Patent Application
20210301075
The invention pertains to the field of hardeners for epoxy resins, epoxy resin compositions, and their use, particularly as coating, covering or paint.
Epoxy resin compositions that are suitable for coating purposes are to have an extremely low viscosity so that they can be processed effectively at ambient temperature. They are also to cure very rapidly and without disruption, even under humid and cold conditions, while forming an even surface without hazing, speckling or craters. Lastly, a fully cured coating is to possess high hardness with low brittleness, in order to withstand mechanical stressing as effectively as possible. For optically demanding applications, such as top coverings on floors, for example, a coating, moreover, is to exhibit high gloss and as little as possible a tendency toward yellowing under the effect of light. Prior-art epoxy resin coatings typically comprise as constituent of the hardener component adducts of polyamines with epoxides, more particularly with liquid bisphenol resins. Such adducts do permit rapid curing, but are of very high viscosity, this being the reason that in order to formulate a manageable viscosity, the hardener component customarily additionally include considerable proportions of unadducted polyamines and/or diluents. The unadducted polyamines typically have an intense odor and are a cause of increased incidence of blushing effects. “Blushing” is surface deficiencies which appear in the course of curing, such as hazing, speckles, roughness or stickiness, and are caused by formation of salts between amines and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air, and occur particularly at high atmospheric humidity and low temperatures. Diluents typically lessen the blushing effects and enhance surface quality and coating brittleness. As they are not incorporated into the resin matrix on curing, they may be released into the environment by processes of evaporation or diffusion. Nowadays, however, the desire is increasingly for low-emission products which have a low content of releasable substances after curing. For low-emission epoxy resin compositions, therefore, diluents, such as benzyl alcohol, for example, can be used only in small quantities or not at all.
US 2014/0107313 and EP 2 752 403 disclose amines which are effective diluents of epoxy resin compositions and have hardly any tendency toward blushing effects. As far as curing rate and/or yellowing of the resultant epoxy resin compositions are concerned, however, these amines are still capable of being improved.
It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a room temperature-curing epoxy resin composition which is low in odor and of low viscosity and allows access to low-emission coatings which have good processing qualities, cure quickly and produce coatings of high hardness, good surface quality and low yellowing tendency.
This object is achieved with an epoxy resin composition as described in claim 1. The hardener component of this composition is low in odor and so low in viscosity that it can be used without solvent or diluent. It is surprisingly highly compatible with the resin component, which it greatly dilutes. The epoxy resin composition has a high curing rate, but surprisingly remains largely free of blushing effects in spite of this, even under adverse curing conditions. Low-emission epoxy resin coatings having excellent processing qualities are thus accessible, which cure quickly, have a high ultimate hardness and a surprisingly glossy, even and nonsticky surface without hazing, speckling or craters, and, surprisingly, exhibit virtually no yellowing under the influence of light.
The advantageous properties of the epoxy resin composition described in claim 1 are particularly distinct if the hardener component additionally contains an adduct of polyamines and epoxides.
Further aspects of the invention are subjects of the further independent claims. Particularly preferred embodiments of the invention are subjects of the dependent claims.
A subject of the invention is an epoxy resin composition comprising
The “amine hydrogen” refers to the hydrogen atoms of primary and secondary amino groups.
“Amine hydrogen equivalent weight” is the mass of an amine or of an amine-containing composition which comprises one molar equivalent of amine hydrogen.
Substance names beginning with “poly”, such as polyamine, polyol or polyepoxide, denote substances which formally contain per molecule two or more of the functional groups that occur in their name.
A “primary amino group” is an NH2 group which is bonded to an organic radical, and a “secondary amino group” is an NH group which is bonded to two organic radicals, which may also together be part of a ring.
A “diluent” is a substance which is soluble in an epoxy resin and lowers its viscosity and which is not incorporated covalently into the resin matrix when the epoxy resin is cured.
The term “viscosity” in the present document refers to the dynamic viscosity or shear viscosity, which is defined by the ratio between the shearing stress and the shear rate (rate gradient) and is determined as described in the working examples.
“Molecular weight” is understood in the present document to be the molar mass (in grams per mole) of a molecule. “Average molecular weight” is the numerical average Mn of an oligomeric or polymeric mixture of molecules, and is determined customarily by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) against polystyrene as standard.
“Room temperature” refers to a temperature of 23° C.
The hardener component comprises at least one amine of the formula (I).
Preferably R is a hydrogen radical or is methyl or is phenyl. These amines of the formula (I) are particularly simple to obtain.
More preferably R is a hydrogen radical or is methyl, and more particularly is a hydrogen radical. These amines of the formula (I) are particularly easy to obtain and enable particularly low-viscosity hardener components and epoxy resin compositions.
Preferably n is 0 or 1 or 2, more particularly 0 or 1. These amines allow access to particularly low-viscosity hardener components and epoxy resin compositions.
An amine of the formula (I) in which n is 0 is particularly cost-effective and allows access to especially low-viscosity hardener components and epoxy resin compositions.
An amine of the formula (I) in which n is 1 is particularly low in odor and, according to the group X, may allow particularly rapid curing and/or a particularly good compatibility in the epoxy resin composition.
Most preferably n is 0.
Preferably X is identical or different radicals selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy and dialkylamino having in each case 1 to 12, more particularly 1 to 4, carbon atoms. More preferably X is methyl or isopropyl or tert-butyl or methoxy or dimethylamino. Most preferably, X is methoxy or dimethylamino. Preferably, the radical X is in meta and/or para position. If n=1, the radical X is particularly in para position.
Particularly preferred is an amine of the formula (I) wherein R is a hydrogen radical and n is 0. This amine of the formula (I) is particularly easy to obtain, particularly inexpensive, and of particularly low viscosity. It enables low-odor and low-emissions epoxy resin compositions having particularly low viscosity and rapid development of hardness and/or curing, exhibiting hardly any blushing-related surface defects and undergoing virtually no yellowing, even under conditions of combined dampness and cold.
