Patent Application
20210408795
The present disclosure relates to improvements in and relating to load balancing. In particular, the present disclosure relates to load balancing a 3-phase power supply.
3-phase alternating current (AC) mains supply is typically used for distributing generated power to end consumers. In a 3-phase system, each AC supply is shifted by 120° (2π/3 radians) with respect to the other phases. One advantage of 3-phase power systems is the ease with which rotating machinery can generate the necessary phase-shifted AC currents.
An important requirement when loading a 3-phase circuit is that each phase is loaded equally; in other words, the loads on each of the 3 phases are roughly equivalent. When the loading on each phases is roughly equivalent, the loading is said to be balanced. Because the phase currents are 120° out of phase, the instantaneous sum of the currents for a balanced load is zero.
When the phase loading is balanced, system losses are reduced and lower rated conductors can be utilized. Unbalanced loads are also undesirable for generation. In a 3-phase generator, the phase windings are typically distributed around the stator, spaced apart by 120° (2π/3 radians). When phase loads are unbalanced (e.g., with phase currents varying more than 10%), rotor overheating may result in the generator. The rotor heating is caused by negative sequence currents in the field pole face.
Furthermore, when one of the phase windings is more heavily loaded than the others, the stator experiences a greater resistance to its rotation when inducing current into the heavily loaded winding as compared to a less heavily loaded winding. The differing loading on the stator results in mechanical vibration, stress, and accelerated wear and tear on the generator.
In addition to undesirable mechanical stresses, an unbalanced load can cause problems with automatic voltage regulation (AVR) circuitry. An AVR circuit regulates the output voltage of the phases at a desired level, for example 110 VAC or 230 VAC. When an unbalanced load is applied to a generator the AVR circuitry attempts to maintain the voltage on each phase at the desired level, however due to one phase being heavily loaded one phase may be disproportionally lower than the voltage on the other phases, this can result in instability of the AVR circuitry.
Unbalanced loads on a generator can cause load imbalance alarms and generator shut-down. Due to the issues caused by unbalanced loads, utility power providers can charge penalties to consumers of 3-phase power who do not balance their demand across all phases.
Typically, issues of unbalanced loads are avoided by consumers by ensuring that the loading on each phase is equal, usually by installing phase balancing circuitry. However, typical phase balancing circuitry is extremely expensive. Traditional phase balancing circuitry is not well suited to rapidly changing loads, such as when loads are spasmodic or unpredictable.
Examples of such loads include automated compressors or pumps as may be found in air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment.
Traditional phase load balancing systems utilize equipment that automatically switches AC loads from phase to phase to try to attain a balanced load. This generally involves switching equipment off momentarily as it transfers to a different phase, and the load steps are limited by the actual loads attached, and as such the balancing may be relatively coarse.
The most common technique for balancing loads is to simply distribute single-phase loads evenly across phases at the time of design. This does not, however, address the problem of single phase loads turning on and off.
It would be useful for a system to exist in which the individual loading can be varied dynamically to adjust for spasmodic or unpredictable loading.
It is an object of the present invention to address the foregoing problems or at least to provide the public with a useful choice.
All references, including any patents or patent applications, cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any other country.
Throughout this specification, the word “comprise”, or variations thereof such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only.
Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention relates to a load balancing system for balancing the current supplied on each phase of a multiple phase supply. The system includes an AC-DC converter on each phase, wherein the current drawn by each AC-DC converter can be varied, thereby providing a controllably variable current draw on each phase.
The load balancing system measures the current consumed from each phase of the multiple phase supply, monitors the power consumed by AC-DC converters, and adjusts the output current supplied by each of the AC-DC converters. For each phase, the phase current is equal to the sum of the current drawn by any AC fed equipment on that phase, plus the current drawn by the AC-DC converter on that phase. Adjustment of the AC-DC converters across all of the phases allows the phase currents to be adjusted to be substantially the same.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a load balancing apparatus for providing a substantially balanced load on a 3-phase power supply, the apparatus including:
In preferred embodiments the first AC-DC converter, second AC-DC converter and third AC-DC converter are configured to provide a variable DC output voltage.
