Lockable removable cassette

Abstract

A lockable, removable cassette is described. In an implementation, the cassette includes a plastic shell and a currency access door. The cassette may also include a flexible handle and/or an integrated grip. In addition, the cassette may include at least one of an aperture and a transparent window positioned to reveal the contents of the cassette. In an implementation, the cassette includes a stacking mechanism which may include a drive means having non-circular drive gears.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention pertains to an improved method of construction for lockable removable cassettes or cash boxes used for the protection of banknotes in automated handling equipment such as gaming machines, vending machines, automated teller machines and the like.

[0003] Current cash box products suffer from several deficiencies, including not being sufficiently rugged for general handling, and being of high cost. Further, it is not possible to distinguish a full cash box from an empty one without opening a currency access door with a key, conventional cash boxes require operation of a latch before removal is possible, and such cash boxes do not give a positive or easily recognizable indication that the cash box has not been properly seated in the host machine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The present invention pertains to a lockable, removable cassette which includes improvements described herein that address all of the above defects.

[0005] An improved mechanism for stacking bills is also described. The improvements include a means to achieve a large stroke in a compact geometry and a means to adjust the available force on the pusher plate mechanism as a function of the pusher extension. Optimum compactness and efficiency can thereby be achieved.

[0006] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description as illustrated by the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a bank note processor with an installed cassette according to the invention.

[0008] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the lockable cassette removed from the acceptor showing the cash access door in the open position.

[0009] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the cassette assembly showing how an enclosure according to the invention is formed of two half shells and a secure lockable door.

[0010] FIG. 4 is a detailed cross section of a welded joint before welding occurs.

[0011] FIG. 5 is a detailed cross section of the welded joint of FIG. 4 just prior to bonding.

[0012] FIG. 6 is a detailed cross section of welded joint after bonding.

[0013] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the banknote acceptor showing the general arrangement of the bill path.

[0014] FIG. 8 is a detailed view of cassette showing an installation guide groove and latching ramp.

[0015] FIG. 9 is a detailed view of chassis showing the cassette installation guide rails and springs.

[0016] FIG. 10 is a simplified view showing springs for the cassette in the latched position.

[0017] FIG. 11 is a simplified view of the cassette and retention springs in the unlatched position.

[0018] FIG. 12 is a side elevation review of the banknote acceptor showing the cassette in its latched and unlatched locations.

[0019] FIG. 13 is a cross section of the banknote path in the stacker mechanism.

[0020] FIG. 14 is a kinematic diagram of the stacker mechanism in the retracted position.

[0021] FIG. 15 is a kinematic diagram of the same stacker mechanism of FIG. 14 in the extended position.

[0022] FIGS. 16A and 16B are an isometric view and a detail view, respectively, of the stacker mechanism in the fully retracted position.

[0023] FIG. 17 is an alternative view of the stacker illustrating how the non-circular gears are connected to the scissor mechanism via a crank pin.

[0024] FIGS. 18A and 18B are isometric and detail views of the stacker mechanism in the fully extended position.

[0025] FIG. 19 is a partial cross section of the stacking unit in isometric view wherein transport rollers and associated drive gears are visible.

[0026] FIG. 20 is a form of a drive wheel that combines gear teeth with an integral molded tire.

[0027] FIG. 21 illustrates the form of the constituent components of the drive wheel assembly of FIG. 20, wherein the tire is formed over the gear hub and is not assembled to it.

[0028] FIG. 22 is a detail view of a hinge design for the cassette.

[0029] FIG. 23 shows a cut-away section of the cassette hinge illustrating how the door interlocks with the cassette shell.

[0030] FIG. 24 illustrates an alternative method of securing the hinge using orbital riveting.

[0031] FIG. 25 illustrates an implementation of a combined cassette and stacker home sensor configuration.

[0032] Like reference numbers in the various drawings indicate like elements throughout the different views.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] FIG. 1 shows a banknote processor (1) that includes a chassis (2), a removable secure banknote cassette (3) and a removable banknote validator (6). The chassis (2) is typically securely affixed to a host machine by mounting screws and therefore is usually not removed during normal operation or typical repair. The cassette (3) and validator (6) may be removed from the chassis (2) independently of each other.

