Low profile non-symmetrical stent

Abstract
A stent for use in a medical procedure having opposing sets of curved apices, where the curved section of one set of apices has a radius of curvature that is greater than the curved section of the other set of apices. One or more such stents may be attached to a graft material for use in endovascular treatment of, for example, aneurysm, thoracic dissection, or other body vessel condition.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to stents for use in body vessels to treat medical conditions. In particular, this invention relates to an asymmetric stent having opposing sets of curved apices, where the curved section of one set of apices has a radius of curvature that is greater than the curved section of the other set of apices, and may present a lower profile, better compliance with irregular vascular geometry, and higher sealing forces than conventional stents.


BACKGROUND

Stents may be inserted into an anatomical vessel or duct for various purposes. Stents may maintain or restore patency in a formerly blocked or constricted passageway, for example, following a balloon angioplasty procedure. Other stents may be used for different procedures, for example, stents placed in or about a graft have been used to hold the graft in an open configuration to treat an aneurysm. Additionally, stents coupled to one or both ends of a graft may extend proximally or distally away from the graft to engage a healthy portion of a vessel wall away from a diseased portion of an aneurysm to provide endovascular graft fixation.


Stents may be either self-expanding or balloon-expandable, or they can have characteristics of both types of stents. Various existing self-expanding and balloon-expandable stent designs and configurations comprise generally symmetrical end regions including one or more apices formed of nitinol or another alloy wire formed into a ring. The apices commonly comprise relatively acute bends or present somewhat pointed surfaces, which may facilitate compression of the stent to a relatively small delivery profile due to the tight bend of the apices. Although having this advantage, in some situations, such relatively acute or pointed apices may be undesirable, in particular in vessel anatomies that are curved or tortuous such as, for example, the thoracic aorta.


The thoracic aorta presents a challenging anatomy for stent grafts used to treat thoracic aneurysms or dissections. The thoracic aorta comprises a curve known as the aortic arch, which extends between the ascending thoracic aorta (closet to the heart) and the descending thoracic aorta (which extends toward the abdominal aorta). Thoracic stent grafts are used to exclude thoracic aortic aneurysms. A stent graft's ability to conform to the tortuous anatomy of the aortic arch is a major concern. Current designs sometimes lack the desired sealing ability at the proximal end of the stent graft (closest to the heart). Also, current thoracic devices present a relatively large profile which, with some patients' anatomies may be problematic. Finally, many current stents have relatively acute points that may prevent them from being used in the aortic arch for fear of undesirable interaction with the artery wall after an extended amount of time in the patient.


Therefore, a generally nonsymmetrical stent having at least one relatively rounded apex that is less invasive in an expanded state than stents with more acute apices may alleviate the above problems, while providing an improved compliance to the aortic arch and increased radial force if used as a sealing and/or alignment stent, as well as a desirable ability to be crimped to a readily introducible diameter.


As one particular example, type-A thoracic aortic dissection (TAD-A) is a condition in which the intimal layer of the ascending thoracic aorta develops a tear, allowing blood to flow into the layers of the aortic wall, causing the development of a medial or subintimal hematoma. TAD-A is associated with a strikingly high mortality rate (about one-fourth to one-half of victims die within the first 24-48 hours). The only current treatment for TAD-A is open surgery, where the chest is opened, the aorta is clamped, and a vascular prosthesis is sewn in place. Operative mortality rate for this procedure may be around 10%. Endovascular treatment of TAD-B (which affects the descending thoracic aorta) has been effective in reducing short-term and longer term mortality. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an endovascular device configured to address the anatomic challenges of the thoracic aorta.


SUMMARY

The present invention relates generally to stents for use in body vessels to treat medical conditions. In particular, this invention relates to a stent having opposing sets of curved apices, where the curved section of one set of apices has a radius of curvature that is greater than the curved section of the other set of apices, and may present a lower profile than conventional stents. This configuration present an asymmetrical stent. Specifically, embodiments of the presently-presented stent may maintain a low profile while improving compliance with highly tortuous anatomy (such as, for example, that found in the region of the thoracic aorta and particularly the aortic arch) while providing improved radial sealing force compared to some current devices. In another aspect, the presently-presented stent may provide support and spacing within the larger context of a stent or stent-graft device that will allow, for example, placement of ancillary stents and/or stent-grafts.


In one example, the present invention may include a stent that includes at least one proximal apex and at least one distal apex connected with the proximal apices by a plurality of generally straight portions; where each proximal apex includes a first curved portion and each distal apex comprises a second curved portion; where the first curved portion and the second curved portion each includes at least one radius of curvature, and the radius of curvature of at least one of the proximal apices is greater than the radius of curvature of at least one of the distal apices.


In another example, the present invention may include at least one wire formed into stent including a ring of alternating opposed, generally curved apices where a radius of curvature of a plurality of the apices in a first direction is greater than a radius of curvature of the apices in an opposite direction.