Particularly preferred, furthermore, is an amine of the formula (I) in which R is a hydrogen radical, n is 1 and X is methoxy or dimethylamino in para position. These amines of the formula (I) are particularly low in odor, particularly compatible and particularly reactive and allow access to particularly low-emission epoxy resin compositions having particularly rapid curing and a particularly attractive surface.
Particularly preferred amines of the formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of N-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(4-methylbenzyl-1,2-ethane-diamine, N-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(4-(dimethyl-amino)benzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(1-phenylethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, N-benzhydryl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(1-(4′-methyl)phenylethyl)-1,2-ethane-diamine and N-(1-(4′-methoxy)phenylethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine.
Preferred thereof is N-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine, N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine or N-(4-(dimethylamino)benzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, especially N-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine.
The amine of the formula (I) is preferably obtained from the single alkylation of 1,2-ethylenediamine with a suitable alkylating agent, as for example with an organic halide or a carbonyl compound.
With preference the amine of the formula (I) is prepared by reductive alkylation of 1,2-ethylenediamine with an aldehyde or ketone of the formula (II) and hydrogen.
In the formula (II), R, X and n have the definitions already stated.
This preparation proceeds with particular selectivity and leads to reaction products of particularly high purity, i.e., high content of amines of the formula (I).
The amine of the formula (I) is therefore used preferably in the form of a reaction product of the reductive alkylation of 1,2-ethylenediamine with at least one aldehyde or ketone of the formula (II) and hydrogen.
A reaction product of this kind is particularly pure, meaning that it contains a high content of amine of the formula (I), even without costly and inconvenient purification steps. As a result it is of particularly low viscosity and is particularly reactive and therefore especially suitable as a constituent of the epoxy resin composition described.
Suitability as aldehyde of the formula (II) is possessed in particular by benzaldehyde, 2-methylbenzaldehyde (o-tolualdehyde), 3-methylbenzaldehyde (m-tolualdehyde), 4-methylbenzaldehyde (p-tolualdehyde), 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde (cuminaldehyde), 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, 2-methoxybenzaldehyde (o-anisaldehyde), 3-methoxybenzaldehyde (m-anisaldehyde), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde), 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethoxybenzalde-hyde (veratraldehyde), 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzalde-hyde, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (asaronaldehyde), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenz-aldehyde, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde or 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Preferred are benzaldehyde, 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde (cuminaldehyde), 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde) or 4-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde.
Suitability as ketone of the formula (II) is possessed in particular by acetophenone, benzophenone, 2′-methylacetophenone, 3′-methylacetophenone, 4′-methylacetophenone, 2′-methoxyacetophenone, 3′-methoxyacetophenone, 4′-methoxyacetophenone, 2′,4′-dimethylacetophenone, 2′,5′-dimethylacetophenone, 3′,4′-dimethylacetophenone, 3′,5′-dimethylacetophenone, 2′,4′-dimethoxyacetophenone, 2′,5′-dimethoxyace-tophenone, 3′,4′-dimethoxyacetophenone, 3′,5′-dimethoxyacetophenone, 2′,4′,6′-trimethylacetophenone or 2′,4′,6′-trimethoxyacetophenone. Preferred are acetophenone, benzophenone, 4′-methylacetophenone or 4′-methoxyacetophenone. Particularly preferred is acetophenone.
Particularly preferred as aldehyde or ketone of the formula (II) is benzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde) or 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Most preferred is benzaldehyde.
One embodiment uses a mixture of two or more different aldehydes or ketones of the formula (II) for the reaction, more particularly a mixture of benzaldehyde and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde or 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde.
The reductive alkylation may take place directly with molecular hydrogen or indirectly by hydrogen transfer from other reagents, such as formic acid, for example. With preference, molecular hydrogen is used. In this case, the conditions are advantageously selected such that above all in each case one primary amino group of 1,2-ethylenediamine is singly alkylated with high selectivity and the benzene ring is not hydrogenated.
The reaction is carried out preferably at a temperature of 40 to 120° C. and in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Preferred as catalyst are palladium on carbon (Pd/C), platinum on carbon (Pt/C), Adams catalyst or Raney nickel, more particularly palladium on carbon or Raney nickel.
When using molecular hydrogen, operation takes place preferably in a pressurized apparatus under a hydrogen pressure of 5 to 150 bar, more particularly 10 to 100 bar.
The reaction product from the reductive alkylation described may comprise not only at least one amine of the formula (I) but also further amines as by-products. The principal by-product occurring is multiply alkylated 1,2-ethylene-diamine, especially N,N′-dialkylated 1,2-ethylenediamine or N,N-dialkylated 1,2-ethylenediamine, as pictured in the formulae below. The presence of such by-products raises the viscosity and lowers the reactivity of the reaction product. The reaction is therefore preferably conducted in such a way that the formation of by-products is suppressed as far as possible.
The reductive alkylation is carried out preferably with a stoichiometric excess of 1,2-ethylenediamine over the carbonyl groups of the aldehyde or ketone of the formula (II). The ratio between the number of 1,2-ethylenediamine molecules and the number of carbonyl groups is preferably at least 2/1, more particularly at least 3/1, more preferably at least 4/1. Excess 1,2-ethylenediamine is removed before or, preferably, after the reduction, in particular by means of distillation, as for example by means of thin-film, short-path or falling-stream processes.
In this way the formation of more highly alkylated 1,2-ethylenediamine is suppressed, so as to give a particularly low-viscosity and reactive reaction product.
The amine of the formula (I) is thus used preferably in the form of a reaction product from the reductive alkylation of 1,2-ethylenediamine with at least one aldehyde or ketone of the formula (II) and hydrogen, where 1,2-ethylene-diamine is used in a stoichiometric excess over the carbonyl groups of the aldehyde or ketone of the formula (II) and where the excess is removed by distillation after the reduction.
Preferably, the reaction product is largely free of 1,2-ethylenediamine. More particularly, it contains less than 1 weight %, preferably less than 0.5 weight %, more preferably less than 0.1 weight %, of 1,2-ethylenediamine.
