Patent Application
20180331696
This invention relates to low-density parity check decoding, and more particularly, to a low-density parity check decoder and decoding method which can save power.
Low-density parity check (LDPC) decoders use a linear error correcting code with parity bits. Parity bits provide a decoder with parity equations which can validate a received codeword. For example, a low-density parity check is a fixed length binary code wherein all the symbols added together will equal zero.
During encoding, all data bits are repeated and transmitted to encoders, wherein each encoder generates a parity symbol. Codewords are formed of k information digits and r check digits. If the length of the codeword is n then the information digits, k, will equal n−r. The codewords can be represented by a parity check matrix, which consists of r rows (representing equations) and n columns (representing digits), and is represented in
LDPC engines support three modes: hard decision hard decoding, soft decision hard decoding, and soft decision soft decoding.
The check nodes, which are represented by the square boxes, are the number of parity bits; and the variable nodes, which are represented by the circular boxes, are the number of bits in a codeword. If a code symbol is involved in a particular equation, a line is drawn between the corresponding check node and variable node. ‘Messages’, which are estimates, are passed along the connecting lines, and combined in different ways at the nodes. Initially, the variable nodes will send an estimate to the check nodes on all connecting lines containing a bit believed to be correct. Each check node then takes all the other connected estimates, makes new estimates for each variable node based on this information, and passes the new estimate back to the variable nodes. The new estimate is based on the fact that the parity check equations force all variable nodes connected to a particular check node to sum to zero.
The variable nodes receive the new information and use a majority rule (a hard decision) to determine if the value of the original bit they sent was correct. If not, the original bit will be ‘flipped’. The bit is then sent back to the check nodes, and these steps are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations or until the parity check equations at the check nodes are satisfied. If these equations are satisfied (i.e. the value calculated by the check nodes matches the value received from the variable nodes) then Early Termination can be activated, which allows the system to exit the decoding process before the maximum number of iterations is reached.
The parity check constraints are performed by doing a syndrome check. A valid codeword will satisfy the equation H·CT=S=0, wherein H is the parity matrix, C is the hard decision codeword and S is the syndrome. When the syndrome equals zero, this means that no further information is required and the decoding process is complete. Typically, a hard decision and a syndrome check are performed during each iteration, wherein a non-zero syndrome means there is odd parity and a new decoding iteration is required.
Decoders have a power issue, wherein the more complicated they are, the more power they use. The above bit flipping algorithm can support both hard decision hard decoding and hard decision soft decoding modes. Hard decision hard decoding is the lowest power mode as it only involves 1 bit. As the number of error bits increases, however, the power issue starts to become more important. Above about 25 error bits, the throughput of the bit flipping algorithm starts to drop. Above about 40 error bits, it is better to switch to hard decision soft decoding, but the speed of the algorithm will be very unstable when a different mode is entered.
A method for dynamically adapting a clock frequency used to perform low-density parity check (LDPC) decoding is disclosed. The method comprises: setting a first clock frequency for performing a first LDPC decoding iteration on a received codeword to generate a decoded codeword; performing a successive plurality of LDPC decoding iterations on the decoded codeword; at the end of each LDPC decoding iteration, determining a number of error bits of the decoded codeword and a throughput of the LDPC decoding iteration; and when a number of the error bits increases, increasing the clock frequency for performing a next LDPC decoding iteration so that a throughput of the next LDPC decoding iteration is the same as the throughput of the immediately preceding iteration. The first clock frequency is set according to a number of error bits in an immediately previous decoding operation.
In the above method, the LDPC decoding is hard decision decoding using a bit flipping algorithm. At the end of each decoding iteration, a syndrome weight is determined. The syndrome weights are monitored over the plurality of decoding iterations. When the syndrome weights begin to overlap, a final decoding iteration is performed using the bit flipping algorithm, the clock frequency is increased, and the decoding mode is switched to hard decision soft decoding mode.