Advantageously, the rounded apices may provide atraumatic contact with a vessel, while the combination of more rounded and less rounded apices provides for a low-profile stent that includes desirable compressibility during introduction and desirable compliance and sealing profiles when deployed in a vessel.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like referenced numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.



FIGS. 1-3 show different views of a symmetrical stent;



FIG. 4 depicts an example of an asymmetric stent;



FIG. 5 diagrammatically illustrates the asymmetrical radii of curvature of the stent of FIG. 4;



FIG. 6 shows the stent of FIG. 4 in a simulated artery;



FIG. 7 depicts another example of an asymmetric stent;



FIG. 8 diagrammatically illustrates the asymmetrical radii of curvature of yet another example of a stent;



FIG. 9 shows the stent of FIG. 8 in a simulated artery;



FIG. 10 shows an end view of still another example of an asymmetric stent;



FIG. 11 shows a side view of the stent of FIG. 10;



FIG. 12 is a top perspective view of the stent of FIG. 10;



FIG. 13 shows the stent of FIG. 10 in a simulated artery;



FIG. 14 is a partial perspective of a stent-graft incorporating the stent of FIG. 10;



FIG. 15 illustrates a side view of the stent-graft of FIG. 14;



FIGS. 16-18 show a stent-graft with side branches; and



FIG. 19 is a side view of a stent-graft device configured for endovascular treatment of a thoracic aorta dissection.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EXAMPLES

The present invention relates generally to stents for use in body vessels to treat medical conditions. In particular, this invention relates to a novel asymmetric stent having opposing sets of curved apices, where the curved section of one set of apices has a radius of curvature that is greater than the curved section of the other set of apices, and may present a lower profile than conventional stents. The lower profile may present advantages for use in patients with particularly tortuous or small-diameter vessels.


In the present application, the term “proximal” refers to a direction that is generally closest to the heart during a medical procedure, while the term “distal” refers to a direction that is furthest from the heart during a medical procedure. Reference throughout is made to proximal and distal apices, but those of skill in the art will appreciate that the proximal-distal orientation of stents of the present invention may be reversed without exceeding the scope of the present invention.


As shown in FIGS. 4-15, this novel stent is not symmetrical like many commercially available stents, in that the radius of curvature of the opposing proximal and distal apices is different between the top and bottom of the stent. The stents may be attached to either end of a stent graft to provide sealing and may be used internally or externally to the graft material to provide support to the graft.


The asymmetric stent may be configured such that, when used with a graft, it will provide a sufficiently strong radial force at the graft's end openings to hold the graft material open against the artery wall. Also, the stent is intended to be short in length so that the graft will include flexibility sufficient to accommodate a patient's anatomy. This combination of flexibility and strong radial force provides an improved seal between the graft and artery wall. In addition, enhanced flexibility is provided as well, particularly when one or more stents are used to provide short segments and better accommodate curves.



FIG. 1 shows a conventional stent 100, which has symmetrical apices 102, 103. Specifically, the proximal apices 102 and the distal apices 103 all have generally the same radii of curvature (r1), which is illustrated in graphic form in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is adapted from an FEA contour simulation and shows the stent 100 in a simulated artery 110, where the stent 100 is 20% oversized. The proximal and distal apices 102, 103 (circled) exert little or no pressure against the artery wall 110, while an intermediate region 107 exerts a higher pressure to provide—in one example—a total radial sealing force of 0.178 lbf. This configuration may be crimped to 18 Fr (e.g., for introduction via a catheter), with a maximum bend strain in the apices 102, 103 of about 5.8%. When using, for example, a typical NiTi wire for the stent, it is desirable not to exceed 10-12% strain to avoid increased risk of deforming the wire or adversely affecting its durability.



FIGS. 4-7 show a first example of a non-symmetrical stent 200, which is formed as a wire ring that has non-symmetrical proximal and distal generally curved apex portions (apices) 202, 203 separated from each other by intermediate generally straight portions. Specifically, the distal apices 203 all have generally the same radii of curvature (rd) as each other, but the distal apices' radii of curvature are different from those of the proximal apices 202 (rp). The distal apices 203 (which may be attached to and generally covered by graft material in a stent graft as described below with reference to FIGS. 14-15) are generally narrowly rounded in a manner not dissimilar from a traditional z-stent, but the proximal apices 202 are more broadly rounded. The difference in the proximal and distal apices 202, 203 is illustrated in graphic form in FIG. 5. In the illustrated example, the rounded proximal apices 202 have a radius of curvature of 6.0 mm, while the narrower distal apices 202 have a radius of curvature of 1.0 mm. In certain examples of non-symmetrical stents of the present invention, the radius of curvature of the rounded proximal apices (measured in the manner shown in FIG. 5) may be from about 4 mm to about 9 mm, and the radius of curvature of the narrower distal apices may be from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm.


In these and other examples, the ratio of the proximal apices' radius of curvature to the distal apices' radius of curvature may be about 2.6:1 to about 18:1, and desirably may be about 6:1. The outer circumference of the stent 200 preferably is generally consistent such that, in this configuration, a solid outer face around the stent 200 would form a cylinder, although the stent will most preferably provide compliance with a surface less smooth than a cylinder.



