Patent Application
20190076994
The present invention relates generally to the field of pliers. The present invention relates specifically to pliers with a torque increasing jaw design. Pliers typically include two plier members connected through a pivot that allows the upper handle to move a lower jaw and a lower handle to move an upper jaw about the pivot. Locking pliers generally have a similar pivot to grip a workpiece but include a further locking mechanism to keep the jaws a fixed distance from one another.
One embodiment of the invention relates to a pair of locking pliers. The locking pliers include an upper handle, a lower handle, an upper jaw and a lower jaw. The upper jaw is coupled to the upper handle and includes a first set of teeth configured to engage a workpiece. The lower jaw is coupled to the lower handle and includes a second set of teeth and a third set of teeth. The lower jaw opposes the upper jaw such that the first set of teeth faces the second set of teeth and the third set of teeth. A first pivot joint couples the lower handle to the upper handle such that the upper handle is movable relative to the lower handle to move the lower jaw relative to the upper jaw. A second pivot joint couples the third set of teeth to the lower jaw. The second set of teeth on the lower jaw are pivotable about the first pivot and the third set of teeth on the lower jaw are pivotable about the first pivot joint and about the second pivot joint. The locking pliers further include a locking mechanism configured to lock a position of the upper jaw relative to the lower jaw.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to pliers. The pliers include a first assembly comprising a first handle, a first jaw, and a first workpiece engagement surface. The pliers include a second assembly comprising a second handle, a second jaw, a second workpiece engagement surface, and a third workpiece engagement surface. A pivot joint pivotably couples the first assembly to the second assembly such that the second handle is movable relative to the first handle to move the second jaw relative to the first jaw. The third workpiece engagement surface is movably coupled to the second jaw such that the third workpiece engagement surface moves relative to the second workpiece engagement surface as torque is applied to a workpiece.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to a tool for grasping a workpiece. The tool includes a first handle with a first jaw and a first workpiece engagement surface coupled to the first jaw, a second handle with a second jaw and a second workpiece engagement surface coupled to the second jaw. A first joint couples the first jaw to the second jaw. The first and second handles are movable relative to each other to cause the second jaw to move relative to the first jaw. A second joint couples the second workpiece engagement surface to the second jaw and allows the second workpiece engagement surface to move relative to the second jaw. The first jaw and the second jaw define a working area between the first jaw and the second jaw that decreases as the second workpiece engagement surface moves relative to the second jaw as a force is applied to the first and second handles, and a torque is applied the workpiece.
Alternative exemplary embodiments relate to other features and combinations of features as may be generally recited in the claims.
This application will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements in which:
Referring generally to the figures, various embodiments of pliers, specifically locking pliers, are shown. Pliers include a first handle and a first jaw pivotably coupled to a second handle and a second jaw through a first pivot. The pliers include opposing workpiece engagement surfaces on the first and second jaw In general, in the embodiments described herein, at least one of the workpiece engagement surfaces is moveably coupled to the associated jaw element allowing relative movement between the workpiece engagement surface and the jaw. Applicant has found that as torque is applied to a workpiece, the relative motion between the workpiece engagement surface and the jaw significantly increases torque (e.g., increases by 10%-70% or more) as compared to pliers with fixed workpiece engagement surfaces. In some embodiments, Applicant believes that the designs discussed herein increase the torque applied to the workpiece before slipping by at least 10%-70%, such as by 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or more as compared to pliers with fixed workpiece engagement surfaces.
In specific embodiments described herein, the workpiece engagement surfaces are sets of teeth located on the upper and lower jaws, and a second pivot attached to the lower jaw enables rotation of a segment of teeth located on the lower jaw relative to the lower jaw. This rotation of lower teeth enhances the grip applied as the pliers are rotated about the workpiece, thus increasing the torque applied on the workpiece without slippage.
In some embodiments, the pliers lock through a third pivot. The locking mechanism allows the pliers to be placed on a workpiece and lock the jaws in a fixed position to retain a gripping force without gripping the handles. Although the description below applies to locking pliers, in various embodiments, the movable workpiece engagement surfaces (e.g., the second pivot enabling the movable teeth) as discussed herein may be utilized to enhance torque for a wide variety of gripping tools, such as non-locking pliers, wrenches, etc.