A low-density parity check (LDPC) decoder which dynamically adapts a clock frequency used to perform decoding is disclosed. The LDPC decoder comprises: an oscillator, for providing a clock to the LDPC decoder for a plurality of decoding iterations, wherein a first clock frequency of the oscillator is set for performing a first LDPC decoding iteration of the plurality of decoding iterations on a received codeword to generate a decoded codeword; a check syndrome weight circuit, for determining a number of error bits of the decoded codeword at the end of each decoding iteration; and a processor, coupled to the oscillator and the check syndrome weight circuit, for controlling operations of the LDPC decoder, wherein the processor determines a throughput of each LDPC decoding iteration, and when a number of the error bits increases, the processor increases the clock frequency for performing a next LDPC decoding iteration of the plurality of decoding iterations so that a throughput of the next LDPC decoding iteration is the same as the throughput of an immediately preceding iteration. The first clock frequency is set according to a number of error bits in an immediately previous decoding operation.
In the above apparatus, the check syndrome weight circuit further determines a syndrome weight at the end of each decoding iteration, the processor further monitors the syndrome weights over the plurality of decoding iterations, and when the syndrome weights begin to overlap, the processor controls the LDPC decoder to perform a final decoding iteration using the bit flipping algorithm, controls the oscillator to increase the clock frequency, and controls the LDPC decoder to switch the decoding mode to hard decision soft decoding mode.
These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings.
The present invention provides a frequency auto-tuning scheme in order to control power consumption vs. throughput issues.
As detailed in the background, bit-flipping can support all modes, but is best used for hard decision hard decoding which is a low power mode. Even in hard decision hard decoding, throughput drops above about 25 error bits. When hard decision soft decoding is entered, both bit-flipping and an N2 decoding engine can be used. Above 40 error bits, however, N2 is much more reliable. Therefore, a method is proposed which can provide a power boost via increasing clock frequency for bit-flipping during hard decision hard decoding, and can provide a further power boost when the mode changes to hard decision soft decoding.
Syndrome weight is used to determine an appropriate time for providing these clock frequency boosts. The syndrome weight is the number of non-zero components or unsatisfied check nodes in a trapping set (a sub graph of the Tanner graph of an LDPC code which causes decoder failure). As the syndrome weight will increase on average with the number of error bits, and the throughput of the BF engine also decreases as the errors increase, syndrome weight is a good indicator for when power boost is required.
In each iteration, the syndrome weight is first obtained, and a clock frequency is set accordingly. For a first iteration, a previous number of error bits can be obtained and used to set the initial clock frequency. During subsequent iterations, the syndrome weight is obtained each time, and used to maintain or increase the clock frequency. The aim is to maintain the throughput at approximately 400 MHz
As the errors start to increase, the syndrome weight will begin to overlap during the bit flipping hard decision hard decoding mode. This is an indication that hard decision soft decoding mode needs to be entered. As detailed above, changing the mode requires a power boost, which means the clock frequency should be increased. In general, the bit flipping can go through one more iteration when it is detected that the syndrome weights begin to overlap before increasing the clock frequency and changing decoding modes.
The above method comprises two sub-methods. The first sub-method always returns to the initial clock frequency at the end of decoding, and then uses previous error bits to set the initial clock frequency for a next stage of decoding. The second sub-method maintains the latest clock frequency even when decoding is finished, and uses this clock frequency as the initial clock frequency for the next stage of decoding. The first sub-method can be termed an individual mode, and is better for decoding performance as the initial clock frequency is a better match for random data. The second sub-method can be termed a forward mode, and is better for power usage.
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The present invention therefore provides a method and apparatus for auto-tuning a clock frequency during both hard decision hard decoding and hard decision soft decoding to maintain throughput when a number of error bits increases. By monitoring the syndrome weight, the throughput vs. power consumption issue can be controlled, and a power boost can be provided when hard decision hard decoding mode switches to hard decision soft decoding in order to prevent unstable speed. In this way, power consumption can be controlled.
Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the device and method may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/073,606, which was filed on Mar. 17, 2016, the contents of which are included herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15073606 | Mar 2016 | US |
| Child | 16029677 | US |
