The present invention relates generally to optical fiber intrusion systems, and more particularly to providing local area warning of optical fiber intrusion.
Recent years have seen a proliferation of telecommunication services. With the additional services has come an increased need for network infrastructure, including in particular, buried cables and associated equipment. One type of cable is fiber optic cable, which generally contains multiple optical fibers bundled together within one cable.
Fiber optic cable is subject to damage, especially when buried close to the surface or when located in the vicinity of a construction site. Since a single fiber optic cable may carry a very large amount of data, the failure of a single fiber optic cable may result in service outage for a large number of customers. As such, network service providers take precautions in order to avoid such failure.
One technique for monitoring buried fiber optic cable is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,114, entitled Fiber Analysis Method and Apparatus. That patent describes a fiber intrusion detection system for detecting an intrusion or potential intrusion to a buried fiber optic cable. That system includes an optical splitter for splitting an optical signal into sub-signals for injection into opposite ends of a looped optical fiber. The signals emanating from the opposite fiber ends are recombined at the splitter for receipt at a detector that measures the phase difference between the optical sub-signals. A processor compares the phase difference measured by the detector to known phase difference measurements associated with different types of threats. By matching the actual phase difference to the known phase difference measurement associated with a particular type of intrusion, the processor can thus identify the nature of the intrusion.
While detecting the fiber intrusion threat is important, in order to avoid actual damage to a fiber optic cable, it is also important to warn the potential intruder of the imminent threat. However, an alarm at a central network location may not allow for network provider personnel to reach the actual threat location (e.g., construction site) in time to avoid the damage. In recognition of this problem, the '114 patent discloses a disturbance monitor that may be dispersed along the right-of-way of the fiber optic cable for providing a visible and/or audible warning in the field in response to a signal from the fiber intrusion detection system. The '114 patent discloses a wireless link between the fiber intrusion detection system and the disturbance monitor for signaling an alarm condition. One disadvantage of that configuration is that a wireless communication link may not always be available, or such a link may provide an unreliable communication channel.
The present invention provides an improved technique for alerting of potential fiber optic cable intrusion. In accordance with the invention, an alarm signal is generated in response to detection of a stress on a fiber optic cable. The detection may be performed by a stress detector located at a fiber optic cable termination point. The alarm signal is then transmitted to remote alarm units along the fiber optic cable right of way via a conductive metallic portion of the fiber optic cable. The use of the fiber optic cable itself to transmit the alarm signal is an improvement over the prior techniques which generally utilized an unreliable wireless communication channel. In one embodiment of the invention, the alarm signal is transmitted via the metallic sheath of the fiber optic cable.
In addition to detecting stress, the stress detector may also determine the location of the stress, thereby determining the location of a potential threat to the fiber optic cable. Various techniques for detecting the location of the stress are disclosed herein. The system uses the location of the stress in order to determine one or more remote alarm units which are associated with the location in order to activate an alarm at those alarm units. Such alarm may be, for example, an audible or visible alarm in the vicinity of the stress which will notify people that there is potential danger to the fiber optic cable. The one or more remote alarm units may therefore be separately addressed such that the stress detection mechanism may determine which individual alarm units to be activated. There are various techniques for addressing the individual alarm units, such as sending the alarm signals on particular frequencies, embedding unique identifiers in the alarm signal, or utilizing particular signal pulse patterns in the alarm signal. Alternatively, instead of activating particular ones of the alarm units, a global alarm may be used, to which all alarm units are responsive, in order to active all the alarm units along the fiber optic cable right of way.
Upon receipt of an alarm signal to which an alarm unit is responsive, the alarm unit will activate a perceptible alarm (e.g., audible or visible). In one embodiment, the alarm signal may indicate the type or duration of the alarm to be activated. In addition, the alarm unit may contain user input/output components to allow for configurability of the unit by a user.
These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
In one embodiment, the stress detector may be of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,114, entitled Fiber Analysis Method and Apparatus, which is incorporated herein by reference. Such a stress detector (referred to in the '114 patent as Fiber Analysis System (FAS)) is shown in
The optical sub-signals exiting the fiber 108 ends re-enter the splitter ports 214 and 216, respectively, for re-combination by the splitter 210 into a single beam 244 that exits the splitter port 218 for receipt at a detector 240. The detector 240 detects characteristics of the beam, and particularly, the interference between the two optical sub-signals recombined at the splitter 210. If the two optical sub-signals destructively interfere, then power of the beam detected by the detector 240 is low, whereas if the optical sub-signals constructively interfere, the power produced by the beam is high.
