LLDPE films with improved optical properties

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to linear low density copolymers of ethylene (LLDPE), of improved optical properties. The invention also relates to films of LLDPE which exhibit improved optical properties while exhibiting excellent dart impact strength. The LLDPE of the invention is unique in that it is not unimodal which is characteristic of conventional LLDPE. Analysis of the LLDPE of the invention, as synthesized and as produced in a single reactor, reveals that it contains a significant portion of high molecular weight components. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) is characterized by M.sub.z /M.sub.w greater than 3.5.
LLDPE films have superior film properties when compared to LDPE. However, optical properties of LLDPE are inferior to those of LDPE. Various approaches have been employed to improve the optical properties of LLDPE, including blending LLDPE with LDPE, by modifying branching homogeneity and by employing nucleating agents.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to films consisting of linear low density polyethylene of the invention exhibiting a haze value as measured by ASTM D-1003 of less than about 10, preferably 6 to 10. By comparison, the haze value of conventional LLDPE is greater than 15. Moreover, films of the invention exhibit Dart Drop Impact values as measured by ASTM D-1709 of 50 to about 800.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 illustrates typical elements of a fluid bed reactor for producing LLDPE.
FIG. 2 is a Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) of LLDPE of the invention (dotted line) compared to conventional LLDPE (unbroken line), in a plot of weight fraction vs. molecular weight.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The Copolymer Products
The catalytically produced LLDPE products of the invention have various unique properties.
The copolymer products contain 70 to 350 ppm of dimethylaluminum chloride (DMAC) activator.
They are low density products characterized by a density ranging from 0.915 to 0.940 g/cm.sup.3. They exhibit a melt flow ratio range of 25 to 45.
As synthesized, the copolymers of the invention exhibit rather broad molecular weight distribution (MWD), as characterized by a M.sub.z /M.sub.w of greater than 3.5, and are not unimodal. The ratio M.sub.z /M.sub.w is a measure of the skewness of the molecular weight distribution towards the HMW part of the distribution. The individual moments are defined as follows: ##EQU1## where w.sub.i =weight fraction of the polymer with molecular weight between M.sub.i and M.sub.i +DM.
For the invention polymers with a significant hump on the HMW side, the higher moment M.sub.z is significantly higher for the same M.sub.w as a normal LLDPE. Thus resulting in a higher M.sub.z /M.sub.w.
The invention LLDPE is typically broader in molecular weight distribution as measured by GPC or flow properties (MFR). The GPC curve is characterized by a significantly higher amount of high molecular weight species compared to a normal LLDPE (see FIG. 1). The GPC analysis was performed on a Waters 150C instrument with a set of 4 columns (1E6, 1E6, 1E4, 1E3 angstrom) at 140.degree. C. All the analyses were performed with a 0.1% solution in 1-2-4 trichlorobenzene. The most consistent way of characterizing this difference is by the ratio Mz/Mw which measures the skewness of the distribution on the HMW side. We find that the DMAC cocatalyzed LLDPEs have Mz/Mw that is consistently higher than 4 while normal LLDPEs tend to be around 3. The presence of the HMW species may also provide an explanation of the observed improvement in the optical properties of the invention LLDPE. It may be argued that the presence of the HMW species gives rise to significantly higher stresses prior to the onset of crystallization, retarding crystal growth. This may be of even greater significance at the surface of the polymer film. The DMAC LLDPE films tend to have smoother surfaces compared to normal LLDPEs and consequently have better opticals, i.e. lower haze and higher gloss.
When fabricated into films, the films of the copolymers exhibit excellent optical qualities as determined by haze studies, measured by ASTM D-1003 which means that haze is preferably between about 6 to about 10 and gloss is between 50 and 85, as measured by ASTM D-2457. Films of inferior haze properties exhibit a haze of greater than 15, as measured by ASTM D-2457.
The importance of the optical properties of LLDPE depend on the intended application of the LLDPE resin. It is generally accepted that the poor optical properties of normal LLDPEs (haze>15 and gloss<50) severely limits their use in applications where film opticals are important. The invention LLDPEs with their improved opticals (haze<10 and gloss>70) significantly broaden the application areas.
When fabricated into films, the films exhibit dart impact properties as measured by ASTM D-1709, Method A; with a 38.1 mm dart, and a drop height of 0.66 meters. For example, the films of the present invention exhibit about 20-30% improvement in dart drop over the films prepared with such previously-known catalysts.
In particular, properties of resins and films of the invention, can be tabulated as follows:
______________________________________ Intermediate PreferredProperty Broad Range Range Range______________________________________ResinMI 0.1-3.0 0.4-2.0 0.4-1.5MFR 24-45 25-40 25-35Density .910-.940 .914-.935 .915-.933Mz/Mw >3.5 4-10 4-7FilmHaze 5-15 5-12 5-10Gloss 40-95 50-85 60-85Dart Impact 50->800 70-600 100-600______________________________________
The above properties are for a 1.5 film made under a standard fabricating condition outlined in the Examples. It is apparent to those familiar to the field that the film properties may be further modified by optimizing the fabricating conditions or by addition of LDPE or nucleating agents.
