Low pain penetrating member

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lancing devices are known in the medical health-care products industry for piercing the skin to produce blood for analysis. Typically, a drop of blood for this type of analysis is obtained by making a small incision in the fingertip, creating a small wound, which generates a small blood droplet on the surface of the skin.

Early methods of lancing included piercing or slicing the skin with a needle or razor. Current methods utilize lancing devices that contain a multitude of spring, cam and mass actuators to drive the lancet. These include cantilever springs, diaphragms, coil springs, as well as gravity plumbs used to drive the lancet. The device may be held against the skin and mechanically triggered to ballistically launch the lancet. Unfortunately, the pain associated with each lancing event using known technology discourages patients from testing. In addition to vibratory stimulation of the skin as the driver impacts the end of a launcher stop, known spring based devices have the possibility of firing lancets that harmonically oscillate against the patient tissue, causing multiple strikes due to recoil. This recoil and multiple strikes of the lancet is one major impediment to patient compliance with a structured glucose monitoring regime. Known lancets also have a configuration which may contribute in part to the pain associated with lancing for body fluid generation.

Additionally, known lancets have geometries that may contribute to the pain associated with lancing. Most known lancets fail to balance between reducing pain but creating a wound generating sufficient blood or other body fluid flow. Accordingly, there is a need for improved penetrating members for addressing these deficiencies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides solutions for at least some of the drawbacks discussed above. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provide an improved penetrating member configuration for penetration into tissue. Some embodiments of these penetrating members may be used with intelligent control of the velocity profile that will increase the likelihood of spontaneous blood generation. At least some of these and other objectives described herein will be met by embodiments of the present invention.

In one aspect of the present invention, the invention relates to minimizing the pain of skin lancing based on reducing the volume of penetrating member material interacting with the skin during the cutting process. This may be achieved through surface modification or geometry changes such that cutting efficiency is increased.

Reducing the volume or drag on skin or sharpness of the penetrating member entering the wound during the cutting process will reduce the pain associated with lancing, and result in less power desired for retraction of the penetrating member from the skin.

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and drawings.

The system may further comprise means for coupling the force generator with one of the penetrating members.

The system may further comprise a penetrating member sensor positioned to monitor a penetrating member coupled to the force generator, the penetrating member sensor configured to provide information relative to a depth of penetration of a penetrating member through a skin surface.

The depth of penetration may be about 100 to 2500 microns.

The depth of penetration may be about 500 to 750 microns.

The depth of penetration may be, in this nonlimiting example, no more than about 1000 microns beyond a stratum corneum thickness of a skin surface.

The depth of penetration may be no more than about 500 microns beyond a stratum corneum thickness of a skin surface.

The depth of penetration may be no more than about 300 microns beyond a stratum corneum thickness of a skin surface.

The depth of penetration may be less than a sum of a stratum corneum thickness of a skin surface and 400 microns.

The penetrating member sensor may be further configured to control velocity of a penetrating member.

The active penetrating member may move along a substantially linear path into the tissue.

The active penetrating member may move along an at least partially curved path into the tissue.

The driver may be a voice coil drive force generator.

The driver may be a rotary voice coil drive force generator.

The penetrating member sensor may be coupled to a processor with control instructions for the penetrating member driver.

The processor may include a memory for storage and retrieval of a set of penetrating member profiles utilized with the penetrating member driver.

The processor may be utilized to monitor position and speed of a penetrating member as the penetrating member moves in a first direction.

The processor may be utilized to adjust an application of force to a penetrating member to achieve a desired speed of the penetrating member.

The processor may be utilized to adjust an application of force to a penetrating member when the penetrating member contacts a target tissue so that the penetrating member penetrates the target tissue within a desired range of speed.

The processor may be utilized to monitor position and speed of a penetrating member as the penetrating member moves in the first direction toward a target tissue, wherein the application of a launching force to the penetrating member is controlled based on position and speed of the penetrating member.

The processor may be utilized to control a withdraw force to the penetrating member so that the penetrating member moves in a second direction away from the target tissue.

In the first direction, the penetrating member may move toward the target tissue at a speed that is different than a speed at which the penetrating member moves away from the target tissue.

In the first direction the penetrating member may move toward the target tissue at a speed that is greater than a speed at which the penetrating member moves away from the target tissue.

The speed of a penetrating member in the first direction may be the range of about 2.0 to 10.0 m/sec.

The average velocity of the penetrating member during a tissue penetration stroke in the first direction may be about 100 to about 1000 times greater than the average velocity of the penetrating member during a withdrawal stroke in a second direction.

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of the invention, which includes dimples impressed across the contact area of the penetrating member.

FIG. 2 is a detail side view of the tip of the penetrating member.

FIG. 3 is a side view of one embodiment of the invention, which includes a splined cross-section.

FIG. 4 is a detail side view of the tip of the penetrating member shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the shaft of the penetrating member shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a side view of a standard lancet design.

FIG. 7 is a detail side view of a standard lancet design.

FIG. 8 is a front view of the lancet design of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of the lancet design of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a detail side view of the lancet design of FIG. 9, showing the addition of a layer of coating to the lancet.

FIG. 11 is a side view of one embodiment of the invention, which includes a cross-section with cutouts on the bottom portion of the penetrating member to reduce the area in contact with the penetrated matter.

FIG. 12 is a detail side view of the penetrating member of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of section 0-0 of the penetrating member of FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of section C-C of the penetrating member of FIG. 11.

FIG. 15 is a side view of one embodiment of the invention which includes a cross-section ground on either side of the bottom portion of the penetrating member to reduce the area in contact with the penetrated matter.

FIG. 16 is a detail side view of the penetrating member of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of section 0-0 of the penetrating member of FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of section C-C of the penetrating member of FIG. 15.

FIG. 19 shows a further embodiment of FIG. 15 for reducing the volume of metal inside skin during the lancing event.

FIG. 20 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 shows the general elements of a penetrating member tip.

FIG. 22 shows various embodiments of a penetrating member tip.

FIGS. 23A-C show various portions and measurements of one embodiment of the penetrating member.

FIGS. 24-29 are perspective views of various embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 30 is a table showing specific measurements of various penetrating members.

FIG. 31 illustrates an embodiment of a controllable force driver in the form of a cylindrical electric penetrating member driver using a coiled solenoid-type configuration.

FIG. 32A illustrates a displacement over time profile of a penetrating member driven by a harmonic spring/mass system.

FIG. 32B illustrates the velocity over time profile of a penetrating member driver by a harmonic spring/mass system.

FIG. 32C illustrates a displacement over time profile of an embodiment of a controllable force driver.

FIG. 32D illustrates a velocity over time profile of an embodiment of a controllable force driver.

FIG. 33 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a controlled feed-back loop.

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a tissue penetration device having features of the invention.

FIG. 35 is an elevation view in partial longitudinal section of the tissue penetration device of FIG. 4.

FIGS. 36A-36G shows a method of penetrating tissue.

FIG. 37 shows one embodiment of disc for use with the present invention.

FIG. 38 shows one view of the disc in a penetrating member device.

FIG. 39 shows another embodiment of a device that may use a disc as described in FIG. 37.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides a solution for body fluid sampling. Specifically, some embodiments of the present invention provides a method for improving spontaneous blood generation. The invention may be designed for use with a high density penetrating member cartridge. It may use penetrating members of smaller size, such as but not limited to diameter or length, than those of lancets known in the art. The cutting surfaces of the penetrating member may be configured for improved cutting. At least some of these and other objectives described herein will be met by embodiments of the present invention.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. It may be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a material” may include mixtures of materials, reference to “a chamber” may include multiple chambers, and the like. References cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, except to the extent that they conflict with teachings explicitly set forth in this specification.

In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, if a device optionally contains a feature for analyzing a blood sample, this means that the analysis feature may or may not be present, and, thus, the description includes structures wherein a device possesses the analysis feature and structures wherein the analysis feature is not present.

FIG. 1 is a side view of one embodiment of the invention, which includes dimples impressed across the contact area of the penetrating member.

FIG. 2 is a detail side view of the tip of the penetrating member shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is a side view of one embodiment of the invention, which includes a splined cross-section.

FIG. 4 is a detail side view of the tip of the penetrating member shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the shaft of the penetrating member shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a side view of a standard lancet design.

FIG. 7 is a detail side view of a standard lancet design.

FIG. 8 is a front view of the lancet design of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of the lancet design of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a detail side view of the lancet design of FIG. 9, showing the addition of a layer of coating to the lancet.

FIG. 12 is a detail side view of the penetrating member of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of section D-D of the penetrating member of FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of section C-C of the penetrating member of FIG. 11.

FIG. 16 is a detail side view of the penetrating member of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of section D-D of the penetrating member of FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of section C-C of the penetrating member of FIG. 15.

FIG. 19 A further embodiment of FIG. 15 for reducing the volume of metal inside skin during the lancing event. Shaving the material from the “back” of the penetrating member while maintaining the cutting geometry and relationship of the angles of the secondary facets.

FIG. 20 Reducing the volume of metal entering the skin during the lancing event by shaving material off the back and sides of the penetrating member while maintaining the geometry of the cutting tip (similar to FIGS. 15 and 19 but easier to grind for manufacturing purposes).

FIGS. 1, 3, 12, and 15 show embodiments that provide geometries designed to reduce the area of contact of the penetrating member with the penetrated material. As a nonlimiting example, FIGS. 1, 3, and 12 show embodiments that rely on the skin's inability to conform to concave surfaces when stretched. FIG. 15 shows an embodiment, which simply reduces the surface area of the penetrating member: the shortest distance between two points, a line, is constructed in place of curved section. The apex of the lower portion of the penetrating member remains intact to provide a high section moment of inertia to the penetrating member, thereby maintaining penetrating member stiffness and tip stability. Maintaining penetrating member stiffness is important for minimizing lateral deflection of the tip, which is a primary contributor to lancing pain.

The embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 10 includes a penetrating member coated with polytetrafluoroethylene. The polytetrafluoroethylene coating serves to reduce the frictional force desired to drive the penetrating member during entry. Although polytetrafluoroethylene does not noticeably improve the performance of very high speed projectiles, such as those designed to penetrate armor, it is believed effective at reducing friction on projectiles on low speeds. The polytetrafluoroethylene coating also isolates the penetrated matter from the material of the penetrating member. This is advantageous for avoiding a possible contact allergic reaction to the material of the penetrating member. For example, 303 stainless steel contains 9% nickel by weight, and may induce a nickel allergy in a human coming into contact with it. This type of allergy can also appear after repeated contact with such a material, and once it appears it is normally a chronic, lifelong condition. Polytetrafluoroethylene, however, is one of the most non-reactive materials known, and does not appear to cause such a condition.

In order to understand the factors controlling skin lancing, a detailed understanding of the cutting efficiency and profile of the penetrating member is desired. Creation of the wound channel and geometry of the cut are factors controlling blood yield and wound healing. Substantial effort has been put into understanding the penetrating member geometry and dimensions with relation to pain and blood yield.

FIG. 21 shows a penetrating member geometry. A variety of controllable factors are known to result in painless, efficient blood droplet yield from the skin surface. These factors include the depth of penetrating member penetration to the vascular plexus; the manner in which the skin is stabilized prior to penetrating member impact and the geometry of the lancing device. Blood volume, success rate, pain, and wound formation may be related to the diameter, depth and facet geometry of the penetrating member tip. The preferred geometry for cutting is a three-facet design shown and this geometry is common in the industry. Manufacture of these types of penetrating members is generally by taking a rod of a given diameter (usually 250-760 mm diameter) and grinding 8 degrees to the plane of the primary axis to create the primary facet. The secondary facets are then created by rotating the shaft of the penetrating member 15 degrees, and then rolling over 12 degrees to the plane of the primary facet. Other possible geometries desire altering the penetrating member's production parameters such as shaft diameter, angles, and translation distance. The features of the penetrating member tip affect lancing pain, cutting efficiency, wound healing and blood volume. Cutting efficiency is governed by the angle of the secondary facets.

Referring now to FIGS. 22 and 23A-C, the facets lengths, angles and diameter of common industry standard penetrating members have been measured and are shown. Lancing pain and blood yield are integrally related to these mechanical parameters. A common precept is that the smaller the diameter of the penetrating member, the less lancing pain is perceived. For a given amount of blood however, the thin penetrating member must then go deeper to cut more vessels to get the same amount of blood (this is discussed in detail in the anatomy section). Consequently, a larger diameter penetrating member with a shallow penetration will cut the desired amount of blood vessels (capillaries) with less pain. Reducing the volume of metal entering the finger, which is not associated with the cutting diameter, may help reduce pain and reduce the amount of “drag” or force desired to remove the penetrating member from the finger. The ideas presented FIGS. 1-20 are various embodiments directed at reducing the volume or friction of the penetrating member shaft in the skin.

FIG. 22 shows facet geometry of penetrating members commonly used for glucose spot monitoring.

FIG. 23A shows a drawing of relationship of facets and angles. In one embodiment as shown more clearly in FIG. 23B, the facet B has a length of about 0.84 mm and the bevel joint length C is about 0.47 mm. FIG. 23C depicts a cross-section of the penetrating member shown in FIG. 23B.

In order to understand the factors controlling skin lancing, a detailed understanding of the cutting efficiency and profile of the lancet is desired. Creation of the wound channel and geometry of the cut are factors controlling blood yield and wound healing. Substantial effort has been put into understanding the lancet geometry and dimensions with relation to pain and blood yield.

A variety of controllable factors are known to result in painless, efficient blood droplet yield from the skin surface. These factors include the depth of lancet penetration to the vascular plexus; the manner in which the skin is stabilized prior to lancet impact and the geometry of the lancing device. Blood volume, success rate, pain, and wound formation may be related to the diameter, depth and facet geometry of the lancet tip.

