Patent Grant
11876653
Typical over the air (OTA) radio transmissions can have significant latencies when transmitted over long distances such as across oceans. Moreover, these transmission channels can be rather noisy which in turn increases the need for error correction. High frequency (HF) radio communication channels of most long-distance communication systems are limited by the available assigned radio bandwidth and channel capacity at any given time. When using the HF radio channel in a financial high-frequency trading application, this limited bandwidth can cause delays in the receipt of financial instructions which in turn can be financially detrimental. Equalizing radio signals containing these instructions can be difficult and time consuming.
Thus, there is a need for improvement in this field.
A unique method for equalizing a wireless communication channels or other channels has been developed for low latency, low bandwidth wireless communication channel environments.
Wireless channels introduce a variety of impairments including echoes, frequency selectivity, frequency shift (due to doppler) and delay spread each of which will reduce the reliability of correctly receiving the signal. To combat these effects, many digital communication systems use some form of equalizer in order to reduce the undesirable effects of radio channel induced impairments. These solutions take the form of equalizing filters which attempt to correct time and/or frequency distortions. Such filters may be analog or digital in nature. Common techniques include sending pilot tones, sending pilot symbols, and using blind equalization. Each of these may be used in combination with the others or may be used on their own. The use of the above and related techniques is often referred to as equalization. The purpose of a RF channel equalizer in a digital demodulator is to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by channel distortions and echoes so that data may be decoded more reliably (i.e. at a lower symbol error rate).
It was discovered that all three of these techniques are not optimally suited skywave radio systems that have low latency but also low bandwidth. The low latency of these systems are helpful with high-speed financial trading, especially between remote, overseas financial markets, but with the low bandwidth, message data is at a premium. Equalization by sending pilot tones or symbols consumes valuable radio resources in order to fit the overhead added to the transmitted data. With blind equalization, the general knowledge of the nature of the data and symbols being transmitted is used to provide error estimates as an input to the equalization algorithms. For example, in a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) system each symbol would ideally be at one of four specific points in the modulation constellation during the center of a symbol time. In a low-error-ratio environment, each decision has a high probability of being correct with errors typically of a few percent or less. Thus, even when no independent reference signal is added to the signal, the transmitted signal can be inferred from the received data, because the transmitted signal is limited a specific number of values in a modulation constellation. The challenge for blind equalization is convergence time. Convergence time for blind equalization may not be rapid enough for use in many radio channels.
The equalization technique described herein addresses the shortcomings of these different equalization methods mentioned above by sending an exact copy, nearly exact copy, or some facsimile of the transmitted message (or associated information) via a backend communication channel such as a fiber optic network. Equalization is generally performed by comparing the originally received message to the copy sent via the backend channel. The original message can incorporate an added channel delay to compensate for the time delay between the primary and backend channels.
In one example, the method is used to equalize a high frequency (HF) radio channel by transmitting a duplicate or representative copy of the waveform transmitted over the HF radio channel via a second or backend communication channel, such as a fiber-optic communications system, where the received HF signal may be additionally delayed in order to establish the best case equalizer performance. An identical second equalizer is allowed to converge when the HF receive signal is not additionally delayed or delayed only to the amount that the combined system meets the required timing performance. The difference between the converged tap values of the two equalizers are combined to create a metric which is used as an index into a table to select the desired modulation and coding method to be used over the HF radio channel. The converged tap values can further be used as an index to a table to select the desired modulation and coding method to be used over the HF radio channel. An acceptable delay between the HF and backend channels is determined based on the timing constraints of a high frequency trading system. The acceptable additional delay of HF radio channel is determined in part by the nature of the HF radio channel with benign channels supporting higher modulation formats and in turn less serialization delay. Another example concerns a technique for reducing the delay of a time domain equalizer by evaluating the effect of removing feed forward delay stages. A further example concerns a method for using a slower secondary channel for overhead signaling, link control, alarm reporting, configuration control and/or other system management functions without consuming communications capacity on the lower delay, HF radio channel.
The system and techniques as described and illustrated herein concern a number of unique and inventive aspects. Some, but by no means all, of these unique aspects are summarized below.
Aspect 1 generally concerns a method that includes receiving a signal over a primary communication channel.
Aspect 2 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes receiving at least a representative copy of the signal over a backend communication channel.
Aspect 3 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes equalizing the primary communication channel with a first equalizer by comparing the signal with the representative copy.
Aspect 4 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes establishing a best case performance of the equalizer by delaying the signal by a delay during the equalizing.
Aspect 5 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the primary communication channel includes a high frequency radio channel.
Aspect 6 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the primary communication channel includes a low bandwidth, low latency communication link.
Aspect 7 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the backend communication channel includes a fiber optic network.
Aspect 8 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the representative copy includes an exact copy of the signal.
Aspect 9 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the representative copy includes characteristic information of the signal.
Aspect 10 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes determining a timing performance for the primary communication channel.
Aspect 11 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the timing performance includes a minimum time delay.
Aspect 12 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes determining the minimum time delay at least based on a nature of the primary channel.
Aspect 13 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes changing to a higher modulation format when the nature of the primary channel is benign.
Aspect 14 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes determining the minimum time delay based on jitter of a financial market.
Aspect 15 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the financial market includes a high frequency trading system.
Aspect 16 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes converging a second equalizer with the first equalizer.
Aspect 17 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the second equalizer is identical to the first equalizer.
Aspect 18 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the converging occurs in response to the second equalizer at least satisfying the timing performance.
Aspect 19 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the converging occurs in response to the signal not being additionally delayed.
Aspect 20 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect in which the converging tap values of the first equalizer and the second equalizer.
Aspect 21 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes combining the tap values of the first equalizer and the second equalizer to create a metric.
Aspect 22 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes selecting a modulation and coding method based on the metric.
Aspect 23 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes indexing the modulation and coding method based on the metric.
Aspect 24 generally concerns the method of any previous aspect which includes reducing a time domain for the first equalizer by evaluating an effect of removing feed forward delay stages.
Aspect 25 generally concerns a system for performing the method of any previous aspect.
Further forms, objects, features, aspects, benefits, advantages, and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from a detailed description and drawings provided herewith.
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications in the described embodiments and any further applications of the principles of the invention as described herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. One embodiment of the invention is shown in great detail, although it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that some features that are not relevant to the present invention may not be shown for the sake of clarity.
The reference numerals in the following description have been organized to aid the reader in quickly identifying the drawings where various components are first shown. In particular, the drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated by the left-most digit(s) in the corresponding reference number. For example, an element identified by a “100” series reference numeral will likely first appear in
As will be explained in further detail below, the communication system 100 can be used in a number of situations, especially in situations where the information source 105 and information destination 110 are located physically remote from one another. The communication system 100 for instance can be used for private, commercial, medical, military, and/or governmental purposes. For the purposes of explanation, the communication system 100 will be described for use with a financial trading system, but it should be recognized that the communication system 100 can be adapted for other uses such as for issuing military commands and performing remote telemedicine procedures. In this example, the information source 105 and information destination 110 generally represent the locations of the computer systems for remotely located stock/commodity exchanges and/or financial institutions that trade on those exchanges. Some examples of these exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the NASDAQ Stock Market, Tokyo Stock Exchange (TYO), the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, Euronext, London Stock Exchange, Shenzhen Stock Exchange, Toronto Stock Exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange, Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), and the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), just to name a few.
