The present technology is related to catheters. In particular, at least some embodiments are related to low profile neuromodulation catheters including energy delivery elements configured to deliver energy to nerves at or near a treatment location within a body lumen.
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a primarily involuntary bodily control system typically associated with stress responses. Fibers of the SNS extend through tissue in almost every organ system of the human body and can affect characteristics such as pupil diameter, gut motility, and urinary output. Such regulation can have adaptive utility in maintaining homeostasis or in preparing the body for rapid response to environmental factors. Chronic activation of the SNS, however, is a common maladaptive response that can drive the progression of many disease states. Excessive activation of the renal SNS, in particular, has been identified experimentally and in humans as a likely contributor to the complex pathophysiologies of hypertension, states of volume overload (e.g., heart failure), and progressive renal disease.
Sympathetic nerves of the kidneys terminate in the renal blood vessels, the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and the renal tubules, among other structures. Stimulation of the renal sympathetic nerves can cause, for example, increased renin release, increased sodium reabsorption, and reduced renal blood flow. These and other neural-regulated components of renal function are considerably stimulated in disease states characterized by heightened sympathetic tone. For example, reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate as a result of renal sympathetic efferent stimulation is likely a cornerstone of the loss of renal function in cardio-renal syndrome (i.e., renal dysfunction as a progressive complication of chronic heart failure). Pharmacologic strategies to thwart the consequences of renal sympathetic stimulation include centrally-acting sympatholytic drugs, beta blockers (e.g., to reduce renin release), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers (e.g., to block the action of angiotensin II and aldosterone activation consequent to renin release), and diuretics (e.g., to counter renal sympathetic mediated sodium and water retention). These pharmacologic strategies, however, have significant limitations including limited efficacy, compliance issues, side effects, and others.
Many aspects of the present technology can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on illustrating clearly the principles of the present technology. For ease of reference, throughout this disclosure identical reference numbers may be used to identify identical or at least generally similar or analogous components or features.
The present technology is related to catheters, such as low profile neuromodulation catheters with independent expansion members carrying energy delivery elements configured to deliver energy to nerves at or near a treatment location within a body lumen. Embodiments of the present technology, for example, are directed to catheters having energy delivery elements arranged in a staggered or misaligned arrangement when the catheter is in a low-profile delivery configuration. In this way, the energy delivery elements are not overlapping when the catheter is in a low-profile delivery configuration, which is expected to reduce the overall profile of the catheter. Further, when the energy delivery elements are at a desired treatment site within the patient, the treatment assembly is transformable to an expanded, deployed arrangement such that the energy delivery elements are aligned relative to each other (e.g., lie in a plane that is orthogonal relative to a longitudinal axis of the catheter) and are positioned to produce a desired ablation pattern in target tissue.
Neuromodulation catheters configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology can include, for example, an elongated tubular shaft extending along a longitudinal axis. The elongated shaft includes a proximal portion and a distal portion. The catheter can also include a treatment assembly at the distal portion of the shaft and configured to be located at a target location within a blood vessel of a human patient. The treatment assembly includes a pair of electrodes. The treatment assembly is transformable between (a) a low-profile delivery configuration wherein the pair of electrodes are in a staggered arrangement relative to each other along the longitudinal axis, and (b) an expanded deployed configuration wherein the pair of electrodes are aligned along an electrode axis that is orthogonal relative to the longitudinal axis.
Specific details of several embodiments of the present technology are described herein with reference to
As used herein, the terms “distal” and “proximal” define a position or direction with respect to a clinician or a clinician's control device (e.g., a handle of a catheter). The terms, “distal” and “distally” refer to a position distant from or in a direction away from a clinician or a clinician's control device. The terms “proximal” and “proximally” refer to a position near or in a direction toward a clinician or a clinician's control device. The headings provided herein are for convenience only and should not be construed as limiting the subject matter disclosed.
Selected Examples of Neuromodulation Catheters and Related Devices
The treatment assembly 116 may be configured to be radially constrained and slidably disposed within a delivery sheath (not shown) while the catheter 102 is being deployed within a body lumen. The outside diameter of the sheath can be 5, 6, or 7 French or another suitable size. As another example, the catheter 102 can be steerable or non-steerable and configured for deployment without a guide wire. The catheter 102 can also be configured for deployment via a guide catheter (not shown) with or without the use of a delivery sheath or a guide wire.