The copolymers are produced with ethylene and one or more C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 alpha-olefins, in accordance with the invention. The copolymers contain at least 80 weight ethylene units. The comonomers used in the present invention preferably contain 3 to 8 carbon atoms. These alpha olefins should not contain any branching on any of their carbon atoms closer than two carbon atoms removed from the double bond. Suitable alpha olefins include propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, heptene-1 and octene-1. Preferably, the alpha-olefin comonomer is 1- butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. The most preferred alpha olefin is hexane-1. Thus, copolymers having two monomeric units are possible as well as terpolymers having three monomeric units. Particular examples of such polymers include ethylene/1-butene copolymers, ethylene/1-hexene copolymers, ethylene/4-methyl-l-pentene copolymers, ethylene/1-butene/1-hexene terpolymers, ethylene/propylene/1-hexene terpolymers and ethylene/propylene/1-butene terpolymers. When propylene is employed as a comonomer, the resulting linear low density polyethylene polymer preferably has at least one other alpha-olefin comonomer having at least four carbon atoms in an amount of, e.g., at least 1 percent by weight of the polymer. Accordingly, ethylene/propylene copolymers are possible, but not preferred.
Hydrogen may be used as a chain transfer agent in the polymerization reaction of the present invention. The ratio of hydrogen/ethylene employed will vary between about 0 to about 2.0 moles of hydrogen per mole of the monomer in the gas stream. Any gas inert to the catalyst and reactants can also be present in the gas stream.
These products are prepared in the presence of catalysts of the invention, under fluid bed catalytic polymerization conditions described below.
The Catalyst
The catalyst compositions employed to produce resins and films of the present invention require a DNAC cocatalyst combined with a catalyst precursor composition comprising a magnesium compound, and a compound of a transition metal, preferably titanium. The precursor can be formed in a solvent which may be either a non-polar solvent or an electron donor. The precursor is reacted with a cocatalyst (or activator) which is dimethylaluminum chloride either outside of the reactor vessel or inside the vessel with the catalyst activator.
The activator is employed in an amount which is at least effective to promote the polymerization activity of the solid component of the catalyst of this invention. Preferably, the activator is used in such amounts that the concentration thereof in the polymer product is about 15 to about 400 parts per million (ppm), preferably it is about 60 to about 200 ppm, and most preferably about 80 to about 200 ppm. In slurry polymerization processes, a portion of the activator can be employed to pretreat the polymerization medium if desired.
The catalyst may be activated in situ by adding the activator and catalyst separately to the polymerization medium. It is also possible to combine the catalyst and activator before the introduction thereof into the polymerization medium, e.g., for up to about 2 hours prior to the introduction thereof into the polymerization medium at a temperature of from about 60.degree. to about 120.degree. C.
A suitable activating amount of the activator may be used to promote the polymerization activity of the catalyst. The aforementioned proportions of the activator can also be expressed in terms of the number of moles of activator per gram atom of titanium in the catalyst composition, e.g., from about 6 to about 80, preferably about 8 to about 30 moles of activator per gram atom of titanium.
1. Precursor formed in Electron Donor
Suitable transition metal compounds are compounds of Groups IVA, VA, or VIA, VIIA or VIII of the Periodic Chart of the Elements, published by the Fisher Scientific Company, Catalog No. 5-702-10, 1978, e.g., compounds of titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo), such as TiCl.sub.4, TiCl.sub.3, VCl.sub.4, VCl.sub.3, VOCl.sub.3, MoCl.sub.5, ZrCl.sub.5 and chromiumacetylacetonate. Of these compounds, the compounds of titanium and vanadium are preferred, and the compounds of titanium are most preferred.
The structure of titanium compound(s) employed in preparing the precursor composition has a formula
TI(OR).sub.a X.sub.b
wherein
R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, or COR' where R' is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms,
X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, I, and mixtures thereof,
a is 0, 1 or 2, b is 1 to 4 inclusive, and a+b=3 or 4.
Suitable titanium compounds include TiCl.sub.3, TiCl.sub.4, Ti(OCH.sub.3)Cl.sub.3, Ti(OC.sub.6 H.sub.5) Cl.sub.3, Ti(OCOCH.sub.3)Cl.sub.3 and Ti(OCOC.sub.6 H.sub.5)Cl.sub.3. In some instances, TiCl.sub.3 may be preferred because catalysts containing this material show higher activity at the low temperatures and monomer concentrations employed in the process of the present invention.
The formula of magnesium compound(s) employed in preparing the precursor composition is
MgX.sub.2
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, I, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable magnesium compounds include MgCl.sub.2, MgBr.sub.2 and MgI.sub.2. Anhydrous MgCl.sub.2 is particularly preferred.
The solvent or electron donor compound(s) employed in preparing the precursor composition is an organic compound which is liquid at 25.degree. C. and in which the titanium and magnesium compounds are soluble. The electron donor compounds are known as such, or as Lewis bases.