With particular preference the reaction product is purified by distillation. In that case the reaction product is distilled and the distillate obtained is used. A reaction product of this kind purified by distillation enables epoxy resin composition featuring particularly rapid curing.
Especially preferred is distillation-purified N-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine from the reductive alkylation of 1,2-ethylenediamine with benzaldehyde, where 1,2-ethylenediamine has been used in particular in a stoichiometric excess over benzaldehyde. A reaction product of this kind purified by distillation allows access to low-odor and low-emission epoxy resin compositions of very low viscosity, with rapid development of hardness or curing, and with surprisingly high hardness, which, surprisingly, exhibit virtually no yellowing.
Especially preferred, furthermore, is distillation-purified N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine or N-(4-(dimethylamino)benzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine from the reductive alkylation of 1,2-ethylenediamine with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde) or 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, respectively, where 1,2-ethylenediamine has been used in particular in a stoichiometric excess over the aldehyde. A reaction product of this kind purified by distillation enables low-odor and low-emissions epoxy resin compositions with low viscosity, very rapid development of hardness, or curing, and a surprisingly attractive surface.
If n is 0, the hardener component additionally comprises at least one amine A having at least three amine hydrogens and a molecular weight of at least 200 g/mol which does not conform to the formula (I).
The amine A in this case increases in particular the reactivity of the hardener component. Without amine A, the curing rate of the epoxy resin composition is undesirably low, and blushing-related surface defects occur to an increased extent under conditions of combined dampness and cold.
If n is 1 or 2 or 3, the hardener component preferably likewise additionally comprises at least one amine A as described.
A further subject of the invention, therefore, is a hardener component comprising
A hardener component of this kind is low in odor, has a low viscosity, and forms hardly any cloudiness or crusts on air contact. With regard to epoxy resins, it has a high diluent effect in conjunction with high compatibility, and a high reactivity. It therefore enables low-emission epoxy resin compositions which have good processing properties, which cure particularly rapidly and largely without blushing effects, and do so to form films of high gloss and high hardness.
Especially suitable as amine A are the following polyamines:
Preferred among these are adducts of polyamines with epoxides, polyamido-amines, phenalkamines or ether group-containing aliphatic primary di- or triamines, more particularly polyoxyalkylene di- or -triamines having an average molecular weight in the range from 200 to 500 g/mol, especially Jeffamine® D-230 or Jeffamine® T-403 (both from Huntsman), or cycloaliphatic ether group-containing diamines from the propoxylation and subsequent amination of 1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane, especially Jeffamine® RFD-270 (from Huntsman).
It may be advantageous if the hardener component comprises a combination of two or more amines A.
Particularly preferred as amine A is an adduct of at least one polyamine having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one epoxide.
Adducts of this kind are virtually odorless and enable inexpensive epoxy resin compositions with rapid curing, high hardness and an attractive surface. Without effective dilution, however, they are typically too high in viscosity for many coating applications.
Suitability as polyamine for such an adduct is possessed in particular by 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,2-butane-diamine, 1,3-butanediamine, 1,4-butanediamine, 2,3-butanediamine, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, 1,3-pentanediamine (DAMP), 1,5-pentanediamine, 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane (MPMD), 1,6-hexanediamine, 2,5-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, 2,2(4),4-trimethyl-hexamethylenediamine (TMD), 1,7-heptanediamine, 1,8-octanediamine, 1,9-nonanediamine, 1,10-decanediamine, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane (isophoronediamine or IPDA), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,3-diaminocyclohexane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 2- or 4-methyl-1,3-di-aminocyclohexane or mixtures thereof, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 2,5(2,6)-bis(aminomethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane (NBDA), 1,4-diamino-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexane (TMCDA), 1,8-menthanediamine, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)benzene (MXDA), 1,4-bis(amino-methyl)benzene, bis(2-aminoethyl) ether, 3,6-dioxaoctane-1,8-diamine, 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine, 4,7-dioxadecane-2,9-diamine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropylamine, bis(hexamethylene)triamine (BHMT), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylene-pentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), dipropylenetriamine (DPTA), N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (N3-amine), N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine (N4-amine), N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, N5-(3-aminopropyl)-2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine or N3-(3-aminopentyl)-1,3-pentanediamine.
Preferred of these is 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,2-butanediamine, 1,3-butanediamine, 1,4-butane-diamine, DAMP, MPMD, TMD, IPDA, 2- or 4-methyl-1,3-diaminocyclohexane or mixtures thereof, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, MXDA, DETA, TETA, DPTA, N3 amine, or N4 amine.
These amines are readily available and inexpensive. In unadducted form in an epoxy resin composition, however, they may give rise to problems with odor and emissions and problems with blushing effects on curing.
The adduct present in the hardener component preferably includes only a low content of such polyamines in unadducted form.
Particularly preferred thereof is 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine or MPMD. These amines are readily obtainable and, after adducting, can be removed from the adduct in a simple way by means of distillation, if they have been used in excess for the adducting. The adducts obtained accordingly enable epoxy resin compositions featuring rapid curing, high hardness and attractive surfaces.
Preferred as epoxide for such an adduct are aromatic diepoxides, in particular, bisphenol A or bisphenol F or bisphenol A/F diglycidyl ether or resorcinol diglycidyl ether, especially commercially available liquid resins.
Preferred as epoxide for such an adduct are, furthermore, monoepoxides, more particularly aromatic monoepoxides, especially cresyl glycidyl ether, tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether or the glycidyl ether of cardanol. Particularly preferred is cresyl glycidyl ether. Suitable cresyl glycidyl ethers are all isomeric cresyl glycidyl ethers or mixtures thereof, more particularly commercially available types such as Araldite® DY-K (from Huntsman), Polypox™ R6 (from Dow), Heloxy™ KR (from Hexion) or Erisyse GE-10 (from CVC Spec. Chem.).