As shown in
As can be seen, the primary communication channel 120 has a primary channel latency (ΔTP) 135 and a primary channel bandwidth (BP) 140. The backend channel latency 145 primary communication channel 120 has a backend channel latency (ΔTB) 145 and a backend channel bandwidth (BB) 150. The communication channels 115 in
The HF radio communication channel 115 of the communication system 100 can be limited by the available assigned radio bandwidth and channel capacity at any given time. When using the HF radio communication channel 115 in a financial high frequency trading application, increasing the number and/or transmission speed of messages increases the profit potential of the communication system 100. As will be further explained below, a unique method has been developed to reduce latency of messages sent over a bandwidth-limited wireless communication channel 115. In addition to decreasing latency, the reduced overhead of this technique results in a higher number of transactions per unit of time that can be communicated and/or executed.
Data may also be transmitted between the transmission station 214 and receiving station 218 using the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208. As illustrated in
As shown, the communication system 200 further includes a client 260 that has a connection 264 to the first communication node 212. The client 260 is configured to send instructions over the connection 264 to the first communication node 212. In the illustrated example, the connection 264 includes a wireless connection 266 such as a microwave network. At the first communication node 212, the instructions are prepared to be sent to the second communication node 216, either by the low latency, low bandwidth communication link 204 or the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208, or both. As shown, the second communication node 216 is connected to an instruction processor 268 via a connection 272. It should be recognized that the connection 272 can include wireless connection 266 like a microwave or other type of wireless connection. The client 260 may be any business, group, individual, and/or entity that desires to send instructions over a distance. The instruction processor 268 may be any business, group, individual, and/or entity that is meant to receive or act upon those instructions. In some embodiments, the connection 264 and connection 272 may be unnecessary as the client 260 may send the data to be transmitted directly from the first communication node 212 or the second communication node 216 may be connected directly to the instruction processor 268. The communication system 200 may be used for any kind of low-latency data transmission that is desired. As one example, the client 260 may be a doctor or surgeon working remotely while the instruction processor 268 may be a robotic instrument for working on a patient.
In some embodiments, the client 260 may be a financial instrument trader and the instruction processor 268 may be a stock exchange. The trader may wish to provide instructions to the stock exchange to buy or sell certain securities or bonds at specific times. Alternatively or additionally, the instructions are in the form of news and/or other information supplied by the trader and/or a third party organization, such as a news organization or a government. The trader may transmit the instructions to the first communication node 212 which sends the instructions and/or news to the second communication node 216 using the transmitting antenna 228, receiving antenna 232, and/or by the transmission line 244. The stock exchange can then process the actions desired by the trader upon receipt of the instructions and/or news.
The communication system 200 may be useful for high-frequency trading, where trading strategies are carried out on computers to execute trades in fractions of a second. In high-frequency trading, a delay of mere milliseconds may cost a trader millions of dollars; therefore, the speed of transmission of trading instructions is as important as the accuracy of the data transmitted. In some embodiments, the trader may transmit preset trading instructions or conditions for executing a trade to the second communication node 216, which is located within close proximity to a stock exchange, using the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208 at a time before the trader wishes to execute a trade. These instructions or conditions may require the transmission of a large amount of data, and may be delivered more accurately using the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208. Also, if the instructions or conditions are sent at a time prior to when a trade is wished to be executed, the higher latency of the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208 can be tolerated.
The eventual execution of the instructions may be accomplished by the trader transmitting triggering data to the communication system 200 on which the instructions are stored. Alternatively or additionally, the triggering data can includes news and/or other information supplied by the trader and/or a separate, third party organization. Upon receipt of the triggering data, the trading instructions are sent to the stock exchange and a trade is executed. The triggering data that is transmitted is generally a much smaller amount of data than the instructions; therefore, the triggering data may be sent over the low latency, low bandwidth communication link 204. When the triggering data is received at the second communication node 216, the instructions for a specific trade are sent to the stock exchange. Sending the triggering data over the low latency, low bandwidth communication link 204 rather than the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208 allows the desired trade to be executed as quickly as possible, giving the trader a time advantage over other parties trading the same financial instruments.
The configuration shown in
The second communication node 216 in
It should be recognized that the communication system 200 in
As mentioned before, messages transmitted along the primary communication channel 120 between the transmission station 214 and receiving station 218 experience some latency, and messages transmitted along the backend communication channel 125 likewise experience latency. The low latency, low bandwidth communication link 204 has a lower latency than the high latency, high bandwidth communication link 208 which creates a delay in reception of the same message transmitted along both communication channels 115 at the same time. Looking at
With the equalization method described herein, a (near) exact replica of the data from the HF radio channel 206 is transmitted to the demodulator 425 at the receiving station 218 over the fiber optic network 440. The information sent on the secondary or backend communication channel 125 is compared to the previously received waveform data from the primary communication channel 120. The differences (i.e., the channel induced error values) are used as inputs to the equalizer algorithms which work to reduce the primary channel impairments before decoding the received data. By transmitting the data copy over the fiber optic network 440 of the backend communication channel 125, bandwidth on the HF radio channel 206 of the primary communication channel 120 is conserved.
This secondary or backend channel copy data can for instance include the raw user data, whereby the demodulator 425 can use its knowledge of the encoding methods used by the modulator 405 at the transmission station 214 to establish what waveforms were transmitted by recreating them locally at the receiving station 218. This secondary channel data can also include the waveform data that was sent across the channel after the modulation and other baseband or transmit processes. A digitized version of a modulated audio signal or modulated low intermediate frequency signal can be used for this secondary channel data. The secondary channel data can further include a sample version of the transmitted signal from the radio transmitter 410. It should be recognized that subsets of this information, other related types of information, and/or any combination of this information can be transmitted over the fiber optic network 440 so as to enhance equalization.
Ideally, the exact waveform transmitted from the transmitting antenna 228 of the radio transmitter 410 would be the most beneficial copy of the message to transmit over the backend communication channel 125 because the waveform would include the distortions present in the radio transmitter 410 under the current conditions. In the illustrated example of
In the illustrated example, the secondary transport mechanism is the fiber optic network 440, but other networks may be used as the backend communication channel 125 in other examples including, but not limited to, combinations of digital subscriber loop, coaxial cable, passive optical networks, and/or microwave radio. Any or all can be combined with high-speed fiber transport without changing the architecture and the nature of the communication system 200.
Again, the fiber optic network 440 has more delay than the HF radio channel 206, but the fiber optic network 440 is virtually error free, making the fiber optic network 440 suitable for all non-real time communications as well as for providing an image of the transmitted HF signal in order to optimize the performance of the HF radio channel equalizer in the demodulator 425. At the receiving station 218, this perfect far-end transmit information would make near-perfect equalization possible if the HF radio channel 206 was stationary, but the HF radio channel 206 is typically not stationary so some intersymbol (ISI) is likely to remain. When the message copy from the backend communication channel 125 arrives very closely in time to the HF radio signal of the primary communication channel 120 then channel adaptation or equalization at the demodulator 425 will be likely very good, but if the message copy from the fiber optic network 440 is grossly delayed (i.e., ΔT is large) then the channel equalization will be likely poor.