[0034] During normal operation the removable secure banknote cassette (3) is removed when it is desired by the operator to extract the stored payment media such as banknotes. It should be noted that the terms banknote, bill, paper currency, security document, coupons and the like denote items which may be inserted into the validator, transported and then stored in the cassette.

[0035] FIG. 1 shows the front of the removable secure banknote cassette (3) approximately as it is presented to an operator or service personnel. As shown, a flexible cassette handle (4) is presented in a convenient ergonomic location that allows the operators wrist to remain in a vertical plane while removing the cassette. The main part of this handle (4) may be molded from an elastomeric material. This has two important benefits. It provides operator comfort, which is important in an environment where cassettes are handled frequently. It also provides an ability for the handle to deflect, or lie flat against the cassette to avoid collision with cashbox door and any lock assemblies that may be part of the host machine. Previous cash box products have used folding mechanisms to achieve a compact cassette handle, but such mechanisms have been fairly complex and difficult to manufacture resulting in higher costs and reduced ergonomic benefit. Notwithstanding the above accommodations, there may still exist host automatic transaction machines which cannot even accept a cassette with a flexible handle. For such automatic transaction machines having no clearance or little clearance the cassette handle (4) may be removed. The cassette can still be gripped using an integral molded cassette grip (5) fabricated on either side of the body of the cassette. The integral cassette grip (5) includes depressions that are conveniently implemented in the injection-molded parts at no cost, and can be conveniently gripped by an operator's fingers and hand. Further, the integral grip is extremely durable and remains operational even if the primary cassette handle (4) is damaged or removed.

[0036] Removal of the secure banknote cassette (3) is achieved by exerting a pull force on the cassette handle (4) or the cassette grip (5) sufficient to overcome a retention force. Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the retention force is provided by a cassette latching spring (23) on a latching ramp (19) (see the latch ramp detail in FIG. 8, and the location of cassette ejector springs shown in FIG. 9). Referring to FIGS. 8, 10 and 12, once sufficient force to overcome the retention force has been applied by an operator, the action of an ejector spring (20) on an ejection lug (21) causes the removable secure banknote cassette (3) to move approximately two inches, in this implementation, toward the operator. Thus, FIG. 12 shows the positions of an installed cassette (27) and an ejected cassette (28). Once ejected, the removable secure banknote cassette (3) can then be slid out of the chassis without further resistance. FIG. 10 is a partial cutaway view of an installed cassette with the cassette springs in their latched position, while FIG. 11 illustrates the cassette springs in their unlatched position.

[0037] During typical operations, an empty cassette replaces a removed one. Inserting another cassette is also achieved in a simple manner. Referring to FIGS. 9, 10 and 11, the removable secure banknote cassette (3) is first approximately aligned with chassis guide rails (26) and then pushed home with sufficient force and stroke to overcome the resistance of the ejector spring (20) and the spring member (16) on the latching ramp (19).

[0038] In the present implementation, if the insertion effort is unsuccessful the ejector (20) will push the removable secure banknote cassette (3) back towards the operator by approximately two inches as shown by the ejected cassette (28) in FIG. 12. This gives a clear visual indication and tactile feedback to the operator that the operation did or did not succeed. Furthermore, in many applications involving various automatic transaction machines it will not be physically possible to close the outside panel access doors of the automatic transaction machine with the removable secure banknote cassette (3) in the ejected position. FIG. 12 illustrates the difference in positions between a latched or installed cassette (27) and an unlatched or ejected cassette (28) in relation to the chassis (2) and bill validator (6).

[0039] The construction of the removable secure banknote cassette (3) is now described in more detail. The cassette (3) may be made from molded plastic and have a single wall construction. FIG. 3 is an exploded view of an implementation of a cassette shell assembly. Referring to FIG. 3, the outer shell includes a cassette left half (10), a cassette right half (11) and a currency access door (7). The two halves of the cassette may be provided with a tongue and groove feature to facilitate assembly alignment and welding. A suitable joining process may utilize a plastic welding process commercially available from EmaBond, a division of the Ashland Chemical Company. A novel aspect lies in the application of this known process to the field of payment systems. A brief summary of the welding process is shown in FIGS. 4 to 6 and is provided here for informational purposes.