Suitable electron donor compounds include the alkyl esters of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic ethers, cyclic ethers and aliphatic ketones. Among these electron donor compounds the preferable ones are alkyl esters of saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; alkyl esters of aromatic carboxylic acids containing from 7 to 8 carbon atoms; aliphatic ethers containing from 2 to 8 carbons atoms, preferably from 4 to 5 carbon atoms; cyclic ethers containing from 4 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably mono- or di-ethers containing 4 carbon atoms; and aliphatic ketones containing from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 4 carbon atoms. The most preferred of these electron donor compounds include methyl formate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
The precursor composition is formed by dissolving at least one transition metal compound, such as a titanium compound and at least one magnesium compound in at least one electron donor compound at a temperature of from about 20.degree. C. up to the boiling point of the electron donor compound. Any one or a combination of any of the well known transition metal compounds can be used in preparing the catalyst precursor of this invention. The titanium compound(s) can be added to the electron donor compound(s) before or after the addition of the magnesium compound(s), or concurrent therewith. The dissolution of the titanium compound(s) and the magnesium compound(s) can be facilitated by stirring, and in some instances by refluxing, these two compounds in the electron donor compound(s).
After the titanium compound(s) and the magnesium compound(s) are dissolved, the precursor composition may be isolated by crystallization or by precipitation with an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, such as hexane, isopentane or benzene. The crystallized or precipitated precursor composition may be isolated in the form of fine, free-flowing particles having an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 100 microns after drying at temperatures up to 60.degree. C.
About 0.5 mol to about 56 mols, and preferably about 1 mole to about 10 moles, of the magnesium compound(s) are used per mole of the titanium compound(s) in preparing the precursor composition.
In accordance with the invention, the catalyst precursor can be prereduced with a prereducing reagent prior to contact with the cocatalyst. That is, the precursor can be contacted with at least one prereducing agent such as diethylaluminum chloride or tri-n-hexyl aluminum (TNHAL) and admixtures thereof. This prereduction reaction provides an important control of the early stage of reaction to prevent excessively high peak activity and temperature which results in polymer product of very low bulk density.
The precursor composition may be diluted with an inert carrier material by (1) mechanically mixing or (2) impregnating such composition into the carrier material.
Mechanical mixing of the inert carrier and precursor composition is effected by blending these materials together using conventional techniques. The blended mixture suitably contains from about 3 percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight of the precursor composition.
Impregnation of the inert carrier material with the precursor composition may be accomplished by dissolving the precursor composition in the electron donor compound, and then admixing the support with the dissolved precursor composition to impregnate the support. The solvent is then removed by drying at temperatures up to about 85.degree. C.
The support may also be impregnated with the precursor composition by adding the support to a solution of the chemical raw materials used to form the precursor composition in the electron donor compound, without isolating the precursor composition from said solution. The excess electron donor compound is then removed by drying at temperatures up to about 85.degree. C.
When made as disclosed above, the blended or impregnated precursor composition has the formula
Mg.sub.m Ti(OR).sub.n X.sub.p [ED].sub.q
wherein
R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, or COR' wherein R' is also an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms,
X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, I, and mixtures thereof,
ED is an electron donor compound,
m is 0.5 to 56, preferably 1.5 to 5,
n is 0, 1 or 2,
p is 2 to 116, preferably 6 to 14, and
q is 2 to 85, preferably 3 to 10.
Suitably, the impregnated carrier material contains from about 3 percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight, preferably from about 10 percent by weight to about 30 percent by weight, of the precursor composition.
The carrier materials employed to dilute the precursor composition are solid, particulate, porous materials which are inert to the other components of the catalyst composition, and to the other active components of the reaction system. These carrier materials include inorganic materials such as oxides of silicon and/or aluminum. The carrier materials are used in the form of dry powders having an average particle size of from about 10 microns to about 250 microns, preferably from about 20 microns to about 150 microns. These materials are also porous and have a surface area of at least 3 square meters per gram, and preferably at least 50 square meters per gram. Catalyst activity or productivity can apparently be improved by employing a silica support having average pore sizes of at least 80 angstrom units, preferably at least 100 Angstrom units. The carrier material should be dry, that is, free of absorbed water. Drying of the carrier material can be effected by heating, e.g., at a temperature of at least 600.degree. C. when silica is employed as the support. Alternatively, when silica is employed, it may be dried at a temperature of at least 200.degree. C. and treated with about 1 weight percent to about 8 weight percent of one or more of the aluminum activator compounds described below. Modification of the support with an aluminum compound in this manner provides the catalyst composition with increased activity and also improves polymer particle morphology of the resulting ethylene copolymers.
The transition metal compound is reacted with the DMAC activator, in accordance with the invention, in any conventional manner in which the transition metal compounds of prior art were reacted with the activators used in prior art. For example, the transition metal compound can be dissolved in a suitable solvent, e.g., isopentane or hexane, and the resulting solution reacted with activator, which may also be used as a solution in a suitable solvent, e.g., isopentane. It is preferable, however, to introduce the catalyst precursor into a reactor and introduce the activator into the reactor simultaneously with the introduction of the catalyst precursor or after the introduction of the precursor is terminated.