The console 104 can be configured to control, monitor, supply energy, and/or otherwise support operation of the catheter 102. Alternatively, the catheter 102 can be self-contained or otherwise configured for operation without connection to a console 104. When present, the console 104 can be configured to generate a selected form and/or magnitude of energy for delivery to tissue at or near a treatment location via the treatment assembly 116. The console 104 can have different configurations depending on the treatment modality of the catheter 102. When the catheter 102 is configured for electrode-based, heat-element-based, or transducer-based treatment, for example, the console 104 can include an energy generator (not shown) configured to generate radio frequency (RF) energy (e.g., monopolar and/or bipolar RF energy), pulsed electrical energy, microwave energy, ultrasound energy (e.g., intravascularly delivered ultrasound energy, high-intensity focused ultrasound energy), direct heat, electromagnetic radiation (e.g., infrared, visible, and/or gamma radiation), and/or another suitable type of energy. Similarly, when the catheter 102 is configured for chemical-based treatment (e.g., drug infusion), the console 104 can include a chemical reservoir (not shown) and can be configured to supply the catheter 102 with one or more chemicals.
In some embodiments, the system 100 includes a control device 118 along the cable 106. The control device 118 can be configured to initiate, terminate, and/or adjust operation of one or more components of the catheter 102 directly and/or via the console 104. In other embodiments, the control device 118 can be absent or can have another suitable location, such as within the handle 114. The console 104 can be configured to execute an automated control algorithm 120 and/or to receive control instructions from an operator. Furthermore, the console 104 can be configured to provide information to an operator before, during, and/or after a treatment procedure via an evaluation/feedback algorithm 122.
The first and second struts 130 and 140 can be movably (e.g., slidably) connected to the shaft 108. For example, the first strut 130 can include a first fixed end portion 132 coupled to the shaft 108 and a first free end portion 134 slidably engaged with the shaft 108 at a location distal of the first fixed end portion 132. In the illustrated embodiment, the first free end portion 134 is slidably disposed within a first channel or groove 150 of the shaft 108. In other embodiments, however, the first free end portion 134 may be slidably engaged with the shaft 108 via another arrangement. The second strut 140 includes a second fixed end portion 142 coupled to the shaft 108 and a second free end portion 144 slidably engaged with the shaft 108 at a location proximal of the second fixed end portion 142. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the second free end portion 144 is slidably disposed within a second channel or groove 152. In the present arrangement, the first fixed end portion 132 is adjacent to the second free end portion 144 along the shaft 108, and the first free end portion 134 is adjacent the second fixed end portion 142. In other embodiments, however, the first and second fixed/free ends 132/134/142/144 may have a different arrangement relative to each other along the shaft 108. As described in greater detail below, the first and second struts 130 and 140 are configured to expand radially outward from the shaft 108 in conjunction with the corresponding free end portions 134 and 144 slidably moving in opposite directions along the shaft 108.
The treatment assembly 116 further comprises a plurality of energy delivery elements or electrodes 154 (identified individually as first through fourth electrodes 154a-154d, respectively, and referred to collectively as electrodes 154). Although the electrodes 154 in the illustrated embodiment are shown as ring or band electrodes, it will be appreciated that the electrodes 154 may have various configurations/shapes (e.g., electrodes with generally flat/planar surfaces, electrodes with crescent-shaped cross-sectional profiles, etc.). In the illustrated embodiment, the electrodes 154 are arranged in pairs, including a first pair (comprising the first and second electrodes 154a and 154b) and a second pair (comprising the third and fourth electrodes 154c and 154d). When the treatment assembly 116 is in the low-profile delivery configuration such as shown in
A first control member 160 (shown schematically as a broken line) is operably coupled between the first free end portion 134 of the first strut 130 and the handle 114 (
As best seen in
The curved first and second struts 130/140 each have a selected twist/radial sweep such that, when they are in the deployed configuration, the electrodes 154a-d carried by corresponding struts 130/140 are urged into apposition with an inner wall of a body lumen at corresponding contact regions. Referring to
The first strut 230a includes a first fixed end portion 232a coupled to the shaft 108 and a first free end portion 234a slidably engaged with the shaft 108 at a location distal of the first fixed end portion 232a. The second strut 230b includes a second fixed end portion 232b coupled to the shaft 108 and a second free end portion 234b slidably engaged with the shaft 108 at a location proximal of the second fixed end portion 232b. The third strut 230c includes a third fixed end portion 232c coupled to the shaft 108 and a third free end portion 234c slidably engaged with the shaft 108 at a location distal of the third fixed end portion 232c. The fourth strut 230d includes a fourth fixed end portion 232d coupled to the shaft 108 and a fourth free end portion 234d slidably engaged with the shaft 108 at a location proximal of the fourth fixed end portion 232d.