The adduct is prepared preferably by slow metered addition of the epoxide to an initial charge of polyamine, the temperature of the reactants being maintained preferably in the range from 40 to 120° C., more particularly 50 to 110° C.
Such adducts exhibit excellent properties as hardeners for epoxy resins, more particularly a rapid cure rate even at low temperatures and a relatively unpronounced tendency toward blushing effects. They produce films of excellent quality, but in view of their viscosity are suitable for coating applications only if they are diluted. Through the combination with the amine of the formula (I), a hardener component is produced which allows access to low-emission epoxy resin coatings having excellent processability, rapid curing, attractive surface and low tendency to yellowing.
More particularly, the amine A is an adduct of at least one polyamine, having at least one aromatic monoepoxide, these reactants being reacted in a molar ratio of approximately 1/1. During the reaction, the polyamine may have been present in excess and may have been removed by distillation after the reaction.
For an adduct of this kind the aromatic monoepoxide is preferably a cresyl glycidyl ether, more particularly ortho-cresyl glycidyl ether.
For an adduct of this kind the polyamine is preferably 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine or MPMD, more preferably 1,2-propylenediamine or MPMD.
Very preferably the amine A is an adduct of 1,2-propylenediamine with o-cresyl glycidyl ether that is prepared with an excess of 1,2-propylenediamine and with subsequent removal of the excess by distillation. An adduct of this kind contains a high content of 1-((2-aminopropyl)amino)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)propan-2-ol.
Additionally with very particular preference the amine A is an adduct of 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane with o-cresyl glycidyl ether that has been prepared with an excess of 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane and with subsequent removal of the excess by distillation. An adduct of this kind contains a high content of 1-((5-amino-2(4)-methylpentyl)amino)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)propan-2-ol.
The term “excess” here refers not to the reactive groups but rather to the molar ratio between the polyamine molecule and the cresyl glycidyl ether.
These especially preferred adducts are of comparatively low viscosity, have particularly good compatibility and reactivity with the customary epoxy resin compositions, exhibit virtually no tendency toward blushing effects, and enable cured films of high gloss and high hardness. Used alone, however, these adducts as well have too high a viscosity as hardeners for epoxy resin coatings.
Furthermore, the amine A is in particular an adduct of at least one polyamine and at least one aromatic diepoxide, reacted in a molar ratio of approximately 2/1. During the reaction, the polyamine may have been present in excess and may have been removed by distillation after the reaction.
The term “excess” here refers not to the reactive groups but rather to the molar ratio between the polyamine molecule and the diepoxide molecule.
For an adduct of this kind, the aromatic diepoxide is preferably a bisphenol A or bisphenol F or bisphenol A/F diglycidyl ether or a resorcinol diglycidyl ether, more particularly a commercially available liquid resin.
For an adduct of this kind, the polyamine is preferably 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylenediamine or MPMD, more particularly 1,2-propylenediamine.
These adducts are easily obtainable and have particularly high compatibility and reactivity with the customary epoxy resin compositions, exhibit virtually no tendency toward blushing effects, and enable cured films of high gloss and high hardness. Used alone, however, they are much too high in viscosity as hardeners for epoxy resin coatings.
The hardener component may comprise further amines that are reactive toward epoxides, more particularly the following amines:
The hardener component is preferably largely free from amines having a molecular weight below 150 g/mol, more particularly below 120 g/mol. It contains preferably less than 2 weight %, more particularly less than 1 weight %, of amines having a molecular weight below 120 g/mol, more particularly below 150 g/mol.
A hardener component of this kind has particularly toxicological and odor advantages and enables access to coatings having particularly attractive surfaces.
The hardener component may further comprise at least one accelerator. Suitable accelerators are substances which accelerate the reaction between amino groups and epoxide groups, more particularly acids or compounds which can be hydrolyzed to acids, more particularly organic carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid, lactic acid, organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, sulfonic esters, other organic or inorganic acids such as, in particular, phosphoric acid, or mixtures of the aforementioned acids and acid esters; tertiary amines such as, in particular, 1,4-di-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, benzyldimethylamine, α-methylbenzyldimethylamine, triethanolamine, dimethylaminopropylamine, imidazoles such as, in particular, N-methylimidazole, N-vinylimidazole or 1,2-dimethylimidazole, salts of such tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, such as, in particular benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, amidines such as, in particular, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, guanidines such as, in particular, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine, phenols, especially bisphenols, phenolic resins or Mannich bases such as, in particular, 2-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol or polymers of phenol, formaldehyde and N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, phosphites such as, in particular, diphenyl or triphenyl phosphites, or compounds containing mercapto groups. Preferred accelerators are acids, tertiary amines or Mannich bases.
Most preferred is salicylic acid or 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol or a combination thereof.
The hardener component may further comprise at least one diluent, more particularly xylene, 2-methoxyethanol, dimethoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-benzyloxyethanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol diphenyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol di-n-butylyl ether, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol phenyl ether, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, N-methylpyrrolidone, diphenylmethane, diisopropylnaphthalene, petroleum fractions such as, for example, Solvesso® grades (from Exxon), alkylphenols such as tert-butylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecylphenol and 8,11,14-pentadecatrienylphenol (Cardanol, from cashew shell oil, available for example as Cardolite NC-700 from Cardolite Corp., USA), styrenized phenol, bisphenols, aromatic hydrocarbon resins, especially those containing phenol groups, alkoxylated phenol, especially ethoxylated or propoxylated phenol, more particularly 2-phenoxyethanol, adipates, sebacates, phthalates, benzoates, organic phosphoric acid esters or sulfonic acid esters or sulfonamides. Preferred are benzyl alcohol, dodecylphenol, tert-butylphenol, styrenized phenol, ethoxylated phenol, or aromatic hydrocarbon resins containing phenol groups, more particularly the Novares® grades LS 500, LX 200, LA 300 or LA 700 (from Rütgers).