[0040] In an implementation, the plastic shell halves of the lockable removable cassette (3) may be molded with inserts of reinforcing material. It is also contemplated that the outer shell may be overmolded with a resilient material or a soft material. For example, cassette left half (10) and cassette right half (11) may be fabricated by first inserting steel parts (for strength) into an injection mold tool and then molding plastic against the parts to form the cassette outer shell pieces. In addition, or alternately, a soft resilient material, such as a pliable rubber or the like, could be overmolded around a portion or all of the outer shell to enable the cassette (3) to better absorb impacts. One skilled in the art would recognize that various materials could be used to either impart strength or improve shock absorption, and that such materials may be applied to a portion or to the entire structure of the cassette.

[0041] FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a portion of the two halves of the cassette to be joined shown positioned prior to assembly. Prior to welding, a weld bead or weld material (12) is inserted and is sandwiched in the joint as shown in FIG. 5. The weld material (12) contains a fusible carrier typically made of the same thermoplastic material as the left half of cassette (10) and the right half of cassette (11). In addition it contains a ferritic heating material in a distributed form. The pre-assembled joint as shown in FIG. 5 is next subjected to an intense radio frequency field. The absorption of this field by the heating agent causes the weld material to fuse and form a thermal weld between the halves. Slight pressure is then applied to fully close the joint until it has cooled into a rigid state as shown in FIG. 6. In this manner a durable single-wall construction of the cassette (3) as shown in FIG. 3 is achieved.

[0042] FIG. 2 illustrates the various components of an assembled cassette (3) with access door (7) in an open position. In particular, a portion of a stacking mechanism(29) can be seen seated in the cassette adjacent to the banknote compartment (9). The access door (7) includes locking means (8) which conventionally require the use of keys (not shown) to unlock. A pair of viewing windows (38) has been provided in the outer shell of the removable secure banknote cassette (3) in the bottom portion that face an operator when installed. These apertures (38) together with the use of transparent materials for the aperture plate (31) and the banknote channel housing (49) of the stacker mechanism (29)(See FIG. 13, which is a cross-section illustration of the stacker) make it possible to see a portion of the last bill or banknote (46) inserted when the cassette is installed. This provides the operator with two useful advantages: Firstly, the operator can easily determine whether the removable secure banknote cassette (3) contains any documents or if it is empty. Secondly, it is possible to resolve disputes with a customer over the denomination of the last bill (46) inserted without having to remove the cassette (3) from the chassis (2). Both the above functions are useful in situations where access to the keys for opening the locks (8) of the currency access door (7) of the removable secure banknote cassette (3) is tightly controlled.

[0043] In general, stacking mechanisms that include a banknote pusher plate and scissors arrangement for storing bills in a cash box are well known. However, as shown in FIGS. 16, 17 and 18, the present stacking mechanism (29) activates scissor arms (35) by means of a central link arm (36) attached to a crank pin (45). The essential kinematic elements of this linkage are shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15.

[0044] Regarding FIGS. 14 and 15, the crankshaft rotates about a fixed center (A). One end of the scissor mechanism is pivotally mounted about the fixed point (B). The other end of the scissors mechanism is connected to the frame at (F) by a pivot point that has freedom to slide in one direction only. A link arm (C) connects the crankshaft to the scissors at a pivot point (G). In prior art systems it is conventional to make points (G) and (F) coincident. The present implementation, however, obtains a maximum scissor stroke within a small height, wherein the height is primarily constrained by the radius of the crank mechanism. In particular, use of an offset between points (G) and (F) permits some amplification of the scissor stroke, such that a reduced thickness or compact stacking mechanism (29) is obtained. Referring to FIG. 15, when the crankshaft rotates to pull link arm (C) to the left in the drawing, the scissor arms are extended such that the angle (D) between scissors is reduced and the crossover point (E) moves toward a banknote compartment to move a pusher plate to store a banknote. The technique of stacking bills using a pusher plate and an aperture plate is well known and will not be discussed in detail herein.

