The present disclosure generally relates to image sensors, and specifically to a low-power signal chain in such sensors.
Image sensors can be applied in a variety of fields, including machine vision, robotics, guidance and navigation, automotive applications, and consumer products. In “smart” image sensors, it is often desirable to integrate on-chip circuitry to control the image sensor and to perform signal and image processing on the output image.
Active pixel sensors (APS), which have one or more active transistors within the pixel unit cell, can be made is compatible with CMOS technologies. An active pixel sensor is often arranged as an array of elements referred to as a pixel array. Each column of the array can be read out at one time, driven and buffered for sensing by a signal chain including a readout circuit, an output stage, and an A-to-D converter.
The present disclosure defines a signal chain for an image sensor. The signal chain includes photo sensing elements, pixel readout circuits, and an amplifier. Each pixel readout circuit receives a charge-induced signal and a reset signal from a photo-sensing element. The readout circuit computes a difference signal between the charge-induced signal and the reset signal. The difference signal is measured with respect to a reference. The amplifier is coupled to the pixel readout circuits, and configured to supply the reference during computation of the difference signal. Further, the amplifier amplifies the difference signal when the computation is completed.
The present disclosure further includes a method for pixel readout. The method includes reading a charge-induced signal and a reset signal from a first series of pixels. The method also includes computing a first difference signal between the charge-induced signal and the reset signal, and enabling a first A-to-D converter to convert the first difference signal to a first digital value. The method further reads another charge-induced signal and another reset signal from a second series of pixels while the first A-to-D converter is performing conversion. A second difference signal between another charge-induced signal and another reset signal is then computed. Finally, a second A-to-D converter converts the second difference signal to a second digital value.
An image sensor circuit further includes a pixel array addressing circuit and a controller.
Different aspects of the disclosure will be described in reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
The operation of an exemplary signal chain 100 of
The signal value on a photosensitive pixel element 104 is switched through the source-follower transistor 106 and the transistor 110 to the capacitor C1. After the capacitor C1 is charged to the proper voltage, the photosensitive element 104 is reset using the reset switch 108. The reset level of the pixel 101 is sampled by the transistor 112, and stored on the capacitor C2. The negative plates of the is capacitors C1, C2 can be clamped during appropriate times. The capacitors are clamped at a reference voltage (VREF) by closing, associated switches 122, 124, respectively.
After the initial sampling steps, the capacitors C1 and C2, respectively, hold signal and reset values. The signal and reset values are sent from the respective column readout circuits 120 to the output stage 130 through a pair of column select switches 114, 116. The column readout circuits 120 are read sequentially, e.g. one at a time.
When the switches 114, 116 are first turned on, the integrators 132, 134 are held in reset by the switches 136, 138. Resetting the switched integrators 132, 134 erases any previously-stored signals. The reset action also restores the reference voltage (VREF) to the inverting inputs of the integrators 132, 134. Substantially simultaneously, the crowbar transistor 118 is turned on to short together the common sides of capacitors C1, C2. This provides charge from capacitors C1, C2 through the respective switches 114, 116 and to the integrators 132, 134. The charge from the capacitors C1, C2 is coupled onto the integrators' capacitors C3, C4. The effect is that the charge is driven through the circuit of the system and offsets are reduced.
Once the signal and reset values stored in one of the column readout circuits 120 has been read by the output stage 130, the values are converted to a digital signal by an A-to-D converter 140. The signal and reset values stored in other column readout circuits can be read sequentially by the output stage. When all the pixels from the selected row have been read by the output stage 130, the process can be repeated for a new row of pixels in the pixel array.
The present system defines a low-power signal chain for a CMOS image sensor. One embodiment of the low-power signal chain 200 in accordance with the present system is shown in
All pixels in a column are connected in parallel with switching circuits that control which of the pixels of the column is output at any one time. The signal from each selected pixel circuit 201 arrives at the column input 204. The signal is typically a negative charge amount that subtracts from the high level reset.
The active pixel sensor pixel circuit 201 includes a photosensor 203, and an in-pixel follower amplifier 205. Photosensor 203 can include, for example, a photodiode, a photogate or a charge injection device. The output signal 202 is a sequence of low (signal) and high (reset) voltages. The output is connected to capacitors C1, C2 that carry out a sampling operation between the output voltages that are output at different times.
A typical double sampling operation first samples the output voltage. That voltage is the level of the reset. Next output voltage is the level of the photo-charge-induced signal, added to the supply voltage, here VDD.
During the time that the pixel signal 202 is “active”, metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) 212, 214 and a switch 222 are all turned on (closed). This applies the signal to the stages 210 and 220. The sample and hold (S/H) transistor 212 is maintained on during that time by the S/H voltage that drives the gate of the transistor 212. While the S/H voltage is high, the charge-induced voltage passes through the sample and hold transistor 212, and is accumulated by the capacitors C1, C2. The capacitor C1 is connected from S/H node 216 to the ground and the second capacitor C2 is connected in series with S/H transistor 212.