In wireless systems, sometimes end-to-end bi-directional signaling is required to perform a variety of functions such as changing the modulation technique when channel conditions change, monitoring network performance, transmitting of new encoding schemes, and/or changing of encryption schemes. By using a bi-directional backend communication channel 125, the signaling for this type of data traffic can be accomplished without using the primary communication channel 120. However, for the purposes of equalization with this technique, a unidirectional secondary or backend communication channel 125 is adequate.
For equalizer systems, the output of the equalizer is ideally identical to the transmitted data symbol D(n) (after suitable transmit and receive filtering) with some noise added. The equalizer output Data D″(n) will vary from ideal by the noise on the signal plus any channel distortions not corrected by an adaptive equalizer. Errors in the equalizer result in inter-symbol interference (ISI) where a specific information symbol is spread in time so that the symbol interferes with a neighboring data symbol. The decision device selects the most probable symbol transmitted. The error signal can be generated from the equalizer output D″(n) and the difference between it and one or more of a known reference signal such as a training sequence, pilot symbols embedded periodically into the message stream, and/or the decision output D′(n).
The equalization method used by the communication system 200 forgoes the lost channel capacity associated with pilot symbols, pilots tone, or other a-priori signals used to support channel estimation. Instead, the method directly uses the backend communication channel 125 to send the exact information transmitted to use in calculating the tap values for the channel equalizer in the demodulator 425. It nevertheless should be recognized that in certain variations the pilot tones and/or symbols can be occasionally used to further enhance equalization.
Referring to Table 1 500 in
Looking at the example delay of 50 ms in Table 1 500 of
Feedforward and feedback taps in the equalizer can be used in delay tolerant systems in order to capture most of the time delay spread of the channel. The communication channels 115 are typically characterized by root mean square (RMS) delay spread. The RMS delay spread is typically defined as the standard deviation, or root-mean-square, value of the delay of reflections, weighted proportionally to the energy in the reflected waves. Very high performance equalizers tend to introduce delay on the order of this RMS value and are likely longer if the delay spread to be corrected is set to several standard deviations. For the high-frequency trading applications, however, long delays due to equalization are not acceptable.
There are several techniques that can be used to address this long equalization delay. With one technique, the time delay difference between the primary communication channel 120 and backend communication channel 125 (ΔT) is measured by the communication system 200, and the impact of this delay on the equalizer performance is determined. In another technique, the delay of the equalizer is varied according to the channel conditions so that the performance of the communication system 200 optimizes message throughput subject to a minimum time delay advantage (TREQ) and a maximum useful time delay advantage (TMAX). Using another technique, the performance of the HF radio channel 206 is estimated using the equalizer internal tap values, and the equalization delays are truncated according to the channel conditions. In a further technique, a predictive equalization strategy is used to reduce the effects of the time delay differential (ΔT) between the two communication channels 115. It should be appreciated that a combination of these approaches can be used.
As noted before, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a challenge faced by equalizers. Delayed energy from previous symbols as well as energy from the current symbol may precede the main energy arrival of any symbol, thereby causing ISI. If reaching an acceptable error rate so that only energy from past symbols is subtracted from the current symbol is possible, then the equalizer delay needs be very small, perhaps on the order of one or a few symbols. In practice, the HF radio delay advantage (ΔT) is able to tolerate some delay in order to remove some of the ISI ahead of the main signal leading edge as the delay advantage (ΔT) will be several symbol times when operating on a 10 kHz HF communication system 200. In one implementation, a 10 kHz channel with 8,000 symbols per second is used. Using these values, the channel behavior can be scaled in terms of symbols as shown in Table 2 600 in
As can be seen in Table 2 600, the channel delay spread is long, but the doppler spread is relatively slow in view of symbol time. In practical terms, capturing the entire delay spread in the equalizer would result in a delay of a one to a few milliseconds for a disturbed channel. The secondary channel equalization method and communication system 200 considers the effects of delays in the equalizer on the overall delay performance for the communication system 200 to truncate the equalizer to meet both packet error rate (PER) and delay requirements.
In addition to the trading strategies being employed, a number of technical factors affect the trading profitability of the
Messages errors, such as the number of messages received correctly, can also impact profitability. Sometimes a message cannot be decoded properly and/or the error correction technique is not capable of reliably correcting the message within the time advantage window (or ever). This leads to message erasure in which the transmitted message is deleted and/or never decoded properly at the receiving station 218. It should be appreciated that message erasures can detrimentally impact profitability of the HF radio channel 206 using the
In the aggregate, timing advantages and system performance affect the economic value of the
Looking at a graph 700 in
As shown by an expected return line 705 in the graph 700, there is a minimum delay time advantage limit (TMIN) 710 where the timing advantage over competitor networks of the
In addition to timing advantage, the transmission performance of the communication system 100 affects the economic value of the communication system 100. Simply put, more messages being delivered by the
Lower order modulating and coding (MODCOD) schemes can reduce error rates but at the expense of the time advantage over competitor networks. The lower MODCOD schemes require overhead that increases packet size which in turn reduces the delay advantage and reduces message throughput. With the technique discussed herein, some time advantage is sacrificed in order to support higher orders of MODCOD resulting in a higher message throughput.
As noted before with respect to
To balance these as well as other concerns, the unit 1115 sets a delay range window or the target range 720, and the unit 1115 of the equalizer 1100 then aims to maximize the number of messages successfully received subject to staying within the target range 720, as is shown by a chart 800 in
With the secondary channel equalization technique, the demodulator 425 optimizes equalizer performance within the range of minimum delay time advantage limit 710 and maximum delay time advantage limit 715 as shown in
One aspect of the secondary or backend channel equalization method will be initially described with reference to
As previously mentioned, the time delay difference between the primary communication channel 120 and backend communication channel 125 (ΔT) can cause the equalizer to diverge from ideal internal tap weightings. A method or technique of selecting modulation and coding (MODCOD) based on equalizer performance will now be described with reference to a flowchart 1000 shown in
As will be explained in greater detail below, the demodulator 425 later creates a second, identical equalizer 955 that is identical to the reference equalizer. The reference equalizer is used to determine the optimal equalizer characteristics, regardless of the minimum timing requirements (TMIN or TREQ) set forth in
With the reference equalizer 935, the HF radio signal from the HF radio channel 206 is slowed or delayed so that the timing of the HF radio signal message from the HF radio channel 206 matches the timing of the copy message from the fiber optic network 440. The characteristics of the HF radio channel 206 can then be modeled or determined based on the reference equalizer 935 which can enhance the actual equalization process. The identical twin equalizer 955 is used to process the real-time received signal with its potentially less than optimal equalizer characteristics that are able to at least satisfy or exceed the minimum delay time advantage limit (TMIN) 710. For example, the reference equalizer 935 can be used to determine to what extent the HF radio signal can be delayed and how the reference equalizer taps can be truncated to meet the delay and ISI requirements.