In preferred embodiments at least two of the first AC-DC converter, the second AC-DC converter and the third AC-DC converter feed a common DC bus.
Preferably the common DC bus supplies a battery bank.
Preferably the control circuit dynamically varies the DC output voltage of one or more of the first AC-DC converter, the second AC-DC converter and/or the third AC-DC converter to vary the distribution of the load current supplied by from one or more of the AC-DC converters through the DC bus to the battery bank.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for providing a substantially balanced load on a 3-phase power supply, the system including:
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for balancing a 3-phase load using a phase balancing system, the phase balancing system including a first AC input having an associated first input load sensing circuit, the first AC input having a current path to a first AC output and a first DC output, a second AC input having an associated second input load sensing circuit, the second AC input having a current path to a second AC output and a second DC output, a third AC input having an associated third input load sensing circuit, the third AC input having a current path to a third AC output and a third DC output and a control circuit, the method including the steps of:
With reference to
Current paths 5a-5c, 6a-6c and 7a-7c are provided from each of the AC inputs 2, 3, 4, through input load sensing circuits 2a, 3a, 4a to AC outputs 8a, 8b, 8c and to DC outputs 9a, 9b, 9c.
The current paths 5a-5c, 6a-6c and 7a-7c may be provided by way of separate cables or circuit board traces or they may be shared in part, as is shown, where both AC load and DC load current flows in sections 5a, 6a and 7a, AC load current flows in sections 5c, 6c and 7c, and DC load current flows in sections 5b, 6b and 7b.
Although shown as a single circuit block, AC loads 8a, 8b, 8c could take any number of forms. For example, each of blocks 8a, 8b, 8c may comprise a single AC powered piece of equipment or a number of separate pieces of equipment. AC loads 8a, 8b, 8c will generally include appliances and equipment that would typically be supplied from the AC mains feed and will also include the standard power outlets and light fittings if the load balancing system is installed in a building. The number of devices supplied by each phase may vary; however, fixed plant and outlets will typically be distributed evenly across each phase to provide a roughly balanced load on each phase under ideal load conditions.
The AC current paths 5b, 6b, and 7b provide current to AC-DC converters 9a, 9b, 9c. The outputs of the AC-DC converters 9a, 9b, 9c each feed a DC bus 11. The DC bus voltage may vary and is not pertinent to the invention.
The DC bus 11 supplies current to a battery bank 12 and a DC load 13. The DC load 13 may vary depending on the type of installation and may include DC powered telecommunications equipment, server banks, lighting, or the like. In some embodiments, the DC load may include one or more inverters configured to provide AC power.
In some embodiments, the AC-DC converters 9a, 9b and 9c may be capable of dual mode operation, whereby they can function as both a rectifier and an inverter. Alternatively, separate rectifier and inverter modules may be provided in a parallel arrangement. Where an inverter function is provided, current can be drawn from the DC bus and fed onto one or more of the AC phases. In such embodiments, current can be drawn from the battery bank and one or more of the phases to be supplied to the other phases.
A control circuit 14 monitors the input load sensing circuits 2a, 3a, 4a and transmits control signals to control circuitry 15a, 15b, 15c one each of which is associated with one of the AC-DC converters 9a, 9b, 9c. Upon receiving a control signal transmitted by the control circuit 14, the control circuitry 15a, 15b, 15c acts to adjust the amount of current supplied by its associated AC-DC converter 9a, 9b, 9c onto the DC bus 11.
In some embodiments the control circuitry may control its associated AC/DC converter 9a, 9b, 9c to switch from a rectification mode to an inverter mode, whereby current is drawn from the DC bus and fed to the AC load sharing the same phase.