FIG. 6 is adapted from an FEA contour simulation and shows the stent 200 in a simulated artery 210, where the stent 200 is 20% oversized. The proximal and distal apices 202, 203 (circled) exert little or no pressure against the artery wall 210, while an intermediate region 204 (boxed) exerts a greater pressure to provide—in the illustrated example—a total radial sealing force of about 0.160 lbf. This configuration may be crimped to 18 Fr, with a maximum bend strain in the apices 202, 203 of about 6.5%.



FIG. 7 shows another non-symmetrical stent embodiment 250 that is very similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 4-6, but which has a shorter proximal-distal length. Each of the examples shown in FIGS. 4-7 may be manufactured in substantially the same manner as current z-stents, with a modification only of forming the proximal apices to include a greater radius of curvature than the distal apices.



FIGS. 8-9 illustrate another example of a non-symmetrical stent 300, which has a proximal “rounded roof shape” profile rather than the generally semicircular profile of the examples described above with reference to FIGS. 4-7. The profile of each proximal apex 302 includes a central fillet 302a and a pair of symmetrically opposed shoulder fillets 302b that may be generally equidistant from the central fillet 302a, or that may be disposed at varied distances therefrom. For the proximal apices of the stent 300, the central fillets 302a each have a radius of curvature of 1.0 mm, and the shoulder fillets 302b each have a fillet radius of curvature of 0.5 mm. The distal apices 304 have a radius of curvature of 1.0 mm. In another example having the rounded roof shape configuration (not shown), the central and shoulder fillets of proximal apices may each have the same radius of curvature such as, for example, 0.5 mm each, with distal apices also having a 0.5 mm radius of curvature. In other examples, the central and shoulder fillets 302a, 302b may each have a radius of curvature from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, and the distal apices may each have a radius of curvature of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. In another example having the rounded roof shape configuration (not shown), the ratio between the radii of curvature of the central and each shoulder fillet of the proximal apices may be about 3:1. FIG. 8 also shows three spans useful for describing desirable proportions in stent embodiments: “x” indicates the distance between the apical extremities of the shoulder fillets 302b, “y” indicates the distance between the tips of the distal apices 304, and “z” indicates the distance along a longitudinal axis between the tip of the distal apices 304 and the apical extremity of the proximal fillet 302a. Desirable embodiments may include an x:y ratio of about 1:3 to about 7:8 and a y:z ratio of about 1:1 to about 3:1. In yet another example (not shown), the filleted apices of this example may be combined with the generally semicircular apices of the example described with reference to FIGS. 4-7.



FIG. 9 is adapted from an FEA contour simulation and shows the stent 300 in a simulated artery 310, where the stent 300 is 20% oversized. The proximal and distal apices 302, 304 exert little or no pressure against the artery wall 310, while an intermediate region exerts a greater pressure to provide—in the illustrated example—a total radial sealing force of about 0.420 lbf. This configuration may be crimped to 18 Fr, with maximum bend strains in the apices that may be less than about 9% and preferably are less than about 10-12%. The greater radial sealing force of this example may provide advantages for stent placement and retention in certain circumstances as compared to existing z-stents.



FIGS. 10-13 illustrate another example of a non-symmetrical stent 400, which has an expanded “flower configuration” as shown in FIG. 10. Specifically, when the stent 400 is in an expanded configuration, the circumference around the proximal more-rounded apices 402 is greater than the circumference around the distal less-rounded apices 404, which is shown most clearly in FIGS. 11-14. In this configuration a solid outer face around an expanded stent 400 would form a frustum of a cone. This configuration may be manufactured in the same manner as the examples described above with reference to FIGS. 4-7 (i.e., producing a stent with a generally uniform outer circumference), with an added step that may include drawing the distal apices 404 into a smaller circumference upon suturing them to a smaller diameter graft material. Alternatively, or in addition, the stent 400 may be heat-set to impose the desired shape.



FIG. 13 is adapted from an FEA contour simulation and shows the stent 400 in a simulated artery 410, where the stent 400 is 20% oversized. Surprisingly, the contour of pressure distribution along proximal and distal apices 402, 404 as well as an intermediate region is generally uniform throughout the stent circumference. The illustrated configuration provides a total radial sealing force of about 0.187 lbf. This property of generally uniform pressure distribution may provide advantages in certain applications of providing a seal and/or presenting less abrasion of a vessel wall through graft material as compared to stents with less uniform pressure distribution.



FIGS. 14-15 show two different views of a stent graft 500 using a stent example 400 of the present invention described above with reference to FIGS. 10-13. The stent graft 500 is shown in an expanded state and may be configured for use in treating a thoracic aortic aneurysm. The stent 400 is disposed at the proximal end of a generally cylindrical graft sleeve 502, to which its distal apices 404 are secured by sutures 504. The stent graft 500 also includes a series of z-stents 510a-d disposed distally from the stent 400. The first z-stent 510a is attached to the inner circumference of the graft 502, and the other z-stents 510b-510d are attached to the outer diameter of the graft 502. The proximal end of the stent 400 extends beyond the proximal end of the graft in a manner that may facilitate anchoring the graft in a vessel of a patient (e.g., a blood vessel).