2. Precursor formed in Non-Polar Solvent
In accordance with this aspect of the invention, supported titanium is incorporated onto a suitable support by impregnating this support with reactive magnesium and utilizing this supported reactive magnesium to react with tetravalent titanium (i.e., titanium in the plus 4 valence state) in a liquid medium. Unreacted titanium is soluble in this liquid medium, while reacted titanium and supported reactive magnesium are insoluble in this liquid medium.
Suitable carrier materials which may be treated include solid, porous carrier materials such as silica, alumina and combinations thereof. Such carrier materials may be amorphous or crystalline in form. These carriers may be in the form of particles having a particle size of from about 0.1 micron to about 250 microns, preferably from 10 to about 200 microns, and most preferably from about 10 to about 80 microns. Preferably, the carrier is in the form of spherical particles, e.g., spray dried silica.
The carrier material is also porous. The internal porosity of these carriers may be larger than 0.2 cm.sup.3 /gm e.g., larger than about 0.6 cm.sup.3 /g. The specific surface area of these carriers is at least 3 m.sup.2 /g, preferably at least about 50 m.sup.2 /g, and more preferably from, e.g., about 150 to about 1500 m.sup.2 /g.
It is desirable to remove physically bound water from the carrier material prior to contacting this material with water-reactive magnesium compounds. This water removal may be accomplished by heating the carrier material to a temperature from about 100.degree. C. to an upper limit of temperature represented by the temperature at which change of state or sintering occurs. A suitable range of temperatures may, thus, be from about 100.degree. C. to about 800.degree. C., e.g., from about 150.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C.
Silanol groups represented by a presence of Si--OH groups in the carrier, may be present when the carrier is contacted with water-reactive magnesium compounds in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. These Si--OH groups may be present at about 0.3 remoles or more of OH groups per gram of carrier. Accordingly, an amount of, e.g., from about 0.5 to about 5 remoles of OH groups per gram of carrier may be present, but a preferred range is from about 0.4 to about 0.9 remoles of OH groups per gram of carrier. Excess OH groups present in the carrier may be removed by heating the carrier for a sufficient time at a sufficient temperature to accomplish the desired removal. More particularly, for example, a relatively small number of OH groups may be removed by sufficient heating at from about 150.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., whereas a relatively large number of OH groups may be removed by sufficient heating at at least 500.degree. or 800.degree. C., most especially, from about 550.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C. The duration of heating may be overnight, e.g., 16 hours or a shorter period, e.g., at least 4 hours. In a most preferred embodiment, the carrier is silica which, prior to the use thereof in the first catalyst synthesis step, has been dehydrated by fluidizing it with nitrogen or air and heating at least about 600.degree. C. for about 16 hours to achieve a surface hydroxyl group concentration of about 0.7 millimoles per gram (mmols/gm). The surface hydroxyl concentration of silica may be determined according to J. B. Peri and A. L. Hensley, Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 72 (8), 2926 (1968). The silica of the most preferred embodiment is a high surface area, amorphous silica (surface area=300 m.sup.2 /gm; pore volume of 1.65 cm.sup.3 /gm), and it is a material marketed under the tradenames of Davison 952 or Davison 955 by the Davison Chemical Division of W. R. Grace and Company. When silica which has been dehydrated by fluidizing with nitrogen or air and heating at about 600.degree. C. for about 16 hours, the surface hydroxyl concentration is about 0.72 mmols/g. The silica used may be a high surface area, amorphous silica (surface area=300 m.sup.2 /g; pore volume of 1.65 cm.sup.3 per gram) marketed under the tradename Davison 952 by the Davison Division of W. R. Grace and Co.
While heating is a preferred means of removing OH groups inherently present in a carrier such as silica, other removal means are also possible such as chemical means. For example, a desired proportion of OH groups may be reacted with a chemical agent such as a hydroxyl reactive aluminum compound, e.g., triethylaluminum.
Specific surface areas of carriers can also be measured in accordance with the above-mentioned BET-technique, with use of the standardized method as described in British Standards BS 4359, Volume 1, (1969).
The carrier material is slurried in a non-polar solvent and the resulting slurry is contacted with at least one organomagnesium composition. The slurry of the carrier material in the solvent is prepared by introducing the carrier into the solvent, preferably while stirring, and heating the mixture to about 25.degree. to about 100.degree. C., preferably to about 40.degree. to about 60.degree. C. The slurry is then contacted with the aforementioned organomagnesium composition, while the heating is continued at the aforementioned temperature.
The organomagnesium composition has the empirical formula
R.sub.m Mg R'.sub.n
where R and R' are the same or different C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 alkyl groups, preferably C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 alkyl groups, more preferably C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 alkyl groups, and most preferably both R and R' are butyl groups, and m and n are each 0, 1 or 2, providing that m+n is equal to the valence of Mg.