To create the reference equalizer 935, the demodulator 425 measures or estimates the radio channel latency (THF) 445 and the secondary or backend channel latency (TTP) 450 (
Looking at
Any adaptive system needs a method of measuring performance. With signal equalization system 900 in
In order to select the modulation and coding (MODCOD) scheme, the signal equalization system 900 uses a metric based on the internal tap weightings of the equalizer in stage 1025. The values of the taps in the reference equalizer 935 can be used to estimate any residual ISI by examining the tap weightings omitted in the truncated real-time equalizer 955. In another embodiment, a delayed version of the real-time equalizer 955 is used to measure residual ISI based on the sub-optimum tap settings. As shown in
Referring again to
One technique for minimizing delay by reducing the number of forward taps 1110 is illustrated by a flowchart 1200 in
The language used in the claims and specification is to only have its plain and ordinary meaning, except as explicitly defined below. The words in these definitions are to only have their plain and ordinary meaning. Such plain and ordinary meaning is inclusive of all consistent dictionary definitions from the most recently published Webster's dictionaries and Random House dictionaries. As used in the specification and claims, the following definitions apply to these terms and common variations thereof identified below.
“Antenna” or “Antenna system” generally refers to an electrical device, or series of devices, in any suitable configuration, that converts electric power into electromagnetic radiation. Such radiation may be either vertically, horizontally, or circularly polarized at any frequency along the electromagnetic spectrum. Antennas transmitting with circular polarity may have either right-handed or left-handed polarization. In the case of radio waves, an antenna may transmit at frequencies ranging along an electromagnetic spectrum from extremely low frequency (ELF) to extremely high frequency (EHF). An antenna or antenna system designed to transmit radio waves may comprise an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to a receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter can create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming electromagnetic wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna. These currents can then be detected by receivers and processed to retrieve digital or analog signals or data. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves substantially equally in all horizontal directions (omnidirectional antennas), or preferentially in a particular direction (directional or high gain antennas). In the latter case, an antenna may also include additional elements or surfaces which may or may not have any physical electrical connection to the transmitter or receiver. For example, parasitic elements, parabolic reflectors or horns, and other such non-energized elements serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. Thus antennas may be configured to exhibit increased or decreased directionality or “gain” by the placement of these various surfaces or elements. High gain antennas can be configured to direct a substantially large portion of the radiated electromagnetic energy in a given direction that may be vertical, horizontal, or any combination thereof. Antennas may also be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy within a specific range of vertical angles (i.e. “takeoff angles) relative to the earth in order to focus electromagnetic energy toward an upper layer of the atmosphere such as the ionosphere. By directing electromagnetic energy toward the upper atmosphere at a specific angle, specific skip distances may be achieved at particular times of day by transmitting electromagnetic energy at particular frequencies. Other examples of antennas include emitters and sensors that convert electrical energy into pulses of electromagnetic energy in the visible or invisible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples include light emitting diodes, lasers, and the like that are configured to generate electromagnetic energy at frequencies ranging along the electromagnetic spectrum from far infrared to extreme ultraviolet.
“Backend Communication Channel”, “Secondary Communication Channel”, or “Secondary Channel” generally refers to a communication pathway that is a main choice for transferring information. Typically, but not always, the secondary channel has one or more properties, such as latency or bandwidth, that make the channel less desirable over a primary channel. For example, a secondary channel can have a lower data rate and/or latency as compared to a primary channel. A primary channel may support the transfer of information in one direction only, either direction alternately, or both directions simultaneously. The secondary channel can for example include wired and wireless forms of communication.
“Band” or “Frequency Bandwidth” generally refer to a contiguous range of frequencies defined by an upper and lower frequency. Frequency bandwidth is thus typically expressed as a number of hertz (cycles per second) representing the difference between the upper frequency and the lower frequency of the band and may or may not include the upper and lower frequencies themselves. A “band” can therefore be defined by a given frequency bandwidth for a given region and designated with generally agreed on terms. For example, the “20 meter band” in the United States is assigned the frequency range from 14 MHz to 14.35 MHz thus defining a frequency bandwidth of 0.35 MHz or 350 KHz. In another example, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has designated the frequency range from 300 Mhz to 3 GHz as the “UHF band”.
“Checksum” generally refers to data derived from a block of digital data for the purpose of detecting errors that may have been introduced during its transmission and/or storage. Typically, the checksum data is relatively small-sized. By themselves, checksums are often used to verify data integrity, but checksums are not typically relied upon to verify data authenticity. The procedure or process that generates the checksum from a data input is called a checksum function or checksum algorithm. Depending on the use case, a good checksum algorithm will usually output a significantly different value, even for small changes made to the data input. When the computed checksum for a data input matches the stored value of a previously computed checksum, the probability that the data has not been accidentally altered and/or corrupted is high. Some checksum algorithm techniques include parity byte, sum complement, and position-dependent algorithms. Check digits and parity bits are special cases of checksums that are usually appropriate for small blocks of data. Some error-correcting codes are based on special checksums which not only detect common errors, but the error correcting code in some cases further helps in the recovery of the original data.
“Command” or “Command Data” generally refers to one or more directives, instructions, algorithms, or rules controlling a machine to take one or more actions, alone or in combination. A command may be stored, transferred, transmitted, or otherwise processed in any suitable manner. For example, a command may be stored in a memory or transmitted over a communication network as electromagnetic radiation at any suitable frequency passing through any suitable medium.
“Communication Link” generally refers to a connection between two or more communicating entities and may or may not include a communications channel between the communicating entities. The communication between the communicating entities may occur by any suitable means. For example the connection may be implemented as an actual physical link, an electrical link, an electromagnetic link, a logical link, or any other suitable linkage facilitating communication. In the case of an actual physical link, communication may occur by multiple components in the communication link configured to respond to one another by physical movement of one element in relation to another. In the case of an electrical link, the communication link may be composed of multiple electrical conductors electrically connected to form the communication link. In the case of an electromagnetic link, elements of the connection may be implemented by sending or receiving electromagnetic energy at any suitable frequency, thus allowing communications to pass as electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves may or may not pass through a physical medium such as an optical fiber, or through free space, or any combination thereof. Electromagnetic waves may be passed at any suitable frequency including any frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. In the case of a logical link, the communication links may be a conceptual linkage between the sender and recipient such as a transmission station in the receiving station. Logical link may include any combination of physical, electrical, electromagnetic, or other types of communication links.
“Communication Node” generally refers to a physical or logical connection point, redistribution point or endpoint along a communication link. A physical network node is generally referred to as an active electronic device attached or coupled to a communication link, either physically, logically, or electromagnetically. A physical node is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communication link. A communication node may or may not include a computer, processor, transmitter, receiver, repeater, and/or transmission lines, or any combination thereof.
“Computer” generally refers to any computing device configured to compute a result from any number of input values or variables. A computer may include a processor for performing calculations to process input or output. A computer may include a memory for storing values to be processed by the processor, or for storing the results of previous processing. A computer may also be configured to accept input and output from a wide array of input and output devices for receiving or sending values. Such devices include other computers, keyboards, mice, visual displays, printers, industrial equipment, and systems or machinery of all types and sizes. For example, a computer can control a network interface to perform various network communications upon request. A computer may be a single, physical, computing device such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or may be composed of multiple devices of the same type such as a group of servers operating as one device in a networked cluster, or a heterogeneous combination of different computing devices operating as one computer and linked together by a communication network. A computer may include one or more physical processors or other computing devices or circuitry, and may also include any suitable type of memory. A computer may also be a virtual computing platform having an unknown or fluctuating number of physical processors and memories or memory devices. A computer may thus be physically located in one geographical location or physically spread across several widely scattered locations with multiple processors linked together by a communication network to operate as a single computer. The concept of “computer” and “processor” within a computer or computing device also encompasses any such processor or computing device serving to make calculations or comparisons as part of disclosed system. Processing operations related to threshold comparisons, rules comparisons, calculations, and the like occurring in a computer may occur, for example, on separate servers, the same server with separate processors, or on a virtual computing environment having an unknown number of physical processors as described above.
