Low-Displacement Pendulum

Abstract

A gravity pendulum, referred to as a low-displacement pendulum because it does not displace air as it rotates, is disclosed. The low-displacement pendulum uses an unbalanced wheel instead of the more conventional suspended bob. Because the pendulum does not displace air as it rotates, it eliminates an important component of air drag that causes energy loss in a normal pendulum. The low-displacement pendulum also eliminates errors caused by variations in barometric pressure. In addition, it can be easily thermally compensated without the use of special materials, such as Invar.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The invention relates to time keeping devices. More particularly, the invention relates to a low-displacement pendulum for a mechanical clock.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Historically, the gravity pendulum has been the most successful device for accurately regulating the timing of a mechanical clock. The frequency of such a simple pendulum is approximately proportional to the square root of the ratio of earth's gravity to length of the pendulum (f=2π√{square root over (l/g)}). Because the force of gravity is reasonably constant, keeping the period constant is largely a matter of keeping the length constant, which can be accomplished by careful selection of the materials and geometry, paying special attention to expansion due to changes in temperature.

Another potential accuracy problem of a gravity pendulum is that the period of the swing actually depends slightly on the amplitude. The frequency formula mentioned above is based on the assumption that the restoring force created by gravity is proportional to the angle of the bob from vertical, which is only an approximation. Actually, the restoring force is proportional to the sine of that angle. This difference is small as long as the angle is small, but to hold the frequency constant, the average amplitude of the swing must also be held constant.

Friction creates most of the difficulties in holding constant amplitude. The greatest source of friction is often the pendulum motion through the air, but there is also friction in unlocking the escapement and in the suspension. Each of these sources of friction is variable. Also, the existence of any type of friction means that energy must be put back into the pendulum to keep it going. This impulsion of the pendulum can be a major source of variability because it is difficult to deliver the exact same impulse on each tick.

A third source of the error in a pendulum is the variation of the density of air, which changes the buoyancy of the bob. Because some of the weight of the bob is supported by floating in the surrounding air, the restoring force of gravity varies with the density. Because the density of the air depends on the barometric pressure, variations in pressure contribute to variability in the rate of the pendulum.

Eliminating the air around the pendulum can reduce several sources of variability because the air is not only the source of the variable density problem, but it is also the source of much of the friction. For this reason the most accurate clock pendulums are operated in a partial vacuum. It would be advantageous to provide a pendulum has some of the same advantages, but without the complexities of maintaining a partial vacuum.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a new form of gravity pendulum, which is referred to as a low-displacement pendulum because it does not displace air as it rotates. The low-displacement pendulum uses an unbalanced wheel instead of the more conventional suspended bob. Because the pendulum does not displace air as it rotates, it eliminates an important component of air drag that causes energy loss in a normal pendulum. The low-displacement also eliminates errors caused by variations in barometric pressure. In addition, it can be easily thermally compensated without the use of special materials, such as Invar.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view showing a spoke up configuration of a low displacement pendulum having a knife edge bearing, where a portion of the pendulum ring is made of a higher density material, according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a side view showing a spoke up configuration of a low displacement pendulum having a suspension spring, where voids are formed in the pendulum ring to create imbalance, according to present invention;

FIG. 3 is a side view showing a spoke up configuration of a low displacement pendulum having upward compensation, where a portion of the pendulum spoke is made of a lower expansion material, and where an optional false spoke is provided to preserve symmetry, according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a side view showing a spoke down configuration of a low displacement pendulum having a suspension spring, where a pendulum spoke provides weight to create pendulum imbalance, according to the invention;

FIG. 5 is a side view showing a symmetrical spoke configuration of a low displacement pendulum having a knife edge bearing, where a lower portion of the pendulum ring is thinner to create imbalance, according to present invention; and

FIG. 6 is a side view showing a curved spoke configuration of a low displacement pendulum having downward compensation according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a new form of gravity pendulum, which is referred to as a low-displacement pendulum because it does not displace air as it rotates. The low-displacement pendulum uses an unbalanced wheel instead of the more conventional suspended bob. Because the pendulum does not displace air as it rotates, it eliminates an important component of air drag that causes energy loss in a normal pendulum. The low-displacement also eliminates errors caused by variations in barometric pressure. In addition, it can be easily thermally compensated without the use of special materials, such as Invar.

A key aspect of a low-displacement pendulum is the use of an unbalanced wheel instead of a suspended bob. The unbalance can be accomplished by increasing the amount or density of material in the lower part of the wheel or by decreasing density in the upper part of the wheel. Because a wheel is symmetric about its center of rotation it does not displace air as it rotates. This eliminates a major component of aerodynamic drag, referred to as form drag, leaving only the skin drag caused by sheer in the boundary layer. The lack of displacement also eliminates rotational forces that are caused by buoyancy and which vary with barometric pressure.