The preferred geometry for cutting is a three-facet design shown and this geometry is common in the industry. Manufacture of these types of lancets is generally by taking a rod of a given diameter (usually 250-760 mm diameter) and grinding 8 degrees to the plane of the primary axis to create the primary facet. The secondary facets are then created by rotating the shaft of the lancet 15 degrees, and then rolling over 12 degrees to the plane of the primary facet. Other possible geometries require altering the lancet's production parameters such as shaft diameter, angles, and translation distance. The features of the lancet tip affect lancing pain, cutting efficiency, wound healing and blood volume.

Proprietary to PTI is the relationship of the facet lengths and angles, and the fact that there is no molded chuck on the shaft of the lancet. These “bare” lancets are not found in the industry today. The advantage of the PTI proprietary lancet is that wound healing is quicker and more efficient due to the optimized geometry. All lancets used in patient testing are quantified and checked for precision manufacturing and the presence of burrs or spurs, which affect performance and pain of lancing. All lancet specifications are entered in the PTI database. For reference, in the example of FIG. 23A, A is the primary facet length (currently not measured, but calculated in the measurement process), B is the side facet length and C is the bevel joint length. The angles are derived as shown in the engineering drawing below.

Cutting efficiency is governed by the angle of the secondary facets. The importance of the lancet tip geometry and length of C is reflected in the complex relationship during cutting of the stratum corneum. Measurement of a simple inflection point in power or velocity on traversing the stratum corneum for determination of stratum corneum thickness is not possible since the situation is complicated by the entry of the lancet tip with respect to the distance along the C, B and A lengths.

The facets lengths, angles and diameter of common industry standard lancets have been measured and are shown in the Table below. As discussed above, lancing pain and blood yield are integrally related to these mechanical parameters. A common precept is that the smaller the diameter of the lancet, the less lancing pain is perceived. For a given amount of blood however, the thin lancet must then go deeper to cut more vessels to get the same amount of blood (this is discussed in detail in the anatomy section). Consequently, a larger diameter lancet with a shallow penetration will cut the desired amount of blood vessels (capillaries) with less pain. This is confirmed in histological cross sections of glabrous skin at the level of the papillary dermis and deeper, by measuring the distribution of blood vessels versus nerve branches cut for a given lancet footprint.

Pelikan Lancet

In one embodiment, decreasing shaft diameter affects primarily the value of A, and somewhat the value of B. PTI laboratory experiments and histological sections have confirmed that a shallow penetration with a wide lancet (efficient cut) translates to low pain. In one embodiment, the B manufactured lancet of 313 mm is the lancet used in patient testing. The choice was primarily based on the fact that the B lancet can penetrate shallow depths (600 to 800 mm) to get 1 microl of blood, whereas the Hart and BD II were unable to perform at shallower depths (0.5-1.0 mm) due to poor cutting efficiency. Shallow depth settings resulted in these lancets bouncing out of the skin, presumably due to the angle of the secondary facets and the long bevel joint length.

The recently released BD UF III is a 200 mm diameter lancet of different angle and facet length geometry than the BD UF II. This is due to the fact that the grinding process described above results in modified angle relationships due to the reduced diameter of the shaft. To illustrate this a theoretical experiment would be to keep the Bangle ratios constant and grind these on 200 mm bar stock to form the B Ill. There is a large effect on the facet lengths if the cutting angles are kept constant. The expectation is a quite different performance than the BD UF III, presumably again outperforming the BD UF III on small penetration depths. Similarly, the same thought experiment can be carried out if 200 mm bar stock is ground keeping the ABC lengths the same as the BD UF III, using the B grind protocol, the resulting angles are significantly different from the BD UF III. For comparison, the B II small diameter lancet has completely different angle and length perspective than other B produced lancets or industry standard offerings. Knowledge of tip geometry and facet lengths has a direct implication on the cutting efficiency and therefore performance of the lancet. It may very well be that there is an optimal lancet diameter and geometry for a given penetration depth and/or skin type.

FIG. 24 shows an embodiment with 1½ bar. A three-facet penetrating member design ground from half-round bar stock. The primary angle is represented in pink, the secondary angles in blue and as indicated by the arrows. The volume is reduced by virtue of the fact that the bar stock is not fully round.

FIG. 25 shows a three-facet penetrating member design ground from oval bar stock. The primary angle is represented in pink, the secondary angles in blue. Volume reduced by using oval stock rather than round.

FIG. 26 shows a sewing needle-volume reduced by removing material behind the primary facet to beyond the maximum point of penetration.

FIG. 27 shows a three spoon-volume reduction by shaving beyond the facets.

FIG. 28 shows a C shape or half hypodermic patient needle. Volume reduction is achieved by removing all material except that needed for cutting and stability.

FIG. 29 shows a ‘smashed end’ embodiment, easy to manufacture, reduced volume.

FIG. 30 shows a table of some different dimensions, including those of various embodiments of the present invention.

It should be understood that any of the above penetrating members may be adapted for use with a penetrating member driver as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,395, filed Apr. 19, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,774, issued Apr. 11, 2006) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/323,622, filed Dec. 18, 2002, (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,708,701, issued May 4, 2010). It should also be understood that these devices may also be used as bare penetrating member without an additional molded part coupled to the penetrating member. Other embodiments may, however, be designed for use with a molded or other attachment coupled to the penetrating member to facilitate handling.

While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, with any of the above embodiments, the location of the penetrating member drive device may be varied, relative to the penetrating members or the cartridge. With any of the above embodiments, the penetrating member tips may be uncovered during actuation (i.e. penetrating members do not pierce the penetrating member enclosure or protective foil during launch). With any of the above embodiments, the penetrating members may be a bare penetrating member during launch. With any of the above embodiments, the penetrating members may be bare penetrating members prior to launch as this may allow for significantly tighter densities of penetrating members. In some embodiments, the penetrating members may be bent, curved, textured, shaped, or otherwise treated at a proximal end or area to facilitate handling by an actuator. The penetrating member may be configured to have a notch or groove to facilitate coupling to a gripper. The notch or groove may be formed along an elongate portion of the penetrating member. With any of the above embodiments, the cavity may be on the bottom or the top of the cartridge, with the gripper on the other side. In some embodiments, analyte detecting members may be printed on the top, bottom, or side of the cavities. The front end of the cartridge maybe in contact with a user during lancing. The same driver may be used for advancing and retraction of the penetrating member. The penetrating member may have a diameters and length suitable for obtaining the blood volumes described herein. The penetrating member driver may also be in substantially the same plane as the cartridge. The driver may use a through hole or other opening to engage a proximal end of a penetrating member to actuate the penetrating member along a path into and out of the tissue.

The present invention may be used with a variety of different penetrating member drivers. It is contemplated that these penetrating member drivers may be spring based, solenoid based, magnetic driver based, nanomuscle based, or based on any other mechanism useful in moving a penetrating member along a path into tissue. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited by the type of driver used with the penetrating member feed mechanism. One suitable penetrating member driver for use with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. This is an embodiment of a solenoid type electromagnetic driver that is capable of driving an iron core or slug mounted to the penetrating member assembly using a direct current (DC) power supply. The electromagnetic driver includes a driver coil pack that is divided into three separate coils along the path of the penetrating member, two end coils and a middle coil. Direct current is alternated to the coils to advance and retract the penetrating member. Although the driver coil pack is shown with three coils, any suitable number of coils may be used, for example, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more coils may be used.

Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 31, the stationary iron housing 10 may contain the driver coil pack with a first coil 12 flanked by iron spacers 14 which concentrate the magnetic flux at the inner diameter creating magnetic poles. The inner insulating housing 16 isolates the penetrating member 18 and iron core 20 from the coils and provides a smooth, low friction guide surface. The penetrating member guide 22 further centers the penetrating member 18 and iron core 20. The penetrating member 18 is protracted and retracted by alternating the current between the first coil 12, the middle coil, and the third coil to attract the iron core 20. Reversing the coil sequence and attracting the core and penetrating member back into the housing retracts the penetrating member. The penetrating member guide 22 also serves as a stop for the iron core 20 mounted to the penetrating member 18.

As discussed above, tissue penetration devices which employ spring or cam driving methods have a symmetrical or nearly symmetrical actuation displacement and velocity profiles on the advancement and retraction of the penetrating member as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In most of the available lancet devices, once the launch is initiated, the stored energy determines the velocity profile until the energy is dissipated. Controlling impact, retraction velocity, and dwell time of the penetrating member within the tissue can be useful in order to achieve a high success rate while accommodating variations in skin properties and minimize pain. Advantages can be achieved by taking into account of the fact that tissue dwell time is related to the amount of skin deformation as the penetrating member tries to puncture the surface of the skin and variance in skin deformation from patient to patient based on skin hydration.

In this embodiment, the ability to control velocity and depth of penetration may be achieved by use of a controllable force driver where feedback is an integral part of driver control. Such drivers can control either metal or polymeric penetrating members or any other type of tissue penetration element. The dynamic control of such a driver is illustrated in FIG. 32C which illustrates an embodiment of a controlled displacement profile and FIG. 32D which illustrates an embodiment of the controlled velocity profile. These are compared to FIGS. 32A and 328, which illustrate embodiments of displacement and velocity profiles, respectively, of a harmonic spring/mass powered driver. Reduced pain can be achieved by using impact velocities of greater than about 2 m/s entry of a tissue penetrating element, such as a lancet, into tissue. Other suitable embodiments of the penetrating member driver are described in commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,395, filed Apr. 19, 2002 and previously incorporated herein.

FIG. 33 illustrates the operation of a feedback loop using a processor 60. The processor 60 stores profiles 62 in non-volatile memory. A user inputs information 64 about the desired circumstances or parameters for a lancing event. The processor 60 selects a driver profile 62 from a set of alternative driver profiles that have been preprogrammed in the processor 60 based on typical or desired tissue penetration device performance determined through testing at the factory or as programmed in by the operator. The processor 60 may customize by either scaling or modifying the profile based on additional user input information 64. Once the processor has chosen and customized the profile, the processor 60 is ready to modulate the power from the power supply 66 to the penetrating member driver 68 through an amplifier 70. The processor 60 may measure the location of the penetrating member 72 using a position sensing mechanism 74 through an analog to digital converter 76 linear encoder or other such transducer. Examples of position sensing mechanisms have been described in the embodiments above and may be found in the specification for commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,395, filed Apr. 19, 2002 and previously incorporated herein. The processor 60 calculates the movement of the penetrating member by comparing the actual profile of the penetrating member to the predetermined profile. The processor 60 modulates the power to the penetrating member driver 68 through a signal generator 78, which may control the amplifier 70 so that the actual velocity profile of the penetrating member does not exceed the predetermined profile by more than a preset error limit. The error limit is the accuracy in the control of the penetrating member.

After the lancing event, the processor 60 can allow the user to rank the results of the lancing event. The processor 60 stores these results and constructs a database 80 for the individual user. Using the database 79, the processor 60 calculates the profile traits such as degree of painlessness, success rate, and blood volume for various profiles 62 depending on user input information 64 to optimize the profile to the individual user for subsequent lancing cycles. These profile traits depend on the characteristic phases of penetrating member advancement and retraction. The processor 60 uses these calculations to optimize profiles 62 for each user. In addition to user input information 64, an internal clock allows storage in the database 79 of information such as the time of day to generate a time stamp for the lancing event and the time between lancing events to anticipate the user's diurnal needs. The database stores information and statistics for each user and each profile that particular user uses.

In addition to varying the profiles, the processor 60 can be used to calculate the appropriate penetrating member diameter and geometry suitable to realize the blood volume required by the user. For example, if the user requires about 1-5 microliter volume of blood, the processor 60 may select a 200 micron diameter penetrating member to achieve these results. For each class of lancet, both diameter and lancet tip geometry, is stored in the processor 60 to correspond with upper and lower limits of attainable blood volume based on the predetermined displacement and velocity profiles.

The lancing device is capable of prompting the user for information at the beginning and the end of the lancing event to more adequately suit the user. The goal is to either change to a different profile or modify an existing profile. Once the profile is set, the force driving the penetrating member is varied during advancement and retraction to follow the profile. The method of lancing using the lancing device comprises selecting a profile, lancing according to the selected profile, determining lancing profile traits for each characteristic phase of the lancing cycle, and optimizing profile traits for subsequent lancing events.

FIG. 34 illustrates an embodiment of a tissue penetration device, more specifically, a lancing device 80 that includes a controllable driver 179 coupled to a tissue penetration element. The lancing device 80 has a proximal end 81 and a distal end 82. At the distal end 82 is the tissue penetration element in the form of a penetrating member 83, which is coupled to an elongate coupler shaft 84 by a drive coupler 85. The elongate coupler shaft 84 has a proximal end 86 and a distal end 87. A driver coil pack 88 is disposed about the elongate coupler shaft 84 proximal of the penetrating member 83. A position sensor 91 is disposed about a proximal portion 92 of the elongate coupler shaft 84 and an electrical conductor 94 electrically couples a processor 93 to the position sensor 91. The elongate coupler shaft 84 driven by the driver coil pack 88 controlled by the position sensor 91 and processor 93 form the controllable driver, specifically, a controllable electromagnetic driver.

Referring to FIG. 35, the lancing device 80 can be seen in more detail, in partial longitudinal section. The penetrating member 83 has a proximal end 95 and a distal end 96 with a sharpened point at the distal end 96 of the penetrating member 83 and a drive head 98 disposed at the proximal end 95 of the penetrating member 83. A penetrating member shaft 201 is disposed between the drive head 98 and the sharpened point 97. The penetrating member shaft 201 may be comprised of stainless steel, or any other suitable material or alloy and have a transverse dimension of about 0.1 to about 0.4 mm. The penetrating member shaft may have a length of about 3 mm to about 50 mm, specifically, about 15 mm to about 20 mm. The drive head 98 of the penetrating member 83 is an enlarged portion having a transverse dimension greater than a transverse dimension of the penetrating member shaft 201 distal of the drive head 98. This configuration allows the drive head 98 to be mechanically captured by the drive coupler 85. The drive head 98 may have a transverse dimension of about 0.5 to about 2 mm.