In particular, traditional locking pliers enable more torque on a workpiece compared to non-locking pliers by increasing the grip applied and locking the gripping force through rotation of the workpiece. Pliers serve many functions at a worksite but are often used to grip a workpiece and rotate the workpiece in a given direction. Traditional pliers allow an operator to “grip” the handles of the pliers and rotate the handles about the workpiece to tighten or loosen the workpiece. Some pliers lock to remove the need to continuously apply the gripping force as the pliers rotate about the workpiece. Locking pliers enable the operator to set and apply the gripping force, the upper and lower jaw then retain the set fixed position as the pliers rotate about the workpiece.
In one embodiment, the lower jaw, or a movable face of the lower jaw, is separately pinned to a pivot. Thus, when the operator applies torque to a workpiece, the lower jaw, or movable face of the lower jaw, pivots to increase the locking or gripping force. The lower jaw, or a movable face of the lower jaw, may separately rotate such that parts of the lower jaw are pivotable about different pivot points. Thus, when a force applied to the pliers generates torque on the workpiece, the lower jaw, or movable face of the lower jaw, is allowed to pivot to increase locking force or grip. The force on the handles generates a torque on a workpiece that is at least 10-70% greater with the rotatable movable face of the lower jaw than the torque produced by the same force on the same pliers without the second pivot joint. In some embodiments, the torque applied on a workpiece increases 70% or more.
With reference to
Clamping or squeezing the upper and lower handles 12, 16 provides a clamping force on the upper and lower jaws 14, 18. When a rotational force applied to the handles 12, 16 becomes a torque on a workpiece, it forces the rotation of the workpiece and generates friction on the jaws 14 and 18. For example, when the handles 12, 16 are clamped and rotated in a clockwise direction a clockwise torque is applied to the workpiece. The torque causes the second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18, including the third set of teeth 24, to pivot about the second pivot 30 in the clockwise direction due to the friction in the counter-clockwise direction. The rotation of the second portion 28 or the lower jaw 18 increases the clamping force applied to the workpiece. With this increased clamping force an operator can apply an increased amount of torque on the workpiece in the clockwise direction without slipping or losing the clamping force. In some embodiments, the amount of torque is increased 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more.
As described above, the first pivot 15 enables rotatable coupling of the upper handle 12 and upper jaw 14 to the lower handle 16 and lower jaw 18. As the handles 12, 16 are squeezed or tightened the lower jaw 18 moves relative to the upper jaw 14 to reduce a working area, defined as the area between the upper jaw 14 and the lower jaw 18. The first pivot 15 is a joint that couples the lower handle 16 to the upper handle 12 such that the upper handle 12 is movable relative to the lower handle 16 to move the lower jaw 18 relative to the upper jaw 14. In other words, the lower handle 16 pivots with respect to the upper handle 12 to increase or decrease a distance D (e.g.,
In some embodiments, the second pivot joint or second pivot 30 couples the third set of teeth 24 to the lower jaw 18. The second pivot 30 joint allows the third set of teeth 24 to rotate about the second pivot 30 independent of the first pivot joint 15. In this configuration, the second set of teeth 22 on the lower jaw 18 are pivotable about the first pivot 15. The third set of teeth 24 on the lower jaw 18 are pivotable about both the first pivot 15 and the second pivot 30. When the third set of teeth 24 rotate about the second pivot 30, the working area decreases enhancing the clamping force. The third set of teeth reduces the diameter of the working area. This reduced area increases the clamping or gripping force on the workpiece and thereby increases the torque applied to the workpiece.
In some embodiments, various parameters determine the relative location of the first and second pivots 15, 30. For example, locking pliers 10 include a longitudinal axis 74 and a height axis 76. The second pivot 30 can be spaced relative to the first pivot 15 along the height axis such that the second pivot 30 is located in between the first pivot 15 and the lower handle 16. Moreover, the third set of teeth 24 can be located behind the second set of teeth 22. In this configuration, the third set of teeth 24 is located between the second set of teeth 22 and the first pivot 15 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 74.
