Patent Application
20140086376
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
The disclosure relates generally to the field of sealed tube neutron generators. More specifically, the disclosure relates to structures for a gas reservoir used in such neutron generators.
A pulsed neutron generator (PNG), which may include a sealed tube, controllable power supplies and high voltage insulation system disposed in a housing, is used, for example, in various types of well logging instruments. The PNG emits high energy (approximately 14 MeV) bursts of neutrons that interact with subsurface formations surrounding a wellbore into which the instrument is inserted. Various types of detectors, e.g., gamma ray detectors, epithermal neutron detectors and thermal neutron detectors may be disposed on the instrument at selected axial distances from the PNG. Numbers of, timing of and/or energy levels of detected neutrons and/or gamma rays may be used to determine selected physical properties of the formations. One example of a PNG tube is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,293,410 issued to Chen et al.
Typical PNGs include a gas reservoir to maintain a selected pressure of deuterium and/or tritium gas within the sealed envelope or tube. During operation of the PNG, the deuterium and/or tritium gas released by the reservoir is typically ionized and is accelerated toward a target, which itself may include adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium. Reaction between the accelerated gas ions and adsorbed gas atoms in the target results in a fusion reaction which releases neutrons.
The gas reservoir is typically a wound wire filament that includes the adsorbed gas atoms therein. The filament include of a metal that reversibility uptakes and releases hydrogen and its isotopes; such metal include but are not restricted to Ti, Zr, Er, Y, Sc, etc. The filament is heated by passing electric current through it. Pressure of the gas may be maintained at a selected value by controlling the amount of current passed through the filament. The current used to heat the filament may constitute a substantial fraction of the total power consumed by the PNG. Filaments are also relatively weak structures and can cause parasitic heating of nearby neutron tube components.
There continues to be a need for improved PNG structures.
A pulsed neutron generator according to one aspect includes a sealed tube and a gas reservoir disposed in the sealed tube. The gas reservoir includes particles of a thermally reversible hydrogen-adsorptive material therein. The material particles having adsorbed therein deuterium and/or tritium. A heated cathode disposed in the sealed tube, wherein heat from the cathode transfers indirectly to the gas reservoir. A gas ionizer consisting of/formed by the cathode and bias grid is disposed in the sealed tube. A target is disposed in the sealed tube. The target including adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein
A method for generating neutrons according to another aspect includes filling an evacuated, sealed envelope with deuterium and/or tritium gas to a selected pressure by indirectly heating a sintered, porous getter having deuterium and/or tritium adsorbed in thermally reversible hydrogen-adsorptive particles dispersed in the getter. The deuterium and/or tritium gas are ionized. The ionized gas is accelerated to strike a target in the sealed envelope, the target having adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein, whereby the accelerated ions react with the adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium in the target to release free neutrons.
A method for generating neutrons according to another aspect includes pre-filling an evacuated, sealed envelope with deuterium and/or tritium gas to as selected pressure. An electron emitting hot cathode disposed in the sealed envelope is heated. The deuterium and/or tritium gas are ionized by applying a selected voltage to a grid disposed in the sealed envelope between the cathode and a target disposed in the sealed envelope. The ionized gas is accelerated to strike the target in the sealed envelope, the target having adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium therein, whereby the accelerated ions react with the adsorbed deuterium and/or tritium in the target to release free neutrons. An ion beam current is controlled by controlling at least one of the grid voltage and the grid current.
Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the description and claims which follow.
An example pulsed neutron tube used in a pulsed neutron generator (PNG) will be explained with reference to
The filament is 26 disposed within a getter 44 made of a sintered, porous material. The filament 26 is heated electrically by passing therethrough electric current from the controllable power supply in order to heat the surrounding getter 44 to provide a supply of deuterium and or tritium gas in the interior of the cylindrical tube 11, and control gas pressure during neutron generator 10 operation.