The first and third fixed end/free end portions 232a/232c and 234a/234c, respectively, may be proximate each other along the shaft 108, and the second and fourth fixed end/free end portions 232b/232d and 234b/234d, respectively, may be proximate each other along the shaft 108. In some embodiments, for example, (a) the first and third fixed end/free end portions 232a/232c and 234a/234c may be aligned along the longitudinal axis A in both delivery and deployed configurations, and (b) the second and fourth fixed end/free end portions 232b/232d and 234b/234d may be aligned along the longitudinal axis A in both delivery and deployed configurations. In other embodiments, however, the free end portions 232a-d and/or fixed end portions 234a-d of the struts 230 may have a different arrangement relative to each other.
Each strut 230 is configured to carry one or more energy delivery elements or electrodes 254. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the first through fourth struts 230a-d each carry a single electrode 254 (identified individually as first through fourth electrodes 254a-254d, respectively, and referred to collectively as electrodes 254). In other embodiments, however, the struts 230 may include a different number of electrodes 254 and/or the electrodes 254 may have a different arrangement relative to each other. In still further embodiments, and as noted previously with reference to treatment assembly 116, the treatment assembly 216 may include energy delivery elements other than electrodes, such as devices suitable for providing other energy-based or chemical-based treatment modalities.
Actuating (e.g., slidably moving) the second and fourth free end portions 234b/234d of the second and fourth struts 230b/230d, respectively, along slot 252 in a distal direction (as shown by arrow D) via a second control member 262 transforms the second and fourth struts 230b/230d from the constrained, low-profile delivery configuration of
As best seen in
As mentioned above, the treatment assemblies 116/216 may be transformed between the delivery and deployed states via manipulation of the handle 114 by an operator or clinician.
The handle 114 comprises a housing 302 and an actuation assembly or mechanism 310 carried by the housing 302. The actuation assembly 310 can include a pinion gear 312 mated with opposing first and second racks 314/315. The first control member 160 (or 260) extends through the shaft 108 and operably couples to first rack 315. The second control member 162 (or 262) extends through the shaft 108 and operably couples to second rack 314. In one embodiment, for example, the first rack 315 is coupled to a button or engagement member 316.
In operation, when an operator pulls the button 316 proximally (as shown by direction 1 of the arrow), the first rack 315 pulls the first control member 160 proximally. Such movement results in simultaneous rotation of the gear 312, thereby moving the second rack 314 in the opposite direction (distally as shown by direction 2 of the arrow). The distal movement of the rack 314 also pushes the second control member 162 in the distal direction. In one embodiment, this sequence deploys the treatment assembly 116 (or 216) from the low-profile delivery configuration to an expanded deployed configuration. Likewise, in this embodiment, when the operator pushes the button 316 distally (in the direction 2 of the arrow), the above-described sequence is reversed to transform the treatment assembly 116 (or 216) from the deployed configuration to the low-profile delivery configuration. In other embodiments, however, the actuation assembly 310 of the handle 114 may have a different arrangement and/or include different features to actuate the treatment assembly 116/216. For example, in some embodiments, the handle 114 may include separate mechanisms to independently actuate the control members 160 and 162 rather than an integrated actuation assembly 310 that simultaneously controls both control members 160 and 162.
In the illustrated embodiment, the treatment assembly 416 includes a first strut assembly 430 and a second strut assembly 440. The first strut assembly 430, for example, includes a first leg 431a, a second leg 431b, and a first energy delivery element or electrode 454a between the first and second legs 431a and 431b. In the illustrated embodiment, the first leg 431a has a first length and the second leg 431b has a second length greater than the first length. The second strut assembly 440 also includes a third leg 441a, a fourth leg 441b, and a second energy delivery element or electrode 454b therebetween. The third and fourth legs 441a/441b of the second strut assembly 440, however have the opposite arrangement from that of the first strut assembly 430. That is, the third leg 441a of the second strut assembly 440 includes a first length and the fourth leg 441b has a second length less than the first length. In other embodiments, however, the first and third legs 431a, 441a and/or the second and fourth legs 431b, 441b may have a different arrangement relative to each other.
The first leg 431a includes a fixed end portion 432 fixedly attached to an outer surface of the shaft 108, e.g by a living hinge. The second leg 431b includes a free end portion 434 coupled to a control member 460 slidably movable within the shaft 108. The third leg 441a of the second strut assembly 440 includes a fixed end portion 442 fixedly attached to the outer surface of the shaft 108 proximal of the fixed end portion 432 of the first leg 431a. The fourth leg 441b includes a free end portion 444 coupled to the control member 460 proximal of the free end portion 434 of the second leg 431b.