A magnetic member 102 is secured to the elongate coupler shaft 84 proximal of the drive coupler 85 on a distal portion 203 of the elongate coupler shaft 84. The magnetic member 102 is a substantially cylindrical piece of magnetic material having an axial lumen 204 extending the length of the magnetic member 102. The magnetic member 102 has an outer transverse dimension that allows the magnetic member 102 to slide easily within an axial lumen 105 of a low friction, possibly lubricious, polymer guide tube 105′ disposed within the driver coil pack 88. The magnetic member 102 may have an outer transverse dimension of about 1.0 to about 5.0 mm, specifically, about 2.3 to about 2.5 mm. The magnetic member 102 may have a length of about 3.0 to about 5.0 mm, specifically, about 4.7 to about 4.9 mm. The magnetic member 102 can be made from a variety of magnetic materials including ferrous metals such as ferrous steel, iron, ferrite, or the like. The magnetic member 102 may be secured to the distal portion 203 of the elongate coupler shaft 84 by a variety of methods including adhesive or epoxy bonding, welding, crimping or any other suitable method.

Proximal of the magnetic member 102, an optical encoder flag 206 is secured to the elongate coupler shaft 84. The optical encoder flag 206 is configured to move within a slot 107 in the position sensor 91. The slot 107 of the position sensor 91 is formed between a first body portion 108 and a second body portion 109 of the position sensor 91. The slot 107 may have separation width of about 1.5 to about 2.0 mm. The optical encoder flag 206 can have a length of about 14 to about 18 mm, a width of about 3 to about 5 mm and a thickness of about 0.04 to about 0.06 mm.

The optical encoder flag 206 interacts with various optical beams generated by LEOs disposed on or in the position sensor body portions 108 and 109 in a predetermined manner. The interaction of the optical beams generated by the LEOs of the position sensor 91 generates a signal that indicates the longitudinal position of the optical flag 206 relative to the position sensor 91 with a substantially high degree of resolution. The resolution of the position sensor 91 may be about 200 to about 400 cycles per inch, specifically, about 350 to about 370 cycles per inch. The position sensor 91 may have a speed response time (position/time resolution) of 0 to about 120,000 Hz, where one dark and light stripe of the flag constitutes one Hertz, or cycle per second. The position of the optical encoder flag 206 relative to the magnetic member 102, driver coil pack 88 and position sensor 91 is such that the optical encoder 91 can provide precise positional information about the penetrating member 83 over the entire length of the penetrating members power stroke.

An optical encoder that is suitable for the position sensor 91 is a linear optical incremental encoder, model HEDS 9200, manufactured by Agilent Technologies. The model HEDS 9200 may have a length of about 20 to about 30 mm, a width of about 8 to about 12 mm, and a height of about 9 to about 11 mm. Although the position sensor 91 illustrated is a linear optical incremental encoder, other suitable position sensor embodiments could be used, provided they posses the requisite positional resolution and time response. The HEDS 9200 is a two channel device where the channels are 90 degrees out of phase with each other. This results in a resolution of four times the basic cycle of the flag. These quadrature outputs make it possible for the processor to determine the direction of penetrating member travel. Other suitable position sensors include capacitive encoders, analog reflective sensors, such as the reflective position sensor discussed above, and the like.

A coupler shaft guide 111 is disposed towards the proximal end 81 of the lancing device 80. The guide 111 has a guide lumen 112 disposed in the guide 111 to slidingly accept the proximal portion 92 of the elongate coupler shaft 84. The guide 111 keeps the elongate coupler shaft 84 centered horizontally and vertically in the slot 102 of the optical encoder 91.

Referring now to FIGS. 36A-36G, in one embodiment, the processor determines that the skin has been contacted when the end tip of the penetrating member has moved a predetermined distance with respect to its initial position. If the distance from the tip 961 of the penetrating member 183 to the target tissue 233 is known prior to initiation of penetrating member 183 movement, the initial position of the penetrating member 183 is fixed and known, and the movement and position of the penetrating member 183 can be accurately measured during a lancing cycle, then the position and time of penetrating member contact can be determined. This method requires an accurate measurement of the distance between the penetrating member tip 196 and the patient's skin 233 when the penetrating member 183 is in the zero time or initial position. This can be accomplished in a number of ways. One way is to control all of the mechanical parameters that influence the distance from the penetrating member tip 196 to the patient's tissue or a surface of the lancing device 180 that will contact the patient's skin 233. This could include the start position of the magnetic member 202, magnetic path tolerance, magnetic member 202 dimensions, driver coil pack 188 location within the lancing device 180 as a whole, length of the elongate coupling shaft 184, placement of the magnetic member 202 on the elongate coupling shaft 184, length of the penetrating member 183 etc. If all these parameters, as well as others can be suitably controlled in manufacturing with a tolerance stack-up that is acceptable, then the distance from the penetrating member tip 196 to the target tissue 233 can be determined at the time of manufacture of the lancing device 180. The distance could then be programmed into the memory of the processor 193. If an adjustable feature is added to the lancing device 180, such as an adjustable length elongate coupling shaft 184, this can accommodate variations in all of the parameters noted above, except length of the penetrating member 183. An electronic alternative to this mechanical approach would be to calibrate a stored memory contact point into the memory of the processor 193 during manufacture based on the mechanical parameters described above.

In another embodiment, moving the penetrating member tip 196 to the target tissue 233 very slowly and gently touching the skin 233 prior to actuation can accomplish the distance from the penetrating member tip 196 to the tissue 233. The position sensor can accurately measure the distance from the initialization point to the point of contact, where the resistance to advancement of the penetrating member 183 stops the penetrating member movement. The penetrating member 183 is then retracted to the initialization point having measured the distance to the target tissue 233 without creating any discomfort to the user.

Referring now to FIG. 37, a still further embodiment of a cartridge according to the present invention will be described. FIG. 37 shows one embodiment of a cartridge 900 which may be removably inserted into an apparatus for driving penetrating members to pierce skin or tissue. The cartridge 900 has a plurality of penetrating members 902 that may be individually or otherwise selectively actuated so that the penetrating members 902 may extend outward from the cartridge, as indicated by arrow 904, to penetrate tissue. In the present embodiment, the cartridge 900 may be based on a flat disc with a number of penetrating members such as, but in no way limited to, (25, 50, 75, 100, . . . ) arranged radially on the disc or cartridge 800. It should be understood that although the cartridge 900 is shown as a disc or a disc-shaped housing, other shapes or configurations of the cartridge may also work without departing from the spirit of the present invention of placing a plurality of penetrating members to be engaged, singly or in some combination, by a penetrating member driver.

Each penetrating member 902 may be contained in a cavity 906 in the cartridge 900 with the penetrating member's sharpened end facing radially outward and may be in the same plane as that of the cartridge. The cavity 906 may be molded, pressed, forged, or otherwise formed in the cartridge. Although not limited in this manner, the ends of the cavities 906 may be divided into individual fingers (such as one for each cavity) on the outer periphery of the disc. The particular shape of each cavity 906 may be designed to suit the size or shape of the penetrating member therein or the amount of space desired for placement of the analyte detecting members 808. For example and not limitation, the cavity 906 may have a V-shaped cross-section, a U-shaped cross-section, C-shaped cross-section, a multi-level cross section or the other cross-sections. The opening 810 through which a penetrating member 902 may exit to penetrate tissue may also have a variety of shapes, such as but not limited to, a circular opening, a square or rectangular opening, a U-shaped opening, a narrow opening that only allows the penetrating member to pass, an opening with more clearance on the sides, a slit, a configuration as shown in FIG. 75, or the other shapes.

In this embodiment, after actuation, the penetrating member 902 is returned into the cartridge and may be held within the cartridge 900 in a manner so that it is not able to be used again. By way of example and not limitation, a used penetrating member may be returned into the cartridge and held by the launcher in position until the next lancing event. At the time of the next lancing, the launcher may disengage the used penetrating member with the cartridge 900 turned or indexed to the next clean penetrating member such that the cavity holding the used penetrating member is position so that it is not accessible to the user (i.e. turn away from a penetrating member exit opening). In some embodiments, the tip of a used penetrating member may be driven into a protective stop that hold the penetrating member in place after use. The cartridge 900 is replaceable with a new cartridge 900 once all the penetrating members have been used or at such other time or condition as deemed desirable by the user.

Referring still to the embodiment in FIG. 37, the cartridge 900 may provide sterile environments for penetrating members via seals, foils, covers, polymeric, or similar materials used to seal the cavities and provide enclosed areas for the penetrating members to rest in. In the present embodiment, a foil or seal layer 920 is applied to one surface of the cartridge 900. The seal layer 920 may be made of a variety of materials such as a metallic foil or other seal materials and may be of a tensile strength and other quality that may provide a sealed, sterile environment until the seal layer 920 is penetrate by a suitable or penetrating device providing a preselected or selected amount of force to open the sealed, sterile environment. Each cavity 906 may be individually sealed with a layer 920 in a manner such that the opening of one cavity does not interfere with the sterility in an adjacent or other cavity in the cartridge 800. As seen in the embodiment of FIG. 37, the seal layer 920 may be a planar material that is adhered to a top surface of the cartridge 800.

Depending on the orientation of the cartridge 900 in the penetrating member driver apparatus, the seal layer 920 may be on the top surface, side surface, bottom surface, or other positioned surface. For ease of illustration and discussion of the embodiment of FIG. 37, the layer 920 is placed on a top surface of the cartridge 800. The cavities 906 holding the penetrating members 902 are sealed on by the foil layer 920 and thus create the sterile environments for the penetrating members. The foil layer 920 may seal a plurality of cavities 906 or only a select number of cavities as desired.

In a still further feature of FIG. 37, the cartridge 900 may optionally include a plurality of analyte detecting members 908 on a substrate 922 which may be attached to a bottom surface of the cartridge 900. The substrate may be made of a material such as, but not limited to, a polymer, a foil, or other material suitable for attaching to a cartridge and holding the analyte detecting members 908. As seen in FIG. 37, the substrate 922 may hold a plurality of analyte detecting members, such as but not limited to, about 10-50, 50-100, or other combinations of analyte detecting members. This facilitates the assembly and integration of analyte detecting members 908 with cartridge 900. These analyte detecting members 908 may enable an integrated body fluid sampling system where the penetrating members 902 create a wound tract in a target tissue, which expresses body fluid that flows into the cartridge for analyte detection by at least one of the analyte detecting members 908. The substrate 922 may contain any number of analyte detecting members 908 suitable for detecting analytes in cartridge having a plurality of cavities 906. In one embodiment, many analyte detecting members 908 may be printed onto a single substrate 922 which is then adhered to the cartridge to facilitate manufacturing and simplify assembly. The analyte detecting members 908 may be electrochemical in nature. The analyte detecting members 908 may further contain enzymes, dyes, or other detectors which react when exposed to the desired analyte. Additionally, the analyte detecting members 908 may comprise of clear optical windows that allow light to pass into the body fluid for analyte analysis. The number, location, and type of analyte detecting member 908 may be varied as desired, based in part on the design of the cartridge, number of analytes to be measured, the need for analyte detecting member calibration, and the sensitivity of the analyte detecting members. If the cartridge 900 uses an analyte detecting member arrangement where the analyte detecting members are on a substrate attached to the bottom of the cartridge, there may be through holes (as shown in FIG. 76), wicking elements, capillary tube or other devices on the cartridge 900 to allow body fluid to flow from the cartridge to the analyte detecting members 908 for analysis. In other configurations, the analyte detecting members 908 may be printed, formed, or otherwise located directly in the cavities housing the penetrating members 902 or areas on the cartridge surface that receive blood after lancing.

The use of the seal layer 920 and substrate or analyte detecting member layer 822 may facilitate the manufacture of these cartridges 10. For example, a single seal layer 920 may be adhered, attached, or otherwise coupled to the cartridge 900 as indicated by arrows 924 to seal many of the cavities 906 at one time. A sheet 922 of analyte detecting members may also be adhered, attached, or otherwise coupled to the cartridge 900 as indicated by arrows 925 to provide many analyte detecting members on the cartridge at one time. During manufacturing of one embodiment of the present invention, the cartridge 900 may be loaded with penetrating members 902, sealed with layer 920 and a temporary layer (not shown) on the bottom where substrate 922 would later go, to provide a sealed environment for the penetrating members. This assembly with the temporary bottom layer is then taken to be sterilized. After sterilization, the assembly is taken to a clean room (or it may already be in a clear room or equivalent environment) where the temporary bottom layer is removed and the substrate 922 with analyte detecting members is coupled to the cartridge as shown in FIG. 37. This process allows for the sterile assembly of the cartridge with the penetrating members 902 using processes and/or temperatures that may degrade the accuracy or functionality of the analyte detecting members on substrate 922. As a nonlimiting example, the entire cartridge 900 may then be placed in a further sealed container such as a pouch, bag, plastic molded container, etc. . . . to facilitate contact, improve ruggedness, and/or allow for easier handling.

In some embodiments, more than one seal layer 920 may be used to seal the cavities 906. As examples of some embodiments, multiple layers may be placed over each cavity 906, half or some selected portion of the cavities may be sealed with one layer with the other half or selected portion of the cavities sealed with another sheet or layer, different shaped cavities may use different seal layer, or the like. The seal layer 920 may have different physical properties, such as those covering the penetrating members 902 near the end of the cartridge may have a different color such as red to indicate to the user (if visually inspectable) that the user is down to say 10, 5, or other number of penetrating members before the cartridge should be changed out.