Referring to
The lower jaw 18 includes a first portion 26 having a plurality of teeth 22 located at the front of the lower jaw 18 and a second portion 28 pivotally coupled to the first portion 26 by a second pivot 30. As described herein, this second pivot 30 enables the second portion 28, including the third set of teeth 24, to rotate and move relative to the first portion 26. The second portion 28 pivots relative to the first portion 26 from an initial position (illustrated in
In the initial position, the second portion 28 abuts a shoulder 44 on the lower jaw 18. The second portion 28 includes a plurality of teeth (e.g., the third set of teeth 24) located at a rear end of the lower jaw 18. A plane connecting the distal ends of the third set of teeth 24 defines the second workpiece engagement surface 40. As described in greater detail below, the second portion 28 is pivotable relative to the first portion 26 of the lower jaw 18 to vary the position and orientation of the second workpiece engagement surface 40 relative to the workpiece engagement surfaces 38, 40, and 42 on the upper and lower jaws 14, 18. The workpiece engagement surfaces 36, 38, 40, and/or 42 may be curved, planar, parabolic, angled, hexagonal, or comprise another shape.
The lower jaw 18 includes a second workpiece engagement surface 40 defined by a plane connecting the third set of teeth 120 on the second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18. As explained above, the lower jaw 18 may include additional workpiece engagement surfaces 42 or the second workpiece engagement surface 40 may comprise the entire lower jaw 18. For example, the first portion 26 of the lower jaw defines a plane with an additional workpiece engagement surface 42. The additional workpiece engagement surface connects the distal end 34 of the lower jaw 18 to an oblique angle where the second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18 begins. In the illustrated embodiment, an oblique angle orients the second workpiece engagement surface 40 to the additional workpiece engagement surface 42 on the lower jaw 18. In some embodiments, second workpiece engagement surface 40 and the additional workpiece engagement surface 42 may be parallel, acute, or perpendicular. For purposes of this disclosure, second workpiece engagement surface 40 includes only the second portion 28 that is pivotably coupled (e.g., through second pivot 30) to the lower jaw 18. Any additional workpiece engagement surfaces 42 will be separately identified and distinguished.
For example, the second pivot 30 allows the second workpiece engagement surface 40 to move relative to the second or lower jaw 18. The first or upper jaw 14 and lower jaw 18 define the working area (e.g., the area between the first jaw and the second jaw) that decreases as the second workpiece engagement surface 40 moves relative to the lower jaw 18 when a force introduces an applied torque on the workpiece. In some embodiments, the second workpiece engagement surface 40 may include the entire lower jaw 18, such that there are no additional workpiece engagement surfaces 42 on the lower jaw 18.
In other embodiments, a third workpiece engagement surface (e.g., additional workpiece engagement surface 42) may couple to the lower jaw 18. Similarly, a fourth workpiece engagement surface (e.g., additional workpiece engagement surface 38) may couple to the first jaw. In this configuration, there are two workpiece engagement surfaces 36, 38 on the upper jaw 14 and two workpiece engagement surfaces 40, 42 on the lower jaw 18. In some embodiments, the second workpiece engagement surface 40 on the second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18 pivots relative to the first, third, and fourth workpiece engagement surfaces 36, 38, and 42.
The second workpiece engagement surface 40 on the lower jaw 18 may include a plurality of aligned teeth (e.g., the third set of teeth 24) pivotable about the second pivot 30. The length of the third set of teeth 24 is measured between the front-most and rear-most teeth on the second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18. For example, the lower jaw 18 has a longitudinal length along a longitudinal axis 74 and a height along a height axis 76. The length of the third set of teeth 24 aligned along the second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18 may be at least 25% of the longitudinal length of the second jaw. As described above, the length may be 100% of the lower jaw 18. In some embodiments, the length of the third set of teeth 24 along the lower jaw may be 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% the length of the lower jaw 18.