“Critical angle” generally refers to the highest angle with respect to a vertical line extending to the center of the Earth at which an electromagnetic wave at a specific frequency can be returned to the earth using skywave propagation.
“Critical Frequency” generally refers to the highest frequency that will be returned to the Earth when transmitted vertically under given ionospheric conditions using sky-wave propagation.
“Cyclic Redundancy Check” or “CRC” generally refers to an error-detecting code or technique to detect errors in digital data. For example, CRC is commonly used in digital networks and/or storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data. CRC is based on binary division, and CRC is also sometimes referred to as polynomial code checksum. With CRC, blocks of data get encoded with or attached a short check value that is based on the remainder of a polynomial division of the contents of the blocks of data. During retrieval or decoding, the calculation is repeated. When the check values do not match, corrective action can be taken against data corruption. CRCs can be further used to facilitate error correction. The check or data verification value is a redundancy because it expands the message without adding information. CRCs can be simple to implement in binary hardware, easy to analyze mathematically, and are good at detecting common errors caused by noisy transmission channels. Given the check value has a fixed length, the function that generates the check value is sometimes used as a hash function.
“Data Bandwidth” generally refers to the maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication path in a communication system. Data bandwidth is a transfer rate that can be expressed in units of data transferred per second. In a digital communications network, the units of data transferred are bits and the maximum throughput of a digital communications network is therefore generally expressed in “bits per second” or “bit/s.” By extension, the terms “kilobit/s” or “Kbit/s”, “Megabit/s” or “Mbit/s”, and “Gigabit/s” or “Gbit/s” can also be used to express the data bandwidth of a given digital communications network. Data networks may be rated according to their data bandwidth performance characteristics according to specific metrics such as “peak bit rate”, “mean bit rate”, “maximum sustained bit rate”, “information rate”, or “physical layer useful bit rate.” For example, bandwidth tests measure the maximum throughput of a computer network. The reason for this usage is that according to Hartley's Law, the maximum data rate of a physical communication link is proportional to its frequency bandwidth in hertz. Data bandwidth may also be characterized according to the maximum transfer rate for a particular communications network. For example:
“Demodulation” generally refers to a process of extracting an original information-bearing signal from a carrier wave.
“Demodulator” or “Detector” generally refers to a device, such as an electronic circuit and/or computer, that extracts original information from a received modulated waveform based on one or more properties of the waveform. For example, these properties of the waveform can include amplitude, frequency, phase, and harmonics as well as other properties. After reception of the modulated carrier, the demodulator recovers the original modulating signal by the process of demodulation or detection. One or more modulators can be integrated with one or more demodulators to form a modulator-demodulator (modem). As such, the term demodulator may further refer to one or more parts, components, and/or software that demodulate within a modem.
“Downshift” generally refer to changing a communication system to a less complex modulation scheme.
“Electromagnet Radiation” generally refers to energy radiated by electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic radiation is produced from other types of energy, and is converted to other types when it is destroyed. Electromagnetic radiation carries this energy as it travels moving away from its source at the speed of light (in a vacuum). Electromagnetic radiation also carries both momentum and angular momentum. These properties may all be imparted to matter with which the electromagnetic radiation interacts as it moves outwardly away from its source. Electromagnetic radiation changes speed as it passes from one medium to another. When transitioning from one media to the next, the physical properties of the new medium can cause some or all of the radiated energy to be reflected while the remaining energy passes into the new medium. This occurs at every junction between media that electromagnetic radiation encounters as it travels. The photon is the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and is the basic constituent of all forms of electromagnetic radiation. The quantum nature of light becomes more apparent at high frequencies as electromagnetic radiation behaves more like particles and less like waves as its frequency increases.
“Electromagnetic Spectrum” generally refers to the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
“Electromagnetic Waves” generally refers to waves having a separate electrical and a magnetic component. The electrical and magnetic components of an electromagnetic wave oscillate in phase and are always separated by a 90 degree angle. Electromagnetic waves can radiate from a source to create electromagnetic radiation capable of passing through a medium or through a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves include waves oscillating at any frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum including, but not limited to, radio waves, visible and invisible light, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
“Equalizer” generally refers to an electronic and/or software-based filter that modifies the frequency response (amplitude and phase versus frequency) of a system for a specific purpose. Equalizers typically realize a more complicated frequency response in which the amplitude response varies continuously with frequency, amplifying some frequencies and attenuating others. An equalizer may have a response fixed in time or may be automatically and continuously adjusted. However, the frequency response of an equalizer is usually, but not always, matched to some external physical medium, such as a communication channel, and thus adjustable.
“Error Correction Code”, “Error Correcting Code”, or “ECC” generally refers to data and/or algorithms for expressing a sequence of numbers or other data such that any errors which are introduced can be detected and corrected within certain limitations based on the remaining numbers or data. ECC is typically used for controlling errors in data over unreliable and/or noisy communication channels. For instance, the sender encodes the message with a redundant in the form of an ECC. There are two main categories of ECCs, block codes and convolution codes. Some non-limiting examples of ECC codes include AN, BCH, Berger, constant-weight, convolutional, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), expander, group, Golay, Goppa, Hadamard, Hagelbarger, Hamming code, Latin square based, lexicographic, long, low-density parity-check (i.e., Gallager code), LT, polar, raptor, Reed-Solomon error correction, Reed-Muller, repeat-accumulate, repetition (e.g., triple modular redundancy), spinal, rateless, nonlinear, tornado, near-optimal erasure correcting, turbo code, and Walsh-Hadamard codes.
“Fiber-optic Communication” generally refers to a method of transmitting data from one place to another by sending pulses of electromagnetic energy through an optical fiber. The transmitted energy may form an electromagnetic carrier wave that can be modulated to carry data. Fiber-optic communication lines that use optical fiber cables to transmit data can be configured to have a high data bandwidth. For example, fiber-optic communication lines may have a high data bandwidth of up to about 15 Tbit/s, about 25 Tbit/s, about 100 Tbit/s, about 1 Pbit/s or more. Opto-electronic repeaters may be used along a fiber-optic communication line to convert the electromagnetic energy from one segment of fiber-optic cable into an electrical signal. The repeater can retransmit the electrical signal as electromagnetic energy along another segment of fiber-optic cable at a higher signal strength than it was received.
“Financial Instrument” generally refers to a tradable asset of any kind. General examples include, but are not limited to, cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contractual right to receive or deliver cash or another financial instrument. Specific examples include bonds, bills (e.g. commercial paper and treasury bills), stock, loans, deposits, certificates of deposit, bond futures or options on bond futures, short-term interest rate futures, stock options, equity futures, currency futures, interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and floors, interest rate options, forward rate agreements, stock options, foreign-exchange options, foreign-exchange swaps, currency swaps, or any sort of derivative.