Referring now to FIG. 38, one embodiment of an apparatus 980 using a radial cartridge 900 with a penetrating member driver 982 is shown. A contoured surface 884 is located near a penetrating member exit port 986, allowing for a patient to place their finger in position for lancing. Although not shown, the apparatus 980 may include a human readable or other type of visual display to relay status to the user. The display may also show measured analyte levels or other measurement or feedback to the user without the need to plug apparatus 980 or a separate test strip into a separate analyte reader device. The apparatus 980 may include a processor or other logic for actuating the penetrating member or for measuring the analyte levels. The cartridge 900 may be loaded into the apparatus 980 by opening a top housing of the apparatus which may be hinged or removably coupled to a bottom housing. The cartridge 900 may also drawn into the apparatus 980 using a loading mechanism similar in spirit to that found on a compact disc player or the like. In such an embodiment, the apparatus may have a slot (similar to a CD player in an automobile) that allows for the insertion of the cartridge 900 into the apparatus 980 which is then automatically loaded into position or otherwise seated in the apparatus for operation therein. The loading mechanism may be mechanically powered or electrically powered. In some embodiments, the loading mechanism may use a loading tray in addition to the slot. The slot may be placed higher on the housing so that the cartridge 900 will have enough clearance to be loaded into the device and then dropped down over the penetrating member driver 982. The cartridge 900 may have an indicator mark or indexing device that allows the cartridge to be properly aligned by the loading mechanism or an aligning mechanism once the cartridge 900 is placed into the apparatus 980. The cartridge 900 may rest on a radial platform that rotates about the penetrating member driver 982, thus providing a method for advancing the cartridge to bring unused penetrating members to engagement with the penetrating member driver. The cartridge 800 on its underside or other surface, may shaped or contoured such as with notches, grooves, tractor holes, optical markers, or the like to facilitate handling and/or indexing of the cartridge. These shapes or surfaces may also be varied so as to indicate that the cartridge is almost out of unused penetrating members, that there are only five penetrating members left, or some other cartridge status indicator as desired.

A suitable method and apparatus for loading penetrating members has been described previously in commonly assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/393,706, filed Jul. 1, 2002 and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/393,707, filed Jul. 1, 2002, and are included here by reference for all purposes. Suitable devices for engaging the penetrating members and for removing protective materials associated with the penetrating member cavity are described in commonly assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/422,988, filed Nov. 1, 2002 and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/424,429, filed Nov. 6, 2002, and are included here by reference for all purposes. For example in the embodiment of FIG. 37, the foil or seal layer 920 may cover the cavity by extending across the cavity along a top surface 990 and down along the angled surface 892 to provide a sealed, sterile environment for the penetrating member and sensors therein. A piercing element described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/424,429, filed Nov. 6, 2002 has a piercing element and then a shaped portion behind the element which pushes the foil to the sides of the cavity or other position so that the penetrating member 902 may be actuated and body fluid may flow into the cavity.

Referring now to FIG. 39, one embodiment of a device that may use a disc 900 is shown. This embodiment of device 1000 include a display 1002 that shows lancing performance and setting such as penetration depth setting the like. Various buttons 1004 may also be placed on the housing to adjust settings and/or to activate lancing.

It should be understood that device 1000 may include a processor for implementing any of the control methodologies set forth herein. The processor may control the penetrating member driver and/or active braking device such a pads, stops, dampers, dashpots and other mechanism to control penetrating member speed. The characteristic phases of penetrating member advancement and retraction can be plotted on a graph of force versus time illustrating the force exerted by the penetrating member driver on the penetrating member to achieve the desired displacement and velocity profile. The characteristic phases are the penetrating member introduction phase A-C where the penetrating member is longitudinally advanced into the skin, the penetrating member rest phase D where the penetrating member terminates its longitudinal movement reaching its maximum depth and becoming relatively stationary, and the penetrating member retraction phase E-G where the penetrating member is longitudinally retracted out of the skin. The duration of the penetrating member retraction phase E-G is longer than the duration of the penetrating member introduction phase A-C, which in turn is longer than the duration of the penetrating member rest phase D.

The introduction phase further comprises a penetrating member launch phase prior to A when the penetrating member is longitudinally moving through air toward the skin, a tissue contact phase at the beginning of A when the distal end of the penetrating member makes initial contact with the skin, a tissue deformation phase A when the skin bends depending on its elastic properties which are related to hydration and thickness, a tissue lancing phase which comprises when the penetrating member hits the inflection point on the skin and begins to cut the skin Band the penetrating member continues cutting the skin C. The penetrating member rest phase D is the limit of the penetration of the penetrating member into the skin. Pain is reduced by minimizing the duration of the penetrating member introduction phase A-C so that there is a fast incision to a certain penetration depth regardless of the duration of the deformation phase A and inflection point cutting B which will vary from user to user. Success rate is increased by measuring the exact depth of penetration from inflection point B to the limit of penetration in the penetrating member rest phase D. This measurement allows the penetrating member to always, or at least reliably, hit the capillary beds which are a known distance underneath the surface of the skin.

The penetrating member retraction phase further comprises a primary retraction phase E when the skin pushes the penetrating member out of the wound tract, a secondary retraction phase F when the penetrating member starts to become dislodged and pulls in the opposite direction of the skin, and penetrating member exit phase G when the penetrating member becomes free of the skin. Primary retraction is the result of exerting a decreasing force to pull the penetrating member out of the skin as the penetrating member pulls away from the finger. Secondary retraction is the result of exerting a force in the opposite direction to dislodge the penetrating member. Control is necessary to keep the wound tract open as blood flows up the wound tract. Blood volume is increased by using a uniform velocity to retract the penetrating member during the penetrating member retraction phase E-G regardless of the force required for the primary retraction phase E or secondary retraction phase F, either of which may vary from user to user depending on the properties of the user's skin.

Displacement versus time profile of a penetrating member for a controlled penetrating member retraction cane be plotted. Velocity vs. time profile of the penetrating member for the controlled retraction can also be plotted. The penetrating member driver controls penetrating member displacement and velocity at several steps in the lancing cycle, including when the penetrating member cuts the blood vessels to allow blood to pool 2130, and as the penetrating member retracts, regulating the retraction rate to allow the blood to flood the wound tract while keeping the wound flap from sealing the channel 2132 to permit blood to exit the wound.

The tenting process and retrograde motion of the penetrating member during the lancing cycle can be illustrated graphically which shows both a velocity versus time graph and a position versus time graph of a penetrating member tip during a lancing cycle that includes elastic and inelastic tenting. From point 0 to point A, the penetrating member is being accelerated from the initialization position or zero position. From point A to point B, the penetrating member is in ballistic or coasting mode, with no additional power being delivered. At point B, the penetrating member tip contacts the tissue and begins to tent the skin until it reaches a displacement C. As the penetrating member tip approaches maximum displacement, braking force is applied to the penetrating member until the penetrating member comes to a stop at point D. The penetrating member then recoils in a retrograde direction during the settling phase of the lancing cycle indicated between D and E. Note that the magnitude of inelastic tenting indicated in FIG. 148 is exaggerated for purposes of illustration.

The amount of inelastic tenting indicated by Z tends to be fairly consistent and small compared to the magnitude of the elastic tenting. Generally, the amount of inelastic tenting Z can be about 120 to about 140 microns. As the magnitude of the inelastic tenting has a fairly constant value and is small compared to the magnitude of the elastic tenting for most patients and skin types, the value for the total amount of tenting for the penetration stroke of the penetrating member is effectively equal to the rearward displacement of the penetrating member during the settling phase as measured by the processor 193 plus a predetermined value for the inelastic recoil, such as 130 microns. Inelastic recoil for some embodiments can be about 100 to about 200 microns. The ability to measure the magnitude of skin tenting for a patient is important to controlling the depth of penetration of the penetrating member tip as the skin is generally known to vary in elasticity and other parameters due to age, time of day, level of hydration, gender and pathological state.

This value for total tenting for the lancing cycle can then be used to determine the various characteristics of the patient's skin. Once a body of tenting data is obtained for a given patient, this data can be analyzed in order to predict the total penetrating member displacement, from the point of skin contact, necessary for a successful lancing procedure. This enables the tissue penetration device to achieve a high success rate and minimize pain for the user. A rolling average table can be used to collect and store the tenting data for a patient with a pointer to the last entry in the table. When a new entry is input, it can replace the entry at the pointer and the pointer advances to the next value. When an average is desired, all the values are added and the sum divided by the total number of entries by the processor 193. Similar techniques involving exponential decay (multiply by 0.95, add 0.05 times current value, etc.) are also possible.

With regard to tenting of skin generally, some typical values relating to penetration depth are now discussed. A cross sectional view of the layers of the skin can be shown. In order to reliably obtain a useable sample of blood from the skin, it is desirable to have the penetrating member tip reach the venuolar plexus of the skin. The stratum corneum is typically about 0.1 to about 0.6 mm thick and the distance from the top of the dermis to the venuole plexus can be from about 0.3 to about 1.4 mm. Elastic tenting can have a magnitude of up to about 2 mm or so, specifically, about 0.2 to about 2.0 mm, with an average magnitude of about 1 mm. This means that the amount of penetrating member displacement necessary to overcome the tenting can have a magnitude greater than the thickness of skin necessary to penetrate in order to reach the venuolar plexus. The total penetrating member displacement from point of initial skin contact may have an average value of about 1.7 to about 2.1 mm. In some embodiments, penetration depth and maximum penetration depth may be about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, specifically, about 1 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, a maximum penetration depth of about 0.5 to about 3 mm is useful.

In some embodiments, the penetrating member is withdrawn with less force and a lower speed than the force and speed during the penetration portion of the operation cycle. Withdrawal speed of the penetrating member in some embodiments can be about 0.004 to about 0.5 m/s, specifically, about 0.006 to about 0.01 m/s. In other embodiments, useful withdrawal velocities can be about 0.001 to about 0.02 meters per second, specifically, about 0.001 to about 0.01 meters per second. For embodiments that use a relatively slow withdrawal velocity compared to the penetration velocity, the withdrawal velocity may up to about 0.02 meters per second. For such embodiments, a ratio of the average penetration velocity relative to the average withdrawal velocity can be about 100 to about 1000. In embodiments where a relatively slow withdrawal velocity is not important, a withdrawal velocity of about 2 to about 10 meters per second may be used.

Another example of an embodiment of a velocity profile for a penetrating member can be seen shown, which illustrates a penetrating member profile with a fast entry velocity and a slow withdrawal velocity. A lancing profile showing velocity of the penetrating member versus position. The lancing profile starts at zero time and position and shows acceleration of the penetrating member towards the tissue from the electromagnetic force generated from the electromagnetic driver. At point A, the power is shut off and the penetrating member begins to coast until it reaches the skin indicated by Bat which point, the velocity begins to decrease. At point C, the penetrating member has reached maximum displacement and settles momentarily, typically for a time of about 8 milliseconds.

A retrograde withdrawal force is then imposed on the penetrating member by the controllable driver, which is controlled by the processor to maintain a withdrawal velocity of no more than about 0.006 to about 0.01 meters/second. The same cycle is illustrated in the velocity versus time plot where the penetrating member is accelerated from the start point to point A. The penetrating member coasts from A to B where the penetrating member tip contacts tissue 233. The penetrating member tip then penetrates the tissue and slows with braking force eventually applied as the maximum penetration depth is approached. The penetrating member is stopped and settling between C and D. At D, the withdrawal phase begins and the penetrating member is slowly withdrawn until it returns to the initialization point shown by E. Note that retrograde recoil from elastic and inelastic tenting was not shown in the lancing profiles for purpose of illustration and clarity.

In another embodiment, the withdrawal phase may use a dual speed profile, with the slow 0.006 to 0.01 meter per second speed used until the penetrating member is withdrawn past the contact point with the tissue, then a faster speed of 0.01 to 1 meters per second may be used to shorten the complete cycle.

Any of the features described in this application or any reference disclosed herein may be adapted for use with any embodiment of the present invention. For example, the devices of the present invention may also be combined for use with injection penetrating members or needles as described in commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,395 filed Apr. 19, 2002. An analyte detecting member to detect the presence of foil may also be included in the lancing apparatus. For example, if a cavity has been used before, the foil or sterility barrier will be punched. The analyte detecting member can detect if the cavity is fresh or not based on the status of the barrier. It should be understood that in optional embodiments, the sterility barrier may be designed to pierce a sterility barrier of thickness that does not dull a tip of the penetrating member. The lancing apparatus may also use improved drive mechanisms. For example, a solenoid force generator may be improved to try to increase the amount of force the solenoid can generate for a given current. A solenoid for use with the present invention may have five coils and in the present embodiment the slug is roughly the size of two coils. One change is to increase the thickness of the outer metal shell or windings surround the coils. By increasing the thickness, the flux will also be increased. The slug may be split; two smaller slugs may also be used and offset by ½ of a coil pitch. This allows more slugs to be approaching a coil where it could be accelerated. This creates more events where a slug is approaching a coil, creating a more efficient system.

In another optional alternative embodiment, a gripper in the inner end of the protective cavity may hold the penetrating member during shipment and after use, eliminating the feature of using the foil, protective end, or other part to retain the used penetrating member. Some other advantages of the disclosed embodiments and features of additional embodiments include: same mechanism for transferring the used penetrating members to a storage area; a high number of penetrating members such as 25, 50, 75, 100, 500, or more penetrating members may be put on a disk or cartridge; molded body about a lancet becomes unnecessary; manufacturing of multiple penetrating member devices is simplified through the use of cartridges; handling is possible of bare rods metal wires, without any additional structural features, to actuate them into tissue; maintaining extreme (better than 50 micron—lateral—and better than 20 micron vertical) precision in guiding; and storage system for new and used penetrating members, with individual cavities/slots is provided. The housing of the lancing device may also be sized to be ergonomically pleasing. In one embodiment, the device has a width of about 56 mm, a length of about 105 mm and a thickness of about 15 mm. Additionally, some embodiments of the present invention may be used with non-electrical force generators or drive mechanism. For example, the punch device and methods for releasing the penetrating members from sterile enclosures could be adapted for use with spring based launchers. The gripper using a frictional coupling may also be adapted for use with other drive technologies.