Suitable non-polar solvents are materials in which all of the reactants used herein, e.g., the organomagnesium composition, the transition metal compound, are at least partially soluble and which are liquid at reaction temperatures. Preferred non-polar solvents are alkanes, such as isopentane, hexane, n-heptane, octane, nonane, and decane, although a variety of other materials including cycloalkanes, such as cyclohexane, aromatics, such as benzene and ethylbenzene, may also be employed. The most preferred non-polar solvent is isopentane. Prior to use, the non-polar solvent should be purified, such as by percolation through silica gel and/or molecular sieves, to remove traces of water, oxygen, polar compounds, and other materials capable of adversely affecting catalyst activity.
In the most preferred embodiment of the synthesis of this catalyst it is important to add only such an amount of the organomagnesium composition that will be deposited--physically or chemically--onto the support since any excess of the organomagnesium composition in the solution may react with other synthesis chemicals and precipitate outside of the support. The carrier drying temperature affects the number of sites on the carrier available for the organomagnesium composition--the higher the drying temperature the lower the number of sites. Thus, the exact molar ratio of the organomagnesium composition to the hydroxyl groups will vary and must be determined on a case-by-case basis to assure that only so much of the organomagnesium composition is added to the solution as will be deposited onto the support without leaving any excess of the organomagnesium composition in the solution. Furthermore, it is believed that the molar amount of the organomagnesium composition deposited onto the support is greater than the molar content of the hydroxyl groups on the support. Thus, the molar ratios given below are intended only as an approximate guideline and the exact amount of the organomagnesium composition in this embodiment must be controlled by the functional limitation discussed above, i.e., it must not be greater than that which can be deposited onto the support. If greater than that amount is added to the solvent, the excess may react with the reagents added subsequently to form the catalyst of the invention, thereby forming a precipitate outside of the support which is detrimental in the synthesis of our catalyst and must be avoided. The amount of the organomagnesium composition which is not greater than that deposited onto the support can be determined in any conventional manner, e.g., by adding the organomagnesium composition to the slurry of the carrier in the solvent, while stirring the slurry, until the organomagnesium composition is detected as a solution in the solvent.
For example, for the silica carrier heated at about 600.degree. C., the amount of the organomagnesium composition added to the slurry is such that the molar ratio of Mg to the hydroxyl groups (OH) on the solid carrier is about 1:1 to about 4:1, preferably about 1.1:1 to about 2.8:1, more preferably about 1.2:1 to about 1.8:1 and most preferably about 1.4:1. The organomagnesium composition dissolves in the non-polar solvent to form a solution from which the organomagnesium composition is deposited onto the carrier.
Preferably, the carrier should be impregnated such that the pores of same contain reactive solid magnesium containing composition. A preferred means of accomplishing this result is by incorporating a porous carrier in a liquid medium containing dissolved organomagnesium composition and allowing magnesium to become impregnated into the pores of the carrier by (1) a reaction of the organomagnesium composition with the carrier, by (2) a precipitation of magnesium from the organomagnesium composition onto the carrier or by (3) a combination of such reaction and precipitation. Evaporation of the non-polar solvent which is a non-Lewis base liquid from this step would obtain a carrier, containing magnesium, in the form of a dry, free-flowing powder.
The amount of magnesium composition which is impregnated onto the carrier should be sufficient to react with the silane compound and then the tetravalent titanium compound in order to incorporate a catalytically effective amount of titanium on the carrier in the manner set forth hereinbelow. When a liquid containing an organomagnesium composition is contacted with a carrier the amount of magnesium in this liquid in terms of remoles may be essentially the same as that stated above with respect to that which is impregnated onto the carrier.
In accordance with commonly assigned [Mobil Docket 6407], an essential component in the production of the catalyst composition of the invention is a silane compound which is free of hydroxy groups. The silane compound has the empirical formula
R.sup.1.sub.x SiR.sup.2.sub.y
wherein Si is silicon atom; x is 1, 2, 3, or 4 and y is 0, 1, 2, or 3, provided that x+y is 4; R is R.sub.w --O-- wherein O is oxygen and R.sub.w is hydrocarbyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms; and R.sup.2 is halogen, preferably chlorine, hydrogen or hydrocarbyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferred species of that empirical formula are those defined by Si(OR).sub.4 wherein R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbyl and Si(R"O).sub.n (R'").sub.(4-n) wherein R'" is halogen, preferably chlorine, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen. Hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkenyl and arylalkenyl, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Specific silane compounds which can be used in accordance with the invention include tetramethoxysilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane tetraethoxysilane, phenoxytrimethytrimethylsilane, triethoxyethylsilane, diethoxydiethylsilane, chlorotriethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, ethoxytriethylsilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, diisopropoxydiisopropylsilane, tetrapropoxysilane, dipropoxydipropylsilane, tetrabutoxysilane, dibutoxydibutylsilane, diethoxydiphenylsilane, tetraphenoxysilane, triethoxyphenylsilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexaethydisiloxane, octaethyltrisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, polydiphenylsiloxane, polymethylhydrosiloxane, polyphenylhydrosiloxane, tetrakis(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane, tetraallyloxysilane and octamethyltrisiloxane.