Under quiescent conditions, that is, with no stresses on the fiber 108, the optical sub-signals traveling in opposite directions in the fiber are 180 degrees out-of-phase and cancel each other. However, when the fiber is stressed because of vibration, the sub-signals are not completely out of phase and do not cancel each other. Thus, the output signal of the detector 240 will change in response to stress on the fiber. Varying the split provided by the splitter 210 may control the magnitude of the detected phase difference. A 50-50 split provides the greatest sensitivity. However, other percentages may be desired where noise is a factor.
As taught in the aforementioned '114 patent, the particular stresses on the fiber are characterized by a processor 280 in the form of a computer or the like which controls the light source 220 to generate a continuous beam, a random pattern of light, or a pulsed beam representative of a string of binary values representing a digital word. The processor 280 is responsive to the output signal of the detector 240 and serves to compare the re-combined beam characteristics detected by the detector to plurality of reference values stored in a data base 260, typically comprised of a magnetic storage medium, such as a disk drive. For purposes of illustration, the database 260 has been depicted in
The processor 280 communicates through an interface 282 which allows the stress detector 200 to communicate with external devices and networks as will be described in further detail below. Although a single interface 282 is shown, interface 282 is meant to represent one or more interfaces through which stress detector 200 communicates with other devices.
In an alternate embodiment, the stress detector 108 may be configured and operated as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,847, entitled Apparatus and Method for Fiber Optic Intrusion Sensing, which is incorporated herein by reference. The '847 patent describes an apparatus for sensing intrusion into a predefined perimeter using a coherent pulsed light. The apparatus includes a coherent light pulse source for injecting coherent light pulses into an optical fiber having a predetermined length and positioned along a predefined perimeter. Light is backscattered from the optical fiber due to Rayleigh backscattering and coupled into an optical receiving fiber. The backscattered light is detected by a photodetector coupled to the optical fiber and a signal is produced in response thereto. An intrusion is detectable as a change in the produced signal. To increase the sensitivity of the apparatus, a reference fiber and an interferometer may also be employed. In an embodiment in which the stress detector 108 is configured in accordance with the teachings of the '847 patent, optical fiber 110 would be a single, non-looped, optical fiber.
Thus, returning to
In the embodiments described above, Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) may be used in order to determine the location of the intrusion along an optical fiber. In accordance with OTDR, an optical signal is injected into one end of an optical fiber for propagation along the fiber. The signal injected into the fiber will reflect back from a stress point. By measuring the time difference between the transmission of the forward signal and the receipt of the reflected signal, the distance to the stress point can be determined. In an embodiment in which the stress detector 108 is configured in accordance with the teachings of the '114 patent, one skilled in the art could readily incorporate well known OTDR techniques in order to add a stress point location determination. In an embodiment in which the stress detector 108 is configured in accordance with the teachings of the '847 patent, it should be recognized that OTDR and stress point location is incorporated into the teachings of that patent.
Returning now to
In accordance with the invention, and to overcome the deficiencies of prior approaches, the stress detector communicates an alarm signal to an alarm unit via the metallic sheath (or other metallic portion) of the fiber optic cable 104. This eliminates the potential problems of communicating via a wireless communication link, such as the link not always being available, or the link providing an unreliable communication channel.
In operation, stress detector 108 will detect a stress on fiber optic cable 104 and will determine the location of such stress as described above. Upon such determination, the stress detector 108 will determine which of the alarm units should activate an alarm (e.g., those alarm units that are located in the vicinity of the stress or potential threat). Stress detector 108 may make this determination based on information stored in processor 280, database 260, or some other memory or storage device. Such information will associate particular alarm units with particular fiber optic cable locations or zones. For example, if the stress is determined to be located at point 130 on fiber optic cable 104, stress detector 108 may determine that alarm unit 124 is to be activated. It is also noted that multiple alarm units may be activated in response to a stress detection by stress detector 108. For example, if the stress is determined to be located at point 132 on fiber optic cable 104, stress detector 108 may determine that both alarm units 122 and 124 are to be activated. Of course, various options are possible for determining which one or more alarm units are to be activated upon a stress determination.