Still further optional features may be included with the present invention. For example, with any of the above embodiments, the location of the penetrating member drive device may be varied, relative to the penetrating members or the cartridge. With any of the above embodiments, the penetrating member tips may be uncovered during actuation (i.e. penetrating members do not pierce the penetrating member enclosure or protective foil during launch). The penetrating members may be a bare penetrating member during launch. In some embodiments, the penetrating member may be a patient needle. The same driver may be used for advancing and retraction of the penetrating member. Different analyte detecting members detecting different ranges of glucose concentration, different analytes, or the like may be combined for use with each penetrating member. Non-potentiometric measurement techniques may also be used for analyte detection. For example, direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase molecules adsorbed onto carbon nanotube powder microelectrode may be used to measure glucose levels. In some embodiments, the analyte detecting members may formed to flush with the cartridge so that a “well” is not formed. In some other embodiments, the analyte detecting members may formed to be substantially flush (within 200 microns or 100 microns) with the cartridge surfaces. In all methods, nanoscopic wire growth can be carried out via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In all of the embodiments of the invention, preferred nanoscopic wires may be nanotubes. Any method useful for depositing a glucose oxidase or other analyte detection material on a nanowire or nanotube may be used with the present invention. Additionally, for some embodiments, any of the cartridge shown above may be configured without any of the penetrating members, so that the cartridge is simply an analyte detecting device. Still further, the indexing of the cartridge may be such that adjacent cavities may not necessarily be used serially or sequentially. As a nonlimiting example, every second cavity may be used sequentially, which means that the cartridge will go through two rotations before every or substantially all of the cavities are used. As another nonlimiting example, a cavity that is 3 cavities away, 4 cavities away, or N cavities away may be the next one used. This may allow for greater separation between cavities containing penetrating members that were just used and a fresh penetrating member to be used next. For any of the embodiments herein, they may be configured to provide the various velocity profiles described.

This application cross-references commonly assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/323,622 filed Dec. 18, 2002. This application is also related to commonly assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/335,142 filed Dec. 31, 2002. This application is also a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/425,815 filed May 30, 2003. This application is related to copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,395 filed Apr. 19, 2002. This application is also a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/237,261 filed Sep. 5, 2002. This application is further a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/420,535 filed Apr. 21, 2003. This application is further a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/335,142 filed Dec. 31, 2002. This application is further a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/423,851 filed Apr. 24, 2003. All applications listed above are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

The publications discussed or cited herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the structures and/or methods in connection with which the publications are cited.

Expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be defined by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable.

Claims

1. A body fluid collection or fluid injection device through a skin, comprising: a housing that includes a top housing and a bottom housing;a plurality of penetrating members, each of the penetrating members configured for piercing tissue, wherein the plurality of penetrating members are made from a solid rod of a given diameter and geometry and are configured to reduce area of contact of the penetrating members with a penetrated material, each rod having a primary facet and two secondary side facets that extend from the primary facet and terminate in a penetrating tip;a penetrating member driver configured to be coupled to each of the penetrating members, the penetrating member driver coupled to a processor with a retrograde withdrawal force controlled by the processor that is a penetrating member retraction phase imposed on the penetrating member by the penetrating member driver;an active braking device having pads to control speed of each of the penetrating members;a radial cartridge that contains the plurality of penetrating members, the radial cartridge being loaded into the device by opening the top housing that is hinged to the bottom housing;a plurality of cavities in the radial cartridge;a visual display coupled to the processor and configured to show measured analyte levels and other feedback to the user; anda plurality of analyte sensors, each analyte sensor associated with one of the plurality of penetrating members, each analyte sensor positioned at one of the plurality of cavities.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the penetrating members includes a splined cross-section and dimples impressed across a contact area of each penetrating member.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the penetrating members has a cutting efficiency sufficient to bring at least 1 micro liter of blood to a skin surface after penetrating about 600 to 800 microns into the skin.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the penetrating members has a cutting efficiency sufficient to bring at least 1 micro liter of blood to a skin surface after penetrating about 0.5 to 1.0 mm into the skin.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the penetrating members comprises a shaft having a bar stock with a half-round cross section to reduce volume of each penetrating member.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein a portion of each of the penetrating members has a first cross-sectional volume and a second cross-sectional volume greater than the first cross-sectional volume for mechanical coupling with a driver to drive each penetrating member.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein a front end portion of each of the penetrating members has a smashed end configuration to reduce volume of each penetrating member inside the tissue.

