Patent Application
20100006697
This invention relates to a low noise aircraft, and in particular relates to a low noise aircraft which, by utilizing thrust deflection means constituted of a well-known mechanism, can greatly reduce engine noise on the ground during aircraft takeoff and landing.
In general, it is required that the engine noise of aircraft be suppressed during takeoff and landing, in order to satisfy the regulation for environmental compatibility.
The main sources of generation of engine noise are fan noise, which is generated from the intake toward the front, and jet mixing noise, which is generated from the exhaust nozzle toward the rear. As a basic approach to reducing engine noise directed to the rear of an aircraft, reduction of the jet exhaust speed is effective. To this end, methods such as increasing the engine bypass ratio or installing noise-absorbing ducts and low-noise nozzles on the rear portion of the engine are being studied or implemented (see for example Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2). However, these technologies have the problems of increased aerodynamic drag of the airframe and increased engine weight, and in addition to these drawbacks, the effect in reducing noise cannot be described as adequate. In particular, an increase in the engine bypass ratio in a supersonic aircraft is incompatible with supersonic flight performance, and so entails substantial compromises in design. Also, given current technology, the above-described noise-absorbing ducts and low-noise nozzles also result in substantial weight increases, and as a result the development of engine noise reduction devices which are useful for supersonic aircraft has lagged. For example, Concorde, a supersonic transport aircraft developed in Europe approximately 30 years ago, generated the extremely loud noise upon takeoffs and landings. This problem is not limited to supersonic aircraft; reduction of noise during takeoffs and landings remains a major problem for subsonic aircraft, and there has been a trend toward increasingly stringent noise standards from year to year.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 8-135505
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 7-208263
As explained above, reduction of engine noise at the time of takeoff and landing of an aircraft is an important engineering problem, and in the past, reduction of engine noise during aircraft takeoff and landing has been achieved by adding noise-absorbing ducts and ejectors to the exhaust nozzle portions of engines.
However, such conventional noise reduction devices have such problems as resulting in increases aerodynamic drag and increased engine weight, and the effect in reducing noise has not been adequate.
Hence this invention was devised in light of the above circumstances, and has as an object to provide a low noise aircraft which, by utilizing thrust deflection means comprising a well-known mechanism, can greatly reduce engine noise on the ground at the time of aircraft takeoff and landing.
In order to attain the above object, the low noise aircraft of Claim 1 is an aircraft having thrust deflection means for making the direction of thrust variable, characterized in that the engine noise level on the ground at the time of takeoff and landing is reduced by deflecting the exhaust direction of the engine to the upper side (upward), relative to the course direction (flight direction) of the aircraft, such that the maximum propagation direction of engine jet exhaust noise is kept away from the ground.
In the above low noise aircraft, thrust deflection means is comprised which makes variable the engine exhaust direction of the aircraft, and moreover by deflecting the engine exhaust direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction, strong noise components are dispersed up into the air, and weak noise components are emitted toward the ground. However, by deflecting the engine exhaust direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction, the distance of the aircraft above the ground is reduced, and an effect of increasing the noise level occurs as a result; but as described below, the noise reduction level due to this invention is large enough, which remains effective even after the effect of the increased noise level due to the reduced distance is subtracted. Further, because a well-known mechanism is adopted in the thrust deflection means, the problems of an increase in the aerodynamic drag and an increase in the engine weight, which are observed in conventional noise reduction devices, do not occur, and moreover combined use with these is also possible.
In the low noise aircraft of Claim 2, the thrust deflection means is a thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle, which is a nozzle installed on an outlet portion of the engine, and which can optionally change the exhaust jet direction by changing the direction of the normal vector of an opening face of the nozzle.
In the above low noise aircraft, by means of the above configuration, the engine exhaust direction can be changed using a well-known mechanism, and as a result strong noise components can be suitably dispersed up into the air, and weak noise components can be emitted toward the ground.
In the low noise aircraft of Claim 3, the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle comprises an upper deflection nozzle and a lower deflection nozzle, which are substantially symmetrical, and the two deflection nozzles are respectively equivalent to upstream-side halves (+(180°−θ), −(180°−θ)) resulting when a cylinder, which has been cut in a center plane thereof with the center axis being included, is further V-cut by two planes symmetrical relative to the center plane at angles ±θ(0<θ<90°) from the center plane.