The rounded points on the stent may protrude from the graft material only a small amount as is shown in FIGS. 14-15. In this example, only a small portion of the bare wire will be exposed to the artery wall. These unique (larger radii) rounded points are far less likely to perforate the artery wall than sharper points of a different stent configuration. Advantageously, this asymmetric stent design will maximize the efficacy of the seal while preserving the condition of the artery wall. Specifically, the narrower stent apices will provide for desirable radial expansion/ sealing force, and the broader rounded apices will provide for a desirably atraumatic contact with an artery wall.



FIGS. 16-18 show a stent-graft embodiment 600 that includes a non-symmetrical stent 602 having more broadly rounded proximal apices 604 and more narrowly rounded distal apices 606. The stent 602 is attached by sutures to the inner surface (not shown) or outer surface of a generally columnar graft 610, which includes other stents 608. A second layer of graft material 612 is also attached to the inner circumference of the graft 610 midway down its length and extends proximally through the inner circumference of the stent 602.


As shown in the end view of FIG. 17, this construction provides a passage for branch structures 614 (that may be embodied, for example, as tubular or non-tubular stents, stent-grafts, shown here for the sake of illustration as generic tubular structures), which pass through the passage formed between the two layers 610, 612 and through an aperture 611 in the graft 610. The tubular structures 614 will advantageously be disposed generally transversely through the inner radius of the more broadly rounded proximal apices 604 of the stent 602, which provides atraumatic columnar support for the graft 610 as well as an anchor for the tubular structures 614. The stent-graft 600 may be particularly useful for treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) that is immediately adjacent to, or that goes across, the renal arteries such that it has a short neck and lacks a contact area that is sufficient to create an effective proximal seal and avoid the proximal Type I endoleaks that may occur with some currently-available AAA stent-grafts. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the stent-graft 600 will allow general occlusion of the AAA, while providing patent passage through the descending aorta and from the aorta to the renal arteries. Specifically, a stent-graft configured in the manner of the stent-graft embodiment 600, which includes a modular design that may include branch stents and/or stent-grafts, will allow a seal to be formed above the renal arteries and below the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. Also, as shown in FIG. 16, a second non-symmetrical stent 622 may be placed adjacent the first non-symmetrical stent 602 in an opposite orientation that will provide additional atraumatic support for the branching tubular structures 614.



FIG. 19 shows a stent-graft device 700 configured for endovascular treatment of a thoracic aorta dissection. The device 700 includes a non-symmetrical alignment stent 702 attached to a first end of a tubular graft material 704. A sealing stent 706 is attached in the central lumenal graft space proximate the alignment stent 702. The sealing stent 706 preferably is configured with a high radial force to promote efficacious sealing of the graft material 704 against a vessel wall. A body stent 708 configured here as a z-stent is disposed on the exterior of the graft material 704 and preferably is configured to provide longitudinal and circumferential stability/ columnar support for the graft material of the device 700, such that it will conform to the vasculature and resist buckling when deployed in torturous anatomy such as the ascending thoracic aorta. A bare cannula stent 710 (such as, for example, a cut nitinol stent) is attached in the tubular graft material 704 at the opposite end from the alignment stent 702. This cannula stent 710 preferably is a conformable kink-resistant stent that provides distal sealing and migration-resistance. In a deployment of the device 700 to treat an aortic dissection, the alignment stent 702 preferably will be disposed proximal (nearer the heart) relative to the vessel tear, with the graft material traversing the tear in a manner generally sealing it from blood flow. And, the distal cannula stent 710 will help conform to the vasculature and retain a seal for treatment of the dissection. One or more of the sealing stent 706, body stent 708, and bare stent 710 may include one or more barbed projections configured to help anchor the device 700.


Stent examples of the present invention may be constructed of NiTi alloys or other materials presently known or yet to be developed, all within the scope of the present invention. The stents preferably are made from Nitinol wire and will therefore be MRI compatible. In another preferable embodiment, a stent may be made from a laser-cut Nitinol cannula, effectively rending it a seamless or nearly-seamless wire-like construction. Nitinol's superelastic properties will facilitate the stents ability to be crimped down into a low profile delivery system.


Although various examples of the invention have been described, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Moreover, the advantages described herein are not necessarily the only advantages of the invention and it is not necessarily expected that every example of the invention will achieve all of the advantages described. Different embodiments not expressly described herein including those with features combined in a different manner than expressly illustrated herein may be practiced within the scope of the present invention. For at least these reasons, this narrative description should not be construed as defining the invention; rather, the claims set forth and define the present invention.