The gases desorbed by the getter 44 spread through holes provided in flanges 7-9, e.g., a hole 31 in the second flange 7, a hole 33 in the third flange 8 and holes 34, 35 in the fourth flange 9. The gases desorbed enter an ion source 45 which may be interposed between the gas reservoir 25 and the extremity of the tube 11 facing ceramic ring 12. An annular shaped electrical insulator 90 may be interposed between the tube 11 and the ceramic ring 12.
The ion source 45 may comprises a cylindrical, hollow anode 57 aligned with the longitudinal axis of the generator 10 and may be in the form of either a mesh or a coil. Typically, a positive ionizing potential (either direct or pulsed current) in the range of 100-300 volts relative to a cathode 80, is applied to the anode 57. In one example, the anode 57 may be about 0.75 inch (1.9 cm) long and may have a diameter of approximately 0.45 inch (1.14 cm). The anode 57 is typically secured rigidly to the fourth flange 9, e.g. by conductive pads 60.
The ion source 45 may also include the cathode 80 being disposed close to the outside wall of the anode 57, in a substantially median position with respect to the anode 57. The cathode 80 may include an electron emitter 81 comprising a block of material susceptible, when heated, to emit electrons. The emitter 81 may he fixed (e.g., by brazing) to a U-shaped end 82 of an arm 84 being itself secured to the third flange 8. The arm 84 also may provide an electrical connection between the emitter 81 and a hot cathode heater power supply 100 able to generate, e.g., a few watts for heating the electron emitter 81. Heater current 100 may be selected according to what is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,756,682, 3,775,216 or 3,546,512 incorporated herein by reference.
The thermionic cathode 80 of the ion source of the present invention is preferably of the “dispenser” or “volume” type. A dispenser cathode used in a hydrogen environment maximizes electron emissions per heater power unit compared to other thermionic type cathodes (such as LaB6 or W), while operating at a moderate temperature. The emitter block 81 comprises a substrate made of porous tungsten, impregnated with a material susceptible to emit electrons, such as compounds made with combinations of e.g. barium oxide and strontium oxide. Each cathode has different susceptibility to their operating environment (gas pressure and gas species). Dispenser cathodes are known to be the most demanding in terms of the vacuum requirements and care that is needed to avoid contamination. Possible advantages of using a dispenser cathode as explained herein may include that the PNG may be operable as long as several hundred hours in a hydrogen gas environment of pressure on the order of several mTorr, providing an peak electron emission current of from 50 to 80 mA yet requiring only a few watts of heater power.
The cathode 80 may be provided with current from a the cathode heater power supply 100, which is distinct from an ion source voltage supply 102. Such implementation permits a better control of both the cathode heater power supply 100 and the ion source voltage supply 102. It should be clearly understood that using the foregoing dispenser type cathode is not a limitation on the scope of pulsed neutron tube structures that may be used. An extracting electrode 50 may be disposed at the end of the ion source 45 facing target 15, at the level of the junction between the tube 11 and the ring 12. The extracting electrode 50 may be supported in fixed relation to the ring 12 by a fifth flange 32. The extracting electrode 50 may include a massive annular body 46, e.g., made of nickel or an alloyed metal such as one sold under the trademark KOVAR, which is a registered trademark of CRS Holdings, Inc., 1105 North Market Street Suite 601 Wilmington Del. 19801. The annular body 46 may be in alignment with the longitudinal axis of the tube 11. A central aperture 47 in the body 46 diverges outwardly in a direction away from the ion source 45 to produce at the end of body 46 facing target electrode 15 a torus-shaped contour 51. The contour 51 reduces a tendency to voltage breakdown that is caused by high electrical field gradients.
Moreover, the extracting electrode 50 may provide one of the electrodes for an accelerating gap 72 that impels ionized deuterium and tritium particles from the ion source 45 toward a deuterium- and/or tritium-filled target 73. The target 73 comprises a thin film of titanium, or other known hydride system deposited on the surface of the transverse side, facing ion source 45, of the target electrode 15.
