Patent Application
20180112554
The field of the disclosure relates generally to gas turbine engines and, more particularly, to load reduction assemblies for use in gas turbine engines.
Gas turbine engines typically include a rotor assembly, a compressor, and a turbine. The rotor assembly includes a fan that includes an array of fan blades extending radially outward from a fan hub coupled to a rotor shaft. The rotor shaft transfers power and rotary motion from the turbine to the compressor and the fan and is supported axially with a plurality of bearing assemblies spaced axially along the rotor shaft. Additionally, the rotor assembly has an axis of rotation that passes through a rotor assembly center of gravity. Known bearing assemblies include rolling elements and a paired race, wherein the rolling elements are supported within the paired race. The rotor assembly is typically supported on three bearing assemblies, one of which is a thrust bearing assembly and two of which are roller bearing assemblies. The thrust bearing assembly supports the rotor shaft and supports axial and radial movement of the rotor shaft assembly. The remaining roller bearing assemblies support radial movement of the rotor shaft.
During operation of the engine, a fragment of a fan blade may become separated from the remainder of the blades and the rotor assembly. This is typically known as a fan blade out or a blade-off (FBO) event. Accordingly, a substantial rotary unbalanced load may be induced within the rotor assembly that is carried substantially by the fan shaft bearings, the fan bearing supports, and the fan support frames.
To reduce the effects of imbalanced loads, at least some known engines include support components for the fan rotor support system that are sized to provide additional strength for the fan support system. However, increasing the strength of the support components also increases an overall weight of the engine and decreases an overall efficiency of the engine when the engine is operated without substantial rotor imbalances.
Other known engines include a bearing support that includes a mechanically weakened section, or primary fuse, that decouples the fan rotor from the fan support system. During such events, the fan shaft seeks a new center of rotation that approximates that of its unbalanced center of gravity. This fuse section, in combination with a rotor clearance allowance, is referred to as a load reduction device (LRD). The LRD reduces the rotating dynamic loads to the fan support system. After the primary fuse fails, the pitching fan rotor often induces a large moment to a next closest bearing. The next closest bearing is known as the number two bearing position. The moment induced to the number two bearing induces high bending and stress loads to the fan rotor locally. To relieve the high bending stresses, the radial and pitching rotation stiffness of the number two bearing position are often softened or released during the FBO.
After FBO, the fan is typically allowed to rotate, in a process called windmilling, such that drag induced by the engine is reduced. However, during windmilling the loads induced by the rotor assembly and carried by the fan bearings are lower than during the FBO. As such, the LRD designed for FBO increases vibration within the engine during windmilling because stiffness of the number two bearing position is released.
In one embodiment, a load reduction assembly is provided. The load reduction assembly includes an annular bearing cone configured to extend between a bearing assembly and a frame assembly and form a first load path therebetween. The load reduction assembly further includes an annular recoupler member configured to extend between the bearing assembly and the frame assembly and form a second load path therebetween. The second load path is parallel to the first load path. The recoupler member includes a shape memory alloy configured to change stiffness in response to a change in a stress condition, thereby regulating an imbalance condition of a rotor shaft coupled to the bearing assembly.
In another embodiment, a load reduction assembly is provided. The load reduction assembly including an annular cage configured to extend between a bearing assembly and a frame assembly and form a load path therebetween, wherein the annular cage includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced openings defined therein. The annular cage comprises a shape memory alloy configured to change stiffness in response to a change in a stress condition, thereby regulating an imbalance condition of a rotor shaft coupled to the bearing assembly. The load reduction assembly also includes a plurality of struts circumferentially spaced around said cage and within said annular cage openings. The plurality of struts configured to form a parallel load path with said cage of said recoupler member.
In a further embodiment, a load reduction assembly is provided. The load reduction assembly includes an annular bearing support configured to extend between a bearing assembly and a frame assembly and form a load path therebetween. The annular bearing support includes at least one first member formed from a first alloy, and a second member coupled to the at least one first member. The second member is formed from a second alloy. The second alloy includes a shape memory alloy configured to change stiffness in response to a change in a stress condition, thereby regulating an imbalance condition of a rotor shaft coupled to the bearing assembly.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
Unless otherwise indicated, the drawings provided herein are meant to illustrate features of embodiments of this disclosure. These features are believed to be applicable in a wide variety of systems comprising one or more embodiments of this disclosure. As such, the drawings are not meant to include all conventional features known by those of ordinary skill in the art to be required for the practice of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In the following specification and claims, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings.
The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not.
Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged; such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise.