Claims
  • 1. A stent comprising: at least one distal apex comprising first and second generally straight portions anda first curved portion disposed between the first and second straight portions and comprising a first radius of curvature; andat least one proximal apex comprising third and fourth generally straight portions anda second curved portion disposed between the third and fourth straight portions and comprising a second radius of curvature that is greater than the first radius of curvature, andwhere at least one of the first and second generally straight portions is continuous with at least one of the third and fourth generally straight portions,where the first radius of curvature is from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm,where the second radius of curvature is from about 4 mm to about 9 mm,where a ratio of the first radius of curvature to the second radius of curvature is about 1:2.6 to about 1:18, andwhere the stent comprises at least one uncovered region.
  • 2. The stent of claim 1 comprising a generally continuous plurality of proximal and distal apices, the outer surfaces of which define a cylinder having a generally consistent circumference.
  • 3. The stent of claim 1 where the first radius of curvature is about 1 mm, and the second radius of curvature is about 6 mm.
  • 4. The stent of claim 1 where each of the proximal apices are circumferentially offset from the distal apices.
  • 5. The stent of claim 1 comprising a generally continuous plurality of proximal and distal apices, the outer surfaces of which define a frustum of a cone.
  • 6. The stent of claim 5, further comprising a graft, where at least one distal apex of the stent is attached to the graft using one or more sutures.
  • 7. The stent of claim 1 where at least one of the proximal apices comprises first and second fillets disposed a distance from the second curved portion, the first fillet comprising a first fillet radius of curvature and the second fillet comprising a second fillet radius of curvature.
  • 8. The stent of claim 7 where the first fillet radius of curvature and the second fillet radius of curvature each have a radius of curvature of about 1 mm, and the first curved portion has a radius of curvature of about 0.5 mm.
  • 9. The stent of claim 7 where the ratio of the radius of curvature of the first curved portion to at least one of the first and second fillet radius of curvature is about 1:1to about 1:10.
  • 10. The stent of claim 7, further comprising a graft, where at least one distal apex of the stent is attached to the graft using one or more sutures.
  • 11. The stent of claim 1, where the stent includes a wire having the curved and the straight portions and generally defining a cylinder;where the first radius of curvature is about 1 mm; and the second radius of curvature is about 6 mm.
  • 12. A stent comprising: a plurality of proximal apices and a plurality of distal apices connected with the proximal apices by a plurality of generally straight portions;where each proximal apex comprises a first curved portion and each distal apex comprises a second curved portion;where the first curved portion and the second curved portion each comprises at least one radius of curvature, and the radius of curvature of at least one of the proximal apices is greater than the radius of curvature of at least one of the distal apices,where the radius of curvature of the distal apices is from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm,where the radius of curvature of the proximal apices is from about 4 mm to about 9 mm, andwhere a ratio of the radius of curvature of the distal apices to the radius of curvature of the proximal apices is about 1:2.6 to about 1:18, andwhere the stent comprises at least one uncovered region.
  • 13. The stent of claim 12 where an outer circumference around the proximal apices is greater than an outer circumference around the distal apices.
  • 14. The stent of claim 12, further comprising a graft, where at least one distal apex of the stent is attached to the graft using one or more sutures.
  • 15. The stent of claim 14, further comprising at least one branch stent, at least one branch graft, or at least one branch stent-graft, a portion of which is at least disposed transversely through an inner radius of a proximal apex.
  • 16. The stent of claim 14, further comprising a second stent attached to the graft, where the second stent comprises plurality of proximal apices and a plurality of distal apices connected with the proximal apices by a plurality of generally straight portions; where each proximal apex comprises a first curved portion and each distal apex comprises a second curved portion;where the first curved portion and the second curved portion each comprises at least one radius of curvature, and the radius of curvature of at least one of the distal apices is greater than the radius of curvature of at least one of the proximal apices.
  • 17. The stent of claim 14, further comprising a bare stent attached to and extending distally from the graft.
  • 18. The stent of claim 17, further comprising at least one stent attached to and providing columnar support for the graft.
  • 19. The stent of claim 1 where a ratio of the first radius of curvature to the second radius of curvature is about 1:6.
  • 20. The stent of claim 12 where a ratio of the radius of curvature of the distal apices to the radius of curvature of the proximal apices is about 1:6.
CROSS-REFERENCE To RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/016,753, filed Dec. 26, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