The potential that accelerates the ions to the target 73 is established, between the extracting electrode 50 and a suppressor electrode 75 hereafter described. The suppressor electrode 75 may be a concave member that is oriented toward the target electrode 15 and has a centrally disposed aperture 78 which enables the accelerated ions to move from the gap 72 to the target 73. The aperture 78 is disposed between the target 73 and the extracting electrode 50. The suppressor electrode 75 is connected to a high voltage power supply 103 which may also be connected, through a resistor “R” to ground potential. In order to prevent electrons from being extracted from the target 73 upon ion bombardment (these extracted electrons being called “secondary electrons”), the suppressor electrode 75 is held at a negative voltage with respect to the voltage of the target electrode 15.
The velocity of the ions leaving the ion source 45 is, on an average, relatively lower than ion velocity in a known Penning source. Consequently, the ions tend to generate a tail in the neutron pulse, at the moment the voltage pulse to the ion source 45 is turned off. The presence of an end tail is detrimental to the neutron pulse shape (i.e., numbers of neutrons generated with respect to time which is of importance. The example PNG structure remedies this situation by adding to the extracting electrode 50, a cut-off electrode 95, which may be in the form of a mesh screen 95 and which may be fixed, e.g., by welding, to the aperture 47 of the extracting electrode 50, facing the ion source 45. The mesh screen 95 (cut-off electrode) may be made of for example, high transparency molybdenum. The cut-off electrode 95 has applied thereto voltage pulses synchronized with and complementary to the voltage pulses applied to the ion source anode 57. The pulses applied to the cut-off electrode 95 are positive and may be on the order of 100 to 300 volts. In an alternate example, the cut-off electrode 95, instead of having applied thereto voltage pulses, is maintained at a positive voltage, of e.g. a few volts. This low positive voltage prevents the slow ions produced at the end of the pulse in the ion source from leaving the ion source, and thus allows truncation of the terminal part of the ion beam, which in turn provides a sharp cut-off at the end of the neutron pulse (i.e. a short fall time). The cut-off electrode 95 is preferably made of a metallic grid in the form of a truncated sphere, and its concavity directed toward the target 73. Part of the cut-off electrode 95 might protrude inside the cylindrical hollow anode 57.
Having explained an example structure for a neutron tube, an example structure of the gas reservoir 25, being a combination of the filament 26 and getter 44 will be explained in more detail with reference to
The getter 44 may be made from a sintered, porous material having therein interspersed particles of titanium and molybdenum. Such material is sold in the form of completed getters by, SAES GETTERS S.pA., Via Gallarate 215. 20151 Milan, Italy under product designation S5K0370. The getter 44 material is typically used to adsorb molecules containing hydrogen, carbon and/or oxygen to maintain high vacuum. Such use and the performance of the foregoing material is described in, for example, E Giorgi, C Boffito and M Bolognesi, A new Ti-based non-evaporable getter, Vacuum, vol. 41, number 7-9, pp. 1935 to 1937 (1990). A gas reservoir made as explained herein may have the advantages of lower power consumption by the filament, and greater resistance to shock and vibration than filament gas reservoirs known in the art. While the present example includes titanium particles interspersed in the sintered, porous getter material, in other examples other known thermally reversible hydride-adsorptive material particles may be interspersed in the sintered getter material. Examples of the foregoing hydride-adsorptive material, include, without limitation zirconium, erbium, yttrium and vanadium.
The PNG which uses the neutron tube described with reference to
Drilling fluid or mud 226 is contained in a mud pit 228 adjacent to the derrick 210. A pump 230 pumps the drilling fluid 226 into the drill string 214 via a port in the swivel 224 to flow downward (as indicated by the flow arrow 232) through the center of the drill string 214. The drilling fluid exits the drill string via ports in the drill bit 216 and then circulates upward in the annular space between the outside of the drill string 214 and the wall of the wellbore 212, as indicated by the flow arrows 234. The drilling fluid 226 thereby lubricates the bit and carries formation cuttings to the surface of the earth. At the surface, the drilling fluid is returned to the mud pit 228 for recirculation. If desired, a directional drilling assembly (not shown) could also be employed.
