Low-temperature and average-temperature refrigeration

Abstract

The invention relates to binary compositions of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and difluoromethane, as a heat transfer fluid in compression, low-temperature and average temperature refrigeration systems, with exchangers operating in counterflow mode or in split flow mode with counterflow tendency. The invention also relates to a heat transfer method.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use of binary compositions of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and difluoromethane as heat transfer fluids.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The problems posed by substances with ozone depletion potential (ODP) were discussed in Montreal, where the protocol was signed requiring a reduction of the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Amendments have been made to this protocol, requiring abandonment of CFCs and extending the regulations to cover other products, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

The refrigeration and air-conditioning industry has made a considerable investment in substitution of these refrigerants, and accordingly hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were put on the market.

In the automobile industry, the systems for air conditioning of vehicles marketed in many countries have changed over from a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant (CFC-12) to a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: HFC-134a), which is less harmful to the ozone layer. However, with respect to the objectives established by the Kyoto protocol, HFC-134a (GWP=1300) is considered to have a high warming power. A fluid's contribution to the greenhouse effect is quantified by a criterion, GWP (Global Warming Potential), which summarizes the warming power by taking a reference value of 1 for carbon dioxide.

As carbon dioxide is nontoxic, nonflammable and has a very low GWP, it has been proposed as a refrigerant for air-conditioning systems in place of HFC-134a. However, the use of carbon dioxide has several drawbacks, notably connected with the very high pressure for its application as refrigerant in existing equipment and technologies.

Moreover, the mixture R-404A consisting of 44 wt. % of pentafluoroethane, 52 wt. % of trifluoroethane and 4 wt. % of HFC-134a is widely used as refrigerant for large areas (supermarkets) and in refrigerated transport. However, this mixture has a GWP of 3900.

Document JP 4110388 describes the use of hydrofluoropropenes of formula C₃H_mF_n, with m, n representing an integer between 1 and 5 inclusive and m+n=6, as heat transfer fluids, in particular tetrafluoropropene and trifluoropropene.

Document WO2004/037913 discloses the use of compositions comprising at least one fluoroalkene having three or four carbon atoms, notably pentafluoropropene and tetrafluoropropene, preferably having a GWP of at most 150, as heat transfer fluids.

Document WO 2006/094303 discloses an azeotropic composition containing 7.4 wt. % of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and 92.6 wt. % of difluoromethane (HFC-32). This document also discloses quasi-azeotropic compositions containing from 1 to 57 wt. % of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and from 43 to 99 wt. % of difluoromethane.

A heat exchanger is a device for transferring thermal energy from one fluid to another, without mixing them. The thermal flux passes through the exchange surface that separates the fluids. Mostly this method is used for cooling or heating a liquid or a gas that cannot be cooled or heated directly.

In compression systems, heat exchange between the refrigerant and the heat sources takes place via heat-transfer fluids. These heat-transfer fluids are in the gaseous state (the air in air conditioning and direct-expansion refrigeration), liquid (water in domestic heat pumps, glycol solution) or two-phase.

There are various transfer modes:

• • the two fluids are arranged in parallel and go in the same direction co-current mode (antimethodical);
  • the two fluids are arranged in parallel but go in the opposite direction countercurrent mode (methodical);
  • the two fluids are positioned perpendicularly: crossed-current mode.

The crossed current can have co-current or countercurrent tendency;

• • one of the two fluids makes a U-turn in a wider pipeline, which the second fluid passes through. This configuration is comparable to a co-current exchanger on half its length, and to a countercurrent exchanger for the other half: pin-head mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The applicant has now discovered that binary compositions of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and difluoromethane are particularly advantageous as heat transfer fluid in compression systems for low-temperature and medium-temperature refrigeration, with exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in crossed-current mode with countercurrent tendency.

Thus, these compositions can be used as heat transfer fluid in the refrigeration of refrigerated vehicles, in food storage and in industry (chemical industry, food industry etc.) with exchangers in countercurrent mode or in crossed-current mode with countercurrent tendency.

A first object of the present invention relates to the use of binary compositions of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and difluoromethane as heat transfer fluid in compression systems for low-temperature and medium-temperature refrigeration, with exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in crossed-current mode with countercurrent tendency.

Low-temperature and medium-temperature refrigeration means the range from −45° C. to −10° C. at the evaporator.

Preferably, the binary compositions of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and difluoromethane contain essentially from 61 to 85 wt. % of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and from 15 to 39 wt. % of difluoromethane.

Advantageously, binary compositions contain essentially from 70 to 79 wt. % of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and from 21 to 30 wt. % of difluoromethane.

The binary compositions used in the present invention have both a zero ODP and a low GWP. The coefficient of performance (COP: ratio of the cold power to the electricity consumption of a refrigerator) of these binary compositions in exchangers in countercurrent mode is higher than for the compositions currently used in low-temperature and medium-temperature refrigeration. Taking into account the pressure level at the condenser, it is not necessary to develop new compressors; the compressors currently on the market may be suitable.