The slurry of the carrier material and of organomagnesium composition in the solvent is maintained at temperatures of about 40.degree. to about 60.degree. C., for introduction of the silane compound. The silane compound is introduced after organomagesium incorporation and preferably before transition metal incorporation into the catalyst. The amount of the silane compound added to the slurry is such that the molar ratio of silane to Mg on the solid carrier is about 0.20 to about 1.40, preferably about 0.30 to about 0.90, more preferably about 0.50 to about 0.80 and most preferably about 0.66.
The slurry is contacted with at least one transition metal compound soluble in the non-polar solvent, preferably, after the addition of the silane compound is completed. This synthesis step is conducted at about 25.degree. to about 65.degree. C., preferably at about 30.degree. to about 60.degree. C., and most preferably at about 45.degree. to about 55.degree. C. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of the transition metal compound added is not greater than that which can be deposited onto the carrier. The exact molar ratio of Mg to the transition metal and of the transition metal to the hydroxyl groups of the carrier will therefore vary (depending, e.g., on the carrier drying temperature) and must be determined on a case-by-case basis. For example, for the silica carrier heated at about 200.degree. to about 850.degree. C., the amount of the transition metal compound is such that the molar ratio of the transition metal, derived from the transition metal compound, to the hydroxyl groups of the carrier is about 1 to about 2.0, preferably about 1.3 to about 2.0. The amount of the transition metal compound is also such that the molar ratio of Mg to the transition metal is about 1 to about 3, preferably about 1 to about 2.
Suitable transition metal compounds used herein are compounds of metals of Groups IVA, VA, VIA or VIII of the Periodic Chart of the Elements, as published by the Fisher Scientific Company, Catalog No. 5-702-10, 1978 providing that such compounds are soluble in the non-polar solvents. Non-limiting examples of such compounds are titanium halides (e.g., where the halide portion thereof is Cl or Br), e.g., titanium tetrachloride, TiCl.sub.4, titanium alkoxides (e.g., where the alkoxide portion thereof is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxide), or mixtures thereof, and vanadium halides, vanadium tetrachloride, VCl.sub.4, vanadium oxytrichloride, VOCl.sub.3, titanium and vanadium alkoxides, wherein the alkoxide moiety has a branched or unbranched alkyl radical of 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The preferred transition metal compounds are titanium compounds, preferably tetravalent titanium compounds. The most preferred titanium compound is titanium tetrachloride. Mixtures of such transition metal compounds may also be used and generally no restrictions are imposed on the transition metal compounds which may be included. Any transition metal compound that may be used alone may also be used in conjunction with other transition metal compounds.
The reaction of the transition metal compound, such as the tetravalent titanium compound, in the liquid medium conveniently takes place by slurrying the solid carrier containing the reactive magnesium composition in a solution of the tetravalent titanium compound and heating the liquid reaction medium to a suitable reaction temperature, e.g., to the reflux temperature of the solvent at standard atmospheric pressure. Thus, the reaction may take place under reflux conditions. Preferred solvents for the tetravalent titanium compound are hexane or isopentane.
The various reaction parameters are subject to a wide variety of possibilities, suitable selection of such parameters being well within the skill of those having ordinary skill in the art. However, for example, the volume of tetravalent titanium solution to treated carrier initially slurried in the solution may be from about 0.1 to about 10 mls per gram of such carrier. The concentration of the tetravalent titanium solution may be, for example, from about 0.1 to about 9 Molar. The amount of tetravalent titanium in solution may be, e.g., in excess of the molar amount of organomagnesium earlier used to treat the carrier. More particularly, for example, the molar ratio of tetravalent titanium to organomagnesium may be from about 0.5 to about 5, more particularly from about 0.7 to about 1.4. Unreacted titanium may be removed by suitable separation techniques such as decantation, filtration and washing.
A suitable activating amount of the activator may be used. The number of moles of DMAC activator per gram atom of titanium in the catalyst may be, e.g., from about 1 to about 100 and is preferably greater than about 5.
The Process Conditions
It is essential to operate the fluid bed reactor at a temperature below the sintering temperature of the polymer particles. To insure that sintering will not occur, operating temperatures below the sintering temperature are desired. For the production of ethylene copolymers in the process of the present invention an operating temperature of about 30.degree. to 115.degree. C. is preferred, and a temperature of about 75.degree. to 95.degree. C. is most preferred. Temperatures of about 75.degree. to 90.degree. C. are used to prepare products having a density of about 0.91 to 0.92, and temperatures of about 80.degree. to 100.degree. C. are used to prepare products having a density of about 0.92 to 0.94, and temperatures of about 90.degree. to 115.degree. C. are used to prepare products having a density of about 0.94 to 0.96.
The fluid bed reactor is operated at pressures of up to about 1000 psi, and is preferably operated at a pressure of from about 150 to 350 psi, with operation at the higher pressures in such ranges favoring heat transfer since an increase in pressure increases the unit volume heat capacity of the gas.
A "diluent" gas is employed with the comonomers. It is nonreactive under the conditions in the polymerization reactor other than to terminate polymer chain growth. In addition, such gas should be insoluble in the polymer product produced so as not to contribute to polymer tackiness. The diluent gas can be hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, helium, methane, ethane, and the like.