The hardener component preferably contains none or only a low level of diluents. With preference it contains not more than 5 weight % of diluents. The hardener component may comprise further substances that are reactive toward epoxide groups, examples being monoamines such as hexylamine or benzylamine, or compounds containing mercapto groups, more particularly the following:
The hardener component comprises preferably 1 to 90 weight %, preferably 2 to 80 weight %, more preferably 5 to 65 weight %, more particularly 10 to 50 weight %, of amine of the formula (I). Such hardener components are notable for a low viscosity and enable epoxy resin coatings with high curing rate, virtually no tendency toward blushing effects, and high hardness.
A particularly preferred hardener component comprises
In this case, the amine of the formula (I), the adduct and the further amine are present in an amount such that, of the amine hydrogens included in total in the hardener component,
A hardener component of this kind is low in odor, has a low viscosity, and forms hardly any cloudiness or crusts on air contact. With regard to epoxy resins, it has a high diluent effect in conjunction with particularly high compatibility and particularly high reactivity. It therefore enables low-emission epoxy resin compositions which have good processing properties, which cure particularly rapidly and largely without blushing effects, and do so to form films of very high gloss and high hardness.
The further amine here may be an amine A as described above.
The resin component of the epoxy resin composition described comprises at least one epoxy resin.
Suitability as epoxy resin is possessed by customary technical epoxy resins. These are obtained in a known manner, as for example from the oxidation of the corresponding olefins or from the reaction of epichlorohydrin with the corresponding polyols, polyphenols or amines.
Particularly suitable as epoxy resin are what are called liquid polyepoxy resins, referred to hereinafter as “liquid resin”. These have a glass transition temperature below 25° C.
Likewise possible as epoxy resin are what are called solid resins, which have a glass transition temperature above 25° C. and can be comminuted to powders which are pourable at 25° C.
Suitable epoxy resins are, in particular, aromatic epoxy resins, more particularly the glycidylization products of:
Further suitable epoxy resins are aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyepoxides, more particularly
A preferred epoxy resin in the resin component is a liquid resin based on a bisphenol, more particularly a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol F or bisphenol A/F, of the kind available commercially, for example, from Dow, Huntsman or Momentive. These liquid resins have a low viscosity for epoxy resins and in the cured state exhibit good properties as a coating. They may include fractions of solid bisphenol A resin or bisphenol F novolaks.
The resin component may comprise are active diluent, more particularly a reactive diluent having at least one epoxide group. Particularly suitable as reactive diluents are the glycidyl ethers of mono- or polyhydric phenols or aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alcohols, such as, in particular, the aforementioned polyglycidyl ethers of di- or polyols, or, furthermore, phenyl glycidyl ether, cresyl glycidyl ether, benzyl glycidyl ether, p-n-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, p-tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, nonylphenyl glycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butyl glycidyl ether, hexyl glycidyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether, or glycidyl ethers of natural alcohols such as, in particular, C8 to C10 alkyl glycidyl ether or C12 to C14 alkyl glycidyl ether. The addition of a reactive diluent to the epoxy resin has the effect of reducing the viscosity, and/or of reducing the glass transition temperature and/or the mechanical values.
The epoxy resin composition optionally comprises further constituents, particularly auxiliaries and adjuvants customarily used in epoxy resin compositions, examples being the following:
inorganic or organic fillers, especially ground or precipitated calcium carbonates, with or without a coating of fatty acids, more particularly of stearates, barytes (heavy spar), talcs, finely ground quartzes, silica sand, iron mica, dolomites, wollastonites, kaolins, mica (potassium aluminum silicate), molecular sieves, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxides, magnesium hydroxide, silicas, cements, gypsums, flyashes, carbon black, graphite, metal powders such as aluminum, copper, iron, zinc, silver or steel, PVC powders or hollow beads;
The epoxy resin composition preferably comprises further auxiliaries and adjuvants, especially wetting agents, flow control agents, defoamers, stabilizers, pigments and/or accelerators, especially salicylic acid and/or 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol.
The epoxy resin composition preferably contains none or only a small amount of diluents, preferably not more than 5 weight %, especially not more than 2 weight %.
The ratio of the number of groups that are reactive toward epoxide groups in the epoxy resin composition, to the number of epoxide groups, is preferably in the range from 0.5 to 1.5, more particularly 0.7 to 1.2.
The amine hydrogens and, where present, other groups that are reactive toward epoxide groups, present in the epoxy resin composition, react with the epoxide groups with ring-opening of the latter groups (addition reaction). As a result of these reactions, the composition undergoes polymerization and ultimately cures. The person skilled in the art is aware that primary amino groups are difunctional groups with respect to epoxide groups, and a primary amino group therefore counts as two groups that are reactive toward epoxide groups.
The two components of the epoxy resin composition are each stored in their own container. Further constituents of the epoxy resin composition may be present as part of the resin component or of the hardener component, with further constituents that are reactive toward epoxide groups preferably being part of the hardener component. A suitable container for storing the resin component or the hardener component is, in particular, a drum, a Hobbock, a pouch, a pail, a canister, a cartridge or a tube. The components are storable, meaning that they can be kept for several months up to a year or more before being employed, without suffering alteration in their respective properties to any extent relevant for their use. For the use of the epoxy resin composition, the resin component and the hardener component are mixed with one another shortly before or during application. The mixing ratio between the two components is preferably selected such that the groups of the hardener component that are reactive toward epoxide groups are present in an appropriate ratio to the epoxide groups of the resin component, as described above. In terms of parts by weight, the mixing ratio between the resin component and the hardener component is customarily in the range from 1:10 to 10:1.
The two components are mixed by means of suitable method; this may take place continuously or batchwise. If mixing takes place prior to application, it should be ensured that not too much time elapses between the mixing of the components and application, since otherwise there may be disruptions, such as retarded or incomplete development of adhesion to the substrate, for example. Mixing takes place in particular at ambient temperature, which is typically in the range from about 5 to 50° C., preferably at about 10 to 30° C. The mixing of the two components is at the same time the start of curing through chemical reaction, as described above. Curing takes place in particular at ambient temperature. It typically extends over several days to weeks, until it has largely concluded under the prevailing conditions. The duration is dependent on factors including the temperature, the reactivity of the constituents and their stoichiometry, and also the presence of accelerators. A further subject of the invention, accordingly, is a cured composition obtained from the curing of an epoxy resin composition as described in the present document.