The binary compositions used in the present invention can replace R-404A and R-407C (ternary mixture containing 52 wt. % of HFC-134a, 25 wt. % of pentafluoroethane and 23 wt. % of difluoromethane) in compression-type heat-transfer systems with exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in crossed-current mode with countercurrent tendency.

The binary compositions used according to the present invention can be stabilized. The amount of stabilizer preferably represents at most 5 wt. % relative to the binary composition.

As stabilizers, we may notably mention nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles such as tolutriazole or benzotriazole, phenolic compounds such as tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, epoxides (alkyl optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated or alkenyl or aromatic) such as n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butylphenylglycidyl ether, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, thiols and lactones.

A second object of the present invention relates to a method of heat transfer in compression systems for low- and medium-temperature refrigeration in which binary compositions of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and difluoromethane, as defined above, are used as refrigerant with exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in crossed-current mode with countercurrent tendency.

The method according to the present invention can be employed in the presence of lubricants such as mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol, polyol ester and polyvinyl ether.

Experimental Section

Tools for Calculation

The RK-Soave equation is used for calculating the densities, enthalpies, entropies and the data on liquid-vapor equilibrium of the mixtures. To use this equation it is necessary to know the properties of the pure substances used in the mixtures in question as well as the coefficients of interaction for each binary mixture.

The data required for each pure substance are:

Boiling point, critical temperature and pressure, curve of pressure as a function of temperature from the boiling point to the critical point, the saturated liquid density and saturated vapor density as a function of temperature.

HFC-32:

The data for HFC-32 are published in ASHRAE Handbook 2005 chapter 20, and are also available using Refrop (software developed by NIST for calculating the properties of refrigerants).

HFO-1234yf:

The data for the temperature-pressure curve of HFO-1234yf are measured by the static method. The critical temperature and pressure are measured with a C80 calorimeter marketed by Setaram. The densities, at saturation as a function of temperature, are measured by the vibrating tube densimeter technology developed by the laboratories of the Ecole de Mines (“Mining Engineering College”) in Paris.

Coefficient of Binary Interaction of HFC-32/HFO-1234yf:

The RK-Soave equation uses coefficients of binary interaction for representing the behavior of the products in mixtures. The coefficients are calculated as a function of experimental data for liquid-vapor equilibrium.

The technique used for the measurements of liquid-vapor equilibrium is the static analytical cell method. The equilibrium cell comprises a sapphire tube and is equipped with two ROLSITM electromagnetic samplers. It is immersed in a cryothermostat bath (HUBER HS40). Magnetic stirring driven by a field rotating at variable speed is used for accelerating attainment of the equilibria. The samples are analyzed by gas chromatography (HP5890 series II) using a catharometer (TCD). The measurements of liquid-vapor equilibrium on the HFC-32/HFO-1234yf binary mixture are performed for the following isotherms: −10° C., 30° C. and 70° C.

Compression System

Consider a compression system equipped with an evaporator and countercurrent condenser, a screw compressor and a pressure reducing valve.

The system functions with 15° C. of superheating and 5° C. of supercooling. The minimum temperature difference between the secondary fluid and the refrigerant is considered to be of the order of 5° C.

The isentropic efficiency of the compressors is a function of the compression ratio. This efficiency is calculated from the following equation:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\eta }_{\mathrm{isen}}=a-{b\left(\tau -c\right)}^2-\frac{d}{\tau -e}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

For a screw compressor, the constants a, b, c, d and e in equation (1) of isentropic efficiency are calculated on the basis of the standard data published in the Handbook “Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration”, page 11.52.

The coefficient of performance (COP) is defined as the ratio of the useful power delivered by the system to the power supplied to or consumed by the system.

The Lorenz coefficient of performance (COPLorenz) is a reference coefficient of performance. It is a function of temperature and is used for comparing the COPs of different fluids.

The Lorenz coefficient of performance is defined as follows:

(The temperatures T are in K)T_mean^condenser=T_inlet^condenser−T_outlet^condenser  (2)T_mean^evaporator=T_outlet^evaporator−T_inlet^evaporator  (3)

The Lorenz COP in the case of air conditioning and refrigeration is:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{COPlorenz}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{mean}}^{\mathrm{evaporator}}}{T_{\mathrm{mean}}^{\mathrm{condenser}}-T_{\mathrm{mean}}^{\mathrm{evaporator}}}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

The Lorenz COP in the case of heating is

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{COPlorenz}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{mean}}^{\mathrm{condenser}}}{T_{\mathrm{mean}}^{\mathrm{condenser}}-T_{\mathrm{mean}}^{\mathrm{evaporator}}}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

For each composition, the coefficient of performance of the Lorenz cycle is calculated as a function of the corresponding temperatures.