US Referenced Citations (167)
Number Name Date Kind
5258021 Duran Nov 1993 A
5292331 Boneau Mar 1994 A
5403341 Solar Apr 1995 A
5569295 Lam Oct 1996 A
5607468 Rogers et al. Mar 1997 A
5674278 Boneau Oct 1997 A
5749921 Lenker et al. May 1998 A
5843164 Frantzen et al. Dec 1998 A
5906639 Rudnick et al. May 1999 A
5913897 Corso et al. Jun 1999 A
5961546 Robinson et al. Oct 1999 A
5993482 Chuter Nov 1999 A
6071307 Rhee et al. Jun 2000 A
6110198 Fogarty et al. Aug 2000 A
6203569 Wijay Mar 2001 B1
6245102 Jayaraman Jun 2001 B1
6296662 Caffey Oct 2001 B1
6336937 Vonesh et al. Jan 2002 B1
6346118 Baker et al. Feb 2002 B1
6348068 Campbell et al. Feb 2002 B1
6350277 Kocur Feb 2002 B1
6368345 Dehdashtian et al. Apr 2002 B1
6423090 Hancock Jul 2002 B1
6451051 Drasler et al. Sep 2002 B2
6471722 Inoue Oct 2002 B1
6514282 Inoue Feb 2003 B1
6524335 Hartley et al. Feb 2003 B1
6539984 Lam Apr 2003 B2
6579314 Lombardi et al. Jun 2003 B1
6582458 White et al. Jun 2003 B1
6585757 Callol Jul 2003 B1
6592614 Lenker et al. Jul 2003 B2
6616689 Ainsworth et al. Sep 2003 B1
6629994 Gomez et al. Oct 2003 B2
6635083 Cheng et al. Oct 2003 B1
6645242 Quinn Nov 2003 B1
6648911 Sirhan et al. Nov 2003 B1
6663661 Boneau Dec 2003 B2
6673102 Vonesh et al. Jan 2004 B1
6695875 Stelter et al. Feb 2004 B2
6723116 Taheri Apr 2004 B2
6740115 Lombardi et al. May 2004 B2
6849088 Dehdashtian et al. Feb 2005 B2
6860901 Baker et al. Mar 2005 B1
6878160 Gilligan et al. Apr 2005 B2
6962604 Hijlkema Nov 2005 B2
6974471 Van Schie et al. Dec 2005 B2
7147657 Chiang et al. Dec 2006 B2
7186263 Golds et al. Mar 2007 B2
7232459 Greenberg et al. Jun 2007 B2
7264632 Wright et al. Sep 2007 B2
7279003 Berra et al. Oct 2007 B2
7318835 Berra Jan 2008 B2
7331992 Randall et al. Feb 2008 B2
7341598 Davidson et al. Mar 2008 B2
7407509 Greenberg et al. Aug 2008 B2
7473275 Marquez Jan 2009 B2
7534258 Gomez et al. May 2009 B2
7615072 Rust et al. Nov 2009 B2
7722657 Hartley May 2010 B2
7758626 Kim et al. Jul 2010 B2
7766962 Quinn Aug 2010 B1
7794492 Ishimaru et al. Sep 2010 B2
7828837 Khoury Nov 2010 B2
7887580 Randall et al. Feb 2011 B2
7927363 Perouse Apr 2011 B2
8043354 Greenberg et al. Oct 2011 B2
8128678 Leewood et al. Mar 2012 B2
8206427 Ryan et al. Jun 2012 B1
8292943 Berra et al. Oct 2012 B2
8333799 Bales et al. Dec 2012 B2
8348994 Leopold et al. Jan 2013 B2
8394136 Hartley et al. Mar 2013 B2
8425586 Leopold et al. Apr 2013 B2
20010000188 Lenker et al. Apr 2001 A1
20020016627 Golds Feb 2002 A1
20020022877 Mueller et al. Feb 2002 A1
20020032487 Dua et al. Mar 2002 A1
20020143381 Gilligan et al. Oct 2002 A1
20020177890 Lenker Nov 2002 A1
20030033002 Dehdashtian et al. Feb 2003 A1
20030033003 Harrison et al. Feb 2003 A1
20030050684 Abrams et al. Mar 2003 A1
20030088305 Van Schie et al. May 2003 A1
20030120263 Ouriel et al. Jun 2003 A1
20030125797 Chobotov et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030130720 DePalma et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030199967 Hartley et al. Oct 2003 A1
20040002751 Gilligan et al. Jan 2004 A1
20040054396 Hartley et al. Mar 2004 A1
20040073289 Hartley Apr 2004 A1
20040093063 Wright et al. May 2004 A1
20040117003 Ouriel et al. Jun 2004 A1
20040117004 Osborne et al. Jun 2004 A1
20040215316 Smalling Oct 2004 A1
20040215319 Berra et al. Oct 2004 A1
20040254625 Stephens et al. Dec 2004 A1
20050033406 Barnhart et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050049674 Berra et al. Mar 2005 A1
20050090834 Chiang Apr 2005 A1
20050113905 Greenberg et al. May 2005 A1
20050131516 Greenhalgh Jun 2005 A1
20050154446 Phillips et al. Jul 2005 A1
20050159803 Lad et al. Jul 2005 A1
20050222671 Schaeffer et al. Oct 2005 A1
20050240258 Bolduc et al. Oct 2005 A1
20050273155 Bahler et al. Dec 2005 A1
20060004433 Greenberg et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060004436 Amarant et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060052860 Gomez et al. Mar 2006 A1
20060100695 Peacock et al. May 2006 A1
20060161243 Fearnot et al. Jul 2006 A1
20060184228 Khoury Aug 2006 A1
20060190070 Dieck et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060190075 Jordan et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060247761 Greenberg et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060265054 Greenhalgh et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060267247 Anukhin et al. Nov 2006 A1
20070027525 Ben-Muvhar Feb 2007 A1
20070043425 Hartley et al. Feb 2007 A1
20070055345 Arbefeuille Mar 2007 A1
20070055347 Arbefeuille Mar 2007 A1
20070067016 Jung Mar 2007 A1
20070073388 Krolik et al. Mar 2007 A1
20070135889 Moore et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070142894 Moore et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070162103 Case et al. Jul 2007 A1
20070163668 Arbefeuille et al. Jul 2007 A1
20070168019 Amplatz et al. Jul 2007 A1
20070179592 Schaeffer Aug 2007 A1
20070185560 Roeder et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070191927 Bowe et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070203566 Arbefeuille et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070208256 Marilla Sep 2007 A1
20070219620 Eells et al. Sep 2007 A1
20070219624 Brown et al. Sep 2007 A1