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5569286	Peckham	Oct 1996	A
5569287	Tezuka	Oct 1996	A
5571132	Mawhirt	Nov 1996	A
5575284	Athan	Nov 1996	A
5575403	Charlton	Nov 1996	A
5575895	Ikeda	Nov 1996	A
5582697	Ikeda	Dec 1996	A
5584846	Mawhirt	Dec 1996	A
5591139	Lin	Jan 1997	A
5593852	Heller	Jan 1997	A
5599501	Carey	Feb 1997	A
5605837	Karimi	Feb 1997	A
D378612	Clark	Mar 1997	S
5608006	Myerson	Mar 1997	A
5609749	Yamauchi	Mar 1997	A
5611809	Marshall	Mar 1997	A
5611810	Arnold	Mar 1997	A
5613978	Harding	Mar 1997	A
5616135	Thorne	Apr 1997	A
5617851	Lipkovker	Apr 1997	A
5618297	Hart	Apr 1997	A
5620579	Genshaw	Apr 1997	A
5620863	Tomasco	Apr 1997	A
5624458	Lipscher	Apr 1997	A
5624459	Kortenbach	Apr 1997	A
5624537	Turner	Apr 1997	A
D379516	Rutter	May 1997	S
5628764	Schraga	May 1997	A
5628765	Morita	May 1997	A
5628890	Carter	May 1997	A
5628961	Davis	May 1997	A
5630828	Mawhirt	May 1997	A
5630986	Charlton	May 1997	A
5632410	Moulton	May 1997	A
5640954	Pfeiffer	Jun 1997	A
D381591	Rice	Jul 1997	S
5643306	Schraga	Jul 1997	A
5643308	Markman	Jul 1997	A
5645555	Davis	Jul 1997	A
5647851	Pokras	Jul 1997	A
5650062	Ikeda	Jul 1997	A
5653863	Genshaw	Aug 1997	A
5657760	Ying et al.	Aug 1997	A
5658444	Black	Aug 1997	A
5660791	Brenneman	Aug 1997	A
D383550	Larson	Sep 1997	S
5662127	De Vaughn	Sep 1997	A
5662672	Pambianchi	Sep 1997	A
5666966	Horie	Sep 1997	A
5676143	Simonsen	Oct 1997	A
5678306	Bozeman	Oct 1997	A
5680858	Hansen et al.	Oct 1997	A
5680872	Sesekura	Oct 1997	A
5682233	Brinda	Oct 1997	A
5682884	Hill	Nov 1997	A
5683562	Schaffar	Nov 1997	A
5691898	Rosenberg	Nov 1997	A
5692514	Bowman	Dec 1997	A
5695947	Guo	Dec 1997	A
5700695	Yassinzadeh	Dec 1997	A
5705045	Park	Jan 1998	A
5707384	Kim	Jan 1998	A
5708247	McAleer	Jan 1998	A
5709668	Wacks	Jan 1998	A
5709699	Warner	Jan 1998	A
5710011	Forrow	Jan 1998	A
5714123	Sohrab	Feb 1998	A
5714390	Hallowitz	Feb 1998	A
5719034	Kiser	Feb 1998	A
5720862	Hamamoto	Feb 1998	A
5720924	Eikmeier	Feb 1998	A
D392391	Douglas	Mar 1998	S
D392740	Yung	Mar 1998	S
5723284	Ye	Mar 1998	A
5727548	Hill	Mar 1998	A
5729905	Mathiasmeier	Mar 1998	A
5730753	Morita	Mar 1998	A
5733085	Shida	Mar 1998	A
5733300	Pambianchi	Mar 1998	A
D393716	Brenneman	Apr 1998	S
D393717	Brenneman	Apr 1998	S
5735868	Lee	Apr 1998	A
5736103	Pugh	Apr 1998	A
5738244	Charlton	Apr 1998	A
5741228	Lambrecht	Apr 1998	A
5741634	Nozoc	Apr 1998	A
RE35803	Lange, II	May 1998	E
5746217	Erickson	May 1998	A
5746761	Turchin	May 1998	A
5746898	Preidel	May 1998	A
5753429	Pugh	May 1998	A
5753452	Smith	May 1998	A
5755228	Wilson	May 1998	A
5755733	Morita	May 1998	A
5758643	Wong	Jun 1998	A
5759364	Charlton	Jun 1998	A
5762770	Pritchard	Jun 1998	A
5770086	Indriksons	Jun 1998	A
5770369	Meade	Jun 1998	A
5772586	Heinonen	Jun 1998	A
5772677	Mawhirt	Jun 1998	A
5773270	D'Orazio	Jun 1998	A
5776157	Thorne	Jul 1998	A
5776719	Douglas	Jul 1998	A
5779365	Takaki	Jul 1998	A
5780304	Matzinger	Jul 1998	A
5782770	Mooradian	Jul 1998	A
5782852	Foggia et al.	Jul 1998	A
5788651	Weilandt	Aug 1998	A
5788652	Rahn	Aug 1998	A
5789255	Yu	Aug 1998	A
5794219	Brown	Aug 1998	A
5795725	Buechler	Aug 1998	A
5795774	Matsumoto	Aug 1998	A
5797940	Mawhirt	Aug 1998	A
5797942	Schraga	Aug 1998	A
5798030	Raguse	Aug 1998	A
5798031	Charlton	Aug 1998	A
5800781	Gavin	Sep 1998	A
5801057	Smart	Sep 1998	A
5807375	Gross	Sep 1998	A
5810199	Charlton	Sep 1998	A
D399566	Sohrab	Oct 1998	S
5820551	Hill	Oct 1998	A
5822715	Worthington	Oct 1998	A
5823973	Racchini	Oct 1998	A
5824491	Priest	Oct 1998	A
5827181	Dias	Oct 1998	A
5828943	Brown	Oct 1998	A
5829589	Nguyen	Nov 1998	A
5830219	Bird	Nov 1998	A
5832448	Brown	Nov 1998	A
5840020	Heinonen	Nov 1998	A
5840171	Birch	Nov 1998	A
5843691	Douglas	Dec 1998	A
5843692	Phillips	Dec 1998	A
5846216	Gonzales	Dec 1998	A
5846486	Pugh	Dec 1998	A
5846490	Yokota	Dec 1998	A
5849174	Sanghera	Dec 1998	A
5853373	Griffith	Dec 1998	A
5854074	Charlton	Dec 1998	A
D403975	Douglas	Jan 1999	S
5855377	Murphy	Jan 1999	A
5855801	Lin	Jan 1999	A
5856174	Lipshutz	Jan 1999	A
5856195	Charlton	Jan 1999	A
5857967	Frid	Jan 1999	A
5857983	Douglas	Jan 1999	A
5858804	Zanzucchi	Jan 1999	A
5860922	Gordon et al.	Jan 1999	A
5863800	Eikmeier	Jan 1999	A
5866353	Berneth	Feb 1999	A
5868135	Kaufman	Feb 1999	A
5868772	LeVaughn	Feb 1999	A
5869972	Birch	Feb 1999	A
5871494	Simons et al.	Feb 1999	A
5872713	Douglas	Feb 1999	A
5873856	Hjertman et al.	Feb 1999	A
5873887	King	Feb 1999	A
5876351	Rohde	Mar 1999	A
5876957	Douglas	Mar 1999	A
5879163	Brown	Mar 1999	A
5879310	Sopp	Mar 1999	A
5879311	Duchon	Mar 1999	A
5879373	Roeper	Mar 1999	A
5880829	Kauhaniemi	Mar 1999	A
5882494	van Antwerp	Mar 1999	A
5885211	Eppstein	Mar 1999	A
5886056	Hershkowitz	Mar 1999	A
5887133	Brown	Mar 1999	A
5890128	Diaz	Mar 1999	A
RE36191	Solomon	Apr 1999	E
5891053	Sesekura	Apr 1999	A
5892569	Van de Velde	Apr 1999	A
5893848	Negus	Apr 1999	A
5893870	Talen	Apr 1999	A
5897493	Brown	Apr 1999	A
5897569	Kellogg	Apr 1999	A
5899855	Brown	May 1999	A
5899915	Saadat	May 1999	A
5900130	Benvegnu	May 1999	A
5902731	Ouyang	May 1999	A
5906921	Ikeda	May 1999	A
D411619	Duchon	Jun 1999	S
5908416	Costello	Jun 1999	A
5911937	Hekal	Jun 1999	A
5912134	Shartle	Jun 1999	A
5913310	Brown	Jun 1999	A
5916156	Hildenbrand	Jun 1999	A
5916229	Evans	Jun 1999	A
5916230	Brenneman	Jun 1999	A
5918603	Brown	Jul 1999	A
5919711	Boyd	Jul 1999	A
5921963	Erez	Jul 1999	A
5922188	Ikeda	Jul 1999	A
5922530	Yu	Jul 1999	A
5922591	Anderson	Jul 1999	A
RE36268	Szuminsky	Aug 1999	E
5931794	Pitesky	Aug 1999	A
5933136	Brown	Aug 1999	A
5935075	Casscells et al.	Aug 1999	A
5938635	Kuhle	Aug 1999	A
5938679	Freeman	Aug 1999	A
5940153	Castaneda	Aug 1999	A
5942102	Hodges	Aug 1999	A
5942189	Wolfbeis	Aug 1999	A
5947957	Morris	Sep 1999	A
5951300	Brown	Sep 1999	A
5951492	Douglas	Sep 1999	A
5951493	Douglas	Sep 1999	A
5951582	Thorne	Sep 1999	A
5951836	McAleer	Sep 1999	A
5954738	LeVaughn	Sep 1999	A
5956501	Brown	Sep 1999	A
5957846	Chiang	Sep 1999	A
5958199	Miyamoto	Sep 1999	A
5959098	Goldberg	Sep 1999	A
5960403	Brown	Sep 1999	A
5961451	Reber	Oct 1999	A
5964718	Duchon	Oct 1999	A
5965380	Heller	Oct 1999	A
5968063	Chu	Oct 1999	A
5968760	Phillips	Oct 1999	A
5968836	Matzinger	Oct 1999	A
5971941	Simons	Oct 1999	A
5972199	Heller	Oct 1999	A
5972294	Smith	Oct 1999	A
5972715	Celentano	Oct 1999	A
5974124	Schlueter	Oct 1999	A
5976085	Kimball	Nov 1999	A
5983193	Heinonen	Nov 1999	A
5985116	Ikeda	Nov 1999	A
5985559	Brown	Nov 1999	A
5986754	Harding	Nov 1999	A
5993400	Rincoe	Nov 1999	A
5993434	Dev	Nov 1999	A
D417504	Love	Dec 1999	S
5997476	Brown	Dec 1999	A
5997509	Rosengart et al.	Dec 1999	A
5997561	Boecker	Dec 1999	A
5997817	Crismore	Dec 1999	A
5997818	Hackner	Dec 1999	A
6001067	Shults	Dec 1999	A
6007497	Huitema	Dec 1999	A
D418602	Prokop	Jan 2000	S
6014577	Henning	Jan 2000	A
6015392	Douglas	Jan 2000	A
6018289	Sekura	Jan 2000	A
6020110	Williams	Feb 2000	A
6022324	Skinner	Feb 2000	A
6022366	Schraga	Feb 2000	A
6022748	Charych	Feb 2000	A
6023629	Tamada	Feb 2000	A
6023686	Brown	Feb 2000	A
6027459	Shain	Feb 2000	A
6030399	Ignotz	Feb 2000	A
6030827	Davis	Feb 2000	A
6030967	Marui	Feb 2000	A
6032059	Henning	Feb 2000	A
6032119	Brown	Feb 2000	A
6033421	Theiss	Mar 2000	A
6033866	Guo	Mar 2000	A
6036924	Simons	Mar 2000	A
6037178	Leiner	Mar 2000	A
6041253	Kost	Mar 2000	A
6045567	Taylor	Apr 2000	A
6046055	Wolfbeis	Apr 2000	A
6048352	Douglas	Apr 2000	A
D424696	Ray	May 2000	S
6056701	Duchon	May 2000	A
6059815	Lee	May 2000	A
6060327	Keen	May 2000	A
6061128	Zweig	May 2000	A
6063039	Cunningham	May 2000	A
6066103	Duchon	May 2000	A
6066243	Anderson	May 2000	A
6066296	Brady	May 2000	A
6067463	Jeng	May 2000	A
6068615	Brown	May 2000	A
D426638	Ray	Jun 2000	S
6070761	Bloom	Jun 2000	A
6071249	Cunningham	Jun 2000	A
6071250	Douglas	Jun 2000	A
6071251	Cunningham	Jun 2000	A
6071294	Simons	Jun 2000	A
6071391	Gotoh	Jun 2000	A
6074360	Haar et al.	Jun 2000	A
6077408	Miyamoto	Jun 2000	A
6080106	Lloyd	Jun 2000	A
6080172	Fujiwara, II	Jun 2000	A
D428150	Ruf	Jul 2000	S
6083196	Trautman	Jul 2000	A
6083710	Heller	Jul 2000	A
6084660	Shartle	Jul 2000	A
6085576	Sunshine	Jul 2000	A
6086544	Hibner	Jul 2000	A
6086545	Roc	Jul 2000	A
6086562	Jacobsen	Jul 2000	A
6090078	Erskine	Jul 2000	A
6091975	Daddona	Jul 2000	A
6093146	Filangeri	Jul 2000	A
6093156	Cunningham et al.	Jul 2000	A
D428993	Lubs	Aug 2000	S
6099484	Douglas	Aug 2000	A
6099802	Pugh	Aug 2000	A
6100107	Lei	Aug 2000	A
6101478	Brown	Aug 2000	A
6102933	Lee	Aug 2000	A
6103033	Say	Aug 2000	A
6103509	Sode	Aug 2000	A
6104940	Watanabe	Aug 2000	A
6106751	Talbot	Aug 2000	A
6107083	Collins	Aug 2000	A
6113578	Brown	Sep 2000	A
6117115	Lee	Sep 2000	A
6117630	Reber	Sep 2000	A
6118126	Zanzucchi	Sep 2000	A
6119033	Spigelman	Sep 2000	A
6120462	Hibner	Sep 2000	A
6120676	Heller	Sep 2000	A
6121009	Heller	Sep 2000	A
6122536	Sun	Sep 2000	A
6126804	Andresen	Oct 2000	A
6126899	Woudenberg	Oct 2000	A
6129823	Hughes	Oct 2000	A
6132449	Lum	Oct 2000	A
6133837	Riley	Oct 2000	A
6134461	Say	Oct 2000	A
6136013	Marshall	Oct 2000	A
6139562	Mauze	Oct 2000	A
6143164	Heller	Nov 2000	A
6144837	Quy	Nov 2000	A
6144976	Silva et al.	Nov 2000	A
6149203	Hanlon	Nov 2000	A
6151586	Brown	Nov 2000	A
6152875	Hakamata	Nov 2000	A
6152942	Brenneman	Nov 2000	A
6153069	Pottgen	Nov 2000	A
RE36991	Yamamoto	Dec 2000	E
6155267	Nelson	Dec 2000	A
6155992	Henning et al.	Dec 2000	A
6156051	Schraga	Dec 2000	A
6157442	Raskas	Dec 2000	A
6159147	Lichter	Dec 2000	A
6159424	Kauhaniemi	Dec 2000	A
6161095	Brown	Dec 2000	A
6162397	Jurik	Dec 2000	A
6162611	Heller	Dec 2000	A
6167362	Brown	Dec 2000	A
6167386	Brown	Dec 2000	A
6168563	Brown	Jan 2001	B1
6168957	Matzinger	Jan 2001	B1
6171325	Mauze	Jan 2001	B1
6172743	Kley et al.	Jan 2001	B1
6175752	Say	Jan 2001	B1
6176847	Humphreys	Jan 2001	B1
6176865	Mauze	Jan 2001	B1
6177000	Peterson	Jan 2001	B1
6177931	Alexander	Jan 2001	B1
6183489	Douglas	Feb 2001	B1
6186145	Brown	Feb 2001	B1
6190612	Berger	Feb 2001	B1
6191852	Paffhausen	Feb 2001	B1
6192891	Gravel	Feb 2001	B1
6193673	Viola	Feb 2001	B1
6193873	Ohara	Feb 2001	B1
6194900	Freeman	Feb 2001	B1
6197040	LeVaughn	Mar 2001	B1
6197257	Raskas	Mar 2001	B1
6200289	Hochman et al.	Mar 2001	B1
6200773	Ouyang	Mar 2001	B1
6203504	Latterell	Mar 2001	B1
6206841	Cunningham et al.	Mar 2001	B1
6210133	Aboul-Hosn	Apr 2001	B1
6210272	Brown	Apr 2001	B1
6210369	Wilmot	Apr 2001	B1
6210420	Mauze	Apr 2001	B1
6210421	Bocker	Apr 2001	B1
6212417	Ikeda	Apr 2001	B1
6214626	Meller	Apr 2001	B1
6214804	Felgner	Apr 2001	B1
6218571	Zheng	Apr 2001	B1
6219574	Cormier	Apr 2001	B1
6221023	Matsuba	Apr 2001	B1
6221238	Grundig	Apr 2001	B1
6224617	Saadat et al.	May 2001	B1
6225078	Ikeda	May 2001	B1