In the above low noise aircraft, by forming the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle using an upper deflection nozzle and a lower deflection nozzle, each of the outlet end faces of the upper deflection nozzle and lower deflection nozzle can be joined using a well-known mechanism. As a result, the engine exhaust direction can be deflected in the opposite direction (more than ±90°), and consequently, during a landing run the engine can be caused to generate reverse thrust. Hence by installing this thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle on the rear portion of an engine, the exhaust noise of the engine during takeoffs and landings of the aircraft can be greatly reduced, and moreover the braking function (deceleration performance) of the aircraft during landing runs can be enhanced.
In the low noise aircraft of Claim 4, a front opening portion of the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle, into which the exhaust jet flows, has a tapered shape, such that the outermost axis length of the lower deflection nozzle is longer than the outermost axis length of the upper deflection nozzle.
In the above low noise aircraft, by using a tapered shape for the front opening portion of the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle into which the exhaust jet flows, in a thrust deflection mode during takeoffs and landings of the aircraft in particular, the exhaust jet ejected from the engine exhaust pipe can be suitably deflected without causing airflow separation.
In the low noise aircraft of Claim 5, the thrust deflection means is a rotation-type engine, having a rotation mechanism, which can change the exhaust jet direction in an optional direction by changing the installation angle of the engine.
In the above low noise aircraft, by means of the above configuration, the engine exhaust direction can be changed by a well-known mechanism, and as a result strong noise components can be suitably dispersed up into the air, and weak noise components can be emitted toward the ground.
In the low noise aircraft of Claim 6, the thrust deflection means is a thrust deflection plate, which is positioned behind the outlet portion of the engine, and which can change the exhaust jet direction to an optional direction by changing the angle of intersection with the engine exhaust.
In the above low noise aircraft, by means of the above configuration, the engine exhaust direction can be changed by a well-known mechanism, and as a result strong noise components can be suitably dispersed up into the air, and weak noise components can be emitted toward the ground.
By means of a low noise aircraft of this invention, the engine exhaust direction during takeoff and landing can be deflected to the upper side relative to the flight direction, and the direction of maximum propagation of engine jet exhaust noise can be kept away from the ground. In general, the purpose of thrust deflection during takeoff and landing is to increase lift force and improve takeoff and landing performance by deflecting the engine exhaust direction in the lower direction relative to the flight direction. However, in the low noise aircraft of this invention, by deflecting the engine exhaust direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction, which is the opposite direction of the lower side, noise is reduced. At this time, there is some degradation in the climb performance during takeoff, and consequently the climb path angle is lower and the distance from the ground is reduced, so that the effect in noise damping with distance is reduced, and consequently noise is increased, so that the effect is negative. However, the effect in reducing noise by changing the engine exhaust direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction is still large even when this negative effect of an increase in noise is subtracted, so that overall the engine exhaust noise on the ground during takeoffs and landings can be greatly reduced.
Further, when the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle which deflects the engine exhaust direction comprises an upper deflection nozzle and a lower deflection nozzle, which are respectively equivalent to the upstream-side halves (+(180°−θ), −(180°−θ)) resulting when a cylinder which has been cut in a center plane comprising the center axis is further V-cut at angles ±θ(0<θ<90°) from the center plane by two planes symmetrical about the center plane, the exhaust jet direction can be deflected in the reverse direction, and during a landing run, the engine can be caused to generate reverse thrust. Hence by installing this thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle on the rear portion of an engine, the exhaust noise of the engine during takeoffs and landings of the aircraft can be greatly reduced, and moreover the braking function (deceleration performance) of the aircraft during landing runs can be enhanced.
Below, the invention is explained in greater detail through aspects illustrated in the drawings.
The jet mixing noise of an aircraft has directivity with respect to the noise intensity; as shown in (b) of
However, as shown in (a) of
This low noise aircraft 100 comprises, as thrust deflection means, a thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle. This thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle is installed on the exhaust nozzle comprised in the rear portion of the engine structure, and has a well-known mechanism to deflect the direction of the exhaust jet. Hence the low noise aircraft 100 can easily cause deflection of the exhaust jet direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction by means of the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle comprising a well-known mechanism, and as a result the engine exhaust noise on the ground can be greatly reduced.