A bottom hole assembly (“BHA”) 236 may be mounted within the drill string 214, preferably near the drill bit 216. The BHA 236 may include subassemblies for making measurements, processing and storing information and for communicating with the Earth's surface. The bottom hole assembly is typically located within several drill collar lengths of the drill hit 216. In the illustrated BHA 236, a stabilizer collar section 238 is shown disposed immediately above the drill hit 216, followed in the upward direction by a drill collar section 240, another stabilizer collar section 242 and another drill collar section 244. This arrangement of drill collar sections and stabilizer collar sections is illustrative only, and other arrangements of components in any implementation of the BHA 236 may be used. The need for or desirability of the stabilizer collars will depend on drilling conditions.
In the arrangement shown in
The BHA 236 may also include a telemetry subassembly (not shown) for data and control communication with the Earth's surface. Such telemetry subassembly may be of any suitable type, e.g., a mud pulse (pressure or acoustic) telemetry system, wired drill pipe, etc., which receives output signals from LWD measuring instruments in the BHA 236 (including the one or more radiation detectors) and transmits encoded signals representative of such outputs to the surface where the signals are detected, decoded in a receiver subsystem 246, and applied to a processor 248 and/or a recorder 250. The processor 248 may comprise, for example, a suitably programmed general or special purpose processor. A surface transmitter subsystem 252 may also be provided for establishing downward communication with the bottom hole assembly.
The BHA 236 can also include conventional acquisition and processing electronics (not shown) comprising a microprocessor system (with associated memory, clock and timing circuitry, and interface circuitry) capable of timing the operation of the accelerator and the data measuring sensors, storing data from the measuring sensors, processing the data and storing the results, and coupling any desired portion of the data to the telemetry components for transmission to the surface. Alternatively, the data may be stored downhole and retrieved at the surface upon removal of the drill string. Power for the LWD instrumentation may be provided by battery or, as known in the art, by a turbine generator disposed in the BHA 236 and powered by the flow of drilling fluid.
In other examples, power use by the heated cathode (26 in
The location of the reservoir with respect to the heated cathode and its configuration (thermal mass) may be optimized to obtain the desired gas release or range of gas pressure. Possible reservoir configurations, as shown in
A known concern with gas reservoir regulation, particularly with a low current gas reservoir operating at high ambient temperatures, is the loss of control, i.e., the ability to shut off the beam current by turning off the gas reservoir. In the present example, the regulation of the neutron tube may use only the grid (voltage or current) to regulate the beam current. Given the desire for fast response, changing the grid current b changing the cathode temperature/current to regulate the beam current may not be fast enough because of the thermal mass of the cathode; grid voltage regulation of the beam current may be more effective. This will depend on the configuration of the neutron tube, specifically that which affects the cathode-grid space-charge limit.
When the grid voltage (Vgrid) is lowered, ionization disappears, leading to a loss of beam current and corresponding loss of neutron output. Alternately, when grid voltage is raised, ionization re-appears, leading to beam current and neutron output. The same occurs with grid current (Igrid).
In such examples, the gas reservoir should be sized and positioned for sufficient indirect heating to permit producing at least the highest beam current desired, as insufficient gas cannot be remediated in a sealed tube neutron generator.
In another example, the above described approach to beam current control may be extended to a logical limit, so as to completely eliminate the gas reservoir. In this example, the sealed tube may be pre-filled with an appropriate amount of gas (above and beyond the target fill/loading) prior to sealing. The amount of gas left in the free volume of the sealed tube must be sufficient to enable producing the highest beam current desired.
In both approaches, the target (73 in
In the described examples both with and without a separate gas reservoir, approaches, the cathode current can he regulated to maintain sufficient electron emission to cover the range of grid current desired, when beam current is controlled by grid voltage (Vgrid) regulation. Conversely, in grid current (Igrid) beam current regulation, the grid voltage may be selected to provide the desired ionization over the range of operating grid currents. Alternately, at the expense of greater complexity, both Vgrid and Igrid may be regulated together to achieve the desired range of operation (with sufficient dynamic range, stability, etc.).
Pulsed neutron generators made according to the various aspects of the present disclosure may provide better performance and use less power than pulsed neutron generators previously known in the art.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.