The wheel of a low-displacement pendulum may be a full disk, but the inertia per weight can be increased by thinning the center of the pendulum, putting most of the mass in a thin ring around the edge. The mass farther from the center contributes most to the inertia of the wheel. Thus, this lightens the mass required to achieve a given inertia. The skin drag can be reduced by replacing the center hub with one or more spokes between the ring and the center support suspension. If these spokes are placed symmetrically across from each other, the low-displacement property of the pendulum is preserved. In any case, the displacement of the spoke or spokes is small.

The use of spokes creates some additional air drag. This can be minimized by streamlining the shape of the spoke by keeping the cross-section small, and by keeping the number of spokes to a minimum. If a single spoke is used, it can either be above the center, in compression, or below the center, in tension. Which configuration is best depends upon specific details, such as the choice of materials and type of suspension. Materials, such as glass and ceramics, are often much stronger in compression, favoring the spoke-up configuration. Flexible materials, such as metal, may tend to buckle, favoring the spoke-down configuration. The spoke-down configuration is also particularly simple because it uses a flexure bearing, whereas a spoke-up configuration is very simple because it uses a knife-edge suspension.

A Slower Swing

The low-displacement pendulum is a type of compound pendulum. Accordingly, it swings more slowly than a conventional pendulum of the same length. This can be used to advantage in further reducing air drag, which depends on the velocity of the pendulum. In a simple pendulum, the period is determined by the length because both the inertia and the restoring force scale together with the mass, but in a compound pendulum these two factors need to be controlled independently. In the low-displacement pendulum the degree of imbalance, which controls the restoring force, can be made arbitrarily small. This allows the period to be increased without changing the length.

For a thin ring, if the distance from the center of rotation to the center of gravity is h, and the radius of the ring is r, then period of the pendulum is: $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{period}\approx 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r^2}{\mathrm{gh}}}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$ where g is the acceleration due to gravity, or expressed in terms of angular frequency: $\begin{array}{cc}\omega \approx \sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{gh}}{r^2}}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

Skin drag on an oscillating ring is proportional to area of the surface, the velocity, and to the square root of the viscosity and density of the medium and the frequency of the oscillation. The drag on a low-displacement pendulum of radius r, half-angle φ, and angular frequency ω is: $\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{drag}=\frac{\mathrm{area}r\varphi \omega \sqrt{\mu \rho \omega }}{\sqrt{2}}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$ where μ is the viscosity and ρ is the density of the medium, in this case air. Note that benefits to reducing the frequency of oscillation are better than linear. This means that the quality factor Q of the oscillator actually increases as the pendulum is made slower. This may seem counterintuitive because Q is sometimes expressed as frequency divided by damping factor, but in this case the damping factor goes down faster than the frequency. For a low-displacement pendulum: $\begin{array}{cc}Q=\sqrt{2}\frac{\mathrm{mass}\omega }{\mathrm{area}\sqrt{\mu \rho \omega }}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

The above calculations neglect the drag due to the spokes, but they are small and streamlined, and are small compared to the drag of the ring.

There are also additional advantages of having the pendulum swing more slowly. One is that the gear train is simplified because there is less reduction required. Another is that less energy is required to keep the pendulum swinging. The impulse variability per unit time can be reduced if the impulses are delivered less often.

Temperature Compensation

If the pendulum undergoes thermal expansion, the period changes as specified by formula (1) above. Changes in both r and h effect the period, but these two effects work in opposite directions. The period changes in proportion to r and in inverse proposition to the square root of h. This is because the increase in r increases the inertia of the pendulum, whereas increasing h increases the restoring force. If suitable materials are chosen for the spoke and the ring, the two effects can be made to cancel.

To achieve first-order temperature compensation in a single-spoke-system with a downward spoke, in tension, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the spoke must be slightly greater than that of the ring. Specifically, $\begin{array}{cc}{\beta }_{\mathrm{down}\text{-}\mathrm{spoke}}={\beta }_{\mathrm{ring}}\left(1+\frac{h}{r}\right)& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

This can be achieved by making a portion of the spoke out of material having a higher coefficient of expansion than the material of the ring. For example, if the ring is made of nickel or monel it may be sufficient to make the suspension spring out of stainless steel or phosphor bronze, and the rest of the spoke from the same material as the ring. The exact proportion of spoke length that is made of the high-expansion material is determined by ratio of h to r.

In the case of an upward pointing spoke, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the spoke must be slightly lower than that of the ring. Specifically, $\begin{array}{cc}{\beta }_{\mathrm{up}\text{-}\mathrm{spoke}}={\beta }_{\mathrm{ring}}\left(1-\frac{h}{r}\right)& \left(6\right)\end{array}$

This can be achieved by making a portion of the spoke out of material having a lower coefficient of expansion, for example quartz.

PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a side view showing a spoke up configuration 16 of a low displacement pendulum having a knife edge bearing 14, where a portion 12 of the pendulum ring 10 is made of a higher density material.

FIG. 2 is a side view showing a spoke up configuration 26 of a low displacement pendulum having a suspension spring 24, where voids 22 are formed in the pendulum ring 20 to create imbalance.

FIG. 3 is a side view showing a spoke up configuration of a low displacement pendulum having upward compensation, where a portion 34 of the pendulum spoke 36 is made of a lower expansion material, and where an optional false spoke 32 is provided to preserve symmetry of the pendulum ring 30.