With reference now to
For the purposes of this example, the AC-DC converters 9a, 9b, and 9c each feed DC bus 11. The DC bus 11 supplies current to a battery bank 12 and a DC load 13 which is in the form of fixed telecommunications equipment. For simplicity, the current drawn by the fixed telecommunications equipment is constant and the current drawn by the battery bank is proportional to the DC bus voltage. The battery can be used as both a current sink and a current source. For example, increasing the DC output voltage of the AC-DC converters to a voltage greater than the battery bank's terminal voltage causes an increasing current to flow into the battery bank, and reducing the DC output voltage of the AC-DC converters to a voltage below the terminal voltage of the battery bank causes current to flow out of the battery bank.
The current supplied from each over the AC-DC converters is regulated by varying the DC output voltages.
The period of time between T1 and T2, and T3 and T4 correspond to the finite time taken for the control circuit 14 to detect a current imbalance between the phases, to transmit control signals to the control circuitry, and for the AC-DC converters to adjust their outputs accordingly.
It should be appreciated that this time period will vary between embodiments. The delay illustrated in
The period between T1-T2 and T3-T4 is the period during which the phases are being balanced. In preferred embodiments, the load balancing system dynamically balances the phases sufficiently quickly for there to be substantially no period in which there are unbalanced phase currents. It should be appreciated that in practical realizations, the times T1-T2 and T3-T4 may vary from a few seconds to a number of minutes.
The sequence of events detailed in the example shown in
During the period between T1 and T3, the air-conditioning unit on phase 1 switches on and the AC load current increases, as is shown in
It should be appreciated that although
In
In
During the period of time between T3 and T4 the control circuit 14 detects the current through phase 1 input load sensing circuit 2a as being less than the current though phase 2 and phase 3 input load sensing circuits 3a and 4a. The controller transmits control signals to:
Typically, the combination of the DC load and the maximum charging rate of the battery bank are configured to provide a peak rate at which current can be supplied by the AC-DC converters. This peak rate is configured to be substantially equivalent to, or greater than, the highest sporadic AC load that might draw current on one of the phases. In embodiments that provide an inverter function current can be drawn from phases that have a low AC load to supply current to phases that have a high AC load, thereby providing load sharing between phases.
The AC-DC converters 9a, 9b, 9c may be either single modules or multiple modules in parallel, or complete 3-phase modules that have the ability to control individual phase input currents. A modular system allows scalability to be provided to the system whereby additional modules can be added if larger phase imbalances need to be catered for. In some installations numerous individual load balancing system may be provided which are spread across a single site that is fed by a single 3-phase supply. In such embodiments the individual load balancing systems may monitor a single set of input load sensing circuits 2a, 3a, 4a associated with the single 3 phase supply, or alternatively each load balancing system may monitor its own set of input load sensing circuits 2a, 3a, 4a. If each load balancing system balances its own current demand on each phase the combined loading of the individual load balancing systems will also be balanced. In some embodiments the individual load balancing systems may be configured to communicate with one another to act in unison to equalize the phase loading in either a collaborative manner or as individuals.
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like, are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”.
The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications cited above and below, if any, are herein incorporated by reference.
Reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavor in any country in the world.
The invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, in any or all combinations of two or more of said parts, elements or features.
Where in the foregoing description reference has been made to integers or components having known equivalents thereof, those integers are herein incorporated as if individually set forth.
It should be noted that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed in the appended claims, and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be included within the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 700418 | Sep 2014 | NZ | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/941,189 filed on Jul. 28, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/513,840 filed on Mar. 23, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,763,672, which is the U.S. national phase under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/NZ2015/050164 filed on Sep. 25, 2015, which claims priority to New Zealand Patent Application No. 700418, filed on Sep. 25, 2014, wherein each of the foregoing applications and patents is hereby incorporated reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16941189 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Child | 17469563 | US | |
| Parent | 15513840 | Mar 2017 | US |
| Child | 16941189 | US |