Returning to
In the illustrated embodiment, a third pivot 60 connects the locked lower handle 16 to the locked lower jaw 18. The force generated through the locking mechanism is transmitted to the third pivot 60 which transmits the force to the lower jaw 18 creating a locking clamping force on a workpiece. A release lever 62 is pivotally coupled to the lower handle 16 at a pin 64. The release lever 62 engages a lobe 66 on the lock link member 48 to release the pliers 10 from the locked or closed position. The locking link member 48 can extend from the upper handle 12 to the lower handle 16 and engage the locking mechanism 46 that locks the lower handle 16 in position relative to the upper handle 12 such that the lower jaw 18 is locked relative to the upper jaw 14.
The adjustment member 50 includes an engagement surface 58 at one end, a threaded shank 68, and a flange 70 extending from the shank 68 opposite the engagement surface 58. The adjustment member 50 is integrally formed as a single component from a metal such as by casting, forging, and the like. The threaded shank 68 is received by a threaded bore 69 in an end of the upper handle 12 opposite the upper jaw 14. The adjustment member 50 is rotatable relative to the upper handle 12 to translate the adjustment member 50 in an axial direction due to the threaded engagement of the shank 68 and the bore 69.
In the illustrated embodiment, the flange 70 includes an elongate opening 72. The elongate opening 72 may enable the use of a tool (e.g., a screwdriver) to penetrate the hole and increase the force applied to locking mechanism 46. The increased clamping force applied by the locking mechanism may increase the available torque applied on a workpiece. Thus, the combination of an elongate opening 72 and a second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18 may combine to increase the torque applied to the workpiece. In some embodiments, the torque may be increased by 10% or more. With an elongate opening 72 in a flange 70 and the rotatable second portion 28 of the lower jaw 18, the torque applied to a workpiece before slipping may increase by more than 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, or more, as compared to standard locking pliers. Flange 70 with an elongate opening 72 and rotatable second portion 28 can increase the torque applied to the workpiece before slipping by 80%, 90%, 100%, 125%, 150%, 175%, or more as compared to standard locking pliers.
Moving the engagement between the engagement surface 58 and the first end 52 of the lock link member 48 causes the lock link member 48 to move with respect to the second pivot pin 56 and adjusts the clamping force the jaws 14, 18 exert on a workpiece when closed. Changing the position of the adjustment member 50 relative to the upper handle 12 changes the distance between the upper jaw 14 and the lower jaw 18 when the lower handle 16 is in a closed position. In some embodiments, the locking pliers 10 further include a spring 74 coupled between the lower jaw 18 and the upper handle 12. The spring 74 biases the lower jaw 18 toward an open position, thus enabling the release of the clamping force on the workpiece. When release lever 62 is pushed and spring 74 engaged, the clamping force on the workpiece is released, and the pliers 10 may be removed or reset relative to the workpiece.
With reference to
The first clamping diameter Φ1 is the diameter of a circle that is tangent to each of the first, second, and third jaw faces 94, 102, 134 (e.g., workpiece engagement surfaces). When the second portion 28 of the movable jaw 18 pivots from the initial position illustrated in
In operation, the locking pliers 10 begin with the upper jaw 14 and the lower jaw 18 in a closed position, and with the lower handle 16 in a closed position, as shown in
When the jaws 14, 18 are closed and locked on the workpiece, the user may apply a force to the handles 12, 16 to try and rotate the workpiece. This force causes the second portion 28 of the movable jaw 18 to pivot from the initial position (
For example, a jaw grip test pursuant to ASME Standard B107.24, Section 5.2.4 (“the jaw grip test”) was carried out on locking pliers embodying aspects of the invention. During the jaw grip test, the locking pliers were clamped on to a round steel mandrel, with an initial clamping preload between 30 pounds and 35 pounds. With the locking pliers fixed in place, the mandrel rotated at a rate of one degree per second. Maximum torque was measured just before the mandrel slipped and began to rotate relative to the jaws. In some embodiments, the pliers achieved a maximum torque under the jaw grip test of greater than 212 foot pounds, specifically 213-480 foot-pounds and more specifically 233 to 380 foot pounds. In some embodiments, the pliers achieved a maximum torque under the jaw grip test of at least 300 foot-pounds. In some embodiments, the pliers achieved a maximum torque under the jaw grip test of at least 380 foot-pounds. In some embodiments, the pliers achieved a maximum torque under the jaw grip test of at least 400 foot-pounds. In some embodiments, the pliers achieved a maximum torque under the jaw grip test of at least 480 foot-pounds.