When the column selection transistor 214 is on, the negative plate of C2 is charged to the voltage at the negative input node 224 of the amplifier 228. With the feedback switch 222 closed, the negative input node 224 of the amplifier 228 settles to about the same level as the reference voltage (VREF) at the positive input node 226. The negative plate of the pass-through capacitor C2 may otherwise need clamping to a reference voltage. Other advantages include substantial reduction in switch feed-through error caused by sample and hold transistor 212 and offset errors caused by a reference voltage.
Once the pixel signal 202 is sampled, the column selection switch 214 is turned off. The reset voltage may be sampled onto the capacitor C1. The capacitor C2 then settles to a charge related to a signal level minus a reset level. When the column selection switch 214 is turned on again, the difference signal of the result (signal minus reset plus reference) is applied to the inverting amplifier stage 220 that includes feedback capacitor C3.
For low voltage operation, the transistor switch 212 operates with signal close to the ground, while the transistor switch 214 passes a reference voltage from amplifier close to the supply voltage. Therefore, it is preferred that transistor switches 212 and 214 be n-channel MOSFET (NMOS) transistor and p-channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistor, respectively.
The amplifier circuit 220 includes an op-amp 228, which uses a voltage reference (VREF) that biases the op-amp 228 to a desired operating point. The op-amp 228 is preferably a trans-impedance op-amp that extends the dynamic range of the signals. The value of the reference voltage is selected to be about 0.5 volts below the supply voltage (VDD).
The amplifier circuit 220 further includes a feedback switch 222 and a feedback capacitor C3. The gain (G) of the charge sensing amplifier circuit 220 is determined by the capacitance that is selectively coupled to an inverting input 224 of the op-amp 228 through the column selection transistor 214. Therefore, the gain of the amplifier circuit is approximately equal to the ratio of the effective capacitance seen by the inverting terminal 224 of the op-amp 228 and the value of the feedback capacitor C3.
To achieve low-noise operation in the column readout circuit 210 and the amplifier circuit 220, the voltage reference (VREF) needs to be substantially stable. In particular, the signal ripple during critical operational periods should be substantially less than the fundamental noise, such as shot noise or dark signal noise, in the sensor. The critical periods include pixel signal sampling, amplifier reset, and column charge readout. Thus, given the desired stability for the reference voltage during one row time, a sample-and-hold circuit shown in
The sample-and-hold circuit includes a voltage reference generator 280, a plurality of switches 282, 284, and a charge capacitor C4. The voltage reference generator 280 generates a reference voltage, which may be noisy. The switches 282, 284 operate to sample the generated reference voltage onto the charge capacitor C4. The reference voltage is sampled onto the charge capacitor C4 at the beginning of each row sample time. The sampling switch 282 is then opened while the sampled voltage is held constant by the charge capacitor C4 until the next row sample time. Since the sampling period is short compared to the entire row select period, the sample-and-hold circuit also saves power for the amplifier circuit 220. The output of the sample-and-hold circuit 226 is connected to the positive input of the amplifier 228 in the amplifier circuit 220.
In one implementation of the sample-and-hold circuit, shown in
The amplified differential analog signal is then converted to a corresponding digital data by A-to-D converter system 230. For one embodiment, the A-to-D converter system 230 includes two comparators 232, 234 and a binary-scaled network of capacitors 236, 238. A “strobe” signal enables the comparators 232, 234 to provide an output signal based on the signals at its positive and negative terminals. The binary-scaled capacitor network 236, 238 is used to approximate the amplified differential pixel signal using a successive approximation technique.
The result of the comparison for the binary-scaled capacitor network 230 is stored by the associated one of the latches 240, 242. The values of the digital bits corresponding to the analog differential pixel signal are stored by the respective latches 240, 242 while the amplification and conversion steps are performed for the pixel 201.
For readout, the amplifier 220 is initially preset by is closing the switch 222 and sampling this reset level onto the capacitor 244 through the switch 250. A column readout circuit 210 is connected to the amplifier 220 through the column selection switch 214. The pixel signal 202 is injected onto the binary-scaled capacitor 236 when the switch 252 is closed. The first A-to-D converter 260 then enters a conversion mode in which the binary-scaled capacitor 236 is successively programmed to convert the amplified differential signal. The switches 250, 252 are turned off during this conversion mode.
Substantially simultaneously with the beginning of the conversion mode of the first A-to-D converter 260, the amplifier 220 is again preset by closing the switch 222. This reset level is sampled onto the capacitor 246 through the switch 254. Another column readout circuit 270 is then connected to the amplifier 220 through another column selection switch. The pixel signal corresponding to this new column is injected onto the binary-scaled capacitor 238 when the switch 256 is closed. The second A-to-D converter 262 is in a sampling mode when the first A-to-D converter 260 is in a conversion mode.
As shown in
Signals stored in the readout circuits 504 can be read to an output stage 506. This output stage 506 is common to the entire array of pixels 402. A-to-D converters 508, 510 convert analog signals to digital data. Multiplexer 512 successively strobes converted digital data into a stream of output data.
Some of the advantages of the present system are illustrated in
Other embodiments and variations are possible. For example, in a compact chip design, the capacitors C1 and C2 can be implemented as MOSFET capacitors.
All these are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11059628 | Feb 2005 | US |
Child | 12394065 | US | |
Parent | 09590785 | Jun 2000 | US |
Child | 11059628 | US |