As used herein, the terms “axial” and “axially” refer to directions and orientations that extend substantially parallel to a centerline of an engine. Moreover, the terms “radial” and “radially” refer to directions and orientations that extend substantially perpendicular to the centerline of the engine. In addition, as used herein, the terms “circumferential” and “circumferentially” refer to directions and orientations that extend arcuately about the centerline of the engine.
Embodiments of a load reduction assembly for a turbofan engine as described herein provide an assembly that facilitates reducing a fan blade out load and a subsequent windmilling load transferred from a bearing assembly to an engine frame. Specifically, in the exemplary embodiments, the load reduction assembly includes a shape memory alloy member that is responsive to a change in a stress condition so as to change stiffness thereof, thus regulating an imbalance condition of a rotor shaft coupled to the bearing assembly. As such, during a high stress condition of the fan blade out, the load reduction assembly reduces stiffness such that the rotor shaft mode is reduced, and during a low stress condition of windmilling, the load reduction assembly regains its stiffness such that vibration loads are reduced. By forming the load reduction assembly from the shape memory alloy overall engine weight is reduced and fuel efficiency is increased.
Core engine 106 includes an engine case 108 that defines an annular inlet 110. Engine case 108 at least partially surrounds, in serial flow relationship, a compressor section including a booster or low pressure (LP) compressor 112 and a high pressure (HP) compressor 114; an annular combustion section 116; a turbine section including a high pressure (HP) turbine 118 and a low pressure (LP) turbine 120; and a jet exhaust nozzle section 122. A high pressure (HP) shaft or spool 124 drivingly connects HP turbine 118 to HP compressor 114. A low pressure (LP) shaft or spool 126 drivingly connects LP turbine 120 to LP compressor 112. The compressor section, combustion section 116, turbine section, and nozzle section 122 together define an air flow path 128.
In the exemplary embodiment, a fan assembly 129 includes a fan 130 having a plurality of fan blades 132 coupled to a disk 134 in a spaced apart manner. As depicted, fan blades 132 extend outwardly from disk 134 generally along radial direction R. Fan blades 132 and disk 134 are together rotatable about longitudinal centerline 102 by LP shaft 126. LP shaft 126 is supported at by a plurality of bearing assemblies, for example a number two bearing assembly 136 at a forward end of LP shaft 126. Bearing assembly 136 is coupled to an engine frame 138 through a load reduction assembly 140 that will be discussed in further detail below.
Referring still to the exemplary embodiment of
During operation of turbofan engine 100, a volume of air 152 enters turbofan engine 100 through an associated inlet 154 of nacelle 144 and/or fan case assembly 104. As volume of air 152 passes across fan blades 132, a first portion 156 of air 152, known as fan stream air flow, is directed or routed into bypass airflow passage 150 and a second portion 158 of volume of air 152 is directed or routed into air flow path 128, or more specifically into booster compressor 112. A ratio between first portion 156 and second portion 158 is commonly referred to as a bypass ratio. The pressure of second portion 158 is then increased, forming compressed air 160, as it is routed through booster compressor 112 and HP compressor 114 and into combustion section 116, where it is mixed with fuel and burned to provide combustion gases 162.
Combustion gases 162 are routed through HP turbine 118 where a portion of thermal and/or kinetic energy from combustion gases 162 is extracted via sequential stages of HP turbine stator vanes (not shown) that are coupled to engine case 108 and HP turbine rotor blades (not shown) that are coupled to HP shaft or spool 124, thus causing HP shaft or spool 124 to rotate, which drives a rotation of HP compressor 114. Combustion gases 162 are then routed through LP turbine 120 where a second portion of thermal and kinetic energy is extracted from combustion gases 162 via sequential stages of LP turbine stator vanes (not shown) that are coupled to engine case 108 and LP turbine rotor blades (not shown) that are coupled to LP shaft or spool 126, which drives a rotation of LP shaft or spool 126 and booster compressor 112, and/or rotation of fan 130.
Combustion gases 162 are subsequently routed 164 through jet exhaust nozzle section 122 of core engine 106 to provide propulsive thrust. Simultaneously, the pressure of first portion 156 is substantially increased as first portion 156 is routed through bypass airflow passage 150 before it is exhausted from a fan nozzle exhaust section 166 of turbofan engine 100, also providing propulsive thrust. HP turbine 118, LP turbine 120, and jet exhaust nozzle section 122 at least partially define a hot gas path 168 for routing combustion gases 162 through core engine 106.
Turbofan engine 100 is depicted by way of example only, in other exemplary embodiments, turbofan engine 100 may have any other suitable configuration including for example, a turboprop engine, a military purpose engine, and a marine or land-based aero-derivative engine.
