereby making the membrane substantially non-porous. In certain embodiments, a porous structural layer, such as one or more porous LISICON layers, are attached to one or more sides of the substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane to provide support thereto.
In another embodiment, a method in accordance with the invention may include generating lithium ions at a lithium-containing anode. These lithium ions may then be transported through a substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane to a cathode. At the cathode, the lithium ions may be reacted with elemental sulfur, which is at least partially dissolved in one or more solvents. This reaction may generate Li2Sx, which may also at least partially dissolve in the one or more solvents. In selected embodiments, the method may further include separating the lithium-containing anode from the substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane to keep the lithium-containing anode from reacting with the membrane. This may be accomplished, for example, by placing a porous separator, infiltrated with a lithium-ion-conductive electrolyte, between the lithium-containing anode and the lithium-ion-conductive membrane.
The present invention provides an improved lithium-sulfur battery that overcomes various limitations of conventional lithium-sulfur batteries. The features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings in which:
It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the Figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, as represented in the Figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of certain examples of presently contemplated embodiments in accordance with the invention. The presently described embodiments will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout.
Referring to
In certain embodiments, the lithium-containing anode 102 may include lithium metal, a carbon matrix containing lithium metal, or other lithium-containing materials or composites. In certain embodiments, the unique design of the cell 100 may enable use of a metallic lithium anode (which has never been commercialized in a rechargeable battery due to safety reasons). The safety of the metallic lithium anode 102 may be addressed in the following ways. First, the substantially non-porous membrane 106 may prevent dendritic shorts (shorts occurring when thin needle-like lithium crystals form upon recharge and penetrate a microporous separator). Second, an unreducible salt such as lithium chloride or lithium iodide may be used as an electrolyte in the anode 102 to reduce the possibility that the anode 102 will react therewith.
The cathode 104 may include elemental sulfur (typically S8 molecules in solid form) and Li2Sx (lithium monosulfide and/or polysulfide), and one or more solvents selected to at least partially dissolve the elemental sulfur and the Li2Sx. The solvents may increase the mobility of the elemental sulfur and Li2Sx to help them to participate more fully in the reaction occurring at the cathode. This improvement in mobility may significantly improve cathode utilization. In certain embodiments, an electronic conductor such as Super P carbon may be added to the solvents to improve the electrical conductivity of the solvent mixture.
In certain embodiments, one or more solvents may be selected to at least partially dissolve elemental sulfur and/or Li2Sx. The solvents will also ideally have a relatively high boiling point. Because Li2Sx is polar, in certain embodiments, a polar solvent may be selected to at least partially dissolve the Li2Sx. Similarly, because elemental sulfur is apolar, an apolar solvent may be selected to at least partially dissolve the elemental sulfur. Nevertheless, in general, the solvents may include any single solvent or mixture of solvents that are effective to at least partially dissolve elemental sulfur and/or Li2Sx.
For example, the instant inventors have discovered that tetraglyme (TG), a polar solvent which is useful for dissolving Li2Sx, also significantly partially dissolves sulfur. Thus, tetraglyme by itself, or in combination with other polar solvents, may be used exclusively as the solvent or solvents in the cathode 104. This characteristic of tetraglyme (and possibly other polar solvents) is not believed to be disclosed in the prior art. The solubility characteristics of tetraglyme are especially beneficial when used with a substantially non-porous membrane 106. Other solvents that may be used in the cathode 104 may include tetrahydrafuran (THF) and/or dimethylanaline (DMA), the solubility characteristics of which are shown below in Tables 1 and 2. DMA is apolar and has been found to be particularly effective at dissolving elemental sulfur, while also having a relatively high boiling point.
As described above, the battery 100 may include a substantially non-porous lithium-ion conductive membrane 106a. Unlike conventional lithium-sulfur batteries, which may use a porous membrane, the non-porous membrane 106a may prevent cathode constituents from migrating through the membrane 106 to the anode 102 where they may cause irreversible capacity loss. The substantially non-porous membrane 106a may also allow the cathode solvent mixture to be optimized to best dissolve the cathode constituents and the cathode constituents to be optimized for better rate capability and/or specific capacity. For example, by using a substantially non-porous membrane 106a, a viscous solvent or binder such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) may become unnecessary in the cathode 104. Furthermore, by using a substantially non-porous membrane 106a, a solvent and electrolyte salt that is better suited for anode cycling performance may be used in the anode 102. In the event the substantially non-porous membrane 106a has some porosity, the pores may be filled with a sealer (e.g., a polymer) and wiped clean to prevent the migration of cathode constituents to the anode 102.