When a force is applied to close the handles 112, 114, the pliers 100 close around the workpiece 118. Due to the mechanical advantage of the pliers 100, there is a greater resultant clamping force on workpiece 118, e.g., a compressive force between the jaws 102, 104. Additionally, when the user applies a force to handles 112, 114 of the closed or locked pliers 100, moving jaw 104 further multiplies the resultant compressive clamping force on the workpiece 118. When the pliers 100 upper and lower jaws 102, 104 are closed or engaged on a workpiece 118, the working area 122 defines a maximum first diameter 124 of the workpiece 118 that can fit between the active workpiece engagement surfaces 106, 108. The first diameter 124 is reduced to a second diameter 126 (shown in
The upper jaw 102 comprises an upper workpiece surface 106, including two planes of teeth off-set by an oblique angle. The lower jaw 104 includes a lower workpiece engagement surface 108 with a similar configuration (e.g., two planes of teeth off-set by an oblique angle). In this configuration, the lower workpiece engagement surfaces 108, on the lower jaw 104 rotate as a single unit about pivot 130. As illustrated, the lower workpiece engagement surface 108, on the lower jaw 104, rotates relative to the upper jaw 102 about a first pivot 110. When the upper handle 112 and lower handle 114 move toward one another (e.g., a clamping force is applied), the upper jaw 102 moves relative to the lower jaw 104, generating a clamping force 116 on workpiece 118. The upper workpiece surface 106 comprises a first set of teeth 119. As described above, the lower workpiece engagement surface 108 includes the entire length of a single rotatable second set of teeth 120. The lower workpiece engagement surface 108 is measured from the frontmost to the rearmost teeth along the lower jaw 104. As illustrated in
When the clamping force 116 is distributed on the workpiece 118, the working area 122 encircled by the upper jaw 102 and the lower jaw 104 decreases and deforms to create a first diameter 124 of the workpiece with the clamping force applied. As illustrated in
Pliers 200 include an upper jaw 202 and a lower jaw 204 coupled through a first pivot 212. The lower jaw 204 includes a jaw face 206 and a second portion 208 integrally formed with the jaw face 206 and pivotable about the lower jaw 204 about a second pivot 209. The lower jaw 204 is pivotably pinned to the upper handle 210 at a first pivot 212 and to the lower handle 214 at a third pivot.
The pliers 200 include a second jaw portion 216 with a thickened second jaw face 218. The second jaw portion 216 is rotatably coupled (e.g., through second pivot 209) to the lower jaw 204.
When the pliers 200 are closed around a workpiece 220, a clamping force 222 is generated based on the lever action of the handles. Because of the thickened second jaw face 218 this force is distributed to a larger area of the workpiece 220 to prevent slipping and distribute the gripping force more evenly. As torque is applied to the workpiece 220 (e.g., a rotation force at the upper and lower handles 210 and 214), the second jaw portion 216 pivots in direction 224. The movement in the second jaw portion 216 in direction 224 rotates towards the upper jaw 202 and upper handle 210. This rotation reduces the working area 226 between the second jaw portion 216 and the upper jaw 202. The reduced working area 226 creates an increased clamping force on the workpiece 220 to increase the amount of torque applied before slippage of the workpiece 220.
An upper jaw 302 has a first set of teeth (e.g., teeth 302a and 302b). The lower jaw 304 has two sections, a rotatable section 306 and clamping section 308. The rotatable section 306 clamps and rotates about pivot 330 and the clamping section 308 induces a clamping force. Both sections rotate about pivot 315. Teeth 304a are on the rotatable section 306. Teeth 304b are on the clamping section 308. Teeth 302a and 302b (e.g., the first set of teeth) on the upper jaw 302 may combine into an upper workpiece engagement surface. Teeth 304b rotatable about pivot 315 define the second workpiece engagement surface. The lower jaw includes teeth 304a pivotable about two points (pivot 315 and pivot 330) defining a third workpiece engagement surface. The rotation of teeth 304a reduces the working-diameter and increases the clamping force as torque is applied to the workpiece.