When hydrogen is employed as a diluent gas, the diluent serves not only to dilute the reaction mixture and prevent polymer agglomeration, but also acts as a chain transfer agent to regulate the melt index of the copolymers produced by the process. Generally, the reaction mixture contains hydrogen in an amount sufficient to produce a hydrogen to ethylene mole ratio of from 0.01:1 to 0.5:1. The molecular weight of the polymer may be controlled in a known manner, e.g., by using hydrogen.
In fluidized bed reactors, the superficial gas velocity of the gaseous reaction mixture through the bed must exceed the minimum flow required for fluidization, and preferably is at least 0.2 feet per second above the minium flow. Ordinarily the superficial gas velocity does not exceed 5.0 feet per second, and most usually no more than 2.5 feet per second is sufficient.
A particularly desirable method for producing linear low density polyethylene polymers according to the present invention is in a single fluid bed reactor unit which is shown in FIG. 1 and which is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,301, which is relied upon and incorporated by reference herein. With reference thereto the reactor 10 consists of a reaction zone 12 and a velocity reduction zone 14.
The reaction zone 12 comprises a bed of growing polymer particles, formed polymer particles and a minor amount of catalyst particles fluidized by the continuous flow of polymerizable and modifying gaseous components in the form of make-up feed and recycle gas through the reaction zone. The distribution plate 20 serves the purpose of diffusing recycle gas through the bed at a rate sufficient to maintain fluidization at the base of the bed as will be elaborated below.
The partially or completely activated catalyst used in the fluidized bed is preferably stored for service in a reservoir 32 under a blanket of a gas which is inert to the stored material, such as nitrogen or argon.
Make-up gas is fed to the bed at a rate equal to the rate at which particulate polymer product is withdrawn. The composition of the make-up gas is determined by a gas analyzer 16 positioned above the bed. The gas analyzer determines the composition of the gas being recycled and the composition of the make-up gas is adjusted accordingly to maintain an essentially steady state gaseous composition within the reaction zone.
To insure complete fluidization, the recycle gas and, where desired, part of the make-up gas are returned to the reactor at point 18 below the bed. There exists a gas distribution plate 20 above the point of return to aid fluidizing in the bed.
The portion of the gas stream which does not react in the bed constitutes the recycle gas which is removed from the polymerization zone, preferably by passing it into a velocity reduction zone 14 above the bed where entrained particles are given an opportunity to drop back into the bed. Particle return may be aided by a cyclone 22 which may be part of the velocity reduction zone or exterior thereto. Where desired, the recycle gas may then be passed through a filter 24 designed to remove small particles at high gas flow rates to prevent dust from contacting heat transfer surfaces and compressor blades.
The recycle gas is then compressed in a compressor 25 and then passed through a heat exchanger 26 wherein it is stripped of heat of reaction before it is returned to the bed. These are elements of the loop, sometimes referred as the closed-loop system.
The activator compound can be preferably added to the reaction system at the hottest portion of the gas which is usually downstream from heat exchanger 26. Thus, the activator may be fed into the gas recycle system from dispenser 27 through line 27A.
The partially or completely activated catalyst is injected into the bed at a rate equal to its consumption at a point 30 which is above the distribution plate 20.
The particulate polymer product is preferably continuously withdrawn at a point 34 at or close to the distribution plate 20 and in suspension with a portion of the gas stream which is vented before the particulates settle to preclude further polymerization and sintering when the particles reach their ultimate collection zone. The suspending gas may also be used, as mentioned above, to drive the product of one reactor to another reactor.
The particulate polymer product is conveniently and preferably withdrawn through the sequential operation of a pair of timed valves 36 and 38 defining a segregation zone 40. While valve 38 is closed, valve 36 is opened to emit a plug of gas and product to the zone 40 between it and valve 36 which is then closed. Valve 38 is then opened to deliver the product to an external recovery zone. Valve 38 is then closed to await the next product recovery operation. The feed stream of gaseous monomer, with or without inert gaseous diluents, is fed into the reactor at a space time yield of about 2 to 10 pounds/hour/cubic foot of bed volume.
For film production, the products may contain any of various additives conventionally added to polymer compositions such as lubricants microtalc, stabilizer, antioxidants, compatibilizers, pigments, etc. These reagents can be employed to stabilize the products against oxidation. For example, additive packages comprising 400-1200 ppm hindered phenol(s); 700-2000 ppm phosphites; 250 to 1000 ppm antistats and 250-1000 ppm stearates, for addition to the resin powders, can be used for pelletization. The polymers can be added directly to a blown film extruder, e.g., a Sterling extruder, to produce films having a thickness, for example of about 0.5 to 5 mils.
The following Examples further illustrate the essential features of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the specific reactants and reaction conditions used in the Examples do not limit the scope of the invention.