In selected embodiments, the substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane 106 is a lithium super ionic conductor (LISICON) produced by Ceramatec, Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah. Although not limited to this formulation, the general composition of the LISICON may be Li1+xAlxTi2−x(PO4)3, where x is between 0.0 and 0.5. Various dopants may be added to the LISICON to improve strength, conductivity, and/or sintering. The LISICON materials produced by Ceramatec exhibit good ionic conductivities at temperatures as low as to −20° C. These conductivity values are higher than solid polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, the LISICON membranes 106a may be fabricated as thin as tens of microns thick with supporting porous or ribbed structures 106b, 106c to provide strength and a mechanical barrier to lithium dendrites (thin metallic crystals forming on the anode 102). The ionic conductivities of two different LISICON formulations (45B and LTP-B) produced by Ceramatec are shown below in Table 3. An Arrhenius plot of the solid-state conductivity of the two formulations (LTP-B and LTP-45B) is illustrated in
Although LISICON membranes 106a represent one candidate material that is substantially non-porous and conductive to lithium ions, the membrane 106a is not limited to this material. Indeed, any substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive material may be used for the membrane 106a. Currently, various non-porous ceramic glasses have been reported to have conductivities on the order of 10−2 S/cm and thus may also be candidate materials for the membrane 106a.
Upon discharging the battery 100, lithium metal may be oxidized at the anode 102 to produce lithium ions and electrons in accordance with the following equation:
Li→Li++e−
The electrons may be conducted through a load 112 and the lithium ions may be conducted through the membrane 106 to the cathode 104. At the cathode 104, the lithium ions may react with sulfur to form a high polysulfide (e.g., Li2Sx where x=6 or 8). These high polysulfides may then be reduced to form lower polysulfides (e.g., Li2Sy where y=x−2). The lower polysulfides may then be reduced further to form lithium monosulfide (Li2S). In general, the reactions at the cathode 104 may be described by the following equations:
Initial reaction: Li++x/16S8+e−→½Li2Sx,
where x=4, 6, or 8
Intermediate Reaction: Li++1/2Li2Sx+e−→1/2Li2Sy,
where x=4, 6, or 8 and y=x−2
Final Reaction: Li++½Li2S2+e−→Li2S
Overall, as illustrated in
Overall Reaction: 1/16S8+Li++e−½Li2S
Initially, as sulfur is reduced to polysulfide at the cathode 104, the cell voltage may start at about 2.5V. This voltage may drop to about 2.1 V as high polysulfides are reduced to lower polysulfides. This behavior may be observed by the battery discharge characteristic illustrated in
Referring to
½Li2S→ 1/16S8+Li++e−
The electrons may be conducted through a power source 200 and the lithium ions may be conducted through the membrane 106 to the anode 102. At the anode 102, the lithium ions may react with electrons to generate lithium metal in accordance with the following equation:
Li++e−→Li
Due to the improved mobility of elemental sulfur and Li2Sx at the cathode 104, and the ability to prevent or reduce cathode constituents from migrating to the anode 102, the battery 100 may exhibit (1) reduced capacity fade on cycling; (2) reduced self-discharge; and (3) improved cathode utilization. This represents a significant improvement over conventional lithium-sulfur batteries.
Referring to
In selected embodiments in accordance with the invention, a separator 300, such as a micro-porous separator 300 (e.g., CellGuard 2400 or 2600 or other micro-porous separator 300), may be placed between the membrane 106 and the lithium-containing anode 102. The micro-porous separator 300 may be infused (e.g., dipped, sprayed, etc.) with a solvent, such as tetraglyme, and an inorganic lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) to provide a path to conduct lithium ions between the anode 102 and the membrane 106. In general, the separator 300 may provide spatial separation between the anode 102 and the membrane 106 while still conducting lithium ions therebetween.
Referring to
In certain embodiments, the substantially non-porous lithium-ion-conductive membrane 106 may be sandwiched between the two halves 400a, 400b to seal and isolate the cathode materials 104 from the anode 102. In certain embodiments, a plastic or elastomeric grommet or other suitable material may be used to seal the two halves 400a, 400b to the membrane 106. In certain embodiments, a clamping device 404, such as a clip, band, crimp, or the like, may be used to clamp the halves 400a, 400b to the membrane 106 and hold the halves 400a, 400b in place. Because all the constituents required for the battery 100 to operate may be contained within the housing 400, the battery 100 may, in certain embodiments, be a sealed system.
Referring to
In selected embodiments, an electrically insulating support ring 602, or clamp 602, such as a polyethylene or ceramic ring, may be bonded and sealed to an outer circumference of the membrane 106. This support ring 602 may then be clamped, bonded, and sealed to flanges 604a, 604b of the housing 600a, 600b to provide an effective seal with the membrane 106 and seal the cathode and anode compartments 102, 104. In certain embodiments, electrically conductive tabs 606a, 606b may be electrically connected to current collectors (not shown) which may be connected to or embedded within the anode 102 and cathode 104 respectively.
Referring to
Referring to
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its basic principles or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent No. 60/970,178 filed on Sep. 5, 2007 and entitled HIGH RATE LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERY WITH NON-POROUS CERAMIC SEPARATOR.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60970178 | Sep 2007 | US |