20070225797 Krivoruhko Sep 2007 A1
20070233220 Greenan Oct 2007 A1
20070244547 Greenan Oct 2007 A1
20070250152 Xiao et al. Oct 2007 A1
20070282433 Limon et al. Dec 2007 A1
20080033527 Nunez et al. Feb 2008 A1
20080039920 Peacock et al. Feb 2008 A1
20080086190 Ta Apr 2008 A1
20080109066 Quinn May 2008 A1
20080114441 Rust et al. May 2008 A1
20080114445 Melsheimer et al. May 2008 A1
20080119943 Armstrong et al. May 2008 A1
20080140178 Rasmussen et al. Jun 2008 A1
20080195191 Luo et al. Aug 2008 A1
20080269866 Hamer et al. Oct 2008 A1
20080281399 Hartley et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080319534 Birdsall et al. Dec 2008 A1
20090005856 Pappas et al. Jan 2009 A1
20090043376 Hamer et al. Feb 2009 A1
20090048663 Greenberg Feb 2009 A1
20090090834 Chiang Apr 2009 A1
20090105809 Lee et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090138072 Gendreau May 2009 A1
20090149946 Dixon Jun 2009 A1
20090171437 Brocker et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090177270 Agnew et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090306763 Roeder et al. Dec 2009 A1
20100268318 Glynn Oct 2010 A1
20120029624 Dierking et al. Feb 2012 A1
20120239136 Bruzzi Sep 2012 A1
20120323307 Richter Dec 2012 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (21)
Number Date Country
0960607 Jan 1999 EP
0686379 Aug 2000 EP
1372530 Feb 2006 EP
1372534 Nov 2006 EP
1545396 Dec 2008 EP
1839624 Jun 2014 EP
2005-512675 May 2005 JP
2009-525139 Jul 2009 JP
772472 Nov 2007 KR
WO9721403 Jun 1997 WO
WO03053288 Jul 2003 WO
WO2005034810 Apr 2005 WO
WO2005099628 Oct 2005 WO
WO2006028925 Mar 2006 WO
WO2007092276 Aug 2007 WO
WO2007095283 Aug 2007 WO
WO2007098937 Sep 2007 WO
WO2008066923 Jun 2008 WO
WO2009020653 Feb 2009 WO
WO2010024879 Mar 2010 WO
WO2010062355 Jun 2010 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (94)
Entry
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Oct. 6, 2010, 12 pgs.
Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, filed Mar. 9, 2011, 15 pgs.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Oct. 4, 2010, 10 pgs.
Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082, filed Mar. 4, 2011, 14 pgs.
Office Action mailed Nov. 5, 2013 for Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-540640, 7 pgs. Including English translation.
Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Jun. 10, 2011, 12 pgs.
Applicant Initiated Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Nov. 10, 2011, 6 pgs.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Dec. 1, 2011, 16 pgs.
Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Jan. 24, 2012, 2pgs.
Amendment and Response for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Apr. 17, 2012, 11 pgs.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Jun. 27, 2012, 26 pgs.
Applicant Initiated Interview Request Form for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 filed Nov. 2, 2012, 1 pg.
Applicant Initiated Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Nov. 8, 2012, 4 pgs.
Office Action Appendix for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Nov. 8, 2012, 3 pgs.
Amendment and response for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Dec. 26, 2012, 10 pgs.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Apr. 3, 2013, 29 pgs.
Applicant Initiated Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Jun. 11, 2013, 4 pgs.
Miscellaneous Communication for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351 dated Jun. 19, 2013, 4 pgs.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Jun. 2, 2011, 13 pgs.
Applicant Initiated Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Nov. 9, 2011, 5 pgs.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Dec. 2, 2011, 14 pgs.
Applicant Summary of Interview for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Jan. 24, 2012, 2 pgs.
Amendment for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Apr. 17, 2012, 10 pgs.
Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Sep. 13, 2012, 15 pgs.
Applicant Summary of Interview for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Feb. 11, 2013, 2 pgs.
Amendment for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Mar. 4, 2013, 9 pgs.
Applicant Initiated Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Mar. 5, 2013, 3 pgs.
Request for Continued Examination for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Mar. 12, 2013, 2 pgs.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Jun. 21, 2013, 14 pgs.
Search Report for EP12275202 dated Apr. 9, 2013, 8 pgs.
International Search Report for PCT/US2008/013738 dated Feb. 19, 2009, 2 pages.
Written Opinion for PCT/US2008/013738 dated Jun. 26, 2010, 5 pages.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US2008/013738 dated Jun. 26, 2010, 13 pages.
Examination Report No. 1 for Australian Patent Application Serial No. 2008341104 dated Oct. 16, 2012, 3 pages.
Examination Report No. 2 for Australian Patent Application Serial No. 2008341104 dated Jul. 9, 2013, 3 pages.
Examination Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 08 864 911.6 dated Aug. 8, 2012, 4 pages.
Examination Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 08 864 911.6 dated Sep. 1, 2013, 4 pages.