Recoupler member 204 includes a radially outer flange 224 and a radially inner flange 226 with a support member 228 extending therebetween. Radially outer flange 224 is coupled to static frame assembly 218 and radially inner flange 226 is coupled to a radially inner flange 230 extending from second radially inner race 210. Recoupler member 204 is formed from a shape memory alloy (SMA). SMA is an alloy, such as, but not limited to, a Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloy, a Nickel-Titanium-Hafnium alloy, a Nickel-Titanium-Palladium alloy, or a Copper-Aluminum-Nickel alloy, that changes crystalline structure, and thereby mechanical properties, when subjected to mechanical stress changes. For example, SMA at a lower stress condition is has greater stiffness, but when loaded with mechanical stress, SMA at a higher stress condition has lower stiffness and is more ductile. Specifically, the lower stress phase is known as an austenite phase that has a first crystalline structure that facilitates an increased stiffness. When stress is applied above a predetermined stress level, SMA changes phase to a higher stress phase that is known as a martensite phase and has a second crystalline structure. The martensite phase facilitates SMA to be subjected to large deformations and a decreased stiffness. The martensite phase has a modulus of elasticity that is lower than the austenitic phase. This phase change is a reversible process, and SMA may change from the martensite phase to the austenitic phase and back again while recovering strain therein. SMA is discussed further below in reference to
In the exemplary embodiment, recoupler member 204 is formed from a plurality of individual SMA segments 234. By using multiple SMA segments 234 the stiffness response of recoupler member 204 may be fine-tuned. For example, a first SMA segment 236 is responsive to a change in a first predetermined stress condition and a second SMA segment 238 is responsive to a change in a second predetermined stress condition such that the first stress condition is substantially not equal to the second stress condition. In alternative embodiments, recoupler member 204 is unitary and formed from a rolled sheet of SMA. In other embodiments, recoupler member 204 is formed from SMA and at least one of radially outer flange 224 and/or radially inner flange 226 may be formed from another alloy, for example steel, and coupled to recoupler member 204 through a weld.
Load reduction assembly 200 further includes a plurality of radially outer bolts 240 that facilitate coupling both bearing cone radially outer flange 206 and recoupler member radially outer flange 224 to frame assembly 218. A plurality of radially inner bolts 242 facilitate coupling bearing cone radially inner flange 230 and recoupler member radially inner flange 226 together such that recoupler member 204 is coupled to bearing assembly 220. In alternative embodiments, bearing cone 202 is individually coupled to frame assembly 218 and/or bearing assembly 220 through fusible bolts such that fuse 214 does not need to be defined on radially inner member 212.
In the exemplary embodiment, bearing assembly 220 is located in a number two bearing position. As such, bearing assembly 220 is a fan thrust bearing. In alternative embodiments, load reduction assembly 200 may be used for any rotor bearing assembly within turbofan engine 100.
During general operation of turbofan engine 100, load reduction assembly 200 forms a load path 244 from bearing assembly 220 to frame assembly 218. For example, load reduction assembly 200 includes a parallel load path that includes bearing cone 202 as a first load path and recoupler member 204 as a second load path 246. As such, loads from LP shaft 126 (shown in
When turbofan engine 100 experiences a fan blade-out (FBO) event, wherein a portion of fan blades 132 (shown in
During a post FBO event, also known as windmilling, the remaining fan blades 132 and LP shaft 126 continue to rotate to reduce aerodynamic drag of turbofan engine 100. However, during windmilling, the imbalanced load subsides and the rotation of LP shaft 126 is slower thereby reducing loads generated by LP shaft 126 and reducing the induced loads on bearing assembly 220. As such, the lower loads that are below the predetermined load and stress conditions for the martensite phase are transferred through recoupler member 204. Thus, SMA changes its phase back to its austenite phase and regains its strain and increases its modulus of elasticity. As such, vibration from windmilling is reduced in turbofan engine 100.
Load reduction assembly 300 further includes a plurality of struts 312 that are circumferentially spaced around annular cage 302 and positioned within each opening 310 respectively. Each strut 312 includes a first flange 314 and an opposite second flange 316. First flange 314 corresponds to radially outer flange 304 and second flange 316 corresponds to radially inner flange 306. In the exemplary embodiment, radially outer flange 304 and first flange 314 are coupled to frame assembly 218 through a plurality of radially outer bolts (not shown). Radially inner flange 306 and second flange 316 are coupled to bearing cage radially inner flange 230 through a plurality of radially inner bolts (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment, each strut 312 is form from an alloy other than SMA, for example steel.