This low noise aircraft 200 comprises, as thrust deflection means, a thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle 20 capable of changing the direction of the exhaust jet, similarly to Embodiment 1. As shown in
This thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle 20 comprises an upper deflection nozzle 21 and a lower deflection nozzle 22, as explained above; the upper deflection nozzle 21 and lower deflection nozzle 22 are respectively equivalent to the upstream-side halves (the solid-line portions in (b) of
The driving mechanism for the upper deflection nozzle 21 comprises an actuator 23, which causes deflection of the upper nozzle 21; an actuator installation portion 24, which is the portion connecting this actuator 23 and the upper deflection nozzle 21; and upper-front guide rails 25 and upper-rear guide rails 26, enabling movement of the actuator installation portion 24. The actuator 23 comprises, for example, a hydraulic cylinder with a rotation mechanism. Details of the actuator installation portion 24 are explained below referring to
The upper-front guide rails 25 and upper-rear guide rails 26 have different loci (rail geometry). That is, the guide rails 25, 26 are fabricated such that, when the upper deflection nozzle 21 travels over these guide rails 25, 26, rotational movement (translation+rotation) are performed, so that the nozzle states required for each of the modes, “cruising mode”→“thrust deflection mode”→“reverse thrust mode”, are formed. The explanation above similarly applies to lower-front guide rails 27 and lower-rear guide rails 28.
In this cruising mode, the thrust deflection-type exhaust nozzle 20 does not deflect the jet direction of the exhaust jet, so that the actuator 23 is in the contracted state, and simultaneously the actuator connection portions 24, 24 are positioned at the respective starting points of the upper and lower front guide rails 25, 27 and of the upper and lower rear guide rails 26, 28.
The actuator installation portion 24 is fixed to the upper deflection nozzle 21, and the front roller pair 24a 24a and rear roller pair 24b, 24b, each comprising two units, are installed on the front and rear of the actuator installation portion 24. The front roller pair 24a, 24a is on the upper-front guide rails 25, 25, and the rear roller pair 24b, 24b is on the upper-rear guide rails 26, 26.
These guide rails 25, 26 may be guide rails having substantially a C-shaped cross-sectional shape, as shown in
The rod of the actuator 23 extends to press the actuator installation portion 24, the front roller pair 24a, 24a moves along the upper-front guide rails 25, 25, while the rear roller pair 24b, 24b moves along the upper-rear guide rails 26, 26, causing the upper deflection nozzle 21 to be deflected upward, and causing upward deflection of the jet direction of the exhaust jet. Similarly for the lower deflection nozzle 22, the rod of the actuator 23 extends to press the actuator installation portion 24, and the front roller pair 24a, 24a and rear roller pair 24b, 24b move along the lower-front guide rollers 27, 27 and lower-rear guide rollers 28, 28, causing the lower deflection nozzle 22 to be deflected, and causing upward deflection of the jet direction of the exhaust jet.
When the actuator 23 further presses the actuator installation portion 24, the actuator installation portion 24 reaches the respective end points of the upper-front guide rails 25 and upper-rear guide rails 26, and the upper deflection nozzle 21 is rotated such that the end face on the V-cut side (rear opening) is directed downward. For the lower deflection nozzle 22 also, the actuator installation portion 24 reaches the respective end points of the lower-front guide rails 27 and lower-rear guide rails 28, and the lower deflection nozzle 22 is rotated such that the end face on the V-cut side (rear opening) is directed upward, and joins with the V-cut end face of the upper deflection nozzle 21. And, the exhaust jet flows into the center opening of the upper deflection nozzle 21, is reflected by the inner face, and flows outside from the front opening. Similarly, the exhaust jet which has flowed into the center opening of the lower deflection nozzle 22 is reflected by the inner face and flows outside from the front opening. In this way, the exhaust jet is deflected in the reverse direction, and the engine generates a reverse thrust.
This low noise aircraft 300 comprises, as thrust deflection means, a rotation-type engine. This rotation-type engine has installed a well-known rotation mechanism in the structure which installs the engine on a wing or the fuselage of the aircraft, such that the engine can be rotated. Hence by means of this rotation-type engine comprising a well-known mechanism, the low noise aircraft 300 can easily deflect the exhaust jet direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction, and as a result, engine exhaust noise on the ground can be greatly reduced.
This low noise aircraft 400 comprises, as thrust deflection means, a thrust deflection plate. This thrust deflection plate is moveably mounted on the airframe structure to the rear of a mounted engine, such as for example on a main wing or on a face of the fuselage, and can deflect the engine exhaust upward. Hence the low noise aircraft 400 can easily deflect the exhaust jet direction to the upper side relative to the flight direction by means of the thrust deflection plate comprising this simple structure. As a result, engine exhaust noise on the ground can be greatly reduced.
When attempting to reduce noise by changing the exhaust jet direction upward relative to the flight path by means of the above-described thrust deflection devices, the following two points must be considered.