“Forward Error Correction” or FEC generally refers to a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels. Typically, but not always, a sender encodes the message in a redundant way by using an error-correction code (ECC). This redundancy allows a receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and the redundancy often allows these errors to be corrected without retransmission. FEC gives the receiver the ability to correct errors without needing a reverse channel to request retransmission of data. However, higher forward channel bandwidth is typically required. FEC can be used in situations where retransmissions are costly or impossible, such as one-way communication links and when transmitting to multiple receivers in multicast. FEC is commonly used in modems. FEC information can also be added to mass storage devices to enable recovery of corrupted data. There are generally two types of FEC code categories, block codes and convolution codes. FEC block codes work on fixed-size blocks (or packets) of bits or symbols of predetermined size. Some non-limiting examples of block codes include Reed-Solomon, Golay, BCH, multidimensional parity, and Hamming codes. Typical block codes are usually decoded using hard-decision algorithms in which for every input and output signal a hard decision is made whether it corresponds to a one or a zero bit. Convolutional FEC codes work on bit or symbol streams of arbitrary length. Convolutional codes are typically decoded using soft-decision algorithms like the Viterbi, MAP or BCJR algorithms that process (discretized) analog signals, and which allow for much higher error-correction performance than hard-decision decoding. Convolutional FEC codes are most often soft decoded with the Viterbi algorithm, though other algorithms can be used. Viterbi decoding allows asymptotically optimal decoding efficiency with increasing constraint length of the convolutional code, but at the expense of exponentially increasing complexity. A convolutional code that is terminated is also a block code in that it encodes a block of input data, but the block size of a convolutional code is generally arbitrary, while block codes have a fixed size dictated by their algebraic characteristics. Types of termination for convolutional codes include tail-biting and bit-flushing. Some other non-limiting examples of FEC techniques include turbo coding, low density parity check (LDPC), interleaving, and local decoding. Many FEC coders (but not all) can also generate a bit-error rate (BER) signal which can be used as feedback to fine-tune the analog receiving electronics.
“Ground” is used more in an electrical/electromagnetic sense and generally refers to the Earth's surface including land and bodies of water, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers.
“Ground-wave Propagation” generally refers to a transmission method in which one or more electromagnetic waves are conducted via the boundary of the ground and atmosphere to travel along the ground. The electromagnetic wave propagates by interacting with the semi-conductive surface of the earth. In essence, the wave clings to the surfaces so as to follow the curvature of the earth. Typically, but not always, the electromagnetic wave is in the form of a ground or surface wave formed by low-frequency radio waves.
“Identifier” generally refers to a name that identifies (that is, labels the identity of) either a unique thing or a unique class of things, where the “object” or class may be an idea, physical object (or class thereof), or physical substance (or class thereof). The abbreviation “ID” often refers to identity, identification (the process of identifying), or an identifier (that is, an instance of identification). An identifier may or may not include words, numbers, letters, symbols, shapes, colors, sounds, or any combination of those. The words, numbers, letters, or symbols may follow an encoding system (wherein letters, digits, words, or symbols represent ideas or longer identifiers) or they may simply be arbitrary. When an identifier follows an encoding system, it is often referred to as a code or ID code. Identifiers that do not follow any encoding scheme are often said to be arbitrary IDs because they are arbitrarily assigned without meaning in any other context beyond identifying something.
“Intersymbol Interference” or “ISI” generally refers to a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. Typically, but not always, ISI is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have a similar effect as noise which make communication less reliable. For example, the spreading of a pulse beyond the allotted time interval causes the pulse to interfere with neighboring pulses. ISI is usually, but not always, caused by multipath propagation and/or the inherent linear or non-linear frequency response of a communication channel causing successive symbols to blur together.
“Ionosphere” generally refers to the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that contains a high concentration of ions and free electrons and is able to reflect radio waves. The ionosphere includes the thermosphere as well as parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere extends from about 25 to about 600 miles (about 40 to 1,000 km) above the earth's surface. The ionosphere includes a number of layers that undergo considerable variations in altitude, density, and thickness, depending upon a number of factors including solar activity, such as sunspots.
“Jitter” generally refers to a variable delay in the receipt of a transmitted message. For example, jitter arises as messages arrive at an input at varying intervals, and as a result, the receiver of the message has to wait a variable time before a data slot is available for message transport.
“Latency” generally refers to the time interval between a cause and an effect in a system. Latency is physically a consequence of the limited velocity with which any physical interaction can propagate throughout a system. Latency is physically a consequence of the limited velocity with which any physical interaction can propagate. The speed at which an effect can propagate through a system is always lower than or equal to the speed of light. Therefore every physical system that includes some distance between the cause and the effect will experience some kind of latency. For example, in a communication link or communications network, latency generally refers to the minimum time it takes for data to pass from one point to another. Latency with respect to communications networks may also be characterized as the time it takes energy to move from one point along the network to another. With respect to delays caused by the propagation of electromagnetic energy following a particular propagation path, latency can be categorized as follows:
“Low Latency” generally refers to a period of time that is less than or about equal to a propagation time that is 10% greater than the time required for light to travel a given propagation path in a vacuum. Expressed as a formula, low latency is defined as follows:
For example, light can travel 25,000 miles through a vacuum in about 0.1344 seconds. A “low latency” communication link carrying data over this 25,000 mile propagation path would therefore be capable of passing at least some portion of the data over the link in about 0.14784 seconds or less.
“High Latency” generally refers to a period of time that is over 10% greater than the time required for light to travel a given propagation path in a vacuum. Expressed as a formula, high latency is defined as follows:
For example, light can travel 8,000 miles through a vacuum in about 0.04301 seconds. A “high latency” communication link carrying data over this transmission path would therefore be capable of passing at least some portion of the data over the link in about 0.04731 seconds or more.
The “high” and “low” latency of a network may be independent of the data bandwidth. Some “high” latency networks may have a high transfer rate that is higher than a “low” latency network, but this may not always be the case. Some “low” latency networks may have a data bandwidth that exceeds the bandwidth of a “high” latency network.
“Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)” generally refers to the highest frequency that is returned to the earth using skywave propagation.
“Memory” generally refers to any storage system or device configured to retain data or information. Each memory may include one or more types of solid-state electronic memory, magnetic memory, or optical memory, just to name a few. By way of non-limiting example, each memory may include solid-state electronic Random Access Memory (RAM), Sequentially Accessible Memory (SAM) (such as the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) variety or the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) variety), Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Electronically Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), or Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM); an optical disc memory (such as a DVD or CD ROM); a magnetically encoded hard disc, floppy disc, tape, or cartridge media; or a combination of any of these memory types. Also, each memory may be volatile, nonvolatile, or a hybrid combination of volatile and nonvolatile varieties.
“Message” generally refers to a discrete unit of communication intended by a source for consumption by a recipient or group of recipients.
“Modem” or “Modulator-Demodulator” generally refers to a device, such as an electronic circuit and/or computer, that performs the functions of modulation and demodulation of a signal such as through a modulator and a demodulator.