As best seen in
In the delivery configuration, the first and second electrodes 454a and 454b are positioned to be received in axially staggered pockets or openings 456 in the shaft 108. This recessed arrangement for the electrodes is expected to further reduce the overall profile of the treatment assembly 416. In other embodiments, however, the shaft 108 may not include openings 456 and the electrodes 454a and 454b may engage an outermost surface of the shaft 108 in the delivery configuration.
Proximal movement of the control member 460 (as shown by the arrow P in
In the deployed configuration of
In
Renal Neuromodulation
Catheters configured in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present technology can be well suited (e.g., with respect to sizing, flexibility, operational characteristics, and/or other attributes) for performing renal neuromodulation in human patients. Renal neuromodulation is the partial or complete incapacitation or other effective disruption of nerves of the kidneys (e.g., nerves terminating in the kidneys or in structures closely associated with the kidneys). In particular, renal neuromodulation can include inhibiting, reducing, and/or blocking neural communication along neural fibers (e.g., efferent and/or afferent neural fibers) of the kidneys. Such incapacitation can be long-term (e.g., permanent or for periods of months, years, or decades) or short-term (e.g., for periods of minutes, hours, days, or weeks). Renal neuromodulation is expected to contribute to the systemic reduction of sympathetic tone or drive and/or to benefit at least some specific organs and/or other bodily structures innervated by sympathetic nerves. Accordingly, renal neuromodulation is expected to be useful in treating clinical conditions associated with systemic sympathetic overactivity or hyperactivity, particularly conditions associated with central sympathetic overstimulation. For example, renal neuromodulation is expected to efficaciously treat hypertension, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic and end stage renal disease, inappropriate fluid retention in heart failure, cardio-renal syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, osteoporosis, erectile dysfunction, and sudden death, among other conditions.
Renal neuromodulation can be electrically-induced, thermally-induced, chemically-induced, or induced in another suitable manner or combination of manners at one or more suitable treatment locations during a treatment procedure. The treatment location can be within or otherwise proximate to a renal lumen (e.g., a renal artery, a ureter, a renal pelvis, a major renal calyx, a minor renal calyx, or another suitable structure), and the treated tissue can include tissue at least proximate to a wall of the renal lumen. For example, with regard to a renal artery, a treatment procedure can include modulating nerves in the renal plexus, which lay intimately within or adjacent to the adventitia of the renal artery. Various suitable modifications can be made to the catheters described above to accommodate different treatment modalities. For example, the electrodes 154 (
Renal neuromodulation can include an electrode-based or treatment modality alone or in combination with another treatment modality. Electrode-based or transducer-based treatment can include delivering electricity and/or another form of energy to tissue at or near a treatment location to stimulate and/or heat the tissue in a manner that modulates neural function. For example, sufficiently stimulating and/or heating at least a portion of a sympathetic renal nerve can slow or potentially block conduction of neural signals to produce a prolonged or permanent reduction in renal sympathetic activity. A variety of suitable types of energy can be used to stimulate and/or heat tissue at or near a treatment location. For example, neuromodulation in accordance with embodiments of the present technology can include delivering RF energy, pulsed electrical energy, microwave energy, optical energy, focused ultrasound energy (e.g., high-intensity focused ultrasound energy), and/or another suitable type of energy. An electrode or transducer used to deliver this energy can be used alone or with other electrodes or transducers in a multi-electrode or multi-transducer array.
Neuromodulation using focused ultrasound energy (e.g., high-intensity focused ultrasound energy) can be beneficial relative to neuromodulation using other treatment modalities. Focused ultrasound is an example of a transducer-based treatment modality that can be delivered from outside the body. Focused ultrasound treatment can be performed in close association with imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound (e.g., intravascular or intraluminal), optical coherence tomography, or another suitable imaging modality). For example, imaging can be used to identify an anatomical position of a treatment location (e.g., as a set of coordinates relative to a reference point). The coordinates can then entered into a focused ultrasound device configured to change the power, angle, phase, or other suitable parameters to generate an ultrasound focal zone at the location corresponding to the coordinates. The focal zone can be small enough to localize therapeutically-effective heating at the treatment location while partially or fully avoiding potentially harmful disruption of nearby structures. To generate the focal zone, the ultrasound device can be configured to pass ultrasound energy through a lens, and/or the ultrasound energy can be generated by a curved transducer or by multiple transducers in a phased array, which can be curved or straight.