Upon a determination of which alarm unit(s) to activate, the stress detector will initiate an appropriate signal to active the alarm unit(s). As described above, the signaling of alarm units to initiate activation is accomplished by sending an alarm signal to the alarm unit(s) via the conductive metallic sheath of the fiber optic cable 104. The application of a signal to the metallic sheath of a fiber optic cable is currently known for use in locating buried cable. The applied signal is generally an alternating current (AC) signal. The location signal is propagated via the metallic sheath and a resultant magnetic field is radiated along the length of the fiber optic cable. The radiated magnetic field is detectable by surface equipment. As shown in
In accordance with the present invention, the alarm units may be individually addressed so that the stress detector may control which of the alarm units activates its alarm. There are various possible techniques for addressing individual alarm units. For example, each of the alarm units, or each of the alarm units within a particular zone, may be associated with, and responsive to, a particular frequency. In this embodiment, the stress detector will determine the alarm units to be activated and send appropriate instructions to signal generator 112 in order to initiate an alarm signal at the appropriate frequency. Another technique for addressing individual alarm units is to associate each of the alarm units, or each of the alarm units within a particular zone, with a unique identifier. In this embodiment, the stress detector will determine the alarm units to be activated and send appropriate instructions to signal generator 112 in order to initiate an alarm signal having embedded therein the unique identifier of the alarm units to be activated. Yet another technique for addressing individual alarm units is to configure the alarm units to be responsive to a particular signal pulse pattern. One skilled in the art will recognize that there are various alternate techniques for addressing individual alarm units.
In certain situations it may be advantageous to activate all alarm units associated with a fiber optic cable (i.e., a global alarm), regardless of their associated location or zone. As such, each alarm unit may also be responsive to a particular global alarm signal (e.g., a particular frequency, identifier or signal pulse pattern), which may be used to active all of the alarm units along the fiber optic cable 104 right of way.
Further details of the configuration of an alarm unit are shown in
The alarm unit 300 will be located in the vicinity of a fiber optic cable so that the antenna 302 may receive alarm signals radiated from the fiber optic cable as described above. The alarm unit 300 may be placed above the ground so that the audible and visible alarms may be detected by people in the vicinity of the alarm unit. The antenna may also be above the ground as the alarm signals radiated from the fiber optic cable will be detectable by the above ground antenna. Alternatively, it is possible to place certain portions of the alarm unit (e.g., antenna) below ground, while leaving the audible and visible alarms above ground. Since the alarm unit 300 may be outside and exposed to the elements for prolonged periods, it is advantageously designed to withstand harsh weather conditions as well as repeated installation and removal. It is also advantageously tamper and vandal resistant. The alarm unit 300 may be mounted on top of cable marker posts, or secured to other structures. In one embodiment, the alarm unit may be affixed to objects by a chain which enters the unit via a marker post entry hole, and locks into slots (or over a peg) within the housing. The chain will be held in place by a closed door on the alarm unit enclosure. The area containing the chain will be separated from any battery, electronics, and antenna.
In operation, the alarm unit 300 will receive via antenna 302 signals radiated from the fiber optic cable. A received signal will be processed by receiver 304 and passed to processor 306. Processor 306 will determine whether the received signal is one which should activate the particular alarm unit 300. The processing of signals will depend upon the particular implementation. In one embodiment, in which the alarm units are responsive to alarm signals on particular frequencies, the processor 306 may configure receiver 304 to only receive signals on the particular frequency associated with the particular alarm unit. Alternatively, in the embodiment in which the alarm units are responsive to certain identifiers within the alarm signals, then upon receipt of an alarm signal the processor will compare the identifier embedded in the alarm signal with the identifier(s) to which the alarm unit is responsive (such identifier(s) may be stored in storage/memory 312). Alternatively, in the embodiment in which the alarm units are responsive to certain pulse patterns within the alarm signals, then upon receipt of an alarm signal the processor will compare the received pulse pattern in the alarm signal with the pulse pattern(s) to which the alarm unit is responsive (such pulse pattern(s) may be stored in storage/memory 312).
In yet other embodiments, it may be possible that signals other than alarm signals (e.g., location or otherwise) may be propagated by the metallic sheath of the fiber optic cable and therefore received by the alarm unit 300 antenna 302. In such embodiments, a preliminary test for any signal received by alarm unit 300 may be whether or not the particular signal is an alarm signal or some other type of signal.
In addition to alerting the alarm unit 300, an alarm signal may also contain additional configuration information for the alarm unit 300. For example, the alarm signal may contain information which specifies the type (e.g., audible and/or visible) of alarm which the alarm unit 300 is to initiate. The alarm signal may also contain information which specifies the duration of the alarm. With respect to alarm duration, it is also noted that a user in the field may terminate the alarm by pressing an appropriate button (user input 320) on the unit.
Returning to
The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, while the above described embodiments describe the use of the metallic sheath of the fiber optic cable for transmitting the alarm signal, any conductive metallic portion of a fiber optic cable could be used to transmit the alarm signal. For example, an additional wire could be added within the fiber optic cable sheath for such purposes.
This application is a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 11/007,042 filed Dec. 8, 2004 which is incorporated herein by reference.
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4630035 | Stahl et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
6148123 | Eslambolchi et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6332738 | Eslambolchi et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
20030094298 | Morrow et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11007042 | Dec 2004 | US |
Child | 11904498 | US |