Similar to the embodiments described above, load reduction assembly 300 forms a load path from bearing assembly 220 to frame assembly 218. Additionally, within load reduction assembly 300, the load is transferred through both annular cage 302 and each strut 312 in parallel. During the FBO event, bolts that couple each strut 312, are fuseable and their strength overcome due to the load transferred therethrough, thereby forming annular cage 302 as the sole load path. Annular cage 302 thus facilitates reducing the imbalanced load from the FBO event and windmilling, and changes phase between the austenite phase and the martensite phase. Additionally, by forming openings 310 within annular cage 302, the weight of load reduction assembly 300 is reduced, and material costs are reduced.
Bearing support 402 further includes an insert member 418 coupled between bearing member 404 and frame member 410. Insert member 418 includes a first flange 420 that corresponds to frame member flange 416 and an opposite second flange 422 that corresponds to bearing member flange 408. In the exemplary embodiment, insert member 418 is formed from shape memory alloy (SMA) as discussed above. In some embodiments, insert member 418 includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced openings 424 defined therein. Openings 424 facilitate reducing the weight of load reduction assembly 400 and as well as reducing material costs.
In the exemplary embodiment, insert member 418 is coupled to frame member 410 through a plurality of bolts 426 that extend through both flanges 416 and 420 respectively. Additionally, insert member 418 is coupled to bearing member 404 through a plurality of bolts 428 that extend through both flanges 422 and 408 respectively. In some embodiments, insert member 418 is coupled to both frame member 410 and bearing member 404 through a double bolt connection having a radially outer bolt row and a radially inner bolt row. In other embodiments, insert member 418 is coupled to both frame member 410 and bearing member 404 through a welded connection. Additionally, in alternative embodiments insert member 418 and bearing member 404 may be formed as a single member with SMA such that bearing support 402 includes only two members and one connection joint, frame member 410 and bearing member 404 including SMA. Similarly, insert member 418 and frame member 410 may be formed as a single member with SMA such that bearing support 402 include only two members and one connection joint, frame member 410 including SMA and bearing member 404. Furthermore, in the exemplary embodiment, insert member 418 is illustrated as generally Z-shaped, however, in alternative embodiments, insert member 418 may have any other shape that enables bearing support 402 to function as described herein.
Similar to the embodiments described above, bearing support 402 forms the load path from bearing assembly 220 to frame assembly 218. As such, during turbofan engine operation, load from LP shaft 126 (shown in
Similar to the embodiments described above, bearing support 502 forms the load path from bearing assembly 220 to frame assembly 218. As such, during turbofan engine operation, load from LP shaft 126 (shown in
Similar to the embodiments described above, bearing support 602 forms the load path from bearing assembly 220 to frame assembly 218. As such, during turbofan engine operation, load from LP shaft 126 (shown in
The above-described embodiments of a load reduction assembly for a turbofan engine provides a cost effective method for reducing a fan blade out load and a subsequent windmilling load transferred from a bearing assembly to an engine frame. During the fan blade out, a rotor shaft induces an imbalanced load on the bearing assembly. As such, the load reduction assembly reduces stiffness to reduce the rotor shaft mode and reduced the imbalanced load transferred to the engine frame. However, the imbalanced load subsides during windmilling. As such, the load reduction assembly increases stiffness to reduce vibration transferred to the engine frame. In the exemplary embodiments, the load reduction assembly includes a shape memory alloy member that is responsive to a change in a stress condition so as to change stiffness thereof, thus regulating an imbalance condition of a rotor shaft coupled to the bearing assembly. Specifically, during a high stress condition of the fan blade out, the load reduction assembly reduces stiffness such that the rotor shaft mode is reduced, and during a low stress condition of windmilling, the load reduction assembly regains its stiffness such that vibration loads are reduced. By forming the load reduction assemblies from the shape memory alloy both fan blade out loads and windmilling loads are managed. The load reduction assembly thus reduces overall engine weight and increases fuel efficiency.
Exemplary embodiments of methods, systems, and apparatus for load reduction assemblies are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of the systems and/or steps of the methods may be utilized independently and separately from other components and/or steps described herein. For example, the methods may also be used in combination with other systems requiring load reductions and the associated methods, and are not limited to practice with only the systems and methods as described herein. Rather, the exemplary embodiment can be implemented and utilized in connection with many other applications, equipment, and systems that may benefit from load reduction assemblies.
Although specific features of various embodiments of the disclosure may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. In accordance with the principles of the disclosure, any feature of a drawing may be referenced and/or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing.
This written description uses examples to disclose the embodiments, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the embodiments, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