Examination Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 08 864 911.6 dated Nov. 10, 2014, 3 pages.
Notice of Grounds of Rejection for Japanese Patent Application Serial No. 2010-540640 dated Nov. 20, 2012, 8 pages.
Notice of Grounds of Rejection for Japanese Patent Application Serial No. 2010-540640 dated Nov. 5, 2013, 4 pages.
Partial Search Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 11 174 880.2 dated Aug. 8, 2012, 5 pages.
Extended Search Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 11 174 880.2 dated Feb. 8, 2013, 9 pages.
Examination Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 11 174 880.2 dated Sep. 2, 2014, 4 pages.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/056365 dated Jul. 18, 2012, 5 pages.
Written Opinion for PCT/US2011/056365 dated Apr. 14, 2013, 6 pages.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US2011/056365 dated Apr. 16, 2013, 7 pages.
Extended Search Report for European Patent Application No. 12275202.5 Apr. 9, 2013, 8 pages.
Search Report for Great Britain Patent Application No. 0920327.4 dated Feb. 9, 2011, 1 page.
Combined Search and Examination Report for Great Britain Patent Application Serial No. 0920235.9 dated Mar. 16, 2010, 3 pages.
Examination Report for Great Britain Patent Application Serial No. 0920235.9 dated Jun. 14, 2010, 2 pages.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/056673 dated May 26, 2011, 6 pages.
Written Opinion for PCT/US2010/056673 dated May 18, 2012 dated May 18, 2012, 8 pages.
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US2010/056673 dated May 22, 2012, 9 pages.
Examination Report No. 1 for Australian Patent Application Serial No. 2010322201 dated Jun. 25, 2013, 4 pages.
Examination Report No. 2 for Australian Patent Application Serial No. 2010322201 dated Aug. 7, 2013, 6 pages.
Examination Report for European Patent Application Serial No. 10 779 432.3 dated May 4, 2012, 4 pages.
Notification of Reason for Rejection for Japanese Patent Application Serial No. 2012-539958 dated Jun. 3, 2014, 2 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/904,452 dated May 15, 2012, 12 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/904,452 dated Dec. 19, 2012, 11 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/904,452 dated May 1, 2014, 11 pages.
Advisory Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/904,452 dated Jun. 13, 2014, 2 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/904,452 dated Mar. 9, 2015, 5 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Oct. 4, 2010, 9 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Jun. 2, 2011, 13 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Dec. 2, 2011, 14 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Sep. 13, 2012, 15 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Jun. 21, 2013, 14 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/472,082 dated Aug. 14, 2013, 4 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Oct. 6, 2010, 11 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Jun. 10, 2011, 12 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Dec. 1, 2011, 16 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Jun. 27, 2012, 26 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Apr. 3, 2013, 29 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Sep. 4, 2013, 8 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/622,351, dated Jan. 21, 2014, 7 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/841,807 dated Feb. 24, 2012, 9 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/841,807 dated Jun. 7, 2012, 10 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/841,807 dated Jan. 11, 2013, 10 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/841,807 dated Jul. 31, 2014, 11 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 12/841,807 dated Nov. 24, 2014, 7 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/945,097 dated Feb. 29, 2012, 15 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/945,097 dated Dec. 26, 2012, 12 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/945,097 dated Oct. 6, 2014, 18 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,233, dated Aug. 16, 2012, 19 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,233, dated May 7, 2013, 23 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,233, dated Apr. 25, 2014, 13 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,233, dated Aug. 29, 2014, 13 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,233, dated Feb. 24, 2015, 13 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,238 dated Feb. 29, 2012, 15 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,238 dated Sep. 12, 2012, 16 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/946,238 dated Oct. 6, 2014, 13 pages.
Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 13/335,142 dated Feb. 14, 2013, 17 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 13/335,142 dated Sep. 23, 2013, 11 pages.
Notice of Allowance for U.S. Appl. No. 13/335,142 dated Jan. 16, 2014, 7 pages.
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20090171437 A1 Jul 2009 US
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
61016753 Dec 2007 US