Pliers 400 include an upper jaw 402 and a lower jaw 404 each having two separate sets of teeth. The upper set of teeth or upper workpiece engagement surface of the upper jaw 402 includes the teeth 402a and 402b. The lower jaw includes two different sets of teeth 404a and 404b. Teeth 404a rotate about a first pivot 15 and a second pivot 30. Teeth 404b rotate about the first pivot 15 only. As illustrated, the teeth 402a, 402b, 404a, 404b are coupled at an obtuse angle but may be acute, parallel, or curved. The Combining the overall shape of teeth 402a, 402b, 404a, 404b with rotatable teeth 404a increases the applied clamping force.
The pliers 500 include an upper jaw 502 and a lower jaw 504 each having two separate sets of teeth. The upper jaw 502 includes the translatable teeth 502a and 502b. The lower jaw includes the translatable teeth 504a and 504b. As illustrated, the teeth 502a, 502b, 504a, 504b are coupled at an obtuse angle. In some embodiments, the teeth may be spring-loaded or biased such that when the user provides a rotational force 506 at the handles and the teeth provide torque to a workpiece 508, the teeth translate or slide. For example, the teeth may translate up the ramps as indicated by the arrows 510. This translation enables the teeth to reduce the diameter on the workpiece 508 and increase the clamping force. The arrows 510 illustrate the direction the teeth can translate when a torque reduces the working area (illustrated by arrows 512) and the teeth translate. This translation increases the clamping force on the workpiece 508 and reduces the slipping the locking pliers 500 experience when applying a rotational load 506.
It should be understood that the figures illustrate the exemplary embodiments in detail, and it should be understood that the present application is not limited to the details or methodology set forth in the description or illustrated in the figures. It should also be understood that the terminology is for the purpose of description only and should not be regarded as limiting.
Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only. The construction and arrangements, shown in the various exemplary embodiments, are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter described herein. Some elements shown as integrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. The order or sequence of any process, logical algorithm, or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may also be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the various exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.
For purposes of this disclosure, the term “coupled” means the joining of two components directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary in nature or movable in nature. Such joining may be achieved with the two members and any additional intermediate members being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two members or the two members and any additional member being attached to one another. Such joining may be permanent in nature or alternatively may be removable or releasable in nature.
While the current application recites particular combinations of features in the claims appended hereto, various embodiments of the invention relate to any combination of any of the features described herein whether or not such combination is currently claimed, and any such combination of features may be claimed in this or future applications. Any of the features, elements, or components of any of the exemplary embodiments discussed above may be used alone or in combination with any of the features, elements, or components of any of the other embodiments discussed above.
In various exemplary embodiments, the relative dimensions, including angles, lengths and radii, as shown in the Figures are to scale. Actual measurements of the Figures will disclose relative dimensions, angles and proportions of the various exemplary embodiments. Various exemplary embodiments extend to various ranges around the absolute and relative dimensions, angles and proportions that may be determined from the Figures. Various exemplary embodiments include any combination of one or more relative dimensions or angles that may be determined from the Figures. Further, actual dimensions not expressly set out in this description can be determined by using the ratios of dimensions measured in the Figures in combination with the express dimensions set out in this description. In addition, in various embodiments, the present disclosure extends to a variety of ranges (e.g., plus or minus 30%, 20%, or 10%) around any of the absolute or relative dimensions disclosed herein or determinable from the Figures.
The present application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2018/050474, filed on Sep. 11, 2018, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/581,421, filed on Nov. 3, 2017, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/556,793, filed Sep. 11, 2017, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62581421 | Nov 2017 | US | |
| 62556793 | Sep 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2018/050474 | Sep 2018 | US |
| Child | 16137020 | US |