[0045] The simplicity of the compact stacker (29) arrangement (see FIG. 16A) results in a compromise in the mechanical effectiveness of the system. When the mechanism is close to the retracted position as shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B, a very large force must be applied to the central link arm (36) to initiate movement. This force is required, as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 13, to exert pressure via the scissor arms (35) on the banknote pusher plate (32) to strip a banknote (46) from the banknote channel (30) and past the aperture plate (31) into the banknote compartment (9) as shown in FIG. 7. Conversely, it may be seen that a much more advantageous force ratio exists when the stacking mechanism (29) is close to the fully extended position shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B.

[0046] If a prime mover is specified of sufficient torque to be adequate at the beginning of the stroke, excessively large forces may be generated at the fully extended position, especially when the removable secure banknote cassette (3) is filled with currency. In order to improve this situation the final gear pair (shown in detail H of FIG. 18) is made from custom parts and includes non-circular drive gear (33) and non-circular driven gear (34). These gears have a profile such that the operating radius varies with angle as the gears rotate. The gears are designed as a complementary pair so the combined operating radii add up to a constant value for any given input angle. The gear profiles are chosen so that the maximum reduction ratio is achieved at the point of highest torque demand. Correspondingly, the maximum increase of ratio occurs close to the fully extended position as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B where excessive thrust could be a problem. In this instance the profiles are chosen so the gears are capable of continuous rotation. Other gear profiles may be employed if the input drive to the mechanism is reversed as part of the complete cycle.

[0047] Current banknote acceptors use belts to transport the banknotes within a stacking mechanism. An alternative arrangement uses a system of drive wheels that may be conveniently connected by simple spur gears.

[0048] FIG. 19 illustrates a partial section of a stacker mechanism. Drive wheel assemblies (39) alternate with intermediate drive gears (40) to form a beltless drive system. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 19, banknotes are transported from the banknote validator (6) in a generally downwards direction to the stacker (29) wherein the banknote is gripped by the drive wheel assemblies (39). Because less material deflection is required in this beltless drive system compared with a belt transport, the mechanical efficiency and durability are also improved. The problem of belt tracking where small shaft miss-alignments cause a belt to wander off its guide pulleys is eliminated as well.

[0049] FIGS. 20 and 21 illustrate a gear and tire assembly and an exploded view of the gear and tire assembly, respectively. In order to minimize manufacturing cost, the flexible tire material is molded around the gear and hub which is in turn an injection molding using a relatively rigid plastic resin such as Acetal or Nylon. The advantages of this arrangement are that the assembly of the tire to the wheel is eliminated and the geometry of the components may easily include features to prevent slipping or detachment of the tire.

[0050] FIG. 19 is a partial section of the stacker and is a cut-away view showing how a spur gear train links a series of drive rollers. FIG. 20 shows the finished form of the driving wheels. FIG. 21 shows the form of the base injection molded gear and hub and the shape of the ‘second shot’ tire component formed around it. The transport tire and gear are therefore combined in a “two-shot” molding process. The “two-shot” molding process is known, and is described, for example, in Volume 63, Number 10A of “Modern Plastics Encyclopedia”, pages 252-265 and 340-346 (October 1986).

[0051] The currency access door (7) shown in FIG. 3 is assembled to the cassette by aligning it with the welded assembly and inserting a press fit hinge pin (not shown). A level of security is provided by ensuring that the press fit hinge pin is pressed into a closed ended pocket and the outer surface is sub-flush making covert tampering difficult.

[0052] Referring to FIG. 22, the design of the currency access door (7) also incorporates a novel feature that prevents opening of the door even when the hinge pin is completely removed. It can be seen in FIG. 22 that the form of the door contains a locking rib (43). This feature is duplicated on the opposite (hidden in FIG. 22) side of the door as well. The shape of this locking rib (43) engages with a hinge boss (44) in such a manner that the door cannot be removed from the body of the cassette unless it is first rotated through approximately 90 degrees. FIG. 23 is a cut-away section showing how items (43) and (44) interlock. In normal operation of the cassette the access locks (8) shown in FIG. 2 prevent door rotation when they are in the locked position.