“Modulation” generally refers to the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.
“Modulator” generally refers to a device, such as an electronic circuit and/or computer, that varies one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. For example, these properties of the waveform can include amplitude, frequency, phase, and harmonics as well as other properties. By way of a non-limiting example, the modulator can control the parameters of a high-frequency electromagnetic information carrier in accordance with electrical signals of the transmitted message. One or more modulators can be integrated with one or more demodulators to form a modulator-demodulator (modem). As such, the term modulator may further refer to one or more parts, components, and/or software that functions as a modulator within a modem.
“Non-skywave propagation” generally refers to all forms of transmission, wired and/or wireless, in which the information is not transmitted by reflecting an electromagnetic wave from the ionosphere.
“Optical Fiber” generally refers to an electromagnetic waveguide having an elongate conduit that includes a substantially transparent medium through which electromagnetic energy travels as it traverses the long axis of the conduit. Electromagnetic radiation may be maintained within the conduit by total internal reflection of the electromagnetic radiation as it traverses the conduit. Total internal reflection is generally achieved using optical fibers that include a substantially transparent core surrounded by a second substantially transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction than the core.
“Optimum Working Frequency” generally refers to the frequency that provides the most consistent communication path via sky-wave propagation. It can vary over time depending on number of factors, such as ionospheric conditions and time of day. For transmissions using the F2 layer of the ionosphere the working frequency is generally around 85% of the MUF, and for the E layer, the optimum working frequency will generally be near the MUF.
“Packet Error Rate” or “Packet Error Ratio” or “PER” generally refers to the number of incorrectly received data packets divided by the total number of received packets in a digital transmission. Generally, a packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is erroneous.
“Polarization” generally refers to the orientation of the electric field (“E-plane”) of a radiated electromagnetic energy wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure and orientation of the radiating antenna. Polarization can be considered separately from an antenna's directionality. Thus, a simple straight wire antenna may have one polarization when mounted substantially vertically, and a different polarization when mounted substantially horizontally. As a transverse wave, the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field, but by convention, talk of an antenna's “polarization” is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field. Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received via reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location.
“Primary Communication Channel” or “Primary Channel” generally refers to a communication pathway that is a first choice for transferring information. Typically, but not always, the primary communication channel has one or more properties, such as latency or bandwidth, that is desirable over others. For example, a primary communication channel can have the highest data rate of all the channels sharing a common interface. A primary communication channel may support the transfer of information in one direction only, either direction alternately, or both directions simultaneously. The primary communication channel can for example include wired and wireless forms of communication.
“Processor” generally refers to one or more electronic components configured to operate as a single unit configured or programmed to process input to generate an output. Alternatively, when of a multi-component form, a processor may have one or more components located remotely relative to the others. One or more components of each processor may be of the electronic variety defining digital circuitry, analog circuitry, or both. In one example, each processor is of a conventional, integrated circuit microprocessor arrangement. The concept of a “processor” is not limited to a single physical logic circuit or package of circuits but includes one or more such circuits or circuit packages possibly contained within or across multiple computers in numerous physical locations. In a virtual computing environment, an unknown number of physical processors may be actively processing data, and the unknown number may automatically change over time as well. The concept of a “processor” includes a device configured or programmed to make threshold comparisons, rules comparisons, calculations, or perform logical operations applying a rule to data yielding a logical result (e.g. “true” or “false”). Processing activities may occur in multiple single processors on separate servers, on multiple processors in a single server with separate processors, or on multiple processors physically remote from one another in separate computing devices.
“Quadrature Phase Shift Keying” or “QPSK” generally refers to a method of transmitting digital information on a carrier by changing the phase of the carrier. In QPSK there are four (4) different phase changes defined, each phase change represents the transmission of 2 bits.
“Radio” generally refers to electromagnetic radiation in the frequencies that occupy the range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
“Radio horizon” generally refers to the locus of points at which direct rays from an antenna are tangential to the ground. The radio horizon can be approximated by the following equation:
d≅√{square root over (2ht)}+√{square root over (2hr)}
“Receive” generally refers to accepting something transferred, communicated, conveyed, relayed, dispatched, or forwarded. The concept may or may not include the act of listening or waiting for something to arrive from a transmitting entity. For example, a transmission may be received without knowledge as to who or what transmitted it. Likewise the transmission may be sent with or without knowledge of who or what is receiving it. To “receive” may include, but is not limited to, the act of capturing or obtaining electromagnetic energy at any suitable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. Receiving may occur by sensing electromagnetic radiation. Sensing electromagnetic radiation may involve detecting energy waves moving through or from a medium such as a wire or optical fiber. Receiving includes receiving digital signals which may define various types of analog or binary data such as signals, datagrams, packets and the like.
“Receiving Station” generally refers to a receiving device, or to a location facility having multiple devices configured to receive electromagnetic energy. A receiving station may be configured to receive from a particular transmitting entity, or from any transmitting entity regardless of whether the transmitting entity is identifiable in advance of receiving the transmission.
“Remote” generally refers to any physical, logical, or other separation between two things. The separation may be relatively large, such as thousands or millions of miles or kilometers, or small such as nanometers or millionths of an inch. Two things “remote” from one another may also be logically or physically coupled or connected together.
“Satellite Communication” or “Satellite Propagation” generally refers to transmitting one or more electromagnetic signals to a satellite which in turn reflects and/or retransmits the signal to another satellite or station.
“Signal-to-noise ratio” or “SNR” or “S/N” generally refers to a measure that compares a level of a desired signal to a level of background noise. SNR is calculated as the ratio of signal power to noise power, often expressed in decibels. A SNR higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise.
“Size” generally refers to the extent of something; a thing's overall dimensions or magnitude; how big something is. For physical objects, size may be used to describe relative terms such as large or larger, high or higher, low or lower, small or smaller, and the like. Size of physical objects may also be given in fixed units such as a specific width, length, height, distance, volume, and the like expressed in any suitable units. For data transfer, size may be used to indicate a relative or fixed quantity of data being manipulated, addressed, transmitted, received, or processed as a logical or physical unit. Size may be used in conjunction with the amount of data in a data collection, data set, data file, or other such logical unit. For example, a data collection or data file may be characterized as having a “size” of 35 Mbytes, or a communication link may be characterized as having a data bandwidth with a “size” of 1000 bits per second.
“Skip distance” generally refers to the minimum distance from a transmitter to where a wave from skywave propagation can be returned to the Earth. To put it another way, the skip distance is the minimum distance that occurs at the critical angle for sky-wave propagation.
“Skip Zone” or “Quiet Zone” generally refers to an area between the location where a ground wave from ground wave propagation is completely dissipated and the location where the first skywave returns using skywave propagation. In the skip zone, no signal for a given transmission can be received.
“Skywave Propagation” refers generally to a transmission method in which one or more electromagnetic-waves radiated from an antenna are refracted from the ionosphere back to the ground. Skywave propagation further includes tropospheric scatter transmissions. In one form, a skipping method can be used in which the waves refracted from the ionosphere are reflected by the ground back up to the ionosphere. This skipping can occur more than once.
“Software-Defined Radio” or “SDR” generally refers to a radio communication system where components that have been traditionally implemented in hardware are instead implemented via software on a computer and/or embedded system. Some examples of hardware now implemented as SDR are mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, and equalizers, just to name a few.