% COP/COPLorenz is the ratio of the COP of the system relative to the COP of the corresponding Lorenz cycle.

Results, Low-Temperature Refrigeration Mode

In low-temperature mode, the compression system operates between a refrigerant inlet temperature at the evaporator of −30° C. and a refrigerant inlet temperature at the condenser of 40° C. The system delivers cold at −25° C.

The performance of the compositions according to the invention in low-temperature operating conditions is given in Table 1. The values of the constituents (HFO-1234yf, HFC-32) for each composition are given as percentage by weight.

	TABLE 1
	Temp outlet	Temp outlet	T outlet	evap P	cond P	Ratio		efficiency	% COP/
	evap (° C.)	comp (° C.)	cond (° C.)	(bar)	(bar)	(w/w)	Shift	comp	COPLorenz
R404A	−30	100	40	2.1	18.1	8.8	0.45	53.8	31.8
HFO-1234yf	HFC-32
80	20	−25	102	32	1.7	13.8	8.2	4.98	58.4	39.3
79	21	−25	102	32	1.7	14.0	8.2	5.06	58.7	39.6
78	22	−25	103	32	1.7	14.2	8.1	5.13	59.0	39.8
77	23	−25	103	32	1.8	14.4	8.1	5.19	59.2	40.0
76	24	−25	104	32	1.8	14.6	8.1	5.23	59.4	40.1
75	25	−25	104	33	1.8	14.8	8.1	5.25	59.6	40.3
74	26	−25	105	33	1.9	15.0	8.0	5.26	59.7	40.4
73	27	−25	106	33	1.9	15.2	8.0	5.26	59.8	40.4
72	28	−25	107	33	1.9	15.4	8.0	5.24	59.9	40.5
71	29	−25	108	33	2.0	15.6	8.0	5.21	60.0	40.5
70	30	−25	108	33	2.0	15.8	8.0	5.17	60.0	40.5
65	35	−25	114	34	2.1	16.8	8.0	4.84	59.8	40.3
61	39	−26	118	34	2.2	17.6	8.1	4.45	59.3	40.0

Results, Medium-Temperature Refrigeration Mode

In medium-temperature mode, the compression system operates between a refrigerant inlet temperature at the evaporator of −15° C. and a refrigerant inlet temperature at the condenser of 35° C. The system delivers cold at −10° C.

The performance of the binary compositions in medium-temperature operating conditions is given in Table 2. The values of the constituents (HEO-1234yf, HFC-32) for each composition are given As percentage by weight.

	TABLE 2
	Temp outlet	Temp outlet	T outlet	evap P	cond P	Ratio		efficiency	% COP/
	evap (° C.)	comp (° C.)	cond (° C.)	(bar)	(bar)	(w/w)	Shift	comp	COPLorenz
R404A	−15	62	35	3.7	16.0	4.4	0.46	79.9	54.9
HFO-1234yf	HFC-32
80	20	−9	64	27	3.2	12.2	3.8	6.11	81.3	61.9
79	21	−9	64	27	3.2	12.3	3.8	6.16	81.3	62.0
78	22	−9	65	27	3.3	12.5	3.8	6.19	81.3	62.0
77	23	−9	65	27	3.3	12.7	3.8	6.20	81.3	61.9
76	24	−9	66	27	3.4	12.9	3.8	6.20	81.3	61.9
75	25	−9	66	27	3.4	13.0	3.8	6.18	81.3	61.9
73	27	−9	67	28	3.5	13.4	3.8	6.10	81.3	61.8
72	28	−9	68	28	3.5	13.6	3.8	6.05	81.3	61.8
71	29	−9	69	28	3.6	13.7	3.8	5.98	81.3	61.7
70	30	−9	69	28	3.6	13.9	3.8	5.90	81.3	61.6

Claims

1. A method of replacing R-404A in a compression-type low- and medium-temperature refrigeration system, with exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in crossed-current mode with countercurrent tendency, the method comprising replacing R-404A or R-407C with a composition comprising a refrigerant, the refrigerant consisting of from 61 to 85 wt. % of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and from 15 to 39 wt. % difluoromethane.

2. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 1, wherein the refrigerant consists of from 70 to 79 wt. % of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and from 21 to 30 wt. % of difluoromethane.

3. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a stabilizer.

4. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 3, wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles, phenolic compounds, epoxides, phosphites, phosphates, phosphonates, thiols and lactones.

5. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 3, wherein stabilizer represents at most 5% by weight relative to the refrigerant.

6. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a lubricant.

7. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 6, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol and polyvinyl ether.

8. The method of replacing R-404A as claimed in claim 1, wherein the low- and medium-temperature refrigeration system has a range from −45° C. to −10° C. at an evaporator.