The epoxy resin composition is applied to at least one substrate, those below being particularly suitable:
As and when necessary, the substrates may be pretreated before the epoxy resin composition is applied. Such pretreatments include, in particular, physical and/or chemical cleaning techniques, as for example sanding, sandblasting, shotblasting, brushing and/or blowing, and also, furthermore, treatment with cleaners or solvents, or the application of an adhesion promoter, an adhesion promoter solution or a primer.
The epoxy resin composition described can be used with advantage as a fiber composite matrix for fiber composite materials (composites) such as, in particular, CRP or GRP, or as an encapsulating compound, sealant, adhesive, covering, coating, paint, varnish, seal, priming coat or primer.
More particularly it can be used as an encapsulating compound, such as an electrical encapsulant, for example, or as an adhesive, more particularly as a bodywork adhesive, sandwich element adhesive, half-shell adhesive for rotor blades of wind turbines, bridge element adhesive or anchoring adhesive. It can also be used, in particular, as a covering, coating, paint, varnish, seal, priming coat for primer for construction and industry applications, more particularly as a floor covering or floor coating for interiors such as offices, industrial halls, sports halls or cooling rooms, or, in the exterior segment, for balconies, terraces, parking decks, bridges or roofs, as a protective coating for concrete, cement, metals, plastics or wood, for the surface sealing of wooden constructions, vehicles, loading areas, tanks, silos, shafts, piping circuits, pipelines, machines or steel constructions, for example, such as of boats, piers, offshore platforms, sluice gates, hydroelectric power stations, river constructions, swimming pools, wind turbines, bridges, chimneys, cranes or sheet-pile walls, for example.
In particular, moreover, it can be used as an undercoat, tie coat, anticorrosion primer, or for rendering surfaces hydrophobic.
The fully or partly cured epoxy resin composition, especially when used as a coating, covering or paint, may have a further coating, covering or paint applied to it, in which case this further layer may likewise comprise an epoxy resin composition, or else may comprise a different material, particularly a polyurethane coating or polyurea coating.
With particular advantage the epoxy resin composition described is used as a coating.
A further subject of the invention, accordingly, is a coating comprising an epoxy resin composition as described above.
A coating in this context refers to two-dimensionally applied coverings of all kinds, especially paints, varnishes, seals, priming coats or primers, as described above, or floor coverings or protective coatings, including in particular those for heavy-duty corrosion control. With particular advantage the epoxy resin composition described is used in low-emission coatings that carry eco-quality seals, according for example to Emicode (EC1 Plus), AgBB, DIBt, Der Blaue Engel, AFSSET, RTS (M1), and US Green Building Council (LEED).
As a coating, the epoxy resin composition is used advantageously in a method for coating, where it has a liquid consistency with low viscosity and good leveling properties and is applied more particularly as a self-leveling or thixotrope coating to predominantly planar surfaces or as a paint. In the context of this application, the viscosity of the epoxy resin composition immediately after the mixing of the resin and hardener components, and as measured at 20° C., is preferably in the range from 300 to 4000 mPa·s, preferably in the range from 300 to 2000 mPa·s, more preferably in the range from 300 to 1500 mPa·s. Within the working time, the mixed composition is applied two-dimensionally as a thin film having a layer thickness of typically about 50 μm to about 5 mm to a substrate, typically at ambient temperature. Application is accomplished in particular by pouring the composition onto the substrate that is to be coated, and then spreading it evenly with the aid, for example, of a doctor blade or toothed applicator. Application may alternatively take place with a brush or roller or by spray application, as an anticorrosion coating on steel, for example.
Curing is typically accompanied by the development of largely clear, glossy and nonsticky films of high-hardness, which exhibit effective adhesion to a very wide variety of substrates.
The use of the epoxy resin composition results in an article comprising the cured composition from the curing of the epoxy resin composition described. The cured composition here is present in particular in the form of a coating.
The epoxy resin composition described is notable for advantageous properties. It is of low viscosity and odor and cures rapidly, even under damp and cold conditions, and does so largely without blushing effects, even when the fractions of diluents are small or none are used at all, and in particular also without the use of volatile, intensely odorous amines. In two-dimensional use as a coating, the resulting films are clear, nonsticky, very hard, and of high surface quality, with virtually no yellowing under the influence of light. Accessible in particular with the epoxy resin composition described are low-emission epoxy resin products which fulfill the conditions for numerous eco-quality seals and at the same time satisfy exacting requirements in terms of operational safety, processing properties and service properties.
A further subject of the invention is the use of an amine of the formula (I), as described above, as constituent of a hardener for epoxy resins, where, if n is 0, at least one amine A, as described above, is additionally present.
A further subject of the invention is a method for the dilution of a hardener for epoxy resins and/or of an epoxy resin composition, by addition of an amine of the formula (I), as described above.
The hardener for epoxy resins or the epoxy resin composition here comprises in particular an adduct, having at least three amine hydrogens, of at least one polyamine and at least one epoxide, as described above.
The adduct is preferably either an adduct of at least one polyamine and at least one aromatic monoepoxide, reacted in a molar ratio of approximately 1/1, or an adduct of at least one polyamine and at least one aromatic diepoxide, reacted in a molar ratio of approximately 2/1. During the reaction, the polyamine may have been present in excess and may have been removed by distillation after the reaction. For an adduct of this kind, the aromatic monoepoxide is preferably a cresyl glycidyl ether, more particularly ortho-cresyl glycidyl ether, and the polyamine is preferably 1,2-propylenediamine or MPMD. The aromatic diepoxide is in particular a bisphenol A or F or A/F diglycidyl ether or a resorcinol diglycidyl ether, more particularly a commercially available liquid resin, and the polyamine is preferably 1,2-ethylenediamine or 1,2-propylene-diamine.