Heating effects of electrode-based or transducer-based treatment can include ablation and/or non-ablative alteration or damage (e.g., via sustained heating and/or resistive heating). For example, a treatment procedure can include raising the temperature of target neural fibers to a target temperature above a first threshold to achieve non-ablative alteration, or above a second, higher threshold to achieve ablation. The target temperature can be higher than about body temperature (e.g., about 37° C.) but less than about 45° C. for non-ablative alteration, and the target temperature can be higher than about 45° C. for ablation. Heating tissue to a temperature between about body temperature and about 45° C. can induce non-ablative alteration, for example, via moderate heating of target neural fibers or of luminal structures that perfuse the target neural fibers. In cases where luminal structures are affected, the target neural fibers can be denied perfusion resulting in necrosis of the neural tissue. Heating tissue to a target temperature higher than about 45° C. (e.g., higher than about 60° C.) can induce ablation, for example, via substantial heating of target neural fibers or of luminal structures that perfuse the target fibers. In some patients, it can be desirable to heat tissue to temperatures that are sufficient to ablate the target neural fibers or the luminal structures, but that are less than about 90° C. (e.g., less than about 85° C., less than about 80° C., or less than about 75° C.).
Renal neuromodulation can include a chemical-based treatment modality alone or in combination with another treatment modality. Neuromodulation using chemical-based treatment can include delivering one or more chemicals (e.g., drugs or other agents) to tissue at or near a treatment location in a manner that modulates neural function. The chemical, for example, can be selected to affect the treatment location generally or to selectively affect some structures at the treatment location over other structures. The chemical, for example, can be guanethidine, ethanol, phenol, a neurotoxin, or another suitable agent selected to alter, damage, or disrupt nerves. A variety of suitable techniques can be used to deliver chemicals to tissue at or near a treatment location. For example, chemicals can be delivered via one or more needles originating outside the body or within the vasculature or other body lumens. In an intravascular example, a catheter can be used to intravascularly position a treatment assembly including a plurality of needles (e.g., micro-needles) that can be retracted or otherwise blocked prior to deployment. In other embodiments, a chemical can be introduced into tissue at or near a treatment location via simple diffusion through a body lumen wall, electrophoresis, or another suitable mechanism. Similar techniques can be used to introduce chemicals that are not configured to cause neuromodulation, but rather to facilitate neuromodulation via another treatment modality.
Conclusion
This disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present technology to the precise forms disclosed herein. Although specific embodiments are disclosed herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible without deviating from the present technology, as those of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize. In some cases, well-known structures and functions have not been shown and/or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the present technology. Although steps of methods may be presented herein in a particular order, in alternative embodiments the steps may have another suitable order. Similarly, certain aspects of the present technology disclosed in the context of particular embodiments can be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments may have been disclosed in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages or other advantages disclosed herein to fall within the scope of the present technology. Accordingly, this disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown and/or described herein.
The methods disclosed herein include and encompass, in addition to methods of practicing the present technology (e.g., methods of making and using the disclosed devices and systems), methods of instructing others to practice the present technology. For example, a method in accordance with a particular embodiment includes intravascularly positioning a catheter at a treatment site within a vessel of a human patient. The intravascular catheter can include an elongated tubular shaft extending along a longitudinal axis, a therapeutic assembly at a distal portion of the shaft, and a pair of electrodes carried by the therapeutic assembly. A control member is operably coupled between the therapeutic assembly and a handle at a proximal portion of the shaft and external to the patient. The method can further include slidably moving the control member in a proximal or distal direction to transform the therapeutic assembly between (a) a low-profile delivery arrangement wherein the pair of electrodes are in a staggered arrangement relative to each other and the longitudinal axis, and (b) a deployed arrangement wherein the pair of electrodes lie in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis.
Throughout this disclosure, the singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, unless the word “or” is expressly limited to mean only a single item exclusive from the other items in reference to a list of two or more items, then the use of “or” in such a list is to be interpreted as including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all of the items in the list, or (c) any combination of the items in the list. Additionally, the terms “comprising” and the like are used throughout this disclosure to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same feature(s) and/or one or more additional types of features are not precluded. Directional terms, such as “upper,” “lower,” “front,” “back,” “vertical,” and “horizontal,” may be used herein to express and clarify the relationship between various elements. It should be understood that such terms do not denote absolute orientation. Reference herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar formulations means that a particular feature, structure, operation, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, the appearances of such phrases or formulations herein are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, various particular features, structures, operations, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments of the present technology.
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20150257825 A1 | Sep 2015 | US |