The properties of the polymers produced in the Examples were determined by the following test methods:
______________________________________Density ASTM D-1505 - a plaque is made and conditioned for one hour at 100.degree. C. to approach equilibrium crystallinity. Measurement for density is then made in a density gradient column; reported as gms/cc.Melt Index ASTM D-1238 - Condition E(MI), I.sub.2 Measured at 190.degree. C. - reported as grams per 10 minutes.High Load ASTM D-1238 - Condition FMelt Index, Measured at 10.5 (HLMI) times the weight I.sub.21 used in the melt index test above.Melt Flow Ratio (MFR) ##STR1##______________________________________
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Catalyst Precursor Synthesis
A catalyst precursor was synthesized according to the teachings of Yamaguchi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,989,881, and Karol et al, European Patent Application 84103441.6.
(a) Preparation of Precursor
In a 12 liter flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer were placed 41.8 g (0.439 mol) of anhydrous MgCl.sub.2 and 2.5 liters of tetrahydrofuran (THF). To this mixture, 29.0 (0.146 mol) of TiCl.sub.3 0.33 AlCl.sub.3 powder were added over a 1/2 hour period. The mixture was then heated at 60.degree. C. for another 1/2 hour in order to completely dissolve all materials.
Separately, five hundred grams of silica were dehydrated by heating at a temperature of 600.degree. C. and slurried in 3 liters of isopentane. The slurry was pretreated with 186 ml of a 20 percent by weight solution of TEAL in hexane which was added to the stirred silica slurry over a 1/4 hour period. The resulting mixture was then dried under a nitrogen purge at 60.degree.0 C. over a period of about 4 hours to provide a dry, free-flowing powder containing 5.5 percent by weight of the aluminum alkyl.
The pretreated silica was then added to the solution of the catalyst precursor prepared as above. The resulting slurry was stirred for 1/4 hour and then the solvent (THF) was dried under a nitrogen purge at 60.degree. C. over a period of about 4 hours to provide free-flowing powder of the catalyst precursor.
(b) Preparation of Modified Precursor
Precursor of example l(a) was modified as taught by Karol et al, European Patent Application 84103441.6. The silica-impregnated precursor composition prepared in accordance with Example l(a) was slurried in 3 liters of anhydrous isopentane and stirred while a 20 percent by weight solution of diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC) in anhydrous hexane was added thereto over a 1/4 hour period. The DEAC solution was employed in an amount sufficient to provide 0.4 mols of this compound per mol of the remaining solvent (THF) in the precursor. After addition of DEAC was completed, stirring was continued for 1/4 to 1/2 hour while a 20 percent by weight solution of tri-n-hexylaluminum (TNHAL) in anhydrous hexane was added in an amount sufficient to provide 0.2 mols of this compound per mol of remaining THF in the precursor. The mixture was then dried under a nitrogen purge at a temperature of 65.degree..+-.10.degree. C. over a period of about 4 hours to provide free-flowing powder.
Example 2
Ethylene and the comonomer, 1-hexene, were copolymerized under the conditions set forth in Table A. In this example the influence of DMAC on the catalyst precursor of Example 1 is discussed.
TABLE A__________________________________________________________________________ Preact. Ratio Activator P Ethy. ProductivitySample DEAC/TnHAL Type Feed-Ratio (ppm) (psi) C6/C2 H2/C2 Temp .degree.C. gms/gms__________________________________________________________________________A 0/0 TMA 120 90 .09 .17 90 6000B 0/0 DMAC 250 125 .09 .47 90 2800C 40/20 TMA 100 95 .14 .20 87 3500D 10/10 DMAC 120 125 .12 .35 87 1700__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
The granular resins were pelletized with suitable stabilizers in the Banbury mixer. The pellets were extruded through the 2.5 inch Sterling extruder and blown into film under the following conditions: BUR=2:1, gauge=1.5 mil, melt temperature 430.degree. F., and output 132 lbs./hr. Film properties are compared in Table B. The resultant resin and 1.5 mil film properties were as follows:
TABLE B______________________________________Sam- Dartple MI MFR Density Mz/Mw Haze Gloss Impact______________________________________A .9 25.4 .929 2.8 20 41 170B .7 28.2 .928 4.9 9.5 55.5 190C .85 25.5 .92 2.8 20 58 195D .68 26.5 .919 4.5 7.1 83 260______________________________________
Example 4
The following data pertain to a catalyst comprising DMAC as a cocatalyst and precursor formed by dissolving DBM (in a non-polar solvent, in the presence of silica); treating the intermediate with tetraethylorthosilicate and TiCl.sub.4. The characteristic HMW shoulder with DMAC as activator-cocatalyst was noted.
__________________________________________________________________________ Preact DMACCatalyst Ratio Feed P Ethy. Temp ProductivityType DEAC/TnHAL Ratio (ppm) (psi) C6/C2 H2/C2 .degree.C. gms/gms__________________________________________________________________________Example 3 -- 280 110 .095 .5 90 2400Example 1 10/10 350 125 .10 .45 87 2100__________________________________________________________________________
The resin and film (1 mil gage) properties are as follows:
______________________________________Sam- Dartple MI MFR Density Mz/Mw Haze Gloss Impact______________________________________E .6 34.6 .923 5.2 8.7 41.4 143F .6 28.5 .923 4.3 6.0 45.0 166______________________________________
Thus it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, a product that fully satisfies the objects, aims, and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

LLDPE films with improved optical properties

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