One is the fact that, with the safety standards relating to airworthiness of the aircraft (“Federal Aviation Requirements”; hereafter referred to as “Reference 2”), from the start of the takeoff run, until takeoff is completed, changes in aircraft configuration other than an operation to retract the landing gear are not permitted; the other is that, because takeoff performance is degraded due to thrust deflection, it is necessary not to perform thrust deflection until takeoff is completed, or to perform deflection downward from the flight path, which is the usual method of thrust deflection. As a result, thrust deflection upward in order to reduce noise must be performed at the time at which takeoff is completed. According to the safety standards of the above Reference 2, takeoff completion is said to occur after the aircraft has lifted off from the runway, and landing gear retraction has been completed and an altitude of 400 feet has been attained. The takeoff noise measurement point stipulated in Reference 2 is located at a forward distance of 6.5 km from the takeoff run starting point, and where takeoff is completed and takeoff climb is continuing; hence by rapidly performing thrust deflection after takeoff completion, noise can be reduced at the noise measurement point and at subsequent points in the vicinity of the airport.
Below, calculated examples of the state of flight conditions and time history of the noise value at the noise measurement point during takeoff climb and the subsequent climb phase are described, when thrust deflection is not and is performed. In order to simplify the calculations, thrust deflection is not performed during takeoff run on the runway, the takeoff run distance until liftoff of the aircraft from the runway is assumed to be the same, and calculations are performed when thrust deflection is performed at an instant at which the aircraft has lifted off. As a result, calculated climb path angle after liftoff is smaller when thrust deflection is performed, that the altitude is reduced when passing over the noise measurement point, and that as a result of the shorter distance from the measurement point, the noise is increased in this simplified calculation. The performance of actual thrust deflection is as stipulated in Reference 2; at an altitude of 400 feet or higher, at which landing gear retraction has been completed, the degradation of the climb path due to thrust deflection is smaller, and this simplification results in calculation on the side of safety when calculating the effect of thrust deflection.
As indicated below, the calculation of the climb path employs the equation of motion of a point mass along a path.
W cos γ=L+T sin(α+δ)
where W is the weight, L is the lift, D is the drag, and T is the thrust
T cos(α+δ)−D=W sin γ
where α is the attack angle, γ is the path angle, and δ is the thrust deflection angle
Results of changes in the climb path angle γ, plotting the thrust deflection angle δ along the horizontal axis, appear in
On the other hand, in the takeoff sideline case ((2) in
And, in the landing approach case ((3) in
Under these circumstances, if the exhaust jet direction is deflected upward, then the engine output to maintain a descent angle of 3° increases; but similarly to the case of takeoff described above, due to noise directivity, noise reduction on the ground is achieved. This is shown by the bar graph of
Environmental standards are being made increasingly stringent from year to year, and the sum of noise levels for the above-described three measurement conditions has been further strengthened by −10 dB, relative to the noise standard values indicated in Reference 2, for aircraft newly manufactured from January 2006. The effect in reducing noise of this invention is in total approximately −19 dB in the above-described sample calculations, for a large noise reduction effect.
As explained above, the following three methods can be used to perform thrust deflection.
A method in which a thrust deflection mechanism is incorporated into the engine body (Embodiments 1 and 2) is a method of providing a mechanism capable of thrust direction deflection in the exhaust nozzle comprised by the rear portion of the engine structure.
A method of causing rotation of the engine body (Embodiment 3) is a method in which an installation method and operation mechanism enabling rotation of the engine are provided in the structure installing the engine on a wing or the fuselage of the aircraft.
A method of installing a deflection device in the rear of the engine (Embodiment 4) is a method of moveably mounting a deflection plate, which can deflect the engine exhaust upward, on the airframe structure to the rear of a mounted engine, such as for example on a main wing or on a face of the fuselage.
With the retirement from service in October 2003 of the Concorde, the only SST in actual use, there now exist no supersonic aircraft used for transport in the civil aviation sector. There are as yet no prospects for development of a genuine next-generation supersonic transport aircraft seating 250 to 300 passengers as the successor to the Concorde, but as an early stage of such development, research is underway at NASA of the U.S. and business aircraft manufacturers on a supersonic business jet (SSBJ) seating approximately eight to ten passengers and on a small-size SST seating approximately 20 to 30 passengers, and active research is being conducted aimed at achieving both cruising performance at supersonic speeds, and reduced noise during takeoff and landing. If both of these goals are achieved, there is a strong possibility of actual development of an SSBJ or SST. And, even in the case of ordinary subsonic aircraft, in addition to ordinary mechanisms to reduce noise, application of this invention is expected to enable further noise reduction, enabling conformance to increasingly stringent noise standards.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-019456 | Jan 2007 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2007/066761 | 8/29/2007 | WO | 00 | 7/22/2009 |