6228100	Schraga	May 2001	B1
6230051	Cormier	May 2001	B1
6230501	Bailey	May 2001	B1
6231531	Lum	May 2001	B1
6233471	Berner	May 2001	B1
6233539	Brown	May 2001	B1
6234772	Wampler	May 2001	B1
6240393	Brown	May 2001	B1
D444235	Roberts	Jun 2001	S
6241862	McAleer	Jun 2001	B1
6242207	Douglas	Jun 2001	B1
6245060	Loomis	Jun 2001	B1
6245215	Douglas	Jun 2001	B1
6246992	Brown	Jun 2001	B1
6248065	Brown	Jun 2001	B1
6251083	Yum	Jun 2001	B1
6251121	Saadat	Jun 2001	B1
6251260	Heller	Jun 2001	B1
6251344	Goldstein	Jun 2001	B1
D444557	Levaughn	Jul 2001	S
6254831	Barnard	Jul 2001	B1
6256533	Vuzhakov	Jul 2001	B1
6258111	Ross	Jul 2001	B1
6258229	Winarta	Jul 2001	B1
6258254	Miyamoto	Jul 2001	B1
6261241	Burbank	Jul 2001	B1
6261245	Kawai	Jul 2001	B1
6261519	Harding	Jul 2001	B1
6264635	Wampler	Jul 2001	B1
6268161	Han	Jul 2001	B1
6268162	Phillips	Jul 2001	B1
6269314	Iitawaki	Jul 2001	B1
6270455	Brown	Aug 2001	B1
6270637	Crismore	Aug 2001	B1
6272359	Kivela	Aug 2001	B1
6272364	Kurnik	Aug 2001	B1
6275717	Gross	Aug 2001	B1
6280254	Wu	Aug 2001	B1
6281006	Heller	Aug 2001	B1
6283926	Cunningham	Sep 2001	B1
6283982	Levaughn	Sep 2001	B1
6284478	Heller	Sep 2001	B1
6285448	Kuenstner	Sep 2001	B1
6285454	Douglas	Sep 2001	B1
6289254	Shimizu	Sep 2001	B1
6290683	Erez	Sep 2001	B1
6294897	Champlin	Sep 2001	B1
6295506	Heinonen	Sep 2001	B1
6299578	Kurnik	Oct 2001	B1
6299596	Ding	Oct 2001	B1
6299757	Feldman	Oct 2001	B1
6302844	Walker	Oct 2001	B1
6302855	Lav	Oct 2001	B1
6305804	Rice	Oct 2001	B1
6306104	Cunningham	Oct 2001	B1
6306152	Verdonk	Oct 2001	B1
6306347	Mason	Oct 2001	B1
6309351	Kurnik	Oct 2001	B1
6309370	Haim et al.	Oct 2001	B1
6309535	Williams	Oct 2001	B1
6312612	Sherman	Nov 2001	B1
6315738	Nishikawa	Nov 2001	B1
6318970	Backhouse	Nov 2001	B1
6319210	Douglas	Nov 2001	B1
6322574	Lloyd	Nov 2001	B1
6322808	Trautman	Nov 2001	B1
6322963	Bauer	Nov 2001	B1
6329161	Heller	Dec 2001	B1
6330426	Brown	Dec 2001	B2
6331163	Kaplan	Dec 2001	B1
6332871	Douglas	Dec 2001	B1
6334363	Testud	Jan 2002	B1
6334778	Brown	Jan 2002	B1
6334856	Allen et al.	Jan 2002	B1
6335203	Patel	Jan 2002	B1
6336900	Alleckson	Jan 2002	B1
6338790	Feldman	Jan 2002	B1
6346120	Yamazaki	Feb 2002	B1
6349229	Watanabe	Feb 2002	B1
6350273	Minagawa	Feb 2002	B1
6350451	Horn	Feb 2002	B1
6352514	Douglas	Mar 2002	B1
6352523	Brown	Mar 2002	B1
6353753	Flock	Mar 2002	B1
6358196	Rayman	Mar 2002	B1
6364889	Kheiri et al.	Apr 2002	B1
6364890	Lum	Apr 2002	B1
6368273	Brown	Apr 2002	B1
6375469	Brown	Apr 2002	B1
6375626	Allen et al.	Apr 2002	B1
6375627	Mauze	Apr 2002	B1
6379301	WOrthington	Apr 2002	B1
6379317	Kintzig	Apr 2002	B1
6379324	Gartstein	Apr 2002	B1
6379969	Mauze	Apr 2002	B1
6381577	Brown	Apr 2002	B1
D456910	Clark	May 2002	S
6387709	Mason	May 2002	B1
6391005	Lum	May 2002	B1
6395227	Kiser	May 2002	B1
6398522	Skill	Jun 2002	B2
6398562	Butler	Jun 2002	B1
6399394	Dahm	Jun 2002	B1
6402701	Kaplan	Jun 2002	B1
6402704	Mcmorrow	Jun 2002	B1
6409740	Kuhr	Jun 2002	B1
6413410	Hodges	Jul 2002	B1
6413411	Pottgen	Jul 2002	B1
6415821	Kamholz	Jul 2002	B2
6419661	Kuhr et al.	Jul 2002	B1
6420128	Ouyang	Jul 2002	B1
6421633	Heinonen	Jul 2002	B1
6423014	Churchill	Jul 2002	B1
6428664	Bhullar	Aug 2002	B1
6436055	Roe	Aug 2002	B1
6436256	Williams	Aug 2002	B1
6436721	Kuo	Aug 2002	B1
6440645	Yon-Hin	Aug 2002	B1
6444115	Hodges	Sep 2002	B1
6447119	Stewart et al.	Sep 2002	B1
6447265	Antaki	Sep 2002	B1
6451040	Purcell	Sep 2002	B1
6453810	Rossmeisl	Sep 2002	B1
6458258	Taniike	Oct 2002	B2
6461496	Feldman	Oct 2002	B1
6462162	van Antwerp	Oct 2002	B2
6464649	Duchon	Oct 2002	B1
6471903	Sherman	Oct 2002	B2
6472220	Simons	Oct 2002	B1
6475360	Hodges	Nov 2002	B1
6475372	Ohara	Nov 2002	B1
6475436	Schabbach	Nov 2002	B1
6475750	Han	Nov 2002	B1
6477394	Rice	Nov 2002	B2
6477424	Thompson	Nov 2002	B1
6484046	Say	Nov 2002	B1
6485439	Roe	Nov 2002	B1
6485461	Mason	Nov 2002	B1
6485923	Yani	Nov 2002	B1
6488827	Shartle	Dec 2002	B1
6488872	Beebe et al.	Dec 2002	B1
6488891	Mason	Dec 2002	B2
6489133	Phillips	Dec 2002	B2
6491709	Sharma	Dec 2002	B2
6491870	Patel	Dec 2002	B2
6494830	Wessel	Dec 2002	B1
6497845	Sacherer	Dec 2002	B1
6501404	Walker	Dec 2002	B2
6501976	Sohrab	Dec 2002	B1
6503209	Hakky et al.	Jan 2003	B2
6503210	Hirao	Jan 2003	B1
6503231	Praunsnitz	Jan 2003	B1
6503381	Gotoh	Jan 2003	B1
6506165	Sweeney	Jan 2003	B1
6506168	Fathallah	Jan 2003	B1
6506575	Knappe	Jan 2003	B1
6508785	Eppstein	Jan 2003	B1
6512986	Harmon	Jan 2003	B1
6514270	Schraga	Feb 2003	B1
6514460	Fendrock	Feb 2003	B1
6519241	Theimer	Feb 2003	B1
6520326	McIvor	Feb 2003	B2
6521110	Hodges	Feb 2003	B1
6521182	Shartle	Feb 2003	B1
6527521	Noda	Mar 2003	B2
6527716	Epstein	Mar 2003	B1
6527778	Athanasiou	Mar 2003	B2
6529377	Nelson	Mar 2003	B1
6530892	Kelly	Mar 2003	B1
6530937	Schraga	Mar 2003	B1
6531322	Jurik	Mar 2003	B1
6533949	Yeshurun	Mar 2003	B1
6537207	Rice	Mar 2003	B1
6537242	Palmer	Mar 2003	B1
6537264	Cormier et al.	Mar 2003	B1
6537292	Lee	Mar 2003	B1
6540672	Simonsen	Apr 2003	B1
6540675	Aceti	Apr 2003	B2
6540762	Bertling	Apr 2003	B1
6540891	Stewart	Apr 2003	B1
6541266	Modzelewski	Apr 2003	B2
6547954	Ikeda	Apr 2003	B2
6549796	Sohrab	Apr 2003	B2
6551494	Heller	Apr 2003	B1
6553244	Lesho	Apr 2003	B2
6554381	Locher	Apr 2003	B2
6555061	Leong	Apr 2003	B1
D475136	Taniguchi	May 2003	S
6558320	Causey	May 2003	B1
6558361	Yeshurun	May 2003	B1
6558402	Chelak	May 2003	B1
6558528	Matzinger	May 2003	B1
6560471	Heller	May 2003	B1
6561978	Conn	May 2003	B1
6561989	Whitson	May 2003	B2
6562210	Bhullar	May 2003	B1
6565509	Say	May 2003	B1
6565808	Hudak	May 2003	B2
6569157	Shain	May 2003	B1
6571651	Hodges	Jun 2003	B1
6572566	Effenhauser	Jun 2003	B2
6572822	Jurik	Jun 2003	B2
6574490	Abbink	Jun 2003	B2
6575905	Knobbe	Jun 2003	B2
6576101	Heller	Jun 2003	B1
6576117	Iketaki et al.	Jun 2003	B1
6576416	Haviland	Jun 2003	B2
6579690	Bonnecaze	Jun 2003	B1
6582573	Douglas	Jun 2003	B2
6584338	Van Muiswinkel	Jun 2003	B1
D477670	Jurik	Jul 2003	S
6586199	Ouyang	Jul 2003	B2
6587705	Kim	Jul 2003	B1
6589260	Schmelzeisen-R	Jul 2003	B1
6589261	Abulhaj	Jul 2003	B1
6591124	Sherman et al.	Jul 2003	B2
6591125	Buse	Jul 2003	B1
6592744	Hodges	Jul 2003	B1
6592745	Feldman	Jul 2003	B1
6595919	Berner	Jul 2003	B2
6599281	Struys et al.	Jul 2003	B1
6599407	Taniike	Jul 2003	B2
6599693	Webb	Jul 2003	B1
6599769	Kondo	Jul 2003	B2
6601534	Hebrank	Aug 2003	B2
6602205	Erickson	Aug 2003	B1
6602268	Kuhr	Aug 2003	B2
6602678	Kwon	Aug 2003	B2
6604050	Trippel	Aug 2003	B2
6607362	Lum	Aug 2003	B2
6607494	Fowler	Aug 2003	B1
6607658	Heller	Aug 2003	B1
6612111	Hodges	Sep 2003	B1
6616616	Fritz	Sep 2003	B2
6616819	Liamos	Sep 2003	B1
6618934	Feldman	Sep 2003	B1
6620112	Klitmose	Sep 2003	B2
6620310	Ohara	Sep 2003	B1
6623501	Heller	Sep 2003	B2
6626851	Hirao	Sep 2003	B2
6632349	Hodges	Oct 2003	B1
6635222	Kent	Oct 2003	B2
6638415	Hodges	Oct 2003	B1
6638772	Douglas	Oct 2003	B1
6641533	Causcy	Nov 2003	B2
6645142	Braig	Nov 2003	B2
6645219	Roe	Nov 2003	B2
6645368	Beatty	Nov 2003	B1
6649416	Kauer	Nov 2003	B1
6650915	Routt	Nov 2003	B2
6652720	Mansouri	Nov 2003	B1
6652734	Hodges	Nov 2003	B1
6652814	House	Nov 2003	B1
D484600	Kaar	Dec 2003	S
6656428	Clark et al.	Dec 2003	B1
6656697	Ouyang	Dec 2003	B1
6656702	Yugawa	Dec 2003	B1
6659966	Essenpreis	Dec 2003	B2
6660018	Lum	Dec 2003	B2
6662439	Bhullar	Dec 2003	B1
6669669	Flaherty	Dec 2003	B2
6671527	Peterson	Dec 2003	B2
D484980	Hartwein	Jan 2004	S
6673617	Patel	Jan 2004	B2
6676995	Dick	Jan 2004	B2
6679841	Bojan	Jan 2004	B2
6679852	Schmelzeisen-Redeker et al.	Jan 2004	B1
6682933	Patel	Jan 2004	B2
6689411	Dick	Feb 2004	B2
6706000	Perez	Mar 2004	B2
6706049	Moerman	Mar 2004	B2
6706159	Moerman	Mar 2004	B2
6706232	Hasegawa	Mar 2004	B2
6709692	Sudor	Mar 2004	B2
6713660	Roe	Mar 2004	B1
6716577	Yu	Apr 2004	B1
6719887	Hasegawa	Apr 2004	B2
6719923	Stiene	Apr 2004	B2
6721586	Kiser	Apr 2004	B2
6723046	Lichtenstein	Apr 2004	B2
6723111	Abulhaj	Apr 2004	B2
6723371	Chih-hui	Apr 2004	B2
6723500	Yu	Apr 2004	B2
6726818	Cui et al.	Apr 2004	B2
6729546	Roustaei	May 2004	B2
6730494	Toranto	May 2004	B1
6731966	Spigelman	May 2004	B1
6733493	Gruzdev	May 2004	B2
6736777	Kim	May 2004	B2
6738654	Sohrab	May 2004	B2
6740215	Nakaminami et al.	May 2004	B1
6743211	PraUSnitz	Jun 2004	B1
6743597	Guo	Jun 2004	B1
6743635	Neel	Jun 2004	B2
6746872	Zheng	Jun 2004	B2
6749618	Levaughn	Jun 2004	B2
6749740	Liamos	Jun 2004	B2
6749792	Olsen	Jun 2004	B2
6749887	Dick	Jun 2004	B1
6751491	Lew	Jun 2004	B2
6752817	Flora	Jun 2004	B2
6753187	Cizdziel	Jun 2004	B2
6759190	Lin	Jul 2004	B2
6764496	Schraga	Jul 2004	B2
6764581	Forrow	Jul 2004	B1
6767441	Cai	Jul 2004	B1
6773671	Lewis	Aug 2004	B1
6776888	Yamamoto	Aug 2004	B2
6780645	Hayter	Aug 2004	B2
6780647	Fujiwara	Aug 2004	B2
6783502	Orloff	Aug 2004	B2
6783537	Kuhr	Aug 2004	B1
6784274	van Antwerp	Aug 2004	B2
6786874	Grace	Sep 2004	B2
6787013	Chang	Sep 2004	B2
6787109	Haar	Sep 2004	B2
6790327	Ikeda	Sep 2004	B2
6790599	Madou	Sep 2004	B1
6792791	Sato	Sep 2004	B2
6793632	Sohrab	Sep 2004	B2
6793633	Douglas	Sep 2004	B2
6793802	Lee	Sep 2004	B2
6797150	Kermani	Sep 2004	B2
6800488	Khan	Oct 2004	B2
6801041	Karinka	Oct 2004	B2
6801804	Miller	Oct 2004	B2
6802199	Hilgers	Oct 2004	B2
6802811	Slepian	Oct 2004	B1
6802957	Jung	Oct 2004	B2
6805780	Ryu	Oct 2004	B1
6808499	Churchill	Oct 2004	B1
6808908	Yao	Oct 2004	B2
6808937	Ligler	Oct 2004	B2
6809807	Erickson	Oct 2004	B1
6811406	Grube	Nov 2004	B2
6811557	Schraga	Nov 2004	B2
6811659	Vachon	Nov 2004	B2
6811753	Hirao	Nov 2004	B2
6811792	Roser	Nov 2004	B2
6812031	Carlsson	Nov 2004	B1
6814843	Bhullar	Nov 2004	B1
6814844	Bhullar	Nov 2004	B2
6814845	Wilson	Nov 2004	B2
6815186	Clark	Nov 2004	B2
6816742	Kim	Nov 2004	B2
6818180	Douglas	Nov 2004	B2
6821483	Phillips	Nov 2004	B2
6823750	Hodges	Nov 2004	B2
6825047	Woudenberg	Nov 2004	B1
6827250	Uhland	Dec 2004	B2
6827829	Kawanaka	Dec 2004	B2
6829507	Lidman	Dec 2004	B1
6830551	Uchigaki	Dec 2004	B1
6830668	Musho	Dec 2004	B2
6830669	Miyazaki	Dec 2004	B2
6830934	Hardling	Dec 2004	B1
6833540	MacKenzie	Dec 2004	B2
6835184	Sage	Dec 2004	B1
6835553	Han	Dec 2004	B2
6835570	Patel	Dec 2004	B2
6837858	Cunningham	Jan 2005	B2
6837976	Cai	Jan 2005	B2
6837988	Leong	Jan 2005	B2
6840912	Kloepfer	Jan 2005	B2
6841052	Musho	Jan 2005	B2
6843254	Tapper	Jan 2005	B2
6843902	Penner	Jan 2005	B1
6847451	Pugh	Jan 2005	B2
6849052	Uchigaki	Feb 2005	B2
6849168	Crumly	Feb 2005	B2
6849216	Rappin	Feb 2005	B2
6849456	Patel	Feb 2005	B2
6850790	Berner	Feb 2005	B2
6852119	Abulhaj	Feb 2005	B1
6852212	Maxwell	Feb 2005	B2
6852500	Hoss	Feb 2005	B1
6853854	Proniewiezw	Feb 2005	B1
6855243	Khan	Feb 2005	B2
6856125	Kermani	Feb 2005	B2
6856928	Harmon	Feb 2005	B2
6858015	List	Feb 2005	B2