Following dilution, the hardener has in particular a viscosity as measured at 20° C. in the range from 100 to 4000 mPa·s, preferably in the range from 100 to 2000 mPa·s, more preferably in the range from 100 to 1500 mPa·s. Following dilution and immediately after mixing with the amine of the formula (I), the epoxy resin composition has in particular a viscosity as measured at 20° C. in the range from 300 to 4000 mPa·s, preferably in the range from 300 to 2000 mPa·s, more preferably in the range from 300 to 1500 mPa·s.
Set out below are working examples which are intended to elucidate in more detail the invention described. The invention is of course not confined to these working examples described.
“AHEW” stands for the amine hydrogen equivalent weight.
“EEW” stands for the epoxide equivalent weight.
“Standard conditions” refer to a temperature of 23±1° C. and a relative atmospheric humidity of 50±5%. “SC” stands for “standard conditions”.
Infrared spectra (FT-IR) were measured as undiluted films on an FT-IR instrument 1600 from Perkin-Elmer equipped with a horizontal ATR measurement unit with ZnSe crystal; the absorption bands are reported in wavenumbers (cm−1); (measuring window: 4000-650 cm−1).
1H-NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker Ascend 400 spectrometer at 400.14 MHz; the chemical shifts 5 are reported in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS). No distinction is made between true and pseudo-coupling patterns.
Gas chromatograms (GC) were measured in the temperature range from 60 to 320° C. at a heating rate of 15° C./min and 10 min dwell time at 320° C. The injector temperature was 250° C. A Zebron ZB-5 column was used (L=30 m, ID=0.25 mm, dj=0.5 μm) with a gas flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Detection took place by means of flame ionization (FID).
The viscosity of samples with relatively high viscosity (above 150 mPa·s) was measured on a thermostated cone/plate viscometer, Rheotec RC30 (cone diameter 50 mm, cone angle 1°, cone tip/plate distance 0.05 mm, shear rate 10 s−1).
The viscosity of low-viscosity samples (below 150 mPa·s) was measured on a thermostated cone/plate rheometer, Anton Paar Physica MCR 300 (cone diameter 25 mm, cone angle 2°, cone tip/plate distance 0.05 mm, shear rate 100 s−1).
The amine number was determined by titration (with 0.1N HCIO4 in acetic acid against crystal violet).
EP adduct 2 was prepared by initially introducing 4.65 kg of 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane (Dytek® A from Invista) under a nitrogen atmosphere, heating this initial charge to 70° C. and then slowly adding 1.83 kg of Araldite® DY-K with thorough stirring, the temperature of the reaction mixture being 70 to 80° C. After 1 hour at 80° C., the reaction mixture was cooled and the volatile constituents were removed by distillation using a thin-film evaporator (0.5-1 mbar, jacket temperature 160° C.).
EP adduct 3 was prepared by initially introducing 4.15 kg of 1,2-propylenediamine under a nitrogen atmosphere, heating this initial charge to 70° C. and then slowly adding 2.93 kg of Araldite® DY-K with thorough stirring, the temperature of the reaction mixture being 70 to 80° C. After 1 hour at 80° C., the reaction mixture was cooled and the volatile constituents were removed by distillation using a thin-film evaporator (0.5-1 mbar, jacket temperature 115° C.).
A round-bottomed flask was charged at room temperature with 120.2 g (2 mol) of 1,2-ethylenediamine under a nitrogen atmosphere. With thorough stirring, a solution of 42.4 g (0.4 mol) of benzaldehyde in 800 ml of isopropanol was added slowly dropwise, followed by stirring for 2 hours more. The reaction mixture was subsequently hydrogenated under a hydrogen pressure of 90 bar, at a temperature of 90° C. and with a flow rate of 5 ml/min, on a continuous hydrogenation apparatus with Pd/C fixed-bed catalyst. To monitor the reaction, IR spectroscopy was used to verify whether the imine band at about 1665 cm−1 had disappeared. At that point the hydrogenated solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator at 65° C. with removal of unreacted 1,2-ethylenediamine and isopropanol. The reaction mixture thus obtained was a clear, slightly yellowish liquid having an amine number of 668.4 mg KOH/g.
50 g of this reaction mixture were distilled under reduced pressure at 80° C., and 31.3 g of distillate were collected at a vapor temperature of 60 to 65° C. under 0.06 bar. The product was a colorless liquid having a viscosity of 8.3 mPa·s at 20° C., an amine number of 749.6 mg KOH/g and a purity as determined by GC of >97% (retention time 8.47-8.57 min), which was used below as amine 1.
1H-NMR (CDCl3): 7.36-7.32 (m, 5H, Ar—H), 3.79 (s, 2H, Ar—CH2), 2.80 (t, 2H, CH2NH2), 2.68 (t, 2H, NHCH2CH2), 1.28 (br s, 3H NH and NH2) FT-IR: 3365, 3285, 3025, 2913, 2814, 1601, 1493, 1451, 1199, 1067, 1027, 801, 731.
A round-bottomed flask was charged at room temperature with 120.2 g (2 mol) of 1,2-ethylenediamine under a nitrogen atmosphere. With thorough stirring, a solution of 54.4 g (0.4 mol) of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (=anisaldehyde) in 800 ml of isopropanol was added slowly dropwise with stirring continued for 2 hours thereafter. The reaction mixture was subsequently hydrogenated under a hydrogen pressure of 90 bar at a temperature of 85° C. and with a flow rate of 5 ml/min on a continuous hydrogenation apparatus with Pd/C fixed-bed catalyst. For reaction monitoring, IR spectroscopy was used to verify whether the imine band at about 1665 cm−1 had disappeared. At that point the hydrogenated solution was concentrated at 65° C. on a rotary evaporator, with removal of unreacted 1,2-ethylenediamine and isopropanol. The reaction mixture thus obtained was a clear, yellowish liquid. 62.7 g of this reaction mixture were distilled under reduced pressure at 110° C., and 48.9 g of distillate with a vapor temperature of 90 to 92° C. at 0.024 bar were collected. This gave a colorless liquid having a viscosity of 22 mPa·s at 20° C., an amine number of 615.1 mg KOH/g and a purity as determined by GC of >97% (retention time 10.69 min), which was used hereinafter as amine 2.