“Space-wave Propagation” or sometimes referred to as “Direct Wave Propagation” or “Line-of-sight Propagation” generally refers to a transmission method in which one or more electromagnetic waves are transmitted between antennas that are generally visible to one another. The transmission can occur via direct and/or ground reflected space waves. Generally speaking, the antenna height and curvature of the earth are limiting factors for the transmission distances for space-wave propagation. The actual radio horizon for a direct line of sight is larger than the visible or geometric line of sight due to diffraction effects; that is, the radio horizon is about ⅘ greater than the geometric line of sight.
“Spread Spectrum” generally refers to a transmission method that includes sending a portion of a transmitted signal over multiple frequencies. The transmission over multiple frequencies may occur simultaneously by sending a portion of the signal on various frequencies. In this example, a receiver must listen to all frequencies simultaneously in order to reassemble the transmitted signal. The transmission may also be spread over multiple frequencies by “hopping” signals. A signal hopping scenario includes transmitting the signal for some period of time over a first frequency, switching to transmit the signal over a second frequency for a second period of time, before switching to a third frequency for a third period of time, and so forth. The receiver and transmitter must be synchronized in order to switch frequencies together. This process of “hopping” frequencies may be implemented in a frequency-hopping pattern that may change over time (e.g. every hour, every 24 hours, and the like).
“Stratosphere” generally refers to a layer of the earth's atmosphere extending from the troposphere to about 25 to 35 miles above the earth surface.
“Symbol” generally refers to a waveform, a state or a significant condition of the communication channel that persists, for a fixed period of time. For digital baseband transmissions, a symbol may be in the form of a pulse, and a symbol may be in the form of a tone in passband transmissions using modems. A transmitter or other device places symbols on one or more channels, and the receiver detects the sequence of symbols in order to reconstruct the transmitted data. In some cases, there may be a direct correspondence between a symbol and a small unit of data. For instance, each symbol can encode one or several bits. The data may also be represented by the transitions between symbols, and/or by a sequence of several symbols.
“Transceiver” generally refers to a device that includes both a transmitter and a receiver that share common circuitry and/or a single housing. Transceivers are typically, but not always, designed to transmit and receive electronic signals, such as analog and/or digital radio signals.
“Transfer Rate” generally refers to the rate at which something is moved from one physical or logical location to another. In the case of a communication link or communication network, a transfer rate may be characterized as the rate of data transfer over the link or network. Such a transfer rate may be expressed in “bits per second” and may be limited by the maximum data bandwidth for a given network or communication link used to carry out a transfer of data.
“Transmission Line” generally refers to a specialized physical structure or series of structures designed to carry electromagnetic energy from one location to another, usually without radiating the electromagnetic energy through free space. A transmission line operates to retain and transfer electromagnetic energy from one location to another while minimizing latency and power losses incurred as the electromagnetic energy passes through the structures in the transmission line. Examples of transmission lines that may be used in communicating radio waves include twin lead, coaxial cable, microstrip, strip line, twisted-pair, star quad, lecher lines, various types of waveguide, or a simple single wire line. Other types of transmission lines such as optical fibers may be used for carrying higher frequency electromagnetic radiation such as visible or invisible light.
“Transmission Path” or “Propagation Path” generally refers to a path taken by electromagnetic energy passing through space or through a medium. This can include transmissions through a transmission line. In this case, the transmission path is defined by, follows, is contained within, passes through, or generally includes the transmission line. A transmission or propagation path need not be defined by a transmission line. A propagation or transmission path can be defined by electromagnetic energy moving through free space or through the atmosphere such as in skywave, ground wave, line-of-sight, or other forms of propagation. In that case, the transmission path can be characterized as any path along which the electromagnetic energy passes as it is moves from the transmitter to the receiver, including any skip, bounce, scatter, or other variations in the direction of the transmitted energy.
“Transmission Station” generally refers to a transmitting device, or to a location or facility having multiple devices configured to transmit electromagnetic energy. A transmission station may be configured to transmit to a particular receiving entity, to any entity configured to receive transmission, or any combination thereof.
“Transmission Time” generally refers to is the amount of time from the beginning until the end of a message transmission in a communication network. In the case of a digital message, the transmission time is the time from the first bit until the last bit of a message has left the transmitting node. For a digital packet, the packet transmission time can be obtained from the packet size and bit rate. The transmission time should not be confused with propagation delay which refers to the time it takes for the first bit to travel from a sender to a receiver.
“Transmit” generally refers to causing something to be transferred, communicated, conveyed, relayed, dispatched, or forwarded. The concept may or may not include the act of conveying something from a transmitting entity to a receiving entity. For example, a transmission may be received without knowledge as to who or what transmitted it. Likewise the transmission may be sent with or without knowledge of who or what is receiving it. To “transmit” may include, but is not limited to, the act of sending or broadcasting electromagnetic energy at any suitable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. Transmissions may include digital signals which may define various types of binary data such as datagrams, packets and the like. A transmission may also include analog signals.
“Triggering Data” generally refers to data that includes triggering information identifying one or more commands to execute. The triggering data and the command data may occur together in a single transmission or may be transmitted separately along a single or multiple communication links.
“Troposphere” generally refers to the lowest portion of the earth's atmosphere. The troposphere extends about 11 miles above the surface of the earth in the mid-latitudes, up to 12 miles in the tropics, and about 4.3 miles in winter at the poles.
“Tropospheric Scatter Transmission” generally refers to a form of skywave propagation in which one or more electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, are aimed at the troposphere. While not certain as to its cause, a small amount of energy of the waves is scattered forwards to a receiving antenna. Due to severe fading problems, diversity reception techniques (e.g., space, frequency, and/or angle diversity) are typically used.
“Upshift” generally refer to changing a communication system to a more complex modulation scheme.
“Wave Guide” generally refers to a transmission line configured to guides waves such as electromagnetic waves occurring at any frequency along the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples include any arrangement of conductive or insulative material configured to transfer lower frequency electromagnetic radiation ranging along the electromagnetic spectrum from extremely low frequency to extremely high frequency waves. Others specific examples include optical fibers guiding high-frequency light or hollow conductive metal pipe used to carry high-frequency radio waves, particularly microwaves.
It should be noted that the singular forms “a,” “an,” “the,” and the like as used in the description and/or the claims include the plural forms unless expressly discussed otherwise. For example, if the specification and/or claims refer to “a device” or “the device”, it includes one or more of such devices.
It should be noted that directional terms, such as “up,” “down,” “top,” “bottom,” “lateral,” “longitudinal,” “radial,” “circumferential,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” etc., are used herein solely for the convenience of the reader in order to aid in the reader's understanding of the illustrated embodiments, and it is not the intent that the use of these directional terms in any manner limit the described, illustrated, and/or claimed features to a specific direction and/or orientation.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes, equivalents, and modifications that come within the spirit of the inventions defined by the following claims are desired to be protected. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and set forth in its entirety herein.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/929,163, filed Nov. 14, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/929,163, filed Nov. 14, 2019, claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/767,216, filed Nov. 14, 2018, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15929163 | Nov 2019 | US |
| Child | 17662294 | US |