6858401	Phillips	Feb 2005	B2
6859738	Bush	Feb 2005	B2
6862466	Ackerman	Mar 2005	B2
6862534	Sterling	Mar 2005	B2
6863800	Karinka	Mar 2005	B2
6863801	Hodges	Mar 2005	B2
6865408	Abbink	Mar 2005	B1
6866641	Marshall	Mar 2005	B2
6866675	Perez	Mar 2005	B2
6866758	Bhullar	Mar 2005	B2
6866822	House	Mar 2005	B1
6869418	Marano-Ford	Mar 2005	B2
6872200	Mann	Mar 2005	B2
6872297	Mansouri	Mar 2005	B2
6872298	Kermani	Mar 2005	B2
6872299	Kermani	Mar 2005	B2
6872358	Hagen	Mar 2005	B2
6875208	Santini	Apr 2005	B2
6875223	Argauer	Apr 2005	B2
6875327	Miyazaki	Apr 2005	B1
6875613	Shartle	Apr 2005	B2
6878120	Roe	Apr 2005	B2
6878251	Hodges	Apr 2005	B2
6878255	Wang	Apr 2005	B1
6878262	Taniike	Apr 2005	B2
6880968	Haar	Apr 2005	B1
6881203	Delmore	Apr 2005	B2
6881322	Tokunaga	Apr 2005	B2
6881378	Zimmer	Apr 2005	B1
6881541	Petersen	Apr 2005	B2
6881550	Phillips	Apr 2005	B2
6881551	Heller	Apr 2005	B2
6881578	Otake	Apr 2005	B2
6882940	Potts	Apr 2005	B2
6884592	Matzinger	Apr 2005	B2
6885196	Taniike	Apr 2005	B2
6885883	Parris	Apr 2005	B2
6887202	Currie	May 2005	B2
6887239	Elstrom	May 2005	B2
6887253	Schraga	May 2005	B2
6887254	Curie	May 2005	B1
6887426	Phillips	May 2005	B2
6887709	Leong	May 2005	B2
6889069	Routt	May 2005	B2
6890319	Crocker	May 2005	B1
6890421	Ohara	May 2005	B2
6890484	Bautista	May 2005	B2
6891936	Kai	May 2005	B2
6892085	McIvor	May 2005	B2
6893396	Schulze	May 2005	B2
6893545	Gotoh	May 2005	B2
6893552	Wang	May 2005	B1
6895263	Shin	May 2005	B2
6895264	Rice	May 2005	B2
6895265	Silver	May 2005	B2
6896793	Erdosy	May 2005	B2
6897788	Khair	May 2005	B2
6902905	Burson	Jun 2005	B2
6904301	Raskas	Jun 2005	B2
6905733	Russel	Jun 2005	B2
6908008	Pugh	Jun 2005	B2
6908535	Rankin	Jun 2005	B2
6908591	MacPhee	Jun 2005	B2
6908593	Shartle	Jun 2005	B1
6911130	Brenneman	Jun 2005	B2
6911131	Miyazaki	Jun 2005	B2
6911621	Bhullar	Jun 2005	B2
6911937	Sparrow	Jun 2005	B1
6913210	Baasch	Jul 2005	B2
6913668	Matzinger	Jul 2005	B2
6916410	Katsuki	Jul 2005	B2
6918874	Hatch	Jul 2005	B1
6918901	Theeuwes	Jul 2005	B1
6918918	Schraga	Jul 2005	B1
6922576	Raskas	Jul 2005	B2
6922578	Eppstein	Jul 2005	B2
6923764	Aceti	Aug 2005	B2
6923894	Huang	Aug 2005	B2
6923936	Swanson	Aug 2005	B2
6924093	Haviland	Aug 2005	B2
6925317	Samuels	Aug 2005	B1
6925393	Kalatz	Aug 2005	B1
6929631	Brugger	Aug 2005	B1
6929649	Pugh	Aug 2005	B2
6929650	Fukuza	Aug 2005	B2
6931327	Goode	Aug 2005	B2
6931328	Braig	Aug 2005	B2
RE38803	Rodgers, Jr.	Sep 2005	E
6939310	Matzinger	Sep 2005	B2
6939312	Hodges	Sep 2005	B2
6939450	Karinka	Sep 2005	B2
6939685	Ouyang	Sep 2005	B2
6940591	Sopp	Sep 2005	B2
6942518	Liamos	Sep 2005	B2
6942769	Cheng	Sep 2005	B2
6942770	Cai	Sep 2005	B2
6944486	Braig	Sep 2005	B2
6945943	Pugh	Sep 2005	B2
6946067	Hodges	Sep 2005	B2
6946098	Miekka	Sep 2005	B2
6946299	Neel	Sep 2005	B2
6949111	Schraga	Sep 2005	B2
6949221	Kiser	Sep 2005	B2
6951631	Catt	Oct 2005	B1
6951728	Qian	Oct 2005	B2
6952603	Gerber	Oct 2005	B2
6952604	DeNuzzio	Oct 2005	B2
6953693	Neel	Oct 2005	B2
6954662	Freger	Oct 2005	B2
6958072	Schraga	Oct 2005	B2
6958129	Galen	Oct 2005	B2
6958809	Sterling	Oct 2005	B2
6959211	Rule	Oct 2005	B2
6959247	Neel	Oct 2005	B2
6960287	Charlton	Nov 2005	B2
6960289	Hodges	Nov 2005	B2
6960323	Guo	Nov 2005	B2
6964871	Bell	Nov 2005	B2
6965791	Hitchcock	Nov 2005	B1
6966880	Boecker	Nov 2005	B2
6966977	Hasegawa	Nov 2005	B2
6967105	Nomura	Nov 2005	B2
6968375	Brown	Nov 2005	B1
6969359	Duchon	Nov 2005	B2
6969450	Taniike	Nov 2005	B2
6969451	Shin	Nov 2005	B2
6973706	Say	Dec 2005	B2
6975893	Say	Dec 2005	B2
6977032	Hasegawa	Dec 2005	B2
6977722	Wohlstadter et al.	Dec 2005	B2
6979544	Keen	Dec 2005	B2
6979571	Modzelewski	Dec 2005	B2
6982027	Yagi	Jan 2006	B2
6982431	Modlin	Jan 2006	B2
6983176	Gardner	Jan 2006	B2
6983177	Rule	Jan 2006	B2
6984307	Zweig	Jan 2006	B2
6986777	Kim	Jan 2006	B2
6986869	Tuohy	Jan 2006	B2
6988996	Roe	Jan 2006	B2
6989243	Yani	Jan 2006	B2
6989891	Braig	Jan 2006	B2
6990365	Parker	Jan 2006	B1
6990366	Say	Jan 2006	B2
6990367	Kiser	Jan 2006	B2
6990849	Bohm	Jan 2006	B2
6991918	Keith	Jan 2006	B2
6991940	Carroll	Jan 2006	B2
6994825	Haviland	Feb 2006	B2
6997317	Catelli	Feb 2006	B2
6997343	May	Feb 2006	B2
6997344	Brown	Feb 2006	B2
6997936	Marshall	Feb 2006	B2
6998247	Monfre	Feb 2006	B2
6998248	Yani	Feb 2006	B2
6999810	Berner	Feb 2006	B2
7001343	Erickson	Feb 2006	B2
7001344	Freeman	Feb 2006	B2
7003337	Harjunmaa	Feb 2006	B2
7003340	Say	Feb 2006	B2
7003341	Say	Feb 2006	B2
7004928	Aceti	Feb 2006	B2
7005048	Watanabe	Feb 2006	B1
7005273	Heller	Feb 2006	B2
7005459	Hekal	Feb 2006	B2
7005857	Stiene	Feb 2006	B2
7006857	Braig	Feb 2006	B2
7006858	Silver	Feb 2006	B2
7008384	Tapper	Mar 2006	B2
7010432	Kermani	Mar 2006	B2
7011630	Desai	Mar 2006	B2
7011954	Ouyang	Mar 2006	B2
7014615	Erickson	Mar 2006	B2
7015262	Leong	Mar 2006	B2
7016713	Gardner	Mar 2006	B2
7018568	Tierney	Mar 2006	B2
7018848	Douglas	Mar 2006	B2
7022217	Hodges	Apr 2006	B2
7022218	Taniike	Apr 2006	B2
7022286	Lemke	Apr 2006	B2
7024236	Ford	Apr 2006	B2
7024248	Penner	Apr 2006	B2
7024399	Sumner	Apr 2006	B2
7025425	Kovatchev	Apr 2006	B2
7025774	Freeman	Apr 2006	B2
7027848	Robinson	Apr 2006	B2
7029444	Shin	Apr 2006	B2
7033322	Silver	Apr 2006	B2
7033371	Alden	Apr 2006	B2
7039560	Kawatahara	May 2006	B2
7041057	Faupel	May 2006	B1
7041063	Abreu	May 2006	B2
7041068	Freeman	May 2006	B2
7041210	Hodges	May 2006	B2
7041254	Haviland	May 2006	B2
7041468	Drucker	May 2006	B2
7043287	Khalil	May 2006	B1
7043821	Hodges	May 2006	B2
7044911	Drinan	May 2006	B2
7045046	Chambers	May 2006	B2
7045054	Buck	May 2006	B1
7045097	Kovacs	May 2006	B2
7045310	Buck	May 2006	B2
7045361	Heiss	May 2006	B2
7047070	Wilkinson	May 2006	B2
7047795	Sato	May 2006	B2
7049087	Jenny	May 2006	B2
7049130	Carroll	May 2006	B2
7050843	Shartle	May 2006	B2
7051495	Lang	May 2006	B2
7052268	Powell	May 2006	B2
7052591	Gao	May 2006	B2
7052652	Zanzucchi	May 2006	B2
7052864	Durkop	May 2006	B2
7054682	Young	May 2006	B2
7054759	Fukunaga	May 2006	B2
D522656	Orr	Jun 2006	S
D523555	Loerwald	Jun 2006	S
7056425	Hasegawa	Jun 2006	B2
7056495	Roser	Jun 2006	B2
7058437	Buse	Jun 2006	B2
7059352	Bohm	Jun 2006	B2
7060059	Keith	Jun 2006	B2
7060168	Taniike	Jun 2006	B2
7060192	Yuzhakov	Jun 2006	B2
7061593	Braig	Jun 2006	B2
7063234	Giraud	Jun 2006	B2
7063774	Bhullar	Jun 2006	B2
7063775	Yamaoka	Jun 2006	B2
7063776	Huang	Jun 2006	B2
7066884	Custer	Jun 2006	B2
7066885	Erickson	Jun 2006	B2
7070564	Matzinger	Jul 2006	B2
7070680	Bae	Jul 2006	B2
7073246	Bhullar	Jul 2006	B2
7074307	Simpson	Jul 2006	B2
7074308	Mao	Jul 2006	B2
7077328	Krishnaswamy	Jul 2006	B2
7077828	Kuhr	Jul 2006	B2
7078480	Nagel	Jul 2006	B2
7079252	Debreezeny	Jul 2006	B1
7081188	Cho	Jul 2006	B1
7083712	Morita	Aug 2006	B2
7086277	Tess	Aug 2006	B2
7087149	Muguruma	Aug 2006	B1
7090764	Iyengar	Aug 2006	B2
7096053	Loeb	Aug 2006	B2
7096124	Sterling	Aug 2006	B2
7097631	Trautman	Aug 2006	B2
7098038	Fukuoka	Aug 2006	B2
7103578	Beck	Sep 2006	B2
7105006	Schraga	Sep 2006	B2
7107253	Sumner	Sep 2006	B1
7108680	Rohr	Sep 2006	B2
7108778	Simpson	Sep 2006	B2
7109271	Liu	Sep 2006	B2
7110112	Uchida	Sep 2006	B2
7110803	Shults	Sep 2006	B2
7112265	McAleer	Sep 2006	B1
7112451	Takahashi	Sep 2006	B2
7113172	Hohl	Sep 2006	B2
7115362	Douglas	Oct 2006	B2
7118351	Effenhauser	Oct 2006	B2
7118667	Lee	Oct 2006	B2
7118668	Edelbrock	Oct 2006	B1
7118916	Matzinger	Oct 2006	B2
7118919	Yatscoff	Oct 2006	B2
7120483	Russell	Oct 2006	B2
7122102	Wogoman	Oct 2006	B2
7122110	Deng	Oct 2006	B2
7122111	Tokunaga	Oct 2006	B2
7125481	Musho	Oct 2006	B2
7129038	Gopalan	Oct 2006	B2
RE39390	Hasegawa	Nov 2006	E
D531725	Loerwald	Nov 2006	S
7131342	Hodges	Nov 2006	B2
7131984	Sato	Nov 2006	B2
7132041	Deng	Nov 2006	B2
7133710	Acosta	Nov 2006	B2
7134550	Groth	Nov 2006	B2
7134999	Brauker	Nov 2006	B2
7135100	Lau	Nov 2006	B1
7137957	Erickson	Nov 2006	B2
7138041	Su	Nov 2006	B2
7138089	Aitken	Nov 2006	B2
7141034	Eppstein	Nov 2006	B2
7141058	Briggs	Nov 2006	B2
7144404	Whitson	Dec 2006	B2
7144485	Hsu	Dec 2006	B2
7144495	Teodorezyk	Dec 2006	B2
7144496	Meserol	Dec 2006	B2
7144709	Ouyang	Dec 2006	B2
7147825	Matsuda	Dec 2006	B2
7150755	Levaughn	Dec 2006	B2
7150975	Tamada	Dec 2006	B2
7150995	Xie	Dec 2006	B2
7153696	Fukuoka	Dec 2006	B2
7155371	Kawatahara	Dec 2006	B2
7156117	Bohm	Jan 2007	B2
7156810	Cho	Jan 2007	B2
7157723	Colvin	Jan 2007	B2
7160251	Neel	Jan 2007	B2
7160313	Galloway	Jan 2007	B2
7160678	Kayyem	Jan 2007	B1
7162289	Shah	Jan 2007	B2
7163616	Vreeke	Jan 2007	B2
7166074	Reghabi	Jan 2007	B2
7166208	Zweig	Jan 2007	B2
7167734	Khalil	Jan 2007	B2
7167735	Uchida	Jan 2007	B2
7167818	Brown	Jan 2007	B2
7169116	Day	Jan 2007	B2
7169117	Allen	Jan 2007	B2
7169289	Schulein	Jan 2007	B2
7169600	Hoss	Jan 2007	B2
7172728	Otake	Feb 2007	B2
7174199	Berner	Feb 2007	B2
7175641	Schraga	Feb 2007	B1
7175642	Briggs	Feb 2007	B2
7179233	Chang	Feb 2007	B2
7182910	Allen	Feb 2007	B2
7183068	Burson	Feb 2007	B2
7183102	Monfre	Feb 2007	B2
7188034	Staib	Mar 2007	B2
7189576	Fukuoka	Mar 2007	B2
7190988	Say	Mar 2007	B2
7192405	DeNuzzio	Mar 2007	B2
7192450	Brauker	Mar 2007	B2
7195704	Kermani	Mar 2007	B2
7198606	Boecker	Apr 2007	B2
7199594	Kermani	Apr 2007	B2
7202854	Hohl	Apr 2007	B2
7206620	Erickson	Apr 2007	B2
7206623	Blank	Apr 2007	B2
D542681	Young	May 2007	S
7211052	Roc	May 2007	B2
7211096	Kuhr	May 2007	B2
7212925	Genshaw	May 2007	B2
7213720	Giraud	May 2007	B2
7215982	Oshima	May 2007	B2
7215983	Cho	May 2007	B2
7223248	Erikson	May 2007	B2
7225008	Ward	May 2007	B1
D543878	Castillo	Jun 2007	S
D545438	Huang	Jun 2007	S
7225535	Feldman	Jun 2007	B2
7226414	Ballerstadt	Jun 2007	B2
7226461	Boecker	Jun 2007	B2
7226978	Tapsak	Jun 2007	B2
7227156	Colvin	Jun 2007	B2
7228159	Petersson	Jun 2007	B2
7228162	Ward	Jun 2007	B2
7228163	Ackerman	Jun 2007	B2
7229458	Boecker et al.	Jun 2007	B2
7232451	Boecker	Jun 2007	B2
7232510	Miyazaki	Jun 2007	B2
7233816	Blank	Jun 2007	B2
7235056	Duchon	Jun 2007	B2
7235170	Watanabe	Jun 2007	B2
7235378	Yonehara	Jun 2007	B2
7236812	Ballerstadt	Jun 2007	B1
7236814	Shioi	Jun 2007	B2
D545705	Voege	Jul 2007	S
D546216	Bolognesi	Jul 2007	S
D546218	Grasso	Jul 2007	S
7238192	List	Jul 2007	B2
7238534	Zimmer	Jul 2007	B1
7241265	Cummings	Jul 2007	B2
7244264	Roe	Jul 2007	B2
7244265	Freeman	Jul 2007	B2
7244266	Garthe	Jul 2007	B2
7247138	Reghabi	Jul 2007	B2
7247144	Douglas	Jul 2007	B2
7250037	Shermer	Jul 2007	B2
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Related Publications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	20130190578 A1	Jul 2013	US

Divisions (1)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	11302423	Dec 2005	US
Child	13721604		US

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