1H-NMR (CDCl3): 7.22 (d, 2H, Ar—H), 6.85 (d, 2H, Ar—H), 3.78 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.72 (d, 2H, Ar—CH2NH), 2.79 (t, 2H, CH2NH2), 2.66 (t, 2H, NHCH2CH2), 1.29 (br s, 3H NH and NH2).
FT-IR: 3285, 2931, 2832, 1610, 1584, 1509, 1461, 1441, 1299, 1248, 1173, 1106, 1031, 808.
A round-bottomed flask was charged at room temperature with 148.3 g (2 mol) of 1,3-propanediamine under a nitrogen atmosphere. With thorough stirring, a solution of 42.4 g (0.4 mol) of benzaldehyde in 800 ml of isopropanol was added slowly dropwise, followed by stirring for 2 hours more. The reaction mixture was subsequently hydrogenated under a hydrogen pressure of 90 bar, at a temperature of 90° C. and with a flow rate of 5 ml/min, on a continuous hydrogenation apparatus with Pd/C fixed-bed catalyst. To monitor the reaction, IR spectroscopy was used to verify whether the imine band at about 1665 cm−1 had disappeared. At that point the hydrogenated solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator at 65° C., with removal of unreacted 1,3-propanediamine and isopropanol. The reaction mixture thus obtained was a clear, slightly yellowish liquid having an amine number of 569 mg KOH/g. 50 g of this reaction mixture were distilled under reduced pressure at 90° C., and 33.8 g of distillate with a vapor temperature of 68 to 73° C. at 0.06 bar were collected. This gave a colorless liquid having a viscosity of 10.8 mPa·s at 20° C., an amine number of 682 mg KOH/g and a purity as determined by GC of >97% (retention time 9.39-9.46 min), which was used hereinafter as amine 3 for comparison purposes.
For each example, the ingredients specified in tables 1 to 2 were mixed in the stated quantities (in parts by weight) of the hardener component using a centrifugal mixer (SpeedMixer™ DAC 150, FlackTek Inc.) and the mixtures were stored in the absence of moisture.
Similarly, the ingredients of the resin component as specified in tables 1 to 2 were processed and stored.
Thereafter the two components of each composition were processed to a homogeneous liquid using the centrifugal mixer, and this liquid was tested immediately as follows:
10 minutes after mixing, the viscosity at 20° C. was ascertained (“viscosity (10′)”).
A first film was drawn down in a film thickness of 500 μm onto a glass plate, which was stored/cured under standard conditions. Determined on this film was the König hardness (pendulum hardness as König, measured to DIN EN ISO 1522) after 1 day (“König hardness (1 d SC)”), after 2 days (“König hardness (2 d SC)”), after 4 days (“König hardness (4 d SC)”), after 7 days (“König hardness (7 d SC)”), and after 14 days (“König hardness (14 d SC)”). After 14 days, the appearance of the film was assessed (identified in the table as “appearance (SC)”. A film identified as “attractive” there was clear and had a glossy and nonsticky surface without structure. “Structure” here refers to any kind of marking or pattern on the surface.
A second film was drawn down onto a glass plate in a film thickness of 500 μm, and this film immediately after application was stored, or cured, at 8° C. and at 80% relative humidity for 7 days and subsequently under standard conditions (SC) for 3 weeks. 24 hours after application, a polypropylene bottle cap was placed onto the film, with a moist sponge placed beneath the cap. After a further 24 hours, the sponge and the cap were removed and were placed on a new site on the film, where, after 24 hours, they were removed again and placed anew, a total of 4 times. Thereafter the appearance of this film was assessed (identified in the tables as “appearance (8°/80%)”), in the same way as described for the appearance (SC). Also reported here in each case is the number of marks visible in the film as a result of the wet sponge and/or the applied cap. On the films cured in this way, the König hardness was again determined, in each case after 7 days at 8° C. and 80% relative humidity (“König hardness (7 d 8°/80%)”), then after a further 2 days under SC (“König hardness (+2 d SC)”), 7 days under SC (“König hardness (+7 d SC)”), and 14 d under SC (“Konig hardness (+14 d SC)”).
A further measure used for the yellowing was the color change after exposure in a weathering tester. For this purpose, a further film was drawn down in a film thickness of 500 μm onto a glass plate and was stored, or cured, under standard conditions for 2 weeks and subsequently exposed in a Q-Sun Xenon Xe-1 weathering tester with Q-SUN Daylight-Q optical filter and with a xenon lamp, with a luminous intensity of 0.51 W/m2 at 340 nm and at a temperature of 65° C. for 72 hours (Q-Sun (72 h)). Thereafter the color difference ΔE of the film thus exposed was determined in comparison to the corresponding unexposed film, using an NH310 colorimeter from Shenzen 3NH Technology Co. LTD, equipped with Silicon Photoelectric Diode Detector, Light Source A, Color Space Measurement Interface CIE L*a*b*C*H*. AE values of 0.5 to 1.5 here represent a small color difference, 1.5 to 3 a marked color difference, 3 to 6 a distinctly visible color difference, and more than 6 a large color difference. The results are reported in tables 1 to 2.
The epoxy resin compositions EZ-1 to EZ-7 are inventive examples. The epoxy resin compositions Ref-1 to Ref-5 are comparative examples.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15183276.3 | Sep 2015 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/746,911, filed on Jan. 23, 2018, which in turn is a national stage application of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2016/070426, which was filed on Aug. 30, 2016. The entireties of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15746911 | Jan 2018 | US |
| Child | 17341583 | US |