FIG. 4 is a side view showing a spoke down configuration of a low displacement pendulum having a suspension spring 44, where a pendulum spoke 46 provides weight to create pendulum imbalance in the ring 40.

FIG. 5 is a side view showing a symmetrical spoke configuration 56 of a low displacement pendulum having a knife edge bearing 54, where a lower portion 53 of the pendulum ring 52 is thinner to create imbalance in the ring 50.

FIG. 6 is a side view showing a curved spoke configuration of a low displacement pendulum having downward compensation 66 in the ring 60.

CONCLUSION

The reduction of frictional and barometric errors, combined with simple thermal compensation, make the low-displacement pendulum an alternative to the conventional bob pendulum operated in air. The reduced power requirements and high Q suggest that the slower low-displacement pendulum has greater stability than a conventional pendulum. Whether or not it is more accurate, the reduced input power, reduced wear and simplification of the gear train associated with a longer period, make this an attractive pendulum. The inventors initial experiments look promising. An 18-inch test pendulum, having periods of about three seconds, has a Q of several thousand, which compares favorably with conventional pendulums of the same size and weight.

Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the invention should only be limited by the Claims included below.

Claims

1. A gravity pendulum, comprising: a low-displacement pendulum comprising an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; wherein said pendulum does not displace air as it rotates.

2. The pendulum of claim 1, said unbalanced wheel comprising an increased amount or density of material in a lower part of said wheel.

3. The pendulum of claim 1, said unbalanced wheel comprising a decreased amount or density of material in an upper part of the wheel.

4. The pendulum of claim 1, said wheel comprising a full disk having a thin center, said disk having most of its mass in a thin ring around an edge thereon; wherein inertia per weight is increased; and wherein mass farther from said center contributes most to the inertia of said wheel.

5. The pendulum of claim 1, said wheel comprising at least one spoke between a wheel ring and a wheel center support suspension; wherein skin drag is reduced.

6. The pendulum of claim 5, further comprising a plurality of spokes placed symmetrically across from each other; wherein a low-displacement property of said pendulum is preserved.

7. The pendulum of claim 5, said at least one spoke comprising a streamlined shape having a small cross-section

8. The pendulum of claim 7, comprising a single spoke formed either above a center of said wheel in compression, or below a center of said wheel in tension.

9. The pendulum of claim 8, wherein said spoke is formed of rigid materials when said spoke is formed above a center of said wheel; and wherein said spoke is formed of flexible materials when said spoke is formed below a center of said wheel.

10. The pendulum of claim 8, wherein said spoke is formed below a center of said wheel, said pendulum further comprising a flexure bearing.

11. The pendulum of claim 8, wherein said spoke is formed above a center of said wheel, said pendulum further comprising a knife-edge suspension.

12. The pendulum of claim 1, said wheel comprising a degree of imbalance that is arbitrarily small; wherein the period of said pendulum is increased such that said pendulum swings more slowly.

13. The pendulum of claim 1, comprising a single-spoke-system with a downward spoke, and further comprising: said spoke having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is slightly greater than that of a wheel ring to provide first-order temperature compensation.

14. The pendulum of claim 13, a first portion of said spoke, where said spoke has a downward configuration, comprising a material having a higher coefficient of expansion than a material of said wheel ring.

15. The pendulum of claim 14, wherein said wheel ring is made of either of nickel and monel.

16. The pendulum of claim 15, said pendulum further comprising: a suspension spring made of either of stainless steel and phosphor bronze.

17. The pendulum of claim 16, wherein the rest of said spoke is made from a same material as said wheel ring.

18. The pendulum of claim 13, a first portion of said spoke, where said spoke has an upward configuration, comprising a material having a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than a material of said wheel ring.

19. The pendulum of claim 18, wherein a portion of said spoke is made of a material having a lower coefficient of expansion.

20. The pendulum of claim 19, said spoke comprising quartz.

21. A pendulum, comprising: an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; a spoke within said wheel having an upward configuration; and a knife edge bearing at a center of said wheel; wherein a first portion of a wheel ring is made of a higher density material than the rest of said wheel ring.

22. A pendulum, comprising: an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; a spoke within said wheel having an upward configuration; and a suspension spring; wherein voids are formed a wheel ring to create imbalance.

23. A pendulum, comprising: an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; and a spoke within said wheel having an upward configuration; where a first portion of said spoke is made of a lower expansion material than the rest of said spoke; and optionally comprising a false spoke to preserve symmetry of a wheel ring.

24. A pendulum, comprising: an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; a spoke within said wheel having a downward configuration; and a suspension spring; wherein said pendulum spoke provides weight to create pendulum imbalance a wheel ring.

25. A pendulum, comprising: an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; a symmetrical spoke configuration within said wheel; and a knife edge bearing; wherein a lower portion of a wheel ring is thinner to create imbalance in said wheel ring.

26. A pendulum, comprising: an unbalanced wheel that is symmetric about its center of rotation; and a curved spoke within said wheel having a downward configuration.