[0053] In an alternative embodiment a pair of hinge pins are used. One pin is inserted from each side of the cassette. In another alternative implementation shown in FIG. 24, the hinge pin may have one or both ends formed by orbital riveting. For example, a pin (48) with one end preformed is inserted into the hinge assembly and then a head is formed by permanent deformation of the material by, for example, orbital riveting. The result in each case is that the door remains secure even when the hinge pin(s) is (are) removed.

[0054] FIG. 25 illustrates an implementation of a combined cassette and stacker home sensor configuration (60). This implementation combines the functions of a stacker home sensor and a cassette present sensor in one system, and such a configuration saves costs. An optical sensing arrangement is shown which improves reliability by eliminating electrical connections.

[0055] Referring to FIG. 25, a light source (48) is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) (52) which is part of a removable banknote validator (6) (see FIG. 7). The light beam is directed along a series of light pipe moldings (49a and 49b). The upper pair (49a) of these moldings are mounted in the removable banknote validator (6). The lower pair (49b) are mounted in the removable secure banknote cassette (3) (see FIG. 7). The light path from light source (48) to light receiver (51) is completed by a prism (50) which may be mounted on the movable banknote pusher plate (32). In such a configuration, the light receiver (51) only receives a signal when the removable secure banknote cassette (3) is present and the banknote pusher plate (32) is at the rest or “home” position which is shown in FIG. 25 and in FIGS. 16a and 16b.

[0056] During normal operation a control system sends a signal to drive the stacking mechanism as discussed above with regard to FIGS. 16, 17 and 18. As the scissor arms (35) of the stacking mechanism extend from the home position, the signal output from the light receiver (51) rapidly falls to zero. When the stacker mechanism has completed one full cycle the movable banknote pusher plate (32) returns to its original or home position (shown in FIGS. 16a and 16b) and a positive signal is again seen at the light receiver (51). Upon sensing this signal the control system stops the stacker motor and the unit awaits the next document. Should the light receiver (51) not see a signal within a specified time window after starting the stacking operation, the control system will stop the stacker motor and send a “Cassette Full” message to the host machine.

[0057] If the signal level from light receiver (51) falls to a low level without a command to drive the stacking mechanism the control system will assume that the removable secure banknote cassette (3) has been removed and a message to this effect is sent to the host machine. When the same (or another) removable secure banknote cassette (3) is re-installed in the chassis (2) the signal is restored to the light receiver (51) and the banknote processor (1) returns to normal service.

[0058] The control system may perform an additional check to verify that a legitimate removable secure banknote cassette (3) has been installed by performing a test run of the stacker mechanism. If the signal from the light receiver (51) shows the characteristic sequential signal transitions representative of a full stacking sequence or cycle, then a genuine removable secure banknote cassette (3) is deemed to be present.

[0059] A number of embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it should be understood that various modifications might be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A lockable, removable cassette for a banknote processor comprising: a plastic shell having a single wall construction; and a currency access door connected to the shell.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cassette is at least one of a Nylon material, a PPO material, a Polypropylene material, a Polycarbonate material, an ABS material, and a Polyester material.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cassette is made from a Polycarbonate and ABS blended material.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the walls are formed by at least one of Gas Assist Injection Molding, blow molding, rotational molding, Reaction Injection Molding and co-injection of two polymers.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the shell is combined with a reinforcing material.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the reinforcing material is at least one of a rigid material to impart strength and a soft material to improve shock absorption.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the shell is combined with a resilient material.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plastic shell comprises a first cassette portion and a second cassette portion joined together by a welding process.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising at least one of a flexible handle and an integrated grip.

10. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising at least one of an aperture and a transparent window.

11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising an internal mechanism that is at least partially transparent.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the transport of banknotes is achieved primarily by rotating rollers.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the rotating rollers are formed by a ‘two shot’ injection molding process.

14. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the rotating rollers comprise an inner core made from a rigid plastic and an outer tire made from a flexible material.

15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the currency access door remains secure even if a hinge pin is removed.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the currency access door remains secure even if a plurality of hinge pins are removed.

17. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a stacker mechanism.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the stacker mechanism comprises: a stacker plate; and a drive means coupled to the stacker plate, wherein the drive means includes non-circular drive gears.

19. A lockable removable cassette comprising: a guide means; and a latch means; wherein if the cassette is not securely latched then a biasing means moves the cassette.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 further comprising at least one of a flexible handle and an integrated grip.

21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein an unsecured cassette interferes with an access door of a host machine.

22. The apparatus of claim 19 further comprising at least one of an aperture and a transparent window.

23. The apparatus of claim 19 further comprising a stacker mechanism.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the stacker mechanism comprises: a stacker plate; and a drive means coupled to the stacker plate, wherein the drive means includes non-circular drive gears.

25. A lockable removable cassette comprising: at least one guide; at least one lug; and at least one ramp; wherein when the cassette is loaded into a chassis the guide mates with a chassis guide, the lug mates with a bias means and the ramp mates with a latch means such that if the cassette is improperly loaded then the bias means moves the cassette away from the chassis.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising at least one of a flexible handle and an integrated grip.

27. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein a failure to securely latch the cassette to the chassis generates a mechanical interference with a door of a host machine.

28. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising at least one of an aperture and a transparent window.

29. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising a stacker mechanism.

30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the stacker mechanism comprises: a stacker plate; and a drive means coupled to the stacker plate, wherein the drive means includes non-circular drive gears.

31. A method comprising: aligning guide means of a lockable removable cassette with a chassis guide means; and pushing the lockable removable cassette with force sufficient to overcome the resistance of a biasing means to secure the cassette.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein if insufficient force is applied then the biasing means moves the lockable removable cassette away from the chassis.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein an unsecured cassette interferes with the closing of an access door of a host machine.

34. The method of claim 31 further comprising observing the contents of the lockable removable cassette through at least one of an aperture and a transparent window.

35. The method of claim 31 further comprising removing the lockable removable cassette by exerting a pull force sufficient to overcome a retention force.

36. A document processing system comprising: a chassis; a lockable removable cassette; a latching means; and a biasing means; wherein if the cassette is not securely latched to the chassis then the biasing means moves the cassette.

37. The apparatus of claim 36 further comprising a banknote validator.

38. The apparatus of claim 36 further comprising a stacker mechanism.

39. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein the stacker mechanism comprises: a stacker plate; and a drive means coupled to the stacker plate, wherein the drive means includes non-circular drive gears.

40. The apparatus of claim 38 further comprising a single sensor that detects the installation of the lockable removable cassette and at least a home position of the stacker mechanism.

41. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein the sensor includes a light source, a light path means and a receiver.

42. The apparatus of claim 41 wherein the light path means comprises a light pipe having at least an input port, an interrupt position and an output port.

43. The apparatus of claim 42 wherein at least one interrupt portion is connected to a pusher plate of the stacker.

44. The apparatus of claim 42 further comprising a prism.

45. A method of constructing a lockable, removable currency cassette comprising: molding the cassette according to a single walled injection molded design; and connecting an access door to the cassette shell.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the walls of the cassette are joined using a thermoplastic welding technique.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein an electromagnetic field is used to provide thermal energy to weld the walls.

48. A stacker mechanism comprising: a stacker plate; and a drive means coupled to the stacker plate, wherein the drive means includes non-circular drive gears.

49. A stacker mechanism comprising: a stacker plate; a first scissor arm connected at a first end to the stacker plate; a second scissor arm connected at a first end to the stacker plate, and pivotally connected to the first scissor arm about a scissor pivot point located approximately at the center of the length of the first scissor arm; and a link arm for driving the stacker plate, the link arm connected to the first scissor arm at a pivot point located between the scissor pivot point and a second end of the first scissor arm.

50. The apparatus of claim 49 further comprising a drive means coupled to the link arm and having non